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ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
This chapter identifies and discusses the environmental aspect of the proposed
wastewater treatment facility. Wastewater analysis is analyzed in accordance with the Water
Quality Guidelines by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) along with
4.1 FINDINGS
(BOD) has alarming value of 567 mg/L wherein it is beyond the acceptable range which is 1-15
mg/L; that means the wastewater is polluted since there are organic matter present in the water.
The fecal coliform present in the wastewater has a value of 5,400,000 mg/L which is past the
acceptable range of 1-400 mg/L but based on the Engineer’s Report given by the Pollution Control
Officer of the Eden Nature Park, the toilet is connected to the overflow pipes which may
considered as the source of the fecal coliform. Since it is fecal coliform, it can be treated by the
The Ammoniacal Nitrogen has a value of 4.4mg/L which exceeded the acceptable range
of 0.05-0.75 mg/L which is considered toxic to the aquatic life and contributes to the high value of
BOD present in the wastewater. Oil and Grease present in the wastewater has a value of 5.5
mg/L which is past the acceptable range of 1-5mg/L. Other parameters like surfactants,
phosphate and nitrates are within the acceptable range, thus this study will concentrate on
Ammoniacal Nitrogen and Oil and Grease will be reduced. By using vertical helophyte filter
system (Ligtvoet, 2018) as a secondary treatment of the wastewater, the environment surrounding
Based on the Engineer’s Report, the water present in the Eden Nature Park can
be classified as domestic wastewater since Eden Nature Park consists of restaurants, hotels and
laundry service area. On the other, the type of wastewater generated by the Eden Nature Park
has blackwater produced by the restaurants which is from the dishwashers and food preparation
sinks but for their hotels, septic tank system is used. Thus, the high value of fecal coliform based
on the wastewater analysis means that the fecal present in the wastewater generally originated
from the animal feces. Furthermore, greywater is present to the laundry service area. The high
value of fecal coliform based on the wastewater analysis means that the fecal present in the
4.2 RECOMMENDATION
4.2.1 Screen
The wastewater will first pass through a screen wherein large objects will be
removed. Objects that will be extracted from the wastewater will be disposed in a landfill.
Primary treatment is the first stage wherein the wastewater will be treated, a septic
tank as a method of sedimentation, there will be four chambers for the septic tank, the first will
serve as grit chamber wherein inorganic particles will be removed. The particles extracted from
the first chamber will be disposed in a landfill. The three remaining chambers will serve as primary
settling in which the heavy solid material will settle and the lighter solid material will float to the
surface. There would be a certain time in which the wastewater will stay in the tank or it is called
as residence time, after that the liquid will flow to the next chamber.
Secondary Treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. In this study,
vertical helophyte filter system will be used as a method of secondary treatment. After the
residence time, the treated wastewater can be discharged without any environment threats.
wherein it consists of dirt, food, grease, oil, hair and certain household cleaning products. The
DISPOSAL/
SOURCE SECONDARY REUSE
PRIMARY
Kitchen TREATMENT Creek near
TREATMENT
Bathroom Reed Bed the site
Septic Tank
laundry filter System
location
CHAPTER V
TECHNICAL ASPECT
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The technical aspect of the proposed wastewater treatment facility will be discussed in
this chapter. The design of the facility, the treatment process, and the different technical plans
such as the floor plan and cross-sectional plan of the facility can be found on this aspect of the
study. Moreover, the guidelines for when emergency arises, for instance infestation and flood, is
identified in this chapter. This section of the paper will serve as the manual of the whole proposed
project
industries) are removed or broken down, and treated to become environmentally clean and safe,
either to be reused or directly drained into a sewage line or bodies of water such as rivers, ponds
or lakes. In the resort’s case, the selected process of treatment is by the use of helophytes,
specifically reeds.
6.3 SERVICE
The proposed project will serve as a wastewater treatment facility with its purpose to
maintain Eden Nature Park & Resort as a Mount Apo Reservation Area, which is a zone that
protects and preserves the forest and the wildlife of Mount Apo. The following services consist of
Grit Chamber
Septic/Sedimentation Tank
Storage Tank
The proponents of this study did an observation around Eden Nature Park & Resort and
had a meeting with their Pollution Control Officer. Based on the findings of the researchers, the
wastewater will mostly be coming from the laundry service area and the restaurants. Additionally,
the wastewater compositions such as BOD, Fecal Coliform, Ammoniacal Nitrogen and Oil and
The proposed location of the wastewater treatment facility is located inside Eden Nature
Park & Resort, Brgy. Eden, Toril, Davao City as shown in the illustration below. The area is
currently a farm for dragon fruits, but permission from the officers and owner of the resort to
replace the dragon fruit farm with the wastewater treatment facility has already been granted.
6.4.3 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT OF THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
FACILITY
A contractor with a classification of GB-2 or GB-3 in any category will handle the entire
project with principal classification of General Building and at least ISO 9001:2008. The Pollution
Control Officer will be the in-charge for the project under the supervision of Eden Nature Park and
Resort.
6.4.4 CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY
An excavation will be required for the septic tanks. The digging will be done by the use of
backhoe. A total of about 400 cubic meters will be excavated for the settlement tanks, reed bed,
Reinforced concrete for the settlement tanks, Type 2 Portland Cement which are used for
structures in soil, sand and gravel together with 16mm steel reinforcement bars.
Dimensional lumber for the formworks such as 2x4 and 2x6 and 4x8 ply wood sheet.
Wire fencing around the wastewater treatment facility namely steel barbed wires to keep
away from children and animals meeting the reed bed area.
An engineer’s report was handed to us by the Pollution Control Officer of the resort. It
contains the water consumption of the whole resort in one day. According to the report, the resort
has a total water consumption of 28, 760 Liters per day supposing that the place is 100% fully
occupied. It is assumed that the total daily volume of water discharge is the same as the volume
of water consumed. To put it briefly, the resort has a wastewater discharge of 28, 760 Liters daily.
Friction loss is the loss of pressure caused by water flowing through the pipe in a system.
Friction loss is determined by the type, size, and length of the pipe and the amount of liquid flowing
through it.
When liquid (in this case, wastewater) is flowing in the pipe, shear stress is developed
between the water and the wall of the pipe, while it is dependent on the discharge, roughness of
the pipe, and the pipe length and diameter. Hazen-Williams Formula is used for the calculation of
10.7𝐿 𝑥 𝑄 1.852
𝐻𝐿 = 𝐶 1.852 𝑥 𝐷 4.87
𝑚3
𝑄 = 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ( 𝑠
)
Depending on the pipe material used, the C-value, which is referred to as the coefficient
of roughness, may also vary. The higher the C-value, the smoother the pipe, meaning there will
be less friction inside the pipe and minimizing head losses. The recommended C-values for
The main pipe line is where all sewer lines connect. Wastewater from the
restaurants, laundry service area, cottages, swimming pool, and other amenities of Eden Nature
Park will be directed to the main pipe line first. The computation for its diameter is based on the
engineer’s report handed to us by their Pollution Control Officer. The wastewater discharge is 28,
760 Liters per day. Based on an article, the velocity of wastewater in pipe lines should develop a
maximum of 2.5m/s in order to avoid clogging up of wastewater inside the pipe lines. So, the
𝐿 𝑚3
28, 760 = 3.329𝑥10−4
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝑚3 𝜋 𝑚
3.329𝑥10−4 = ( 𝐷 2 )(2.5 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑠
𝐷 = 0.01302𝑚 = 13.02𝑚𝑚
Conferring to Plumbing Code of the Philippines, the minimum pipe diameter of sewer lines
must be 200mm. Since the computed diameter does not meet the required diameter, the required
which will also be the collection of wastewater from various amenities inside Eden Nature Park &
Resort.
Shown in the table are the characteristics of different pipe materials. The comparison
between materials will prove that PVC is the most suitable for this study.
CHARACTERISTICS GI PVC PE
Crushing strength
versus superimposed Excellent Fair Poor
loads in trench
Burst strength versus
Excellent Good Goof
internal pressure
Durability Fair Excellent Excellent
Resistance to
Poor Excellent Excellent
Corrosion
Flow Capacity Fair Excellent Excellent
Resistance to external
Excellent Fair Fair
mechanical injury
Ease of installation Easy Moderate Moderate
Pipe Cost High Low Low
Cost per Fitting Low High High
Number of Fittings High High High
6.6.1 PRETREATMENT
Wastewater collection is the first step in waste water treatment process. Collection
systems are put in place by municipal administration, home owners as well as business owners
to ensure that all the wastewater is collected and directed to a central point. This water is then
directed to a treatment plant using underground drainage systems or by exhauster tracks owned
and operated by business people. The transportation of wastewater should however be done
under hygienic conditions. The pipes or tracks should be leak proof and the people offering the
substances that cause a foul smell over time. To ensure that the surrounding areas are free of
the foul smell, odor treatment processes are initiated at the treatment plant. All odor sources are
contained and treated using chemicals to neutralize the foul smell producing elements. It is the
This is the next step in wastewater treatment process. Screening involves the removal of
large objects for example nappies, cotton buds, plastics, diapers, rags, sanitary items, nappies,
face wipes, broken bottles or bottle tops that in one way or another may damage the equipment.
Failure to observe this step, results in constant machine and equipment problems. Specially
designed equipment is used to get rid of grit that is usually washed down into the sewer lines by
rainwater. The solid wastes removed from the wastewater are then transported and disposed in
landfills.
This process involves the separation of macrobiotic solid matter from the wastewater.
Primary treatment is done by pouring the wastewater into big tanks for the solid matter to settle
at the surface of the tanks. The sludge, the solid waste that settles at the surface of the tanks, is
removed by large scrappers and is pushed to the center of the cylindrical tanks and later pumped
out of the tanks for further treatment. The remaining water is then directed for secondary
treatment.
The second settlement tank is composed of four chambers in order for the tiny solid
particles to settle before wastewater flows to the secondary treatment, which is the reed bed. The
first chamber has a capacity of 54 cubic meters while the remaining three have a capacity of 27
cubic meters. This settlement tank will also serve as a holding tank for a maximum of 7 days of
For all the pipes, PVC Pipe will be used; 900 elbow which are listen in the figure
above and 200mm tee for the main pipe inlet and outlet which is connected to a 500mm vertical
In this study, vertical flow systems are more efficient than horizontal flow reed-beds and
can handle stronger strength effluent. They can reduce ammonia as well as BOD and SS levels. It
is usual for there to be two reed-beds installed, one after the other down the slope of the
site. Vertical flow ones can be used to treat septic tank effluent.
The treatment system used here is a vertical helophyte filter system. It utilizes a reed bed
of common reed (Phragmites Australis). The reed bed is about 1 meter deep and takes up 160
cubic meters of earth volume. It has four layers; from bottom to top: 30-60mm round, washed
gravel, 12 mm round, washed gravel, 6mm washed pea gravel, and sand. The 4 layers help
breakdown and filter the harmful microorganisms in the wastewater. The Common Reeds
(Phragmites Australis) transfer oxygen directly from their root systems and through their stems
and planted at least 12in apart. The root systems are met by a multitude of micro-organisms with
areas of varying oxygen levels. As a result, the wastewater stored in reed beds is treated and
recycled. The reed bed filters the water just as the conventional biological filter bed systems of
Based on the stress diagram below, the failure envelopes of HDPE (High Density
Polyethylene) and PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) liner is being compared and the peak maximum
shear stress of HDPE is higher than the PVC. Thus, for the liner of the reed bed a HDPE liner will
be used.
6.6.3 MANHOLE MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION
The manhole and manhole cover for each settlement tank will be 150mm diameter
precast concrete which is the minimum for a manhole in a septic tank based on Plumbing Code
of the Philippines which will be installed in the center of the tank. The manhole will be installed
The Reed bed should be planned to have a sewer water dwelling time of five to seven
days should be at least 500mm in depth and the ratio of dimensions of a reed bed should be 3:1.
The reed bed holds 6mm, 12mm and 30-60mm washed gravel as a means for the main
body of the reed bed and it contains a top stratum of sand for implanting the reeds. Blockage
owing to solids in the influent can be reduced by setting up a sewer water strain on the passage
Wastewater gets into the reed bed thru the inlet pipe located at a height beyond the outlet
pipe and disseminates the effluent as consistently as feasible into the gravel. The reed bed utilize
punched T-junctions prepared from 100mm PVC sewer grade pipe for the main pipes and for the
distribution 75mm perforated PVC pipes. It is significant to avoid spouting of waste matter and
the escape of smells. Hence, the inlet pipe should be wrapped up adequately. Big 50/100mm-
width rocks can be laid around the inlet and outlet pipes to let the waste matter diffuse effortlessly
and rapidly, to reduce blockage and make inspection for root integrity easier. (Some pipe fitters
A variety of different building techniques can be used in the building of reed beds. Most of
them are trouble-free and low-cost methods. Nonetheless quality and strength are dominant, and
a refined design must be used. A cascading structure is well fitted to a moderate slope and would
fend off digging of unnecessary quantities of soil in the groundwork for the building course.
Concrete floors must then be streamed at a precise altitude variation of 0.4m, to avert problems
in building the walls. The complete horizontal alteration desirable to keep the water uniformly
within the reed beds can be attained utilizing a spirit level. Masonry must be accurate, and the
cement should be permitted to dry completely as this step-ups constancy against high force on
the walls formed by the weighty load inside. Inlet and outlet pipes for both reed beds must be
installed at accurate heights. The slope can be leveled out utilizing shelves cut to the right size
and set on the side of each wall. Waterproof membranes can be utilized to surface the inside of
each bed. Cheap substitutes like plaster or tar can also be used.
The diagram presents the three treatment stages of the wastewater treatment facility:
pretreatment where wastewater collection, grit chamber, and odor control occurs; primary
treatment which separates sludge from the wastewater and; secondary treatment, also known as
the vertical helophyte filter system, composed of 180 square meters of reed bed.
The cement-aggregate ratios will also vary, 1:2:4, 1:2:3, and 1:2:2 for the floor, walls, and
This will briefly discuss on how to handle infestation especially in the summer wherein flies
1. Do not use pesticides or insecticides since it will cause the presence of chemicals in
the wastewater present in the reedbed rather use mosquito repellant such as Off! Deepwoods
VIII. Spray only in the sides of the reedbed not on the surface.
2. The personnel must always wear PPE, in order to secure non-contact from the
Since rainwater is calculated together with the wastewater, when excessive rain will occur
1. If the water level is less than or equal to 500mm, the water distribution around the reed
2. If the water level is beyond 500mm, let it filtrate for about 15-30 minutes by stopping
the water distribution using the valve in the reed bed until it goes back. When it does, the valve
residence times is three days, another three days for the primary treatment and for the vertical
reed bed filter system about five to seven days of residence time.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑄𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑉 28760 𝐿
𝑇
= 13 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
CHAPTER VII
MANAAGEMENT ASPECT
Eden Nature Park is owned and managed by Ayala Family, concerning engineering
operations and maintenance is their Engineering Department in which recently hired a Pollution
Control Officer.
In forming this organization, the operations and maintenance must be handled carefully
so that wastewater treatment facility will be efficiently utilized. Thus, the Pollution Control Officer
addressed. Implement the rules and regulations imposed by the Nature Park and Building Code
of the Philippines.
B. Operations Personnel
concerning water flow within, ensuring the performance of the treatment facility in timely manner.
C. Monitoring Personnel
Monitor the performance of the treatment facility ensuring the height of the scum
D. Maintenance Personnel
Maintain the wastewater treatment facility guided by the guidelines thus securing
the facility’s performance. Also, organize corrective maintenance of the facility to ensure
continued operations. He must wear personnel protective equipment in order to ensure his/her
well-being.
For Operations, Monitoring and Maintenance Personnel, a Filipino citizen, at least a high
school graduate with basic skill of gardening and has pleasing personality.
This will explain on how to maintain the reed bed in order to optimize its capabilities in
treating wastewater.
a. Based on studies, the reed bed has a maximum of seven to ten years life span,
thus the entire filter system must be refurbished every seven years.
b. The effluent of the treatment facility must undergo lab analysis after one, three,
five and seven years of operations in order in ensure its efficiency, if the effluent is
not within the parameters set by the guidelines the reed bed must be refurbished.
c. The problem usually occurs in the inlet due to clogging; thus, it must be cleaned
twice a day preferably morning and evening by the maintenance personnel. The
solids must not pass through the reed bed and shall be disposed properly.
d. Dead planted reeds must be harvested and replanted to optimize the treatment
process.
e. Continue the usage of Anotec for the odor control within the establishments.
This will explain on how to maintain the septic tank in order to optimize the wastewater
treatment process.
a. The septic tank must be emptied on a regular basis preferably once a year.
b. The height of the floating scum layer must be less than three inches from the
c. The bottom layer of sludge is less than eighteen inches, if not the septic tank must
be pumped.
CHAPTER VIII
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECT
This chapter discusses the socio-economic aspect of the proposed wastewater treatment
facility wherein the social and economic contributions will be identified. The project does not
require numerous employees rather social security of the tourists of the Eden Nature Park which
are increasing through time that they will experience a preserved and environmental-friendly park.
It might take some time for the Nature Park to experience the economic benefits from the
wastewater treatment facility, but the resources will be preserved within the community especially
the Eden Nature Park which is under Mount Apo Preservation Area. These benefits will comprise
all issues and concerns within the social and economic aspect.
CHAPTER X
This chapter will discuss the results, conclusion and recommendation for the Proposed
a. There are numerous parameters from the untreated wastewater that puts
b. The wastewater from the Eden Nature Park and Resort must be treated.
The project does not allocate job opportunity nor economic benefits, but it will
surely preserve the Mt. Apo Reservation Area from the untreated wastewater
The Wastewater Treatment Facility in Eden Nature Park and Resort is a proposed facility
wherein the domestic wastewater produced by the establishment will be treated in order to
discharge an environmentally-friendly water. By which settlement tanks are used for the
pretreatment and primary treatment and a vertical reed bed filter system will be used as the
secondary treatment.
The present feasibility study of Proposed Wastewater Treatment Facility aims to answer
these questions:
(1) Technicality
(2) Financial
a. How much would it cost to build the wastewater treatment facility and how much should
be allotted for the maintenance cost.
The specified aspects have been analyzed by the data gathered in this feasibility. The location
has been identified by the Eden Nature Park and Resort Management wherein it is located far
from the amenities and near a creek where the treated wastewater can be discharged easily.