6 Minutes English

SIX MINUTES ENGLISH
BBC
ÍNDICE
ÍNDICE
Why do we take risks?
Is student life all good?
Robin Hood
How much is your spouse worth?
What make us laugh?
Will robots take our jobs?
Do we read to show off?
The Earth’s core
The meaning of clothes
Shakespeare in plain English
The impact of plastic
100 womans
The Proms
Is it knuckle cracking good for you?
Evolution before Darwin
Lifts
Compulsory voting
Chins
Are you big on small talk?
Why do we take risks?
Some people actively embrace risk by jumping out of aeroplanes, scuba-diving or

motor-racing. But we all face risks every day by eating, drinking, walking and
driving – simply going about our daily lives carries all sorts of unseen threats. And
yet for some reason we don’t judge these risks accurately. Follow Alice and Finn's
discussion and learn new words.
This week's question

What are your chances of being knocked off your bicycle and killed during a one-
mile journey (and this is the same as your chances of winning the national lottery)?
Is it…
a) 1 in 4 million?
b) 1 in 14 million?
c) 1 in 400 million?
You can hear the right answer at the end of the programme.
Vocabulary
phobia
a strong and unreasonable fear of something
risk
the chances of something bad happening
probability
how likely something is to happen
gut reaction
an instinctive emotional response
catastrophic
something which causes a huge amount of damage and suffering
media coverage
reports about something in the News, newspapers, and the internet
chronic
something that lasts for a long time
thrill seekers
people who enjoy taking part in extreme sports and other activities involving
physical risk
base jumper
a person with a parachute who leaps from tall buildings or cliffs
Transcript
Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript
Alice
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Alice…
Finn
… and I'm Finn. Hello.
Alice
Hello, Finn. You're off on holiday tomorrow, aren't you?
Finn
I am and you know, and I'm dreading it. I hate flying!
Alice
Do you? I didn't know you had a phobia – and that means a strong and
unreasonable fear of something.
Finn
Well, I don't think this is a phobia because it isn't unreasonable. Flying thousands
of feet up in the sky in a tin can, you know, that's not safe!
Alice
Flying is safer than you think, Finn. It's much riskier to drive or cycle to work. And,
actually, risk taking is the subject of today's show! Risk means the chances of
something bad happening. For example, did you know that your chance of being
knocked off your bicycle and killed during a one-mile journey is the same as your
chances of winning the lottery?
Finn
You know Alice, I didn't know that.
Alice
And this leads me on to our quiz question for today: What are the odds … what are
the chances of either of these two things happening? Is it…
a) 1 in 4 million?
b) 1 in 14 million?
Or c) 1 in 400 million?
Finn
I have no idea. I'll go with the big number: 1 in 400 million, c).
Alice OK. So we'll find out later if you're right or wrong later on. Now let's listen to
Andreas Wilkey, a psychologist at Clarkson University in New York, talking about
why we're bad at assessing risk.
INSERT Andreas Wilkey, Psychologist, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New

York
People typically fear anything which is small probability but it's extremely
catastrophic if it were to happen… Think about dying in a plane crash, think about
a nuclear meltdown from the nearby power plant. Recently we have another
increase in these birds' virus outbreaks in South Korea. People read about that.
And they may pay a lot of attention to that in the news but they may forget to get
their flu shot.
Finn
That was Andreas Wilkey from Clarkson University. And we heard that a
small probabilityof something happening means it's unlikely to happen. But we
worry about big or catastrophic events such as catching bird flu or dying in a plane
crash because we have agut reaction to them– in other words, we react
emotionally. A catastrophic event is something that causes a huge amount of
damage and suffering.
Alice
And it's often because of media coverage – for example, watching the news and
reading the newspapers – that it can be difficult for us to understand how likely
certain things are to happen. Catastrophic events feel like very real threats, while
we tend to forget about the small but chronic risks that become more likely over
time.
Finn
We do. Chronic means something that lasts for a long time. So for example, what
if there was a cigarette that killed you as soon as you smoked it? Nobody would do
that, would they?
Alice
No, they wouldn't.
Finn
But plenty of people are happy to smoke for years, and put off worrying about the
health risks for the future.
Alice
Yes, that's a good point, Finn! People feel they are in control of risks that stretch
over time. You know, they think, 'I could stop tomorrow' or 'I could smoke less'. But
what about people who enjoy taking big risks – those thrill seekers out there?
Finn
People who enjoy extreme sports actually seek out danger – it gives them extreme
pleasure! So let's listen to Karina Hollekim from Norway. She's a base jumper –
that's a person with a parachute who leaps from tall buildings or cliffs – and she's
talking about what she feels about risk.
INSERT Karina Hollekim, base jumper

You need to measure the pleasure. Is it going to be worth it for you? So if the risk
is really high, it means that the pleasure needs to be equally high. Or hopefully
even higher… You can't measure it on a scale or anything. For me, it's a stomach
feeling. It's the value within me, and I'm the only one who can tell what value it has
to me.
Alice
Yes. It must be a magical feeling to step off a cliff, mustn't it, Finn?
Finn
'It's a stomach feeling', you know – my stomach would definitely be saying, 'oh no,
no, no!' So why not change the subject and give me the answer to today's quiz
question?
Alice
I asked: What are your chances of being knocked off your bicycle and killed during
a one-mile journey and this is the same as your chances of winning the national
lottery? So is it… a) 1 in 4 million? b) 1 in 14 million? Or c) 1 in 400 million?
Finn
I said c) 1 in 400 million.
Alice
Yes. And you were wrong, Finn.
Finn
Alright. Really? OK.
Alice
Yes. The odds are actually 1 in 14 million. You are as likely to win the national
lottery from a single ticket as you are to be knocked off your bicycle and killed
during a one-mile journey. This statistic comes from the Professor David
Spiegelhalter, who is Winton Professor of the Public Understanding of Risk in the
Statistical Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in the UK. So I think he really
knows his stuff.
Finn
That's a very long title, yes, I'm sure he does.
Alice
Yeah.
Finn
So let's hear today's words again, Alice?
Alice
Here they are:
phobia
risk
probability
gut reaction
catastrophic
media coverage
chronic
thrill seekers
base jumper
And that brings us to the end of today's 6 Minute English. We hope you were
thrilled by today's programme. Please join us again soon.
Both
Bye.
Is student life all good?
Leaving home to start life at university is an exciting time for many young people
but very challenging for some. Alice and Neil discuss the psychological pressures
of making this big transition. They also teach some related vocabulary.

In a survey of students at Imperial College London, how many students said they
suffered from high levels of stress or a mental health condition during their time at
college? Was it…
a) 1 out of 4?
b) 2 out of 4?
c) 3 out of 4?
Vocabulary
through rose-tinted spectacles
seeing a situation as better than it really was
out of your comfort zone

being in a situation that you aren't familiar with and which makes you feel nervous
counselling
professional help with personal or psychological problems
homesick
missing your family and friends when you're away from home
stress
pressure or worry caused by a difficult situation
balancing act
where you try to give your attention to two or more things at the same time
look after yourself

be responsible for or take care of yourself
budgeting
planning how much money you have and how you will spend it
stressed
anxious and worried
Transcript
Alice
Neil
… and I'm Neil. Hello.
Alice
Hello, Neil. You went to university, didn't you?
Neil
Yes. University – the best days of my life. I made fantastic friends, went to great
parties…
Alice
Did some work?
Neil
Well, yeah, I did some work, but probably not enough.
Alice
Well, the subject of today's show is student mental health. So, Neil, do you think
you're looking back at your university days through rose-tinted spectacles? And
that means looking at a situation as being better than it really was.
Neil
I did feel out of my comfort zone when I arrived. Yes, everyone seemed to know
everyone… knew where to go.
Alice
Yes, well, being out of your comfort zone means being in a situation that you
aren't familiar with and which makes you feel nervous. Did you talk to anyone
about your feelings, Neil? Did you get any counselling? And that means
professional help with personal or psychological problems.
Neil
What? No, not me. I'm one of those men who isn't good at talking about their
feelings, Alice. I just felt a bit homesick that's all – I missed my friends and family.
But let's move on, shall we! Why don't you ask me today's quiz question?
Alice
Alright then. So here it is: In a survey of students at Imperial College London, how
many students said they suffered from high levels of stress or a mental health
condition during their time at college? Was it…
a) 1 out of 4?
b) 2 out of 4?
or c) 3 out of 4?
Neil
Well, I'm going to go for c) 3 out of 4 because I do think that university life can be
more stressful than people realize.
Alice
Yes. And stress means pressure or worry caused by a difficult situation. OK, we'll
find out if you're right or wrong later on. Now in the UK, there has been a rise in
students using counselling services.
Neil
Why's that, Alice?
Alice
Well, let's listen to Kirsty, a student at Exeter University, talking about why she has
had problems. And here's a question for you while you listen: Did she enjoy her
first days in college?
INSERT
Kirsty McMurron, student at Exeter University
No. The thing is… it… is a real balancing act. When I first got to university I don't
think I'd really realized that I'd forgotten how to make friends you know, I'd been
with the same school friends for seven years, and so I was trying to balance you
know social success with academic success whilst learning how to look after
myself at quite a young age. And I think that's the experience of a lot of young
people. And people really struggle with it.
Neil
What's a balancing act, Alice?
Alice
It's where you try to give your attention to two or more things at the same time. So
here, Kirsty is trying to balance making new friends with doing her academic work
and learning to look after herself.
Neil
What does Kirsty mean when she says she's learning to look after herself?
Alice
Well, to look after someone means to protect or take care of someone – and in
this case, Kirsty's learning to take care of herself – for example doing her own
shopping and cooking.
Neil
OK, let's listen to Dr Ruth Caleb of the counselling service at Brunel University in
London talking about what practical stuff students could learn before leaving for
university that might make life easier for them.
INSERT
Dr Ruth Caleb, Head of the counselling service at Brunel University, London
Certain things that I think it would be very very helpful for students to have put in
place are an ability to do the practical things of life – to do the washing, to do the
cleaning and so on – being able to cook. Budgeting is extremely important in
university life. And also spending time on your own comfortably.
Neil
Yes, that's excellent advice. I couldn't boil an egg when I arrived at uni.
Alice
Oh, really? Can you do it now, Neil?
Neil
Just about, just about.
Alice
Yeah? Great. And what about budgeting? This means planning how much money
you have and how you will spend it.
Neil
I'm still pretty bad at that. However, I am very good at spending time on my own
comfortably.
Alice
Yes, I can believe that – feet up, watching TV with a takeaway.
Neil
Takeaway, of course a takeaway cause I can't cook anything…
Alice
No.
Neil
… not even an egg. You know me so well. So how about the answer to today's
quiz question, Alice?
Alice
Alright then. I asked: In a survey of students at Imperial College London, how many
said they suffered from high levels of stress or a mental health condition during
their time at college? Was it…
a) 1 out of 4?
b) 2 out of 4?
or c) 3 out of 4?
Neil
And I said c) 3 out of 4.
Alice
Yes. And you are correct – well done, Neil! The survey, completed by over a
thousand students, also found that almost 70% of those that suffer from stress do
so at least once a week, and 9% of students feel stressed constantly. Stressed
means anxious and worried.
Neil
Well, I feel anxious just thinking about all that stress. Can we hear today's words
again?
Alice
We certainly can. They are:
through rose-tinted spectacles
out of your comfort zone
counselling
homesick
stress
balancing act
look after yourself
budgeting
stressed
Neil
Well, that brings us to the end of today's 6 Minute English. We hope you've had a
stress-free time. Please do join us again soon. You know where to find us, don't
you? Go towww.learningenglish.com , where you'll find grammar points, vocabulary
and more editions of 6 Minute English.
Both
Bye.
Robin Hood
In the early stories of Robin Hood there is no Maid Marian, no Friar Tuck, Robin
doesn't live in the time of bad Prince John, or the crusades, doesn't lead a large
and merry gang, and never robs the rich to give to the poor. Neil and Alice discuss
the long-lasting appeal of this man with a bow and how he has changed over the
centuries.

When do we find the first reference to Robin Hood in English literature? Was it in
the…
a) 5th century?
b) 10th century?
c) 14th century?
Vocabulary
outlaw
criminal
medieval period or Middle Ages

the period in Europe from the 5th to the 15th century
ballad
a song or poem that tells a story
disturbing
making you feel upset or shocked
assassinations
the murder of important people, often for political reasons
dismembered bodies
bodies that have been cut or torn into pieces
trickster
someone who deceives or cheats people
operate on your own terms

do what you want according to your own rules
masculinity
the qualities typical of a man
Transcript
Alice
Neil
Alice
Hello, Neil. Now what do you know about Robin Hood?
Neil
OK. Well, he wore green tights…
Alice
Yes, he did.
Neil
He was good at archery… he had a girlfriend called Maid Marion. He was English –
although he sometimes he has an American accent in Hollywood films.
Alice
Yes.
Neil
There was a great Disney cartoon series using animal characters. Robin and Maid
Marion were foxes.
Alice
Anything else? What about being an outlaw or criminal? Heroically fighting against
injustice and corruption?
Neil
Oh yeah, there's all that stuff as well – robbing the rich and giving to the poor. Yes,
yeah… he lived in Sherwood Forest with a band of merry men.
Alice
Yes, he did. OK, it sounds like you've watched a lot of TV and film versions but
haven't read the literature.
Neil
Oh, come on, Alice! Have you read the literature?
Alice
Yes I have. I studied English at university and one of my specialist subjects was
medieval literature. The Middle Ages or medieval period lasted in Europe from the
5th to the 15th century.
Neil
I see. And I'm guessing that Robin Hood is the subject of today's show?
Alice
Absolutely. You're right! So here's a question for you, Neil: When do we find the
first reference to Robin Hood in English literature? Was it in the…
a) 5th century?
b) 10th century?
Or c) 14th century?
Neil
Well, I'm going to go for the middle one – and that's b) 10th century.
Alice
OK. Well, we'll find out if you're right or wrong later on. Now, why do you think the
stories of Robin Hood have lasted from the Middle Ages through to the modern
day?
Neil
Well, I suppose it's got appeal on lots of levels – action, adventure – there's some
comedy stuff there with the merry men. And of course, romance, like I said before.
Alice
Yes, indeed. Actually the early versions of Robin Hood were very violent. Let's
listen to Professor Thomas Hahn talk about one of the ballads called The Monk.
INSERT
Thomas Hahn, Professor of English Literature at the University of Rochester,
New York
The Monk is, I think for most modern audiences who've either seen movies or read
children's stories or whatever, quite disturbing in terms of its levels of violence. In
terms of trying to make some comparisons with popular culture it seems to me that
it's really at the level of Sopranos in terms of things like dismembered bodies and
actual violence and assassinations.
Neil
What's a ballad, Alice?
Alice
Well, It's a song or poem that tells a story. People were telling the stories of Robin
Hood for a long time before they were written down – and performing them too.
Neil
Really? And how about the comparison between the Robin Hood ballads and the
Sopranos? Now The Sopranos is a popular US TV series about gangsters. Maybe
I should get The Monk on audiobook. What do you think?
Alice
Yes, I don’t think you'd find it disturbing – disturbing means making you feel upset
or shocked. Assassinations are the murder of important people, often for political
reasons. And dismembered bodies are bodies that have been cut or torn into
pieces.
Neil
Right. It sounds like medieval entertainment for guys. You know, like martial arts
movies these days.
Alice
Well, yes, you may be right. Now do you remember you mentioned Maid Marion at
the start of the show?
Neil
I do.
Alice
Well, actually, in the early ballads there is no Maid Marian. She appears in later
versions along with other characters we know well today. But Robin is always a
trickster, and a man with a bow in a wood.
Neil
A trickster is someone who deceives or cheats people. That's impressive, Alice.
You certainly know your medieval ballads.
Alice
Yes, I do. So what's so appealing about this man with a bow? Let's listen to
Professor Hahn again.
INSERT
Thomas Hahn, Professor of English Literature at the University of Rochester,
New York
What he represents I think is a kind of strong and forceful masculinity that operates
on its own terms and for its own interests and that's I think what we admire in these
stories.
Neil
What does it mean to operate on your own terms, Alice?
Alice
Well, Neil, it means to do what you want according to your own rules. And
masculinity means the qualities typical of a man. Now, remember my question from
earlier? I asked: When do we find the first reference to Robin Hood in English
literature? Was it in the…
a) 5th century?
b) 10th century?
Or c) 14th century?
Neil
And I said b) 10th century.
Alice
Yes, well… I'm afraid you are wrong, Neil. The first reference occurs in the English
poet William Langland's book Piers Plowman written between 1370 and 1390.
Sloth, the lazy priest, says: "I kan not parfitly my Paternoster as the preest it
singeth,/ But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood and Randolf Erl of Chestre."
Neil
Well, Alice, can you translate that into modern English, please? Maybe that's for
another show.
Alice
Maybe another show…
Neil
Can we just have today's words again, please?
Alice
We certainly can. And we can have those in modern English. OK. Here they are:
outlaw
medieval period or Middle Ages
ballad
disturbing
assassinations
dismembered bodies
trickster
operate on your own terms
masculinity
Neil
Well, that brings us to the end of today's 6 Minute English. We hope you enjoyed
today's walk in the woods. Please do join us again soon.
Both
Bye.
How much is your spouse worth?
Almost two million married couples in the UK keep their finances secret from their
partner, new research suggests. And around 44% of married people don't know
what their spouse earns. Tune in to Neil and Alice to find out what they think about
relationships and money and learn some related vocabulary.

What percentage of married couples in the UK don't know exactly what their
spouse earns?
a) 4%?
b) 14%?
c) 44%
Vocabulary
go dutch
share the cost of something, for example a meal
spouse
husband or wife
to be in debt
to owe money to someone
mortgage
where a bank lends you money to buy a house
hard cash
physical money – the coins and banknotes
cheapskate
someone who doesn't like spending money,
budget
the money you have available for something and a plan for how to use it
agree to differ
accept that we have different opinions on something
Transcript
Alice
Neil
Alice
Hello, Neil. Now tell me, do you usually go dutch when you take someone out to
dinner?
Neil
Now go dutch means to share the cost of something, for example a meal in a
restaurant. Well Alice, no, I usually expect my date to pay actually.
Alice
I hope you're joking, Neil. But I wouldn’t be surprised! Personally, I think it's a nice
gesture to offer to pay for the meal when you're on a date.
Neil
Yeah. But it can depend on the situation – some people might be very offended if
you offered to pay for everything!
Alice
Well yes, true. Clearly you're not going to offend those people, Neil, though are
you? And I won’t be going to dinner with you any time soon.
Neil
Well, I didn't ask so calm down, Alice! Actually, money matters can cause
relationship problems in couples – and that's the subject of the show. Here's
today's quiz question based on a UK survey. Ready, Alice?
Alice
I am indeed.
Neil
What percentage of married couples don't know exactly what their spouse earns?
Is it:
a) 4%?
b) 14%?
Or c) 44%
Alice
Well, gosh! I think b) 14%. Yes, that sounds about right to me.
Neil
Well, we'll find out if you're right or wrong later on. Now, it seems important that
couples are honest about their finances because it can have an impact on their
future financial options together.
Alice
Yes, that's right. If you're buying a house together and then find out later that
your spouse– your husband or wife – is thousands of pounds in debt, then the
chances are you won't be able to get a mortgage. To be in debt, by the way,
means to owe money to someone.
Neil
Good point. A mortgage is where a bank lends you money to buy a house. Let's
listen now to what Arabella Russell, a relationship therapist, has to say about this.
INSERT
Arabella Russell, relationship therapist
The fact of the matter is it's very difficult – it can be very difficult – to talk about
money. Often when we talk about money, it’s emotions very close to us – there's
guilt, there's shame. What have we done in the past? To start those conversations
is complicated. Money can be about how we value ourselves, how we feel valued.
It’s not just a simple case of talking about hard cash.
Neil
Arabella talks about 'hard cash'. Now what does that mean?
Alice
Well, we say hard cash when we talk about physical money – the coins and
banknotes – as opposed to other types of payment.
Neil
And why do we find it so difficult to talk about cash, Alice?
Alice
Well, because we get emotional about it! Arabella talks about feelings of guilt and
shame. And for many of us, money isn't simply money – it can be about how we
value ourselves or feel valued.
Neil
Right – so if I were to buy you a cheap engagement ring you would feel
undervalued.
Alice
Nice example, Neil! You can't be a cheapskate when it comes to engagement
rings! So how much would you spend on our engagement ring, Neil?
Neil
Well… um… I didn't know we were getting married! But if I was buying an
engagement ring for you Alice, I think definitely I would spend about… you know
around... in the region of … mmm pounds…
Alice
Sorry, Neil, I didn't quite catch that. Alright!
Neil
Are you calling me a cheapskate?
Alice
I certainly am, Neil. Cheapskate means someone who doesn't like spending
money, by the way. Moving on – let's hear more from Arabella about how people
have different attitudes towards money.
INSERT
Arabella Russell, relationship therapist
Accept the fact that in your relationship you might do money differently – there
might be a spender there might be a saver. It’s very tempting if your partner does
things differently to say they're wrong. They might do it differently because they
see money differently. Do it differently but have a budget. Of course be honest
about each other but recognise that you might just have a different view of money.
Neil
Now that sounds like excellent advice to me! I'm a saver, and I'm not ashamed to
say it. Why waste money on an expensive engagement ring? Engagements don't
always last. You might drop the ring down the kitchen sink or…
Alice
How romantic, Neil!
Neil
… it could be stolen or you might meet someone else.
Alice
Indeed. Now I know I shouldn't say you're wrong… but you're wrong! You have to
invest in a relationship if you want it to work.
Neil
Calm down. I see money differently to you. I’m a saver and you’re a spender, and
that’s all there is to it. And a budget means the money you have available for
something and a plan for how to use it.
Alice
Well, we'll have to agree to differ. And that means accept that we have different
opinions on this one! Can we have the answer to today's quiz question then,
please?
Neil
Yes, we can. I asked: What percentage of married couples don't know exactly what
their spouse earns? Is it:
a) 4%?
b) 14%?
Or c) 44%
Alice
And I said b) 14%.
Neil
And you are absolutely and completely… wrong! The correct answer is 44%. Now
that's according to new research conducted by the UK credit report service,
Noddle, who also found that an astonishing 1.9 million married couples actively try
to keep their finances secret from their partners!
Alice
Gosh, what a lot of people! Can we have today's words again then, Neil, please?
Neil
Yes, we can. Here they are:
go dutch
spouse
to be in debt
mortgage
hard cash
cheapskate
budget
agree to differ
Alice
Well, that brings us to the end of today's 6 Minute English. We hope you thought
today's programme was good value. Please join us again soon. See you then.
Both
Bye.
What make us laugh?
Some people are funny whatever they do. Others... well, when they try to make us
laugh all they do is embarrass themselves. Alice and Neil discuss humour and
teach you related vocabulary. Neil is a bit of a comedian but will he manage to
make Alice laugh?

Which Greek word means the study of laughter and its effects on the body? Is it…
a) risology?
b) gelotology?
c) comology?
Vocabulary
get something (idiomatic)
understand
gag
joke or funny story
stand-up comedy
a type of comedy where a comedian performs in front of and talks directly to their
audience
narcissistic
being too interested in yourself – for example your appearance or other personal
qualities
aspiring
wanting to be successful in your chosen career
unique
unusual or special
perseverance
to keep on trying to achieve something even when it’s difficult
outwork
work harder than everybody else
introverts
people who are generally quiet and more interested in their own thoughts and
feelings than in spending time with other people
extroverts
people who are generally lively, outgoing, and enjoy the company of others
Transcript
Alice
Neil
… and I'm Neil. OK Alice, I've got something for you here… a question…
Alice
Yeah.
Neil
Ready? What is the Mexican version of One Direction?
Alice
Um… No idea.
Neil
Juan Direction. Get it?
Alice
Very good…
Neil
Juan Direction... You know?
Alice
Yes, yes, I get it.
Neil
Never mind. Can you guess what the subject of today's show is instead?
Alice
Is it bad jokes?
Neil
Come on! That was a good little gag! Yes. The subject of today's show is… what
makes us laugh. And in this context, to get something, for example a gag – or joke,
means to understand it. We all like to laugh – well not you apparently – but most of
us do! It's good for our health, it reduces stress and releases feel-good hormones
in the body.
Alice
OK, thank you, Neil. But how about answering today's quiz question? Which Greek
word means the study of laughter and its effects on the body? Is it…
a) risology?
b) gelotology?
or c) comology?
Neil
That's difficult and I'm going to say c) comology because it's got the word 'comedy'
in it, you see?
Alice
Oh, very good. OK. Well, we'll find out later if you're right. Now, did you know, we
rarely laugh when we're on our own? Laughter is a social thing that we generally
like to share with other people.
Neil
Really? I laugh when I'm watching cartoons on my own – don't you, Alice?
Alice
No, Neil, I don't. Anyway, some researchers believe that the purpose of laughter is
related to the way we bond with each other. And the more we laugh, the more we
bond as a group.
Neil
Interesting idea. It could explain why stand-up comedy – where a comedian
performs in front of and talks directly to their audience – is very popular
entertainment. But what does it take to keep your audience laughing? Let’s listen to
Steve Byrne, a successful US comedian talking about this.
INSERT
Steve Byrne, comedian
The one single thing an aspiring comedian should do is to write, write, write and
talk about the things that make them laugh. Selfishness – time to be selfish – time
to be a little narcissistic. What is it that makes you laugh? Because that will get you
closer to finding your voice. Because ultimately that's why people come see you.
Neil
So comedians need to be selfish and narcissistic – that sounds pretty negative!
Alice
Yes, it does. Narcissistic means being too interested in yourself – for example your
appearance or other personal qualities. And aspiring means wanting to be
successful in your chosen career.
Neil
And what does Steve mean when he says comedians need to find their voice?
Alice
Well, he means they need to talk about what they think in a way that's unique –
meaning unusual or special – to them.
Neil
OK. Let's listen to Steve again talking about turning 40 and what he finds funny
about that.
INSERT
Steve Byrne, comedian
When you turn 40 you will hear this in your life and hopefully you'll hear this the
rest of your life. 'You look good for 40. You look good for 52. You look great for 63.'
You never hear that when you're young. You never hear: 'You look good for 19.'
You think there's going to be some magic potion – some magic shortcut to it all. It's
writing and getting up on stage. It takes a lot of perseverance and it's such a
competitive occupation. You know, you've just got to outwork everybody.
Neil
Well, we heard Steve making his audience laugh there. And by the way, Alice, you
look fantastic for 40.
Alice
That's not funny, Neil. I'm only 39 and you know it. Anyway, moving on, Steve says
there's no magic potion or shortcut to success. You have to work hard – it doesn't
happen by itself. And perseverance means to keep on trying to achieve something
even when it's difficult.
Neil
He says you have to outwork everybody – which means to work harder than
everybody else. Steve certainly doesn't make comedy sound much fun, does he?
Alice
No. In fact some people say there's a connection between depression and comedy
– that comedians can be introverted and depressive.
Neil
Is that right? Introverts are generally quiet people who are more interested in their
own thoughts and feelings than in spending time with other people.
Alice
Yes, you'd think that most comedians would be extroverts – people who are lively
and enjoy the company of others. OK I think it's time for the answer to our quiz
question, Neil. I asked: Which Greek word means the study of laughter and its
effects on the body? Is it…
a) risology?
b) gelotology?
or c) comology?
Neil
Yes. I said c) comology, which I think I'm beginning to regret now.
Alice
Yes, well, indeed. Sorry, I'm afraid that's the wrong answer. It's actually b)
gelotology – which comes from the Greek word, gelos, meaning laughter.
Neil
OK. You can stop sniggering now, Alice and just tell us today's words once again?
Alice
Alright then. Here they are:
get something (e.g. a joke)
gag
stand-up comedy
narcissistic
aspiring
unique
perseverance
outwork
introverts
extroverts
Neil
Well, that just about brings us to the end of today's 6 Minute English.
Alice
See you next time.
Both
Bye.
New transport on two wheels
Is a hoverboard the best new transport on two wheels?

The bicycle is the most popular form of two-wheeled transport in the world, but
could we all soon be using hoverboards? They look like a skateboards and are
used by pop stars such as Lilly Allen and Justin Bieber. Listen to what happens
when a BBC reporter tries a hoverboard, and learn some new vocabulary.

Is it legal to ride a hoverboard on the pavement in the UK? Yes or no?
Vocabulary
device
an object invented for a certain purpose
to balance
to stand (on something) without falling over
pavement
the hard path you walk on next to a road ('sidewalk' in American English)
scooter
a board with wheels and handlebars you stand on with one foot and push with the
other to travel
skateboard
a board with wheels you stand on with one foot and push with the other to travel
celebrities
famous people, for example pop stars
to get on
(here) to be successful, to manage
to have a go
to try to do something
illegal
not legal, against the law
private property
land and/or buildings that belong to someone, not to the public
Transcript
Finn
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Finn…
Neil
Finn
Today we're talking about one of the latest forms of transport on two wheels.
Neil
Yes. We're not talking about bicycles here.
Finn
No, we're talking about a… self-balancing transport device. What a complicated
name! Now a device is an object which has been created for a particular purpose.
But yes, you need to balance on this device which means you need to stand on it
and not fall over.
Neil
Well this device has other names as well. It's called a rideable because you ride on
it like you ride on a bicycle – or you can call it a self-balancing scooter - or others
call it a hoverboard.
Finn
That's perhaps because it looks like a skateboard perhaps… but it's different, isn't
it?
Neil
Yes it is, it is a bit different. And we'll be finding out more about hoverboards in a
moment, but first it's time for our quiz question. I'm going to make a statement and
I want you to tell me, Finn, if it is true or false. OK?
Finn
OK.
Neil
Here in the UK, it's illegal to ride a hoverboard on the pavement. Is that true or
false, Finn? What do you think?
Finn
Well, I've actually seen someone riding a hoverboard on the pavement so I'll say
it's false. I think it's legal to ride one on the pavement.
Neil
OK, then. We'll see if you're right at the end of the programme.
Finn
OK. So, Neil have you ever tried riding on a hoverboard?
Neil
No, I haven't, but I would like to give it a go. It looks like a skateboard, but it is
different – it moves differently – and it goes in a different direction – it goes…
sideways.
Finn
Yes. And, you know, the other big difference is that it is motorised. And when you
change your balance the wheels turn. So when you lean forwards – you move
forwards – and when you lean back you slow down and stop… and if you lean
even further back, then you actually move backwards.
Neil
Yes. So it's hard to keep your balance. Like a skateboard, you need to practise to
get good at this.
Finn
And I'm no good at skateboards. And I think, you know, if you don't practise you'll
fall off the hoverboard lots of times.
Neil
BBC reporter Emma Ailes has tried a hoverboard. Who else has tried one of these
rideables? Listen to her report.
INSERT
Emma Ailes, BBC Reporter
So you may have seen in recent weeks celebrities like Justin Bieber and Lily Allen
riding one of these. It's a self-balancing transportation device or some people call
them rideables. I've never had a go but I am going to integrate one into my life in
the next couple of days and see how I get on.
Neil
And that was the BBC reporter Emma Ailes. She said that she's going
to integrate riding a hoverboard into her everyday life and so perhaps she'll travel
to the BBC on a hoverboard. Now to integrate means to combine things to make
them more efficient.
Finn
Or maybe she'll go shopping on a hoverboard. Now she talked about celebrities –
famous people - who are using hoverboards.
Neil
Yeah. She mentioned two celebrities – singers Lily Allen – who's British. And Justin
Bieber - he's from Canada. So people are using hoverboards all over the world.
Finn
Neil, you were telling me about a guy you saw last weekend.
Neil
Yes, I was at a shopping centre and there were all these kids – teenagers -
watching this guy using a hoverboard. Of course they all wanted to try it. You
could hear them shouting: "Can I have a go? Can I have a go? Can I have a go?"
Now, to have a go means to try something.
Finn
Yes. Now what was our reporter's experience of using a hoverboard? How did she
get on? Did she learn how to use it? Did she enjoy using it?
INSERT
Emma Ailes
So overall this is really good fun and I definitely recommend giving it a go. But
there are some downsides. It's really heavy, it's illegal to use it on the pavement
and it's quite embarrassing being stared at. So are two wheels better than two
legs? For me, probably not.
Finn
So that was the BBC reporter Emma once again. And she tried to use the two
wheels of the hoverboard to move around but she said she prefers moving with her
two legs.
Neil
But she did say this about using a hoverboard - it's good fun and she definitely
recommends that people try it – they should give it a go!
Finn
But she said there are also some downsides – some bad things. First, it's heavy.
Neil
Yes, it's not very easy carrying a heavy hoverboard.
Finn
Also when she uses it everyone looks at her and they don't stop looking – they
stare at her and she says that's embarrassing.
Neil
And there is one more downside about using a self-balancing scooter. And this is
also the answer to our quiz question… I asked if it's true or false that it's illegal to
ride a hoverboard on the pavement in the UK.
Finn
And I said that it's false.
Neil
And you are… wrong. It's illegal. There is a law here about that.
Finn
Yes, I realised I guessed the wrong answer when I heard that clip from Emma's
report there.
Neil
Yes. Their use is illegal under Section 72 of the Highway Act 1835 for use on the
public pavements and roads in the UK.
Finn
Oh, very impressive, Neil. Now, you can use a hoverboard, I've heard, on private
propertyif you have permission from the owner but NOT on public pavements and
roads.
Neil
OK. Well, next time you see your friend Justin Bieber, Finn, tell him that.
Finn
I will. Now, that's all for today. Please do join us again soon.
Neil
Please do. And let's hear the words before we go.
Finn
OK. We heard:
device
balance
pavement
scooter
skateboard
celebrities
to get on
to have a go
illegal
private property
That is it now. And we'll see you next time.
Neil
Goodbye!

If you are sitting at a desk, driving a taxi or answering the phone, stop for a
moment and ask: could a robot or machine do this job better? The answer,
unfortunately for you, might well be yes. These days more and more jobs are done
more efficiently by a machine. Listen to Neil and Finn's conversation and learn new
vocabulary.

What makes a job more likely to be done by robots? Is it if a job involves…
a) manipulating small objects?
b) working in open spaces?
c) social and emotional skills?
Vocabulary
automation
the use of machines to do work that people do or used to do
susceptible to
likely to be affected by
manual dexterity
good with your hands
cognitive labour
using your mind to perform a task
noggin
head (informal)
white collar
a job you do at an office rather than a factory
artificial intelligence (AI)

a computer’s ability to copy intelligent human behaviour
keeping your fingers crossed

hoping that things are going to turn out the way you want them to
Transcript
Neil
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil…
Finn
… and I'm Finn. Hello.
Neil
Hello there, Finn. Now, what do you know about robots?
Finn
Robots? Well, (Finn does an impression of a robot voice) they talk in a funny
way… like that!
Neil
Yes. You sound quite convincing there actually, Finn.
Finn
Do you like it?
Neil
Yes, I do. Is there anything else you know about robots?
Finn
Well, there are… there are a couple of good ones in the Star Wars, aren't there?
Neil
Oh, yes. R2-D2 and C-3PO. C-3PO talks in quite a human voice.
Finn
He does. But of course that's science fiction not real life.
Neil
No. But things have moved on in real life. The use of machines to do work that
people do or used to do is called automation and that's the subject of today's
show.
Finn
But before we talk more about this, l'd like you, Neil, to answer today's quiz
question. What makes a job more likely to be done by robots? Is it if a job
involves…
a) manipulating small objects?
b) working in open spaces?
Or c) social and emotional skills?
Neil
Hmm… OK. Well, I'm going to guess. Manipulating small objects, I think.
Finn
Interesting. OK, we'll find out if you're right or wrong later on. Now, two UK
academics have calculated how susceptible to – that means likely to be affected
by – how susceptible to automation each job is based on some key skills. And
these include negotiation, persuasion, caring for others, originality, and manual
dexterity – now that means being good with your hands.
Neil
So do you think intelligent machines could replace us?
Finn
Well, maybe you, Neil. Not me, no. I have all the key skills you know – I'm
original… persuasive… of course very caring and very good with my hands as well,
I think.
Neil
Well I'm very glad that you're safe, Finn!
Finn
Thank you.
Neil
However, a study from Oxford University has suggested that 35% of existing UK
jobs are being automated in the next 20 years. Let’s listen to Michael Osborne from
Oxford University talking about this.
INSERT
Michael Osborne, University of Oxford
Computers are increasingly able to learn in a way that in short has been a reserve
of human beings. So in their ability to learn, computers are able to perform a much
wider range of tasks than they've been able to do in the past. So as a result it's not
just manual labour that's coming under threat of automation. It's increasingly
cognitive labour – the labour of the mind.
Finn
Michael Osborne. And cognitive labour means using your noggin – that's using
or head!So computers and machines are using their noggins and getting smarter.
And office workers who do repetitive jobs such as drawing up spreadsheets could
be replaced with software. But surely jobs like being a doctor or a lawyer are safe,
Neil?
Neil
Well, some white-collar jobs may be less safe than you think. At one city law firm
junior staff have to read through contracts, assessing them for risks. But now an
artificial intelligence programme can do that faster and better.
Finn
So white collar refers to a job that you do at an office rather than a factory.
And artificial intelligence refers to a computer's ability to copy intelligent human
behaviour. Now let’s listen to Matthew Whalley from a city law firm to find out what
he thinks.
INSERT
Matthew Whalley, Berwin Leigton Paisner
What you're seeing the robot do now, the robot can do in three seconds what
would take a group of lawyers days to do. And the advantage is that it can do huge
volumes, incredibly reliably in unbelievable times. There is a huge amount of this
work to do and lawyers have far better higher-value legal analysis to worry about.
Neil
Well he thinks that there is work for the lawyers and the computers. In fact it
sounds like a good division of labour – the computers do the boring stuff and the
lawyers do the more interesting work!
Finn
Yes. Well, let's keep our fingers crossed that we've got good prospects. You know,
I don't want our listeners to (robot voice) start listening to robot presenters any time
soon!
Neil
Indeed, we need! We talk about keeping our fingers crossed when we hope that
things are going to turn out in the way we want them to in the future.
Finn
That's right. So shall we hear the answer to today's quiz question? Neil, I asked
you: What makes a job more likely to be done by robots? Is it if a job involves…
a) manipulating small objects? b) working in open spaces? Or c) social and
emotional skills?
Neil
Well, I said a) manipulating small objects ... and I'm keeping my fingers crossed
that I've got the right answer.
Finn
OK. You’re keeping them crossed?
Neil
Yes, I am.
Finn
You've got the answer right! Well done!
Neil
Brilliant! I'm glad my cognitive skills are still functioning. Now, how about hearing
those words again?
Finn
OK, the words we heard today were:
automation
susceptible to
manual dexterity
cognitive labour
noggin
white collar
artificial intelligence (AI)
and … keeping your fingers crossed
Neil
Well, that brings us to the end of this 6 Minute English. We hope you enjoyed the
programme. Please join us again soon.
Both
Bye.

What do you read when you are on the bus or train? Some people might hold a
copy of a classic novel to impress other commuters. Neil and Alice discuss
people's reading habits. Listen to the programme and learn new vocabulary.

These days are people buying…
a) more classic books?
b) the same number of classic books?
c) fewer classic books than they used to?
Vocabulary
intellectual
a person who has studied a lot and knows a lot about their area of study
show off
someone who does something well and always wants others to know that
the classics
very well-known old novels
romantic fiction
love stories
light read
entertaining and easy reading material, such as romantic fiction
heavy read
very difficult reading material, such as academic textbooks
retailers
people or shops that sell things
highbrow
culture (book, art, theatre) that intellectuals enjoy
shift
change
hooked
addicted
advent
(here) beginning
e-reader
electronic device that contains lots of written text
Transcript
Neil
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil…
Alice
… and I'm Alice. Sorry, wait a minute Neil. I'm just finishing this book.
Neil
OK.
Alice
Last page… nearly there… ohh - fantastic book!
Neil
Well I'm glad you enjoyed that. I'm glad you finished your book there Alice! We're
talking about books in today's programme. What was it you were reading there?
Alice
No, never mind Neil. It's not your kind of book. You wouldn't like it.
Neil
How do you know?
Alice
Well, I just think you might read something a little more intellectual.
Neil
Oh I see… Well we are talking about the kinds of books people read and what they
say about them today.
Alice
Yes. Perhaps you read the works of a famous writer – the classics – Charles
Dickens, Shakespeare.
Neil
People will think you are an intellectual. You can show off by reading these books
– the classics.
Alice
Or perhaps you read popular novels or romantic fiction – a light easy read.
Neil
When you go on holiday – maybe to the beach – what kind of books do you read?
And what do you read when you're going to work?
Alice
We're going to hear part of a BBC interview with David Adshead from the
Commuter Book Club. A commuter travels to work by bus, train or here in London,
The Tube, a train that goes all over the city, mostly underground.
Neil
And Alice as usual, we have a quiz question. Are you ready?
Alice
Yes, absolutely.
Neil
OK. It's about classic book sales. So these days are people buying…
Alice
Oh that's an interesting one. Tricky to guess but I'm going to say c) fewer classic
books.
Neil
OK, well, let’s find out the answer at the end of the programme. But now, here is
David Adshead from the Commuter Club. What kind of book does he say people
usually take with them to the beach?
INSERT
David Adshead, Commuter Book Club
People often think that, you know, traditionally you take a light easy read for the
beach and on the train, um, you maybe read something very different.
Interviewer
… if only to show off.
David Adshead
Exactly, to appear to others to be more intellectual. But actually, what we find in
this is that it really comes down to the individual – what they like to read and
actually we've seen this summer a lot of the book sales - summer reads is
generally lighter books, easier to get on with, to take away on holiday - but the big
retailers have seen a shift actually - people moving sort of slightly higher brow,
taking away more classic books. Sales in that way have increased.
Neil
David Adshead from the Commuter Book Club there. He says that people usually –
traditionally - take a light, easy read to the beach or on the train.
Alice
Yes. He says these books are easier to get on with. David says that it really comes
down to the individual - each person is different. But he says that there has been a
shift – a change – in what people read.
Neil
Yes, he says that the shops that sell books – that's the retailers – say the books
people are buying are more highbrow – the classics, as we were talking about.
Alice
Absolutely. Highbrow books are read by intellectuals or perhaps the people who
read these books are just showing off.
Neil
Yes, maybe they are. Well I wonder if these people have read any books by Fiona
Harper. She writes romantic novels – that's stories about love.
Alice
Light reading – not highbrow. She was also at this interview about the Commuter
Book Club.
Neil
Now, do commuters read her romantic novels on the Tube?
Alice
Well here is novelist Fiona Harper talking about how she writes her romantic
novels. She wants people to not stop reading her stories once they start – she
wants them to be hooked.
INSERT
Author Fiona Harper
I think what it comes down to most of the time is you just want to write a really
good story because if you write a good story then hopefully people are hooked,
they'll keep turning the pages and..
Interviewer
And do you wonder whether they are reading them on holiday? I mean
presumably, they're more likely to read your stuff on holiday than when they’re
sitting on the Tube being looked at by lots of other people. I don't know.
Author Fiona Harper

Possibly, although with the advent of e-readers, you can read anything you like and
no one knows – or on your phone – no one knows what you're reading.
Interviewer
And that's an important point.
Neil
That's the author Fiona Harper talking about romantic novels. So do commuters
read her books on the Tube?
Alice
Well perhaps you don't want others to see you reading that stuff. It can be a bit
embarrassing. It shouldn't be, but Fiona says you can also use an e-reader.
Neil
An e-reader – that's an electronic book. Instead of pages, you read off a screen.
Alice
Well if you use an e-reader or tablet, no one knows what you're reading.
Neil
So perhaps they are reading a romantic novel – no one knows. OK. Let's take a
moment to look at some of today's words.
Alice
Here they are:
intellectual
show off
the classics
romantic fiction
light read
heavy read
retailers
highbrow
shift
hooked
advent
e-reader
Neil
And before we go, the answer to today's quiz question. I asked about classic
books. Are people these days buying…
Alice
Yes. And I said c) fewer classic books.
Neil
Well I'm afraid to say Alice that you're wrong.
Alice
Oh no.
Neil
I know. They're reading more classic books!
Alice
Oh excellent!
Neil
Sales of these books are apparently increasing.
Alice
Well that's good to hear.
Neil
And that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. Please do join us again soon.
Alice
And keep reading books… in English. Highbrow classics or a light read – it doesn't
matter.
Neil
It doesn't matter at all.
Both
Bye.
The Earth’s core
The Earth's core

Take a trip with Rob and Alice to find out about the Earth's core. They'll discuss
how hot it is and what it's made of – and whether there are any dinosaurs living
there! – as well as teaching some related vocabulary.

how big do you think the inner core is? Is it the size of …
a) the Moon?
b) Jupiter?
c) Mars?
Vocabulary
core
(here) the Earth’s centre
dense
something which is heavy in relation to its size
crust
the Earth's outer layer (where we live)
mantle
the Earth's layer beneath the ocean floors
silicate
material that glass is made of
molten
liquid
magnetosphere
area around the Earth in which the Earth's magnetic field is felt
strip away
remove
radiation
heat or energy or particles in the form of rays, e.g. the Sun's rays
deflect
make something change direction
Transcript
Rob
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Rob…
Alice
… and I'm Alice. Hello.
Rob
Hi there, Alice! Now, have you read any books by Jules Verne?
Alice
Yes, I have. Journey to the Centre of the Earth was my favourite book as a child! A
German Professor and his two companions climb down a volcano in search of the
Earth’s centre – or core. They visit strange lands inhabited by dinosaurs and giant
prehistoric humans, and sail across an underground ocean.
Rob
Hmm. Very exciting but it doesn’t sound very realistic. How do they get out again?
Alice
Well, they shoot to the surface from the mouth of Mount Etna during a volcanic
eruption.
Rob
Wow! That sounds very uncomfortable! Well, on today's show we're going to
discuss what scientists really know about the Earth's core.
Alice
Yes. The Earth has a dense inner core surrounded by a fluid outer core. Dense, by
the way, means heavy in relation to its size. But, Rob, I've got a question for you as
usual: how big do you think the inner core is? Is it the size of …
a) the Moon?
b) Jupiter?
or c) Mars?
Rob
Right! Well, I haven't a clue to be honest so I'm going to take a guess and say c)
Mars.
Alice
Well, we'll find out later on in the show if you're right. But before we get there, let's
find out a bit more about what the Earth is made of.
Rob
Well, the Earth has layers, a bit like an onion.
Alice
I like your technical language, Rob!
Rob
But I'm trying to keep things simple for you, Alice!
Alice
Thanks.
Rob
It has a thin outer layer or crust where we live. And this includes our continents and
the ocean floors. Then beneath that there's another layer called the mantle. And
beneath that, is the Earth's core – over 6000km below the surface.
Alice
Right. But what's the Earth made of, Rob?
Rob
It's a good question. And it depends on which layer you're talking about! The crust
and mantle are rock and contain a lot of silicate – which is the same stuff that glass
is made of. But the outer and inner parts of the core mainly consist of iron.
Alice
And the core is very hot. Am I right?
Rob
You are indeed. The professor and his companions wouldn't have survived very
long down there! The outer core is a swirling mass of molten – or liquid – metal and
it’s as hot as the surface of the Sun!
Alice
Wow! That must be so hot! Right. Let's listen now to Simon Redfern talking about
the inner core and what's happening in there.
Simon Redfern, Professor of Mineral Physics at the University of Cambridge
And so over time, the planet has started to cool. And as it cools, eventually at the
centre of the Earth, the highest pressure point, we pass over the crystallization
temperature – the freezing temperature of iron – and iron starts to freeze at the
centre of the Earth. And you get a crystal of iron right in the middle that starts to
grow.
Alice
I'm a bit worried that the Earth is freezing in the middle!
Rob
Don't worry, Alice! In this case, because of the incredibly high pressure in the core,
the freezing point of iron is actually about 6000 degrees! And the iron has been
cooling down and crystallizing for a billion years – and at a rate of just half a
millimetre every year.
Alice
Ah well, yes, that sounds like slow progress.
Rob
Certainly. Now moving on, we should also talk about the fact that it's the liquid iron
outer core that generates magnetic fields – and it's thanks to these magnetic fields
that life on Earth is possible. Let's hear more about this.
Melvyn Bragg talks to Arwen Deuss, seismologist at Utrecht University

Deuss: Well, the magnetic field is very important because it protects us against
cosmic radiation so that's one really...
Bragg: How does it do that?
Deuss: It just creates a shield, which will just deflect the cosmic rays from the Sun
to actually reach us at the surface. So it protects us.
Bragg: So it goes up there…
Deuss: Yeah, so you would see that the radiation kind of goes right into the Earth
and not actually reach us.
Alice
So there's a magnetic field round the Earth that protects us from the Sun's cosmic
rays. I'd like a magnetic field round me. It could be my superpower – like in X Men!
Rob
Calm down, Magneto. Now the magnetosphere is the area around the Earth in
which the Earth's magnetic field is felt. It protects us from the Sun's radiation and
the flow of particles, which would otherwise strip away – or remove – the Earth's
atmosphere.
Alice
Right, I see. And what does 'radiation' mean?
Rob
Well, radiation means heat or energy or particles in the form of rays – in this case,
the Sun's rays.
Alice
OK. And 'deflect'?
Rob
To deflect means to make something change direction.
Alice
Right, I see. Thank you. Now, Rob, I asked you, do you remember, at the
beginning of the show, how big is the Earth's inner core? Is it the size of … a) the
Moon? b) Jupiter? or c) Mars?
Rob
Yes, and I had a wild guess and I said c) Mars.
Alice
Yes. And I'm afraid that's wrong, Rob. The answer is a) the Moon. Would you like
to shape up and tell us which words we learned on the show today?
Rob
Of course. Good idea. We heard:
core
dense
crust
mantle
silicate
molten
magnetosphere
strip away
radiation
deflect
Alice
Yes. Thank you, Rob. Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. We hope
you enjoyed our core vocabulary! Please join us again soon.
Both
Bye.

Do you dress formal or casual? Do you choose trendy items or old comfortable
ones? Do we value tradition when deciding what to keep in our wardrobe? Rob and
Will talk about the meaning of clothes. Listen to the conversation and learn some
new words.

What is the maximum length of a sari? Is it ...
a) 12 metres
b) 9 metres
c) 7 metres
Vocabulary
scruffy
untidy
out of place
that means unsuitable
dress down
that means dress casually
make snap judgements

make quick decisions
draped
covered
garment
a piece of clothing
ceremonial occasions
special events like weddings
splash of colour
a display of colour
off the top of your head
someone who can't think of something immediately
struggle
to fight and find something difficult
signify
gives themeaning of something
Transcript
Rob
Will
… and I'm Will. Hello.
Rob
Hi there, Will. I have to say, I like that shirt you're wearing today. I haven't seen that
one before.
Will
Yes, I got it at the weekend. But, to be honest, I don't give my clothes much
thought. I just throw on the first thing I see. What about you?
Rob
Well, I try to look presentable. I wouldn't want to appear too scruffy. Clothes say an
awful lot about us, don't they Will?
Will
A lot depends on the job you do. In a bank, you're supposed to look pretty smart all
the time.
Rob
But if you work for a design company, say, a suit would look out of place – that
means unsuitable. People in the creative industries tend to dress down – that
means dress casually – you know jeans and t-shirts.
Will
Yes. Then there's the whole question of what to wear to an interview. I reckon if
you put on something smart you can't go far wrong.
Rob
Yes. But the meaning of clothes goes far deeper than what you should or shouldn't
wear in the workplace, Will. It can really influence what people think of us. Now,
rightly or wrongly, they can make snap judgements - or quick decisions - about us.
Will
Yes, you're right. It's a cultural issue. It's about how we see ourselves, too.
Rob
Now, take the sari. It's been around for centuries and is still the main form of dress
for millions of women in the Indian subcontinent.
Will
That's that very long garment with all those amazing colours and designs, isn't it? It
always looks so elegant.
Rob
Yes, it does. So Will, can you answer this question: what is the maximum length of
a sari? Is it ...
a) 12 metres
b) 9 metres
or c) 7 metres
Will
Surely it can't be 12 metres long! I'm going to say 9 metres.
Rob
Okay. Well, we'll find out if you're right or wrong later on. But now let's listen to Dr
Shahidha Bari talking about the sari. She uses a word that means "covered". Can
you hear what it is?
Dr Shahidha Bari, Queen Mary, University of London

Saris encircle the waist, are often pleated and then swept across the upper body
with folds and fabric draped over the shoulder or veiling the head. There are more
than 80 different ways of wearing a sari and they've been worn in the Indian
subcontinent since the first millennium. It's a garment woven into the histories of
the countries from which it comes.
Will
So draped means "covered". Then she used the word garment. That's another
word for a piece of clothing. And then she said there are 80 ways of wearing a sari,
Rob. Amazing!
Rob
It is, isn't it? Some Asian women in the West wear saris just for ceremonial
occasions – that means special events like weddings. I suppose, in a sense, it's not
that practical for day-to-day use. But it certainly makes a beautiful splash of colour
– or a display of colour - when they do wear it.
Will
What she said has got me thinking about English traditional dress. And, to be
honest, Rob, I can't recall anything off the top of my head.
Rob
Off the top of your head, Will? That's because you're not wearing a hat.
Will
Don't be ridiculous, Rob. Off the top of my head. It's an idiom and it means I can't
think of anything immediately.
Rob
Yes, Will. I do know that actually. It was my attempt at a joke. But you're right: the
British dress sense has become a bit samey (it looks the same) – apart from the
fashion industry, which is highly regarded throughout the world.
Will
Well, you wouldn't catch me wearing most of the men's gear you see on the
catwalk.
Rob
But, seriously, Will, clothes are undoubtedly an important business. Let's listen to
Dr Shahidha Bari again as she reflects on her mother's use of the sari.
Dr Shahidha Bari, Queen Mary, University of London

And yet the sari makes me feel safe too because I associate it with her body and
the world she made for me. And now, as I struggle to keep hold of the sari, the
rituals and the memories around it, I fear losing the world it signifies – and her, too.
Will
She talked about the way she struggles - that means she finds it difficult - to make
the sari important in her life.
Rob
And she uses the word signifies, which means giving the meaning of something.
The sari obviously has an emotional attachment for her.
Will
And when you think just how much money people spend on clothes, it shows how
vital it is.
Rob
And let's not forget football shirts, Will. Fans want to be seen in their team's latest
shirt design, don't they? I know I do.
Will
By the way, what team do you support, Rob?
Rob
Ah, well, it's Chelsea, of course. Come on, you Blues. What about you, Will?
Will
Tottenham Hotspur.
Rob
Never mind, someone has to. Now, remember at the beginning of the show I asked
you: what is the maximum length of a sari? Is it ...
a) 12 metres
b) 9 metres
or c) 7 metres
Will
Yes. And I said 9 metres.
Rob
Well, you know your saris well because that is the right answer. Well done! Now,
before we go, it's time to remind ourselves of some of the vocabulary that we've
heard today. Will.
Will
scruffy
out of place
dress down
make snap judgements
draped
garment
ceremonial occasions
splash of colour
off the top of my head
struggle
signifies
Rob
Thank you, Will. Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. You can listen to
more programmes on our website at bbclearningenglish.com. Please join us again
soon.
Both
Bye.
Shakespeare in plain English
Is Shakespeare better in plain English?

A Shakespeare festival in Oregon has commissioned 'translations' of his plays into
plain English. Of course, the language of Shakespeare's plays can be difficult, but
is it a good idea to change his plays into simple English? Listen to experts talking
about Shakespeare and learn new vocabulary.

What was the first language that Shakespeare's plays were translated into?
a) French
b) German
c) Portuguese
Vocabulary
commission
to pay writers for their work
translations
words in another language
plain
(here) simple, easy
globe
world
struck
to have strong feeling or impression
multifarious
many different types
the sense
the general meaning
pace
the speed something is done
Transcript
Finn
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Finn…
Neil
… and I'm Neil. Hello. Today we are talking about Shakespeare.
Finn
Oh yes… to be or not to be, that is the question. Whether 'tis nobler…
Neil
Yeah. OK, thank you. Thank you very much, Finn. But what does that famous
Shakespeare line actually mean, Finn?
Finn
Yeah, well… it's quite hard to explain actually. The English in Shakespeare's work
is quite difficult.
Neil
Well, a Shakespeare festival in Oregon in the United States wants to change all of
that. They want to pay writers – they want to commission - what they call
'translations' of Shakespeare's plays. Now we usually use the word translation of
course to talk about changing words and sentences from one language to another.
But these writers have been commissioned to translate Shakespearean English
into plain English.
Finn
So Shakespeare in easy, plain English… You know, I'm not sure I really like that
idea.
Neil
Well, you're not the only one, Finn. We will talk about that in a moment, but first, as
usual, we have our quiz question and it's about Shakespeare and translation. What
was the first language that Shakespeare's plays were translated into? Was it:
a) French
b) German or
c) Portuguese
What do you think?
Finn
You know, I really have no idea on this one. I'm going to say b) German.
Neil
We'll see if you're right at the end of the programme. But now we're going to hear
from two Shakespeare experts speaking to the BBC. First, Andrew Dickinson. He
is the author of 'Worlds Elsewhere: Journeys Around Shakespeare's Globe'.
Finn
In his travels around the world - around the globe – did he find many translations of
Shakespeare?
INSERT
Andrew Dickinson, the author of 'Worlds Elsewhere: Journeys Around
Shakespeare's Globe'
Someone’s translated Hamlet into Klingon. You know, he exists in all of these
different places and all of these different forms and I suppose that what
really struck me while working on my book and travelling around the world talking
to people about Shakespeare is that he is so multifarious - he exists in all of these
places. It feels sometimes that we in the English-speaking world are only just
catching up with this.
Finn
Shakespeare expert Andrew Dickinson, who has travelled the world for his new
book and knows about many translations, even one from out of this world!
Neil
Yes, he says someone has even translated Hamlet into Klingon. Now that's the
language spoken by aliens in Star Trek, which is of course a science fiction TV
series, it's not a real language.
Finn
Let's get back to the real world, Neil. Andrew Dickinson says that what really
impressed him – what really struck him - while working on his new book and
travelling around the world talking about Shakespeare is that Shakespeare is
so multifarious. Multifarious - that's quite a difficult word.
Neil
Yes, it is. Well in plain English it means that there are many different types. There
are many different translations, many different kinds of Shakespeare.
Finn
He's multifarious.
Neil
Finn! We're using plain English in this programme, like the people in Oregon who
want to translate Shakespeare into plain English. That will make his plays easier to
understand.
Finn
And that's a good thing. But there has also been strong criticism about this from
academics who study Shakespeare as well as from people on social media – on
Facebook and Twitter. They think it's a bad idea.
Neil
Our next Shakespeare expert is Greg Doran. He is the Artistic Director of the Royal
Shakespeare Company. He's done productions outside Britain. Where did he do a
production of the Shakespeare play, Merchant of Venice? Here he is talking about
the difficulty of translation.
INSERT
Greg Doran, Artistic Director of the Royal Shakespeare Company
I think the difficulty with a translation is that it simply translates the sense and
there's a lot more going on in the language of Shakespeare's plays. I remember
once doing a production of Merchant of Venice in Japan and I was asked – we
were having a new translation done - and I was asked if I wanted the translation for
meaning, for pace or for poetry and that's the difficulty. You've got to find all three
somehow together.
Finn
Greg Doran, Artistic Director of the Royal Shakespeare Company. He was doing a
Shakespeare production in Japan. He says that the difficulty with translation is that
it only translates the sense – it is only the general meaning. But he says that
there's more than that.
Neil
They were having a translation done and he was asked if he wanted the translation
for meaning or for pace – that’s about the speed of the lines in the play - or was the
poetry of the words important?
Finn
And his answer was that you've got to find all three somehow together. It is not just
one thing.
Neil
He says that there is a lot going on – there is a lot happening - in the language of
Shakespeare's plays.
Finn
And so a simple translation of the words into plain English isn't really…
Shakespeare. And I think it's time to answer our quiz question.
Neil
Yes, if you remember, it's about translations of Shakespeare. What was the first
language that Shakespeare's plays were translated into? Was it:
a) French
b) German
c) Portuguese
Finn
I said b) German, which I'll admit was a guess.
Neil
And that is the right answer.
Finn
Fantastic!
Neil
Apparently Shakespeare's plays were translated into German as early as the first
decade of the 17th Century. And that’s all for now. Please do join us again for 6
Minute English.
Finn
To be or not be...
Neil
Yes, OK. Thanks, Finn.
Both
Bye.
The impact of plastic
The UK government has recently introduced a small charge of 5p on plastic bags

in English supermarkets to try to stop people using them. Neil and Alice take a look
at the environmental impact of mass-produced plastic bags and plastic in general.
They also teach some related vocabulary.

How many tonnes of plastic rubbish from the UK is being sent to China each year
for recycling? Is it:
a) 20,000?
b) 200,000?
or c) 2,000,000?
Vocabulary
initiative
a new plan for dealing with something
hoarder
someone who collects large amounts of something and finds it hard to throw things
away
decompose
gradually break down by natural chemical processes
clog
block something
biodegradable
able to break down naturally in a way that isn't harmful to the environment
additive
a small amount of a chemical added to something to improve it
landfill
a place where our rubbish is buried under the earth
microplastics
small plastic fragments less than 5mm in size
ingested
eaten
zooplankton
tiny little animals in the sea other sea animals feed on
food chain
a series of living things where each group of creature feeds on the one below it in
the chain
Transcript
Alice
Neil
Alice
Hello, Neil. Have you been shopping?
Neil
Yes, I went a bit mad with my credit card actually.
Alice
Gosh, I can see that! But look at all those plastic bags. Why don't you use your
own bags?
Neil
You know what, I'm going to. Because they're now charging 5p per bag!
Alice
Don't you follow the news, Neil? It's a recent government initiative – which means
a new plan for dealing with something – in this case, to cut the number of thin
plastic bags being given away in shops. And the environmental impact of plastic is
the subject of today's show.
Neil
Is England the first country to charge for these bags, Alice?
Alice
No – other countries in the UK started charging a few years ago. And countries
around the world including Bangladesh, South Africa, China, and Italy have
actually banned them altogether.
Neil
Interesting. But I don't throw my bags away, Alice. I put them under the kitchen
sink.
Alice
Are you a hoarder, Neil? That means someone who collects large amounts of stuff
and can't throw things away.
Neil
Maybe I am… But seriously, with the 5p charge I'm definitely going to recycle my
plastic bags.
Alice
Good. Now let me ask you today's quiz question, Neil: How many tonnes of plastic
rubbish from the UK is being sent to China each year for recycling? Is it:
a) 20,000?
b) 200,000?
or c) 2,000,000?
Neil
Well I think it's … a) 20,000.
Alice
We'll find out if you're right or wrong later on. But first, why are plastic bags bad for
the environment?
Neil
Because they're too thin? And when they break all your shopping falls out? That
must be it.
Alice
No. They take hundreds of years to decompose – or break down by natural
chemical processes. And also people don't dispose of them properly. They litter our
streets. Theyclog – or block – drains and sewers. They spoil the countryside and
damage wildlife.
Neil
Well that's quite a list. So what's the solution then, Alice?
Alice
Well to either recycle or stop using plastic bags. But let's hear about the
pharmaceutical company with another idea. This is BBC reporter John Maguire.
INSERT
John Maguire, BBC reporter
At this company laboratory in North London they're testing how bags made with a
special additive break down when exposed to sunlight, oxygen and heat… The
technology was discovered by a British scientist in the 1970s and is now sold to
around half the world's countries. In some, biodegradable bags are backed by law.
Neil
And biodegradable means able to break down naturally in a way that isn't harmful
to the environment.
Alice
So adding small amounts of a chemical to the plastic – a special additive – allows
the plastic to break down in the open air. But if the technology was discovered
back in the 1970s, why aren't these biodegradable bags being used
in every country by now?
Neil
I have no idea, Alice. Maybe they aren't as strong as non-biodegradable bags. I
like a good strong bag, myself, you see.
Alice
Alright. Well, just go and buy yourself some canvas bags, Neil! In fact, I'll get you
some for your birthday.
Neil
Thank you.
Alice
You're very welcome. Now, moving on. Out of around 300 million tons of plastic
produced every year, some goes in landfill – a place where our rubbish is buried
under the earth – but about 10% of plastic ends up in the sea. Let's listen to
Biologist Dr Pennie Lindeque from Plymouth Marine Laboratory talking about this.
INSERT
Biologist Dr Pennie Lindeque from Plymouth Marine Laboratory
We're already finding that there's a lot of microplastics in the sea and that some of
these microplastics are actually being ingested by the zooplankton that live there.
We're also concerned this could end up being passed up through the food chain to
food which is destined for human consumption so it could end up on your or my
plate.
Neil
What are microplastics, Alice?
Alice
They're small plastic fragments less than 5mm in size. You find them in cosmetic
products such as facial scrubs, shower gel, and toothpaste.
Neil
And I'm guessing that ingested means 'eaten'?
Alice
Yes, the zooplankton – tiny little animals in the sea – mistake the microplastics for
food and eat them. And because the zooplankton and humans are in the same
food chain – they're at the bottom and we're at the top – but we're still connected –
we may end up eating them and the microplastics inside them!
Neil
That doesn't sound very tasty! Now a food chain, by the way, refers to a series of
living things where each creature feeds on the one below it in the chain.
Alice
Indeed. OK. Remember my question from earlier? I asked: How many tonnes of
plastic rubbish from the UK is being sent to China each year for recycling? Is it…
a) 20,000?
b) 200,000?
or c) 2,000,000?
Neil
And I said a) 20,000.
Alice
Yes but you're wrong, I'm afraid. The answer is b) 200,000 tonnes. And that
statistic comes from the University of Cambridge in the UK.
Neil
That's a load of rubbish! Get it – load of rubbish?
Alice
Very good.
Neil
Can we hear today's words again please?
Alice
We certainly can. Here they are:
initiative
hoarder
decompose
clog
biodegradable
additive
landfill
microplastics
ingested
zooplankton
food chain
Neil
Well, that brings us to the end of this 6 Minute English. We hope you enjoyed
today's environmentally-friendly programme. Please do join us again soon.
Both
Bye.
100 womans
The BBC is offering women around the world a voice to discuss the issues they
care about. Catherine and Li talk about the programmes and debates about issues
as diverse as the right of Indian women to use the toilet for free, to women who opt
out of motherhood.

How many female heads of state or government do we have now, in 2015? Is it:
a) 9
b) 19
c) 29
You can hear the answer at the end of the programme.
Vocabulary
covered
(here) talked about
childless
without children
role
(bere) the way you are expected to behave
discrimination
unfair treatment of people who belong to different groups, e.g. male and female
at the core
in the centre
pee
urinate, pass water
sexism
treating somebody unfairly because of their gender
Transcript
Catherine
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Catherine…
Li
…and I'm Li. And today we are talking about women's rights. Catherine, do you
think women's rights are well covered by the media?
Catherine
Covered means 'talked about'. And I would say it could be better, to be honest.
Many women's magazines are all about beauty tips, fashion and how to please
your man. Now, I'm interested in the real issues. One thing the media doesn't talk
about much is what the role of childless women, like myself, is.
And childless means 'having no children'.
Li
Yes. In some societies, the role of women – role, the way they are expected to
behave – is to have children. If they don't, it's like there's something wrong with
them, and they are supposed to be unhappy.
Catherine
I have no children and I'm very happy. Anyway, women in various countries around
the world want to discuss problems which are close to home. And that's why the
BBC has organised a series of programmes to discuss some issues that affect half
the world's population. The series is called 100 Women and it's the theme of this 6
Minute English.
Li
The discrimination against women happens in different ways in different
countries.
Catherine
Discrimination means the unjust treatment of people who belong to different groups
- in this case, male and female. Maybe Li, more women should be in positions of
power. And that's what today's quiz question is about. Li, how many female heads
of state or government do we have around the world now, in 2015? Is it:
a) 9
b) 19 or
c) 29
Li
Well, I'm going to guess… c) 29.
Catherine
That's very optimistic and we'll find out later if you're right. Now, let's talk about the
BBC's 100 Women season. The season will include programmes across all the
BBC platforms – including radio, online, TV and social media. And the BBC's
Tammi Walker is working on the social media offer. Here she is, explaining what
audiences can expect.
INSERT
Tammi Walker, BBC social media producer for 100 Women
Within the season we've got big debates. One is "Is news failing women?", which is
obviously at the core of what we are trying to get to. And that will be a live debate
held in London but we're going to have people speaking in different countries about
that. And we're also doing a big debate called "What does it mean to be a good girl
or an ideal woman?". December the 1st we have three topics - leadership,
relationships and image - and we're going to do three live debates on that day. And
we've sent out packs to over 100 women's groups around the world, so that on the
day they all get involved.
Li
So at the core of the project 100 Women there will be live debates. By the way, the
word 'core' means 'the central part of it'.
Catherine
Indeed. And as you know Li, in some countries, women face some fairly basic
problems… Here's Tammi Walker again. And this time, what word means, well,
you know, what you do when you go to the toilet?
INSERT
Tammi Walker, BBC social media producer for 100 Women
We are tying in with World Toilet Day, with the right to pee. For example in India,
women are charged 25 rupees to go to the toilet whereas men obviously can go
anywhere for free. You don't have to pay to go!
Li
Yes. Women in India have to pay to pee – it means to urinate, to pass water –
while men can go anywhere. It is a matter of public health too.
Catherine
Most definitely. Now, this is the third BBC 100 Women season. Last time it
prompted a big discussion in Iran. Let's hear what Sanam Dolatshahi has to say.
She's a producer from BBC Persian. And can you understand what the
word sexism means?
INSERT
Sanam Dolatshahi, producer, BBC Persian
Many people are familiar with other 'isms' you know – for example, racism. When
you say 'racism' people know what it means in Iran. But not necessarily sexism.
Many people confused it with sex. So some people were asking us: Air your
programmes about sexism after the watershed, after 9 pm, you know, so that the
children will not watch.
Li
Sexism means to have a very strict idea of what each sex can or can't do and it is a
form of prejudice. Sometimes people are prejudiced and they don't even know it.
Catherine
Absolutely. But this prejudice, whether known or unknown, can bring a lot of
suffering. Well, there's a lot more we could say about women in our society but we
are running out of time. So let's get back to our quiz question Li…
Li
Yeah. You asked me about women in powerful positions…
Catherine
That's right. I asked you: How many heads of state or government do we have
around the world now, in 2015? Is it:
a) 9
b) 19 or
c) 29
Li
And I said c) 29.
Catherine
Unfortunately Li, it's wrong! The correct answer is b) 19. And according to a 2015
United Nations report, in 1995 there were only 12 female heads of state or
government but now there are 19. And before you go let me remind you of some of
the key words we've used today. They were:
covered
childless
role
discrimination
at the core
pee
sexism
Li
Well, that just about brings us to the end of today's 6 Minute English. We would like
to invite you to follow the BBC 100 Women season in English or your own
language. Men are invited too.
Catherine
And you can find the programmes using the hashtag 100women or go
towww.bbc.com/100women. See you next time.
Both
Bye.
The Proms
Do you like classical music?

For some people, classical music is seen as a bit elitist - but you can forget about
that when it comes to the BBC Proms. It's been called the largest and most
democratic classical music festival in the world. And that's because it's very
informal, open to everyone and cheap to get a ticket - if you don't mind standing!
Can Finn persuade rock fan Neil to go to a Prom? Find out in 6 Minute English.

How old is the BBC Proms?
a) 57 years?
b) 84 years?
c) 120 years old?
Vocabulary
to pop down to
to visit somewhere
patriotic
showing love for your country
stuck-up
superior attitude
to be gripped by something
to be completely attentive to something
to cheer
to approve of something by shouting in a positive way
gig
an informal musical event
to commission
to pay a person to create something unique
symphony
a work using the whole orchestra
concerto
a work using a soloist plus orchestra
sonata
a work usually using just a soloist
Transcript
Finn
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Finn...
Neil
...and I'm Neil. Hello.
Finn
Now, Neil, are you doing anything interesting tonight?
Neil
Well, I was thinking of popping down to - that means visiting - my local pub to
catch a band. What about you?
Finn
Well, my wife and I have got tickets for the Proms tonight.
Neil
The Proms? You mean that ceremony for high school leavers? I thought you left
school decades ago, Finn.
Finn
Ah yes, very funny, Neil. Actually, yeah, it was almost two decades ago. Anyway,
the Proms I'm talking about have nothing to do with that. These Proms, or as
they're also known, the BBC Proms, are the biggest classical music festival in the
world, and they're held in London every summer.
Neil
Ah, yes, of course I know the Proms. And I've even watched the Last Night of the
Proms with all those waving flags and the patriotic singing by the audience. Not
really my thing.
Finn
I know what you mean, but you shouldn't judge the Proms by the concert on the
last night, Neil. It's not really typical. Although it is watched by millions of people
around the world. And you know, the Proms is also a very old festival... but, how
old, Neil? Is it:
a) 57 years?
b) 84 years?
c) 120 years old?
Neil
Well, I don't know, so I'm going to guess and say 84 years.
Finn
OK. Well, we'll find out the answer to that question later.
Neil
OK. So, come on then Finn, sell the Proms to me. What is it that I'm missing?
Finn
Well, rather a lot, actually. It's not stuck-up - that means a bit superior - in fact, I
think there's something for everyone. For example, you might hear something like
this...
Music
[Tchaikovsky's Fourth Symphony]
Neil
Wow! That was pretty dramatic. It really grips you, doesn't it? What was it?
Finn
Well, that was from the first movement of Tchaikovsky's fourth symphony. And at
the end you would hear the Prommers showing their appreciation by cheering and
clapping.
Neil
Right, so it's almost like Glastonbury, then! So that's the point you're making, is it -
the Proms make classical music accessible to everyone. But who are these
Prommers?
Finn
Ah, well for an answer to that, let's hear from the Director of the BBC Proms,
Edward Blakeman.
Edward Blakeman - Director of BBC Proms

So the Prommers, are quite literally the people who stand to listen to the concerts.
And there is space for about 800 people, right in the middle of the hall. And this is a
long tradition, back, going through the Proms. And it's wonderful because it costs
very little, and it means that almost anyone can afford to come to the Proms. So it
is a wonderful place for all sorts of people to meet together, and by the way, it's the
best place in the hall to hear the music.
Finn
Now, the hall that he's talking about is the Royal Albert Hall in London - and the
Prommers are the people who come and stand as they listen to the music. You
know, Neil, it's only £5 a ticket.
Neil
Right, so you stand? That sounds like a proper gig. I think I might just give it a go,
Finn. So, you've been trying to persuade me that it's quite informal. But, at the
same time you do get all those big, fancy classical music names, don't you?
Finn
You do, absolutely. The top soloists - whether that's on the piano, the violin or any
other instrument, or singing - they all perform at the Proms. As do very big
orchestras.
Neil
And I believe the BBC commissions new works from time to time. I was even told
about rock musicians playing there. Can that be right, Finn?
Finn
Well, yes Neil. That's actually true. The whole range of music is becoming wider
year by year. They also screen concerts to other cities, they hold lunchtime and
children's concerts, they even play Indian classical music, like this type of thing...
Music
[Classical sitar music]
Neil
What, playing sitars (and tablas) at the Proms?
Finn
Yes. But the core of the eight-week festival is devoted to
the heavyweight composers of the last 400 years - Bach, Mozart, Beethoven,
Brahms and so on. Let me play you another extract of that Tchaikovsky symphony
now Neil. Tell me what you think of this.
Music
[Tchaikovsky's Fourth Symphony]
Neil
Now, that was totally different. Much slower and quite sad.
Finn
Yes, every symphony, concerto, or sonata will have a slow movement and it will
often be deeply emotional.
Neil
Well, you can't beat live music. So, I must get going.
Finn
Oh yeah? Are you off to see that gig at the pub, Neil?
Neil
Actually, yes. Or, you know what? I might go and catch a Prom after all.
Finn
OK. Well, before you hurry off, I have to give you the answer to the quiz. I asked
how many years has the BBC Proms been going?
Neil
And I said 84.
Finn
And I'm sorry, Neil. That's the wrong answer.
Neil
Oh no.
Finn
The correct answer was actually 120 years. Well, that brings us to the end of
today's 6 Minute English. We hope you enjoyed the programme. Join us again
soon. Bye.
Neil
Goodbye.
Is it knuckle cracking good for you?
Can you crack your knuckles?

What an awful sound - cracking you knuckles! Some people can and some can't.
Listen in to Rob and Neil to find out if it's a useful skill or just an annoying habit -
and learn some related vocabulary at the same time!

Which type of joint can you crack? Is it:
a) fibrous?
b) cartilaginous?
c) synovial?
Vocabulary
make your flesh creep
you feel frightened or disgusted by something
arthritis
a disease that causes pain and swelling in joints of the body
an old wives’ tale

an old idea or belief that has no scientific support
rehabilitation
the process of helping somebody get better from an illness or injury
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

technology hospitals use to produce an image of the inside of a person’s body
insight
understanding
soluble
able to be dissolved
ceramic
made of clay
resilient
(here) able to return to its original shape after being stretched or bent
synthetic
man-made
withstand
cannot be damaged by something
wear and tear

damage as a result of ordinary or everyday use
Transcript
Rob
Neil
… and I'm Neil. Hello. (cracking knuckles)
Rob
Don’t do that please, Neil! It makes my flesh creep.
Neil
Oh dear, if something makes your flesh creep it means you feel frightened or
disgusted by something. I don’t know why I do it. It just feels nice.
Rob
But you’ll end up with arthritis when you’re older, you know. Arthritis is a disease
that causes pain and swelling in joints of the body.
Neil
That’s an old wives’ tale, Rob! And that means an old idea or belief that has no
scientific support.
Rob
OK, if you say so, Professor. And since you’re in a scientific mood, how about
answering today’s quiz question. Which type of joint can you crack? Is it …
a) fibrous?
b) cartilaginous?
Or c) synovial?
Neil
OK, this professor isn’t feeling too clever today. I’m going to have to take a guess
and say, c) synovial.
Rob
OK. Well, we’ll find out how smart you really are later on in the programme. Now
let’s listen to Greg Kawchuk, Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine at the University
of Alberta. Rehabilitation means the process of helping somebody get better from
an illness or injury.
INSERT
Greg Kawchuk, Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine at the University of
Alberta
We’ve recently been able to use some new technology through MRI imaging to see
for the first time what is actually happening inside the joint when someone pops or
cracks their knuckles. And because of that we’re hopeful that we’ll be able to start
to ask questions about why is it that some people can do this and other people
can’t.
Neil
What does MRI stand for?
Rob
It means Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Hospitals use this technology to produce
an image of the inside of a person’s body.
Neil
So some people can’t crack their knuckles. Can you, Rob?
Rob
I don’t know, and I’m not about to try. But it isn’t just finger knuckles that crack –
you can do it with your neck, back, knees, ankles and toes.
Neil
Professor Greg Kawchuk says that comparing people who crack their knuckles and
people who don’t might provide some insight – or understanding – into whose
joints are healthier.
Rob
Sounds interesting. But what actually happens when you crack your knuckles,
Neil?
Neil
Well, when you stretch or bend your finger to pop the knuckle, you're making the
bones of the joint pull apart… like this…(cracking knuckles)
Rob
Please don’t do it again!
Neil
Well, it stretches the space around the joint and surrounding fluid and causes a
decrease in pressure. As a result, gas dissolved in the fluid becomes less soluble –
or less able to be dissolved – leading to the formation of bubbles. Now when you
stretch the joint far enough, these bubbles burst, producing the ‘pop’ sound.
Rob
Ouch! Excellent – well, thanks for the biology demonstration there, Neil …
Neil
Any time! Any time, Rob! Now let’s hear from the professor again about the
medical value of research into knuckle cracking.
INSERT
Greg Kawchuk, Professor of rehabilitation medicine at the University of
Alberta
When our engineering colleagues do this between two flat surfaces say of ceramic
or porcelain… When they do this and they pull them apart quickly and there’s a
little bit of fluid in between – they can use electron microscopy to see there’s been
tremendous damage to the surfaces of the joints. But for some reason we don’t
see that in the human joint. There’s something that makes it very resilient.
Rob
Interesting stuff! So scientists have performed experiments to imitate what
happens in a human joint when you crack your knuckles. And when you quickly
pull apart a pair of ceramic – or clay – tiles with fluid between them, it causes a lot
of damage to the surface of the tiles.
Neil
So why don’t human joints get damaged as well?
Rob
Well, the scientists don’t actually know. They can see the damage to the tiles using
electron microscopy – that’s a very powerful microscope. But it’s not clear what
makes the human joint so resilient to damage – and resilient in this context means
returning to its original shape after being stretched or bent.
Neil
Right. But with further research scientists may be able to find out – and then use
this information to help people with joint problems.
Rob
Or they could create synthetic – or man-made – materials which can withstand
wear and tear better than current ones. Withstand means not be damaged by
something and wear and tear means damage as a result of ordinary use.
Neil
Can we have the answer to today’s quiz question now, Rob?
Rob
Yes, of course. So which type of joint can you crack? Is it … a) fibrous? b)
cartilaginous? Or c) synovial?
Neil
And I said: c) synovial.
Rob
You are quite clever actually because you are right, or was it a good guess?
Neil
It was a good guess.
Rob
Well done! And synovial is the name for the fluid that surrounds this type of joint.
Neil
OK. So can we hear the words we learned today again?
Rob
Of course. We heard:
make your flesh creep
arthritis
an old wives’ tale
rehabilitation
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
insight
soluble
ceramic
resilient
synthetic
withstand
wear and tear
Neil
Well, that’s the end of today's 6 Minute English. We thought it was a cracking
show! Please join us again soon.
Both
Bye.
Rob
Go on Neil, one more time.
Neil
Here we go. (cracking knuckles) Feels great!
Rob
Horrible!
Evolution before Darwin
Who was Patrick Matthew?

We often think about Charles Darwin as the man who developed ideas about
evolution but another man discovered the ideas 27 years before him. Rob and Neil
tell us about Patrick Matthew and the reasons why he is not as famous - whilst
teaching some related vocabulary.

What was Patrick Matthew's job? Was he...
a) a politician?
b) a church minister?
c) a horticulturalist?
Vocabulary
evolution
the way living things change and develop over millions of years
genius
someone with great and unusual skills or abilities in a particular subject or area
clever clogs
someone who thinks they know everything
natural selection
how plants and animals adapt to their environment
adapt
(here) the way our bodies or our behaviour change to suit new conditions
species
types of living thing
transformative
change-making
passed over
ignored
allies
people who help or support other people in doing something
on board
to have someone’s support for an idea or project
prominent
important and well-known
eminent
important and respected
horticulturalist
a person whose job is to study and grow plants such as flowers, fruit and
vegetables
appendix
section of a book giving extra information
Transcript
Rob
Neil
Rob
Hello, Neil! Today we're talking about evolution. Now the man most people think of
when talking about evolution is of course Charles Darwin. He was a bit of a genius,
wasn’t he?
Neil
He was. Evolution means the way living things change and develop over millions of
years. And a genius has great and unusual skills or abilities in a particular subject
or area. Well Charles Darwin was a clever man but I happen to know that another
man actually came up with the same idea, but many years before he did!
Rob
So how do you know that then, clever clogs – that's someone who thinks they
know everything? What was his name?
Neil
Well, his name was Patrick Matthew.
Rob
OK, well we’re going to learn more about him on today’s programme. But first can
you answer this, Neil? What was Patrick Matthew’s job? Was he …
a) a politician?
b) a church minister?
Or c) a horticulturalist?
Neil
Well, I don’t know so I'll go for the most profession that sounds most interesting - a
horticulturalist, so I’ll choose that one! That’s a person who studies plants.
Rob
OK. We’ll find out later whether you are right or wrong. But let’s listen now to Dr
Mike Weale talking about Patrick Matthew. Can you hear the word he uses to
mean 'change-making'?...
INSERT
Dr Mike Weale, geneticist at King’s College London
He published a brief outline of the idea of species being able to change into other
species through natural selection – this great, transformative idea that unites us all
in a single tree of life. And he did that 27 years before Darwin and Alfred Russel
Wallace did so. And they recognized that he did so but other people since then
have simplified the story and tended to concentrate just on Darwin.
Neil
So, Matthew believed that evolution happened by natural selection. And natural
selection describes the way that plants and animals adapt to their environment,
because some individuals survive and reproduce, and others don’t.
Rob
And adapt means the way our bodies or our behaviour change to suit new
conditions.
Neil
And what does Mike mean by ‘a single tree of life’?
Rob
Well, the basic idea behind evolution is that all the different species – or types of
living thing – have evolved from the same simple life form. Just like a family tree
describes how the members of your family are related to each other, so the ‘tree of
life’ describes how all living things are related.
Neil
So if this was a transformative – or change-making – idea, why don’t more of us
know about Patrick Matthew?
Rob
A good question, Neil. We heard in the clip that Darwin acknowledged – or
accepted - Matthew’s claim to the idea. But it seems to be down to us – the general
public – wanting to simplify things.
Neil
Well, I like to keep things simple, Rob.
Rob
You don’t have to tell me that, Neil. But let’s hear more on why Matthew might
have been passed over – or ignored – by some. Here’s Dr Patricia Fara, senior
tutor at Clare College Cambridge. She tells us why Darwin was so successful. And
listen out for the word she uses to mean close friends and supporters.
INSERT
Dr Patricia Fara, Senior Tutor at Clare College Cambridge
He brought his allies on board. And although he was publishing from his stronghold
down in Kent he had the most famous, most prominent, eminent members of the
scientific society in Victorian times who were pushing on his behalf. Having a
scientific theory being accepted is not just a matter of whether the theory’s right.
Rob
The word she used was allies. What are they Neil?
Neil
Allies are people who help or support us in something - having someone on board
also means to have someone’s support for an idea or project. And Darwin’s allies
weren’t just mates from down the pub, were they?
Rob
No, they weren’t! They were famous, prominent and eminent scientists. Prominent
means important and well-known and eminent means important and respected.
Neil
Ah yes! So you could say that I’m an eminent radio presenter, Rob?
Rob
Well, I could Neil, but…
Neil
OK, OK, OK moving on! These eminent scientists were pushing on Darwin’s
behalf. In other words, they were taking strong action to promote his theory of
evolution.
Rob
And it’s possible that Patrick Matthew did not enjoy the same level of support.
Neil
That could be true. So do you remember the quiz question from the beginning of
the show, Rob?
Rob
Indeed I do! I asked: What was Matthew’s job? Was he … a) a politician? b) a
church minister? Or c) a horticulturalist?
Neil
And I said c) horticulturalist.
Rob
Yes. And that was the right answer – so well done! Just to remind you: a
horticulturalist is a person whose job is to study and grow plants such as flowers,
fruit and vegetables. But Matthew was interested in trees too. In fact, his ideas
about evolution appear in an appendix – or section giving extra information – at the
end of a 200-page book about wood!
Neil
So maybe that’s why we know Darwin’s name but not Matthew’s. It doesn’t seem
fair.
Rob
Well, life’s not fair, Neil. You should know that by now!
Neil
I should, I should…
Rob
So why don’t we hear the words we learned today?
Neil
OK. Here we go:
evolution
genius
clever clogs
natural selection
adapt
species
transformative
passed over
allies
on board
prominent
eminent
horticulturalist
appendix
Rob
Thank you, Neil. Well, that’s the end of today's 6 Minute English. There are plenty
more to listen to at bbclearningenglish.com. Please join us again soon.
Both
Bye.
Lifts
Going up? How awkward is a ride in a lift?

The everyday lift – or elevator – is a very useful invention with a fascinating history.
But it has led to some modern day irritations for people who use them. Rob and
Neil discuss awkwardness in lifts and what can be done to overcome it. There'll
also be teaching some related vocabulary and phrases.

Which country has the most lifts? Is it ...
a) The USA?
b) Italy?
c) China?
Vocabulary
came into their own
reached a position of dominance
elevators (US)
lifts (UK)
elevate
raise or improve
blocks of flats
large buildings containing apartments
there's more to lifts than meets the eye

lifts are come complex than at first sight
awkwardness
the state of feeling uneasy
delve into
look at an issue closely
largely
on the whole
slimmer
thinner
enhance
improve
Muzak
non-stop, pre-recorded – usually boring - music
Transcript
Rob
Neil
Rob
I'd like to start by asking how did you get up here to the studio - on to the sixth floor
- this morning?
Neil
Well, by lift, of course.
Rob
I thought so. That’s what we’re going to talk about in this programme - lifts.
Or elevators, as Americans call them.
Neil
Lifts? That's not very exciting, is it? What’s there to say about lifts, Rob? I mean
they take you up and down and that’s it really.
Rob
Well, you're in for a surprise, Neil – but first let's see if you can answer this
question: Which country has the most lifts? Is it...
a) The USA?
b) Italy?
or c) China?
Neil
Well, it seems obvious to me because of the massive expansion in its construction
industry, I'm going to say China.
Rob
Okay. Well, we'll find out if you're right or wrong later on. But now, let's elevate – or
raise – your knowledge about lifts. This invention has had quite an effect on which
floor people choose to live on.
Neil
Well, I suppose before the days of lifts rich people lived on the ground floor and
poorer people lived on the top floors and had to use the stairs. Now though it's the
other way round – and that, in turn, has given rise to penthouses with their fantastic
views.
Rob
And the history of lifts goes back a long way. It was mathematician Archimedes
who invented the first lift in 236BC. In the Middle Ages there were examples of lifts
being used for military purposes. Then they helped to move agricultural products
around. They reallycame into their own – or became very useful - in the Industrial
Revolution.
Neil
And there was a wide range of methods used to drive them, too – pulleys, water
and steam power, electricity and so on. Today, tall blocks of flats couldn't exist
without them. And you're right, Rob, there's more to lifts than meets the eye.
Rob
There certainly is. But have you noticed how nobody says anything in a lift? Have
you ever felt uneasy in a lift, Neil?
Neil
Actually yes, I have. Just this morning I was standing next to the big boss and
neither of us knew what to say to each other.
Rob
Yes, it's a strange one, isn't it? Well, let's listen to Jason Whale, sales manager at
Elevators Ltd, talking about this subject. He thinks he may have found a solution to
the problem. He uses a word that describes the state of feeling strange or uneasy.
Can you tell me what it is?
Jason Whale, sales manager at Elevators Ltd

It's a very anxious experience the time you spend in a lift. I think everyone behaves
very differently and awkwardly in a lift. If you have things around you, you take
away thatawkwardness. We all look at our phones sometimes or look down at the
floor. Well, surely it's better to look at advertisements on the walls…
Neil
He said awkwardness, which describes the state of feeling strange or uneasy. He
suggests that advertisements in lifts could improve our experience of being in one.
I suppose that could mean moving, digital ads.
Rob
It could, but before we consider that further, let's delve into lifts a little more. Of
course there's always the danger of getting stuck in one – but thankfully that's rare
and usually you can dial an emergency number and be rescued.
Neil
And did you know that most lifts mark the 13th floor as 12A or something similar
because 13 is considered an unlucky number? By the way, have you heard of the
elevator pitch?
Rob
Yes, I have Neil. It's something we can do when we're stuck in a lift with someone.
Neil
Yes - people say that if you have an idea or product to sell you should be able to
sell it – or pitch it – to someone quickly. So in other words, in the time it takes for
an elevator – or lift - to reach the top of a building.
Rob
It's a good idea if the lift doesn't break down! Let's get back to the thought that
digital advertising can make travelling by lift a more pleasant experience. Let's
hear from Jason Whale again. He uses a word that means "thinner". Can you spot
it?
Jason Whale, sales manager at Elevators Ltd

I think, with all things, as technology becomes both slimmer and also cheaper as
well, it becomes much more attractive to people who purchase lifts and therefore
there are so many different ways to enhance a lift with light boxes, with moving
images, with television screens, it becomes quite exciting for us, and hopefully a
little bit more interesting for the people who use lifts every day.
Neil
He said slimmer which means thinner.
Rob
And he said enhance, which means improve. Well, he could be on to something.
Looking at moving advertisements must be better than listening to Muzak– that's
non-stop, pre-recorded – usually boring - music.
Neil
Oh, that's terrible! I hate Muzak!
Rob
OK. So Neil, do you remember the question I asked you at the beginning of the
programme? I asked you which country has the most lifts? Is it...
a) The USA?
b) Italy?
or c) China?
Neil
And I said c) of course. It must be, it has to be China!
Rob
Really? You sound so sure... but in fact you're wrong. The answer is actually Italy.
Does that surprise you?
Neil
Yeah. It astonishes me to be honest.
Rob
All these old buildings that have got lifts in…
Neil
I wonder why.
Rob
Well, before we go, it's time to remind ourselves of some of the vocabulary that
we've heard today. Neil.
Neil
came into their own
elevators
elevate
blocks of flats
there's more to lifts than meets the eye
awkwardness
delve into
largely
slimmer
enhance
Muzak
Rob
Thanks, Neil. Well, that brings us to the end of today's 6 Minute English. We hope
you enjoyed today's programme. Please join us again soon. Bye bye.
Neil
Bye.
Compulsory voting
To vote or not to vote – is it your choice?

For those who are able to vote, should we be made to do it? Listen to Rob and
Finn discussing why we should all exercise our right to vote and especially by
young people – whilst teaching some related vocabulary.

What is a constituency? Is it …
a) the people who live in and vote in a particular area?
b) the politicians who make and change the laws of a country?
c) a town or district that has its own government?
Vocabulary
right
(here) somebody's legal claim to vote
general election
a vote for a government that runs the whole country
compulsory
something that you have to do
duty
something you have a responsibility to do
engender
give rise to
slapdash
doing something quickly and carelessly
national service
compulsory government service that usually means military service
conscription
(same as national service)
over and done with
finishing something difficult or unpleasant as quickly as possible
pick (a political party) out of a hat

to choose randomly rather than making an informed choice
spoil
waste
Transcript
Note:This is not a word-for-word transcript
Rob
Neil
Rob
Hello, Neil! Today we're talking about voting. Now I'm sure it's something you've
done Neil?
Neil
Of course – and earlier this year we had a general election in the UK where I
voted. And I'd feel guilty if I didn't exercise my right to vote. Now a right in this
case means somebody's legal claim to vote.
Rob
In a general election we vote for a government that runs the whole country, but
we also have local and European elections too sometimes.
Neil
Yes but voting in the UK is optional – so you don't have to do it, whereas in some
countries voting is compulsory - and compulsory means something that you have
to do.
Rob
So if you were in Australia, where the government passed a law that made voting
compulsory, you would have had to pay a fine of $20 for not voting.
Neil
And that's because the Australian government believes that voting is a duty and
not just a right.
Rob
Duty means something you have a responsibility to do.
Neil
And it's your duty Rob to ask me today's quiz question!
Rob
Yes, sir! So can you tell me, what is a constituency? Is it …
a) the people who live in and vote in a particular area?
b) the politicians who make and change the laws of a country?
or c) a town or district that has its own government?
Neil
Well I'm no expert on politics… but I'm going to go for c) that's a town or district
that has its own government.
Rob
OK. Well, we'll find out later on in the show whether you're right or wrong. Now it's
time to hear what a truly young person has to say about compulsory voting.
Neil
Oh right, unlike me you mean? Well, here's Michael Yip, who is a student at
Warwick University and therefore much younger than me.
Michael Yip, student at Warwick University

A lot of the people that I speak to just say 'I don’t care' or 'I don't really know what's
going on' and in this way, another reason why I'm quite cautious about this is
because it could sort of engender this sort of slapdash attitude towards politics
where you know it’s sort of seen as, you know, being conscripted for national
service … you just want to get it over and done with.
Rob
So Michael says he is cautious about the idea of introducing compulsory voting. So
why is that, Neil?
Neil
He thinks forcing young people to vote will engender – or give rise to – a slapdash
attitude. Now what does slapdash mean, Rob?
Rob
It's a good word, isn't it? It means doing something quickly and carelessly.
Neil
Oh you've never do that, would you? Now, Michael compares compulsory voting to
national service. National service is compulsory government service that usually
means military service and is also known as conscription.
Rob
So when it's something you haven't chosen to do, or which you actively don't want
to do – it's a case of getting it over and done with.
Neil
And that means finishing something difficult or unpleasant as quickly as possible.
Rob
Young people might just pick a political party out of a hat – which means to
choose randomly – rather than making an informed choice.
Neil
So some people think that politicians need to improve political education. Now let's
listen to broadcaster and writer Rick Edwards talking about this.
Rick Edwards, broadcaster and writer

If you said to politicians, 'Right, 3.3 million first-time voters are definitely going to
vote', then they will have to speak to them and they will have to make an effort to
go to where they are and I think that's the change it would create.
Rob
So compulsory voting would mean a responsibility for the politicians too.
Neil
That's right. They need to engage and educate young people. Otherwise reluctant
voters may deliberately spoil – or waste – their votes.
Rob
The government could also include a 'none of the above' option on the ballot
paper.
Neil
Can you explain a bit more about that Rob?
Rob
Well, it means you tick this option if you don't want to vote for any of the listed
political parties.
Neil
An interesting idea. Well my option for now is to get the answer to the quiz
question.
Rob
OK, well, I asked: What is a constituency? Is it … a) the people who live in and
vote in a particular area? b) the politicians who make and change the laws of a
country? Or c) a town or district that has its own government?
Neil
I said c) a town or district that has its own government.
Rob
Well, you ticked the wrong box, Neil! The answer is a) the people who live in and
vote in a particular area. Now, did you know the UK is currently divided into 650
areas called parliamentary constituencies, each of which is represented by one MP
in the House of Commons? And each constituency can have a different area. The
largest is Ross, Skye and Lochaber in Scotland measuring approximately 12,000
square kilometres. The smallest constituency is Islington North in London
measuring a little over seven square kilometres. Now, can we hear today's words
again please, Neil?
Neil
OK. We heard:
right
general election
compulsory
duty
engender
slapdash
national service
conscription
over and done with
pick (a political party) out of a hat
spoil
Rob
Splendid! Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. I hope it got your vote!
You can hear more programmes at bbclearningenglish.com. Please join us again
soon.
Both
Bye.
Chins
What's the point of having a chin?

Almost every part of our body seems to be the subject of endless debate. But
there’s one part you don’t hear much about - the chin. Join Rob and Neil as they
investigate this forgotten part of our face and explain some related vocabulary.

How long ago do you think humans developed chins? Was it...
a) 150,000 years ago?
b) 2 million years ago?
c) 5 million years ago?
Vocabulary
tedious
boring or uninteresting
chin up
stay positive or optimistic
far-fetched
difficult to believe
projection
something that sticks out from a surface
jaw
lower part of the face
ancestors
people related to us from a long time ago
prominent
easy to see or notice
chinless wonder
a weak person
plausible
acceptable or believable
double chin
loose skin under the jaw
chinwag
talk with friends in a relaxed way
Transcript
Rob
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Rob.
Neil
And I'm Neil. Hello.
Rob
Hi there, Neil. Hardly a day goes by without hearing someone talking about some
aspect of our bodies. Do you know what I mean, Neil?
Neil
Oh, yes, Rob. Almost every part of our anatomy seems to be the subject of endless
debate. It could be our stomachs and what we eat. It could be our posture and how
we stand. It could be our skin and how we should look after it.
Rob
Yes, I know, it gets very tedious – that means boring – so I don't really take any
notice, as you can see! But there’s one part of our body you don’t hear much about
– and that is the chin.
Neil
The chin? You mean the small bit of bone under the mouth? It’s not the most
interesting part, is it Rob? I mean, it doesn’t do anything, does it? I must admit I’ve
never even thought about it. What’s it for, anyway?
Rob
Well, some people think it’s very useful for folding up large sheets and towels. You
know, you hold one end under your chin like that with it…
Neil
Come on, Rob, you're not being serious!
Rob
Of course not. But seriously, the more you think about it, the more interesting the
chin becomes.
Neil
You’ve still got to convince me, Rob. A chin is just a chin. That’s all there is to it.
Rob
Not so fast, Neil. The chin may turn out to be a more important part of the body
than you think. But before we get into that, let’s turn to the quiz. Chin up, Neil.
Neil
A good phrase - it means stay positive and optimistic.
Rob
OK well how optimistic are you about getting this question right? How long ago do
you think humans developed chins? Was it...
a) 150,000 years ago?
b) 2 million years ago? or
c) 5 million years ago?
Neil
Hmm. I have no idea. They all sound far-fetched to me. Far-fetched means
something is difficult to believe. But I think I’ll go for 2 million years ago.
Rob
'B'. Okay. Well, we'll find out if you're right or wrong later on. But the first thing to
say is that humans are the only animals to have developed a chin. Let’s listen to Dr
James Pampush from the University of Florida. What word does he use to mean it
sticks out?
Dr James Pampush from the Department of Anthropology at the University of

Florida
Humans are the only animal that have a chin and by that I mean, you have this
bonyprojection underneath your teeth that sticks out past your teeth on the lower
portion of your jaw and it’s such an unusual feature, that in a way it sort of helps
define what it means to be human.
Neil
So he used the word projection which means something that sticks out from the
main surface.
Rob
And the word jaw is used to describe the lower part of the face, which the chin is
part of. So, we now know exactly what the chin is. But why did it develop?
Neil
Now from what I understand, Rob, it has a lot to do with when humans started to
cook their food, so the food they ate became much softer. Therefore,
our ancestors – that’s the people related to us from a long time ago – they didn’t
need powerful jaws or sharp teeth anymore. And, strangely, that made the jaw
drop and produced that odd piece of bone we know as the chin.
Rob
But some time later the chin became associated with sexual attraction in men.
Males withprominent – that means easy to see - jaws were supposed to be
attractive to women. And men with small chins were thought to be unattractive or
weak people. They were even called chinless wonders sometimes.
Neil
Chinless wonder, an interesting phrase! So, let’s have a look at yours, Rob. Are
you a chinless wonder? Mmm. Looks pretty normal to me. How about mine?
Rob
Well, Neil, your chin is rather pointed if you don’t mind me saying. But I’m not sure
what that means, to be honest. So, let’s move swiftly on. Let's hear what Dr
Pampush has to say about this. He uses a word that means this theory is likely to
be true.
Dr James Pampush from the Department of Anthropology at the University of

Florida
It seems plausible to me that chins emerged as some kind of feature and then
later were selected to be sex ornaments. But not the presence of the chin but,
rather, the shape of the chin being some kind of marker for sexual identity.
Neil
The word he used was plausible meaning something that is acceptable or
believable.
Rob
The word chin has also given us some interesting expressions. A double chin, for
example, describes loose skin hanging beneath the chin which makes people look
like they’ve got two chins! It’s something that people don’t like and often try to get
rid of.
Neil
And then there’s the verb to chinwag. That means to talk a lot or to chat in a
relaxed way with friends. A chinwag tends to be a conversation about things that
aren't very important – but our conversation about chins is very important!
Rob
I guess so Neil, OK – so how about the answer to that question I asked you
earlier? I asked you how long ago did humans develop chins? Was it a) 150,000
years ago? b) 2 million years ago or c) 5 million years ago?
Neil
And I said 2 million years ago.
Rob
You know your chins, you were right. Well done!
Neil
Ah brilliant!
Rob
Chins really have been around for a long time. Now, before we go, it’s time to
remind ourselves of some of the vocabulary that we’ve heard today. Neil.
Neil
tedious
chin up
far-fetched
projection
jaw
ancestors
prominent
chinless wonder
plausible
double chin
chinwag
Rob
Thanks Neil. Well, that brings us to the end of today's 6 Minute English. We hope
you’ve enjoyed the programme. You can hear plenty more on our website
atbbclearningenglish.com. Please join us again soon. Bye bye.
Neil
Goodbye.
Are you big on small talk?
A social event full of people you don't know - we've all been there and it's not an
easy situation. Rob and Neil discuss how to approach people and try to make
friends.
Listen to the conversation and learn some new vocabulary.
This week's question:
When do babies usually start talking? Is it when they are:
a) 9 months
b) 16 months or
c) 18 months
Listen to the programme to find out the answer.
Vocabulary
small talk
polite and informal conversation about things which aren't really important or
meaningful when meeting people socially, eg at a party
awkward
feeling uncomfortable, embarrassed
etiquette
set of rules which indicate what acceptable behaviour in society is
breaking the ice

approaching someone you don't know and starting a friendly conversation with
them
private
someone who doesn't like to give away their personal information, opinions or
share their feelings
rude
ill-mannered or unpleasant
slipped my mind
forgot
Transcript
Neil
Hello, I'm Neil. Welcome to 6 Minute English and with me in the studio is Rob.
Rob
Hello, Neil.
Neil
How are you today?
Rob
I'm fine, thanks. How are you?
Neil
I'm very well, actually. The weather has been nice lately, hasn't it?
Rob
Yes, it has. The winter has been mild this year but... according to the forecast there
might be some snow in parts of the country next week... And, you know, that's
good because I love snow and we haven't seen much of it for quite a while. It's only
rain, isn't it I...
Neil
OK! OK! Enough! Enough now or they're going to think it's true that British people
only talk about the weather!
Rob
Right.
Neil
In this programme we're talking about conversation and how to start talking with
people you don't know. In short: how to make small talk.
Rob
Right. Well, small talk is what we call a polite and informal conversation about
things which aren't really important or meaningful when meeting people socially -
like at a party, for example.
Neil
And in this programme you'll learn some vocabulary about communication. But
first, a question: Rob, when do babies usually start talking? Is it when they are...
a) 9 months
b) 16 months or
c) 18 months
Rob
Well, I know they start making noises at quite an early age. And I guess if that's
talking, let me say (a) 9 months.
Neil
OK. Well, we'll have the answer to that question at the end of the programme.
Small talk is a social skill. Some people feel awkward - it means they feel
uncomfortable, embarrassed - when they go to a party and don't know many
people there.
Rob
Liz Brewer, the author of 'The Ultimate Guide to Party Planning and Etiquette',
knows a lot about what to do on these occasions. Etiquette is the set of rules which
indicate what behaviour in a society is acceptable and what is not.
Neil
Yes, the author knows a lot about etiquette. Let's listen to her advice. What
expression does she use to describe the act of attempting to start a conversation
with someone?
Liz Brewer, author of 'The Ultimate Guide to Party Planning and Etiquette'
You walk into a room, there's a sea of faces, well... (the) first thing we do is... it's
the weather. We do it because we are in fact breaking the ice. That is a code.
That means 'I want to talk to you'. It's an easy subject, it's not too penetrating.
We're very private people, we don't like to give too much information. So we are
on safe ground. We start off with the weather. If that goes well, we then take it one
step further.
Rob
Liz Brewer talks about breaking the ice. It means approaching someone you don't
know and starting a friendly conversation with them.
Neil
And when you break the ice, talking about things which are not specific is the best
way. You don't start a chat asking straight away where people live or what they do
for a living.
Rob
And, as the author said, we are very private people. Private describes someone
who doesn't like to give away their personal information, opinions or share their
feelings. So we need more time to open up to people we've just met.
Neil
Good. So now you know what to do at a party when you don't know the other
guests.
Rob
But, Neil. There is one particular situation I'm not sure how to deal with. This is
when I forget the name of the person I've been making small talk with.
Neil
Yes, I know what that's like. You might not feel comfortable about allowing the
person to realise you didn't really catch their name. It might sound rude.
Rob
Yes, that's right. I don't want to sound rude - which means ill-mannered or
unpleasant. The person I've just managed to approach might think I don't care.
Neil
Let's see what tip author on etiquette Liz Brewer has for us. Which words does she
use instead of "I have forgotten"?
Liz Brewer, author of "The Ultimate Guide to Party Planning & Etiquette"
You can say "Oh, just your name... it has just slipped my mind for the moment".
And they say "Paul", (you say) "Oh no, no, no, I know you are Paul, it was the
surname". Or they give you the surname and then you add the other. As I say,
small talk is a code towards getting information and going further. Once you feel
comfortable, then you can have these wonderful in-depth conversations. Those are
the kinds of things you want to probably do later.
Rob
Liz Brewer says "your name has just slipped my mind", it's a gentler way of saying
that they've just forgotten the person's name. And pretending that you knew the
person's name but you want the other name is a clever trick.
Neil
Yes, it might sound like you forgot the name, but not completely. And this author
shows that you have to interact with people in a charming way.
Rob
Yes... well, my co-presenter... your name has just slipped my mind for the
moment...
Neil
Come on, Rob. You know! You know it's Neil.
Rob
Yes, it is Neil. I'm just practising my social skills there.
Neil
Well, I'm afraid you have to practise some other time because... well, I don't want
to sound rude but we are running out of time. Let me give you the correct answer
to the quiz question now.
Rob
Yes. You asked me "When do babies usually start talking?" and you gave me three
options.
Neil
Yes, and the options were 9 months, 16 months or 18 months.
Rob
And I went for the first one, 9 months. Was I right?
Neil
You were wrong. The correct answer was (c) 18 months. Now, according to the
website webmd.com, there are some milestones in speech development. At 6
months, your baby begins babbling with different sounds. For example, your baby
may say "ba-ba" or "da-da". And then, after that, at 9 months, babies can
understand a few basic words. At the age of 18 months babies say up to 10 simple
words.
Rob
Ah, interesting stuff. And we are still learning words now, aren't we?
Neil
We are. Well, enough of this small talk. Let's remember some of the words we
used today, Rob.
Rob
They were:
small talk
awkward
etiquette
breaking the ice
private
rude
slipped my mind
Neil
That's it for this programme. Do visit www.bbclearningenglish.com to find more 6
Minute English programmes. Until next time. Goodbye!
Rob
Bye bye!

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SIX MINUTES ENGLISH

Some people actively embrace risk by jumping out of aeroplanes, scuba-diving or

This week's question

INSERT Andreas Wilkey, Psychologist, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New

INSERT Karina Hollekim, base jumper

This week's question

out of your comfort zone

look after yourself

This week's question

medieval period or Middle Ages

operate on your own terms

This week's question

This week's question

Is a hoverboard the best new transport on two wheels?

This week's question

That is it now. And we'll see you next time.

Will robots take our jobs?

This week's question

a) manipulating small objects?

b) working in open spaces?

c) social and emotional skills?

artificial intelligence (AI)

keeping your fingers crossed

b) working in open spaces?

Or c) social and emotional skills?

artificial intelligence (AI)

and … keeping your fingers crossed

Do we read to show off?

This week's question

a) more classic books?

b) the same number of classic books?

c) fewer classic books than they used to?

a) more classic books?

b) the same number of classic books?

c) fewer classic books than they used to?

Author Fiona Harper

a) more classic books?

b) the same number of classic books?

c) fewer classic books than they used to?

The Earth's core

This week's question

Melvyn Bragg talks to Arwen Deuss, seismologist at Utrecht University

The meaning of clothes

This week's question

make snap judgements

Dr Shahidha Bari, Queen Mary, University of London

Dr Shahidha Bari, Queen Mary, University of London

make snap judgements

Is Shakespeare better in plain English?

This week's question

The UK government has recently introduced a small charge of 5p on plastic bags

This week's question

This week's question

You can hear the answer at the end of the programme.

Do you like classical music?

This week's question

c) 120 years old?

c) 120 years old?

Edward Blakeman - Director of BBC Proms

Can you crack your knuckles?

This week's question

an old wives’ tale