(24-5-7) NPTEL - Gas Separation

24
1
Earlier Lecture
• In the earlier lecture, we have seen the working
of rectification column with the help of animation.
• Ponchon & Savarit, McCabe & Thiele and

Numerical techniques are used to calculate the
theoretical number of plates.
• McCabe & Thiele method is less general and is

widely used for binary mixtures.
• The major assumption is that the saturated vapor

and saturated liquid enthalpies are independent of
the mole fraction.
2
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Earlier Lecture
• In the earlier lecture, the equations of operating
lines for striping and enriching sections are
derived.
• The locus of intersection of these operating lines

denotes the feed condition.
• The point of intersection of feed line or q line and

y=x gives the content of a component in the
feed, xF.
3
Outline of the Lecture
Topic : Gas Separation (contd)
• Graphical solution for column design using

McCabe – Thiele method
• Tutorial
4
McCabe – Thiele Method
• Plot of vapor and liquid
mole fractions for a
particular component
for OP line is shown.
yA
• Let 45o diagonal or
y=x line be as shown.
• The desired purity and

xB xA xD impurity of this
component in top and
bottom products are
xD and xB respectively.
5
• The equation of
OP line for operating line for
OP line for
Enriching Section
stripping section is
Stripping Section
 Lm +1   B
=ym   xm +1 −   xB
yA  Vm   Vm 
xD D
Vn • The equation for
operating line in
enriching section is
xB xA xD
 Ln +1  D
xB B =yn   xn +1 +   xD
Vm  Vn   Vn 
6
• Let this point of
OP line for intersection be O.
Enriching Section
OP line for
Stripping Section
O • The feed line equation

yA is  q  xF
= y  x+
xD D  q −1  1− q
Vn
Condition q Slp
Sat. Vap. (hF=H) q=0 0
xB xA Sat. Liq. (hF=h) q=1 ∞
xB B 2 ph. (H<hF<h) 0<q<1 -ve
Vm Sub. Liq. (hF<h) q>1 +ve
Sup. Vap. (hF>h) q<0 +ve
7
• The point of
OP line for intersection of feed
OP line for
Enriching Section
line or q line and y=x,
Stripping Section
gives the content of
O
the component A in
yA
feed, xF.
xD D
Vn
• This intersection point
is used to draw the
xB xF xA xD
feed line as shown in
xB B the figure.
Vm
8
• The variation of
OP line for equilibrium vapor and
OP line for
Enriching Section
liquid fractions of a
Stripping Section
particular component
O
q line (here, A), is called as
yA
equilibrium curve.
xD D
Vn
• It means that at any
point on this curve, the
xB xD
vapor and liquid of this
xB B component are at same
Vm temperature.
9
• On each plate, vapor
OP line for and liquid are in
OP line for
Enriching Section
thermal equilibrium.
Stripping Section
Therefore, the plate
O
q line condition lies on the
yA
equilibrium line.
xD D
Vn
• That is, equilibrium
curve gives the relation
xB xD
between liquid
xB B composition (xn) and
Vm vapor composition (yn)
on the same plate.
10
• Since, the top and the
OP line for
bottom products have
OP line for
Enriching Section different boiling points,
Stripping Section there is a gradual
O
q line
variation of temperature
yA across the length of the
xD D column.
Vn
• The OP lines relate the

variation of liquid and
xB
xB B
xD
vapor mole fractions of
Vm a particular component
across the length of the
column.
11
OP line for
Enriching Section
OP line for D
Stripping Section
O
Ln +1
q line
yA Ln V
xD D
nn
Vn • Reviewing the OP line
equation, say for the
top section, it is clear
xB xD that this equation
xB B
 Ln +1  D relates xn+1 and yn, for
=
Vm
yn   xn +1 +   xD this component, A.
 n 
V  n
V
12
• All these curves and
OP line for lines are vital in
OP line for
Enriching Section
calculating the number
Stripping Section
of plates using McCabe
O
q line – Thiele method.
yA
xD D
Vn
• In view of this, the
slopes of operating and
q lines, equilibrium
xB xD
curve and purity
requirement form the
basis to determine the
number of plates.
13
OP line for
Enriching Section
OP line for
Stripping Section
O
yA
q line
• The plate calculation
method involves a stair
casing method as
explained below.
xB xD • The condensate D
collected at the top, has
a mole fraction of
component A as xD.
14
OP line for
Enriching Section
OP line for D
Stripping Section Ln +1
Ln Vn
O n
q line
yA
• The liquid coming onto

the top plate from the
condenser has a mole
xB xD fraction of xD. Hence, the
point xD lies on the OP
line as shown in the
figure.
15
OP line for
Enriching Section
OP line for D
Ln Vn
O n
q line
yA
• For this plate, liquid and

vapor are in thermal
equilibrium. Therefore,
xB xD the corresponding liquid
fraction xn, lies on the
equilibrium curve.
16
P
OP line for
Enriching Section
OP line for D
Ln Vn
O n
q line
yA
• This equilibrium point is

found by extending a
horizontal line from xD to
xB xD the equilibrium curve. Let
this point be denoted by
P.
17
P
OP line for
Enriching Section
OP line for D
Stripping Section
O
q line
Ln +1
yA Ln Vn
n
• The liquid from this plate,

flows over the weir and
exchanges heat with the
xB xD vapor coming from the
top of the lower plate.
18
P
OP line for
Enriching Section
OP line for D
Stripping Section
O
q line
Ln +1
yA Ln Vn
n
• We know that, an OP line
relates xn+1 with yn.
xB xD • Hence for this plate, the

corresponding vapor
fraction lies on the OP
line.
19
P
OP line for
Enriching Section
OP line for D
Stripping Section Q
O
q line
Ln +1
yA Ln Vn
n
• The vapor composition,

yn, for this plate is found
by extending a vertical
xB xD line from P onto the OP
line. Let this point be
denoted by Q.
20
P
OP line for
Enriching Section
OP line for D
Stripping Section R Q
O
q line
Ln +1
yA Ln Vn
n
• The stair casing should be

continued till the stairs
cross the point O (the
xB xD intersection of OP lines)
as shown in the figure.
21
• It is clear that
P
OP line for • Every horizontal line
Enriching Section
OP line for
Stripping Section R Q gives the condition
O S of liquid – vapor on
q line the same plate
yA
which are in thermal
equilibrium.
• Every vertical line

xB xD gives the vapor
condition for the
plate below the
earlier plate.
22
• It means that, every
P
OP line for vertical line indicates
OP line for
Enriching Section
the need for the plate
R Q
Stripping Section
in the enriching
O S
q line section, till the stair
yA
casing crosses the
point O.
• The same exercise

xB xD
could be done for the
lower section, with xD
as the desired impurity
of the component A in
the bottom product. 23
• As mentioned earlier,
P
OP line for each vertical line
OP line for
Enriching Section
indicating a plate, the
R Q
Stripping Section
total number of vertical
O S
q line lines in top and bottom
yA
section, together with
boiler and condenser
surfaces gives the total
number of theoretical
plates required.
xB xD
24
• From the adjacent
P
OP line for hypothetical figure, the
OP line for
Enriching Section
total number of vertical
R Q
Stripping Section
lines are 4.
O S
q line
yA
• Hence, the total
number of theoretical
plates can be tabulated
as shown below.
xB xD McCabe – Thiele
Method
Top 3 + 1 (Cond)
Bottom 3 + 1 (Boiler)
25
• From the adjacent
P
OP line for figure, it is important
OP line for
Enriching Section
to note that during the
R Q
Stripping Section
heat exchange process,
O S
q line that is along the
yA
vertical line, the liquid
composition x is
constant.
xB xD
• Similarly, along the
horizontal line, the
vapor composition y
remains constant.
26
• Also, note that in
P
OP line for moving from top to
OP line for
Enriching Section
bottom, the McCabe –
R Q
Stripping Section
Thiele diagram starts
O S
q line with an horizontal line
yA
and ends with a
vertical line.
• This is because the

xB xD
liquid flows downwards
and is represented by a
vertical line.
27
Q D • In the earlier lecture, we have
balanced moles and enthalpy for top,
D bottom and mid-section separately.
• But considering the column as a

n whole, the following equation hold true
for mole balance.
F F= B + D
m • Multiplying the above equation with
the mole fraction of a particular
B component, we get mole balance for
that component. x= F x B+x D
F B D
Q B
28
Q D • Similarly, for the entire column, the
enthalpy or the energy balance can be
D written as
IN OUT
QB QD
n hFF hDD
hBB
F
Q B + hF F =Q D + hD D + hB B
m
• All the arguments regarding the plate
calculations would be clear in tutorial
B
as explained in next slide.
Q B
29
Tutorial
• Consider a rectification column for N2 and O2
separation operating at 1 atm. Determine the
number of theoretical plates required to yield
97% N2 at top and 95% O2 at bottom. Feed
stream is 50% N2 and 50% O2. Molar fraction of
liquid in feed stream is 0.7 mole liquid/mole
mixture. The desired flow rate at the bottom
product is 20 mole/sec and the heat removed in
the condenser at top of the column is 500 kW.
30
Tutorial
Given
Working Pressure : 1 atm
Mixture : N2 + O2
Feed stream : 50% N2 + 50% O2
Bottom flow rate : 20 mole/sec = B
Feed liq. : 0.7 = q
For above mixture
Reqt. of N2 (top) : 97% = xD
Reqt. of O2 (bottom) : 95% = xB=0.05
Total number of theoretical plates
31
Tutorial
F= B + D • Mole balance
xF=
F xB B + xD D • Mole balance for N2
Data
xF 0.5
xB 0.05
xD 0.97
B 20
= 20 + D=
F 0.5 F ( 0.05)( 20 ) + ( 0.97 ) D
• Solving, we have
• F=39.14 mole/sec, D=19.14 mole/sec.
32
Tutorial
• Enthalpy balance
Q B =Q D + hD D + hB B − hF F N2 – O2 at 1 atm
• Fraction of stream in feed
Enthalpy, h – kJ/mol
90
88
85
H − hF
q= 84
H −h 83
82
• Rearranging, we have 81
80
hF = qh + (1 − q ) H 78
• For 50% N2 + 50% O2

Mole fraction N2
• h=1084 J/mol, H=6992 J/mol
33
Tutorial
hF = qh + (1 − q ) H
N2 – O2 at 1 atm
Data
h 1084 J/m
90
88
H 6992 J/m 85
84
q 0.7 83
82
=hF ( 0.7 )1084 + (1 − 0.7 ) 6992 81
80
78
hF = 2856.4 J / mol
Mole fraction N2
34
Tutorial
Q B =Q D + hD D + hB B − hF F
N2 – O2 at 1 atm
Data Data
QD 500 kW F 39.14
90
88
hD 1084 J/m B 20 85
hB 1084 J/m D 19.14 84
83
hF 2856.4 J/m 82
81
80
78
=Q B ( ) + (1084 )(19.14 )
500 10 3
+ (1084 )( 20 ) − ( 2856.4 )( 39.14 )
Q B = 430.6kW Mole fraction N2
35
Tutorial
• Operating line for Enriching Section
D H n − hn +1 Data
= QD 500kW
Vn Q D
+ hD − hn +1 Hn 6992 J/m
D
hn+1 1084 J/m
hD 1084 J/m
D 19.14 mol/s
D 6992 − 1084
= D
Vn 500000 + 1084 − 1084 V = 0.226
n
19.14
Ln +1 D Ln +1 Ln +1
= 1− = 1 − 0.226 = 0.773
Vn Vn Vn Vn
36
Tutorial
• Operating line for Enriching Section
 Ln +1  D D Ln +1
yn   xn +1 +   xD = 0.226 = 0.773
 Vn   Vn  Vn Vn
Data
yn ( 0.773) xn+1 + ( 0.226 )( 0.97 )
xD 0.97
=yn 0.773 xn +1 + 0.22
37
Tutorial
• Operating line for Stripping Section
B H m − hm +1 Data
= QB 430.6 kW
Vm Q B
− hB + hm +1 Hm 6992 J/m
B
hm+1 1084 J/m
hB 1084 J/m
B 20 mol/s
B 6992 − 1084
= B
Vm (430.6)10 3 = 0.274
− 1084 + 1084 Vm
20
Lm +1 B Lm +1 Lm +1
= 1+ = 1 + 0.274 = 1.274
Vm Vm Vm Vm
38
Tutorial
• Operating line for Stripping Section
 Lm +1   B B Lm +1
ym   xm +1 −   xB = 0.274 = 1.274
 Vm   Vm  Vm Vm
Data
ym (1.274 ) xm+1 − ( 0.274 )( 0.05)
xB 0.05
=ym 1.274 xm +1 − 0.013
39
Tutorial
• Equation of Feed Line
H − hf Data
q= H 6992 J/m
H −h hf 2856.4 J/m
q x h 1084 J/m
=y x+ F
q −1 1− q xF 0.5
0.7 0.5
=y x+
0.7 − 1 1 − 0.7
y=
−2.34 x + 1.67
40
Tutorial
• Summarizing, we have the following.
• OP line for enriching section=

: yn 0.773 xn +1 + 0.22
• OP line for stripping section

= : ym 1.274 xm +1 − 0.013
• q line : y=
−2.34 x + 1.67
• The stair casing procedure is shown on an excel

sheet to have a better understanding of the
method.
41
Tutorial
• From the excel sheet, it is clear that the total
number of vertical lines are 9.
• Therefore, the total number of theoretical plates

for this column can be tabulated as shown below.

Enriching Section 3 + 1 (Condenser)
Stripping Section 6 + 1 (Boiler)
42
Summary
• Equilibrium curve gives the relation between
liquid composition (xn) and vapor composition
(yn) on the same plate.
• The OP lines relate the variation of liquid (xn+1)

and vapor (yn) mole fractions of a particular
component across the length of the column.
• The plate calculation is a stair casing method

which involves locating equilibrium conditions on
equilibrium line and OP line.
43
Summary
• In a McCabe – Thiele diagram
• Each horizontal line gives the condition of
liquid – vapor on the same plate which are in
thermal equilibrium.
• Each vertical line gives the vapor condition for

the plate with respect to liquid that leaves the
earlier plate on the top.
• The total number of vertical lines in top and

bottom section, together with boiler and
condenser surfaces is the total number of
theoretical plates required.
44
Thank You!
45

(24-5-7) NPTEL - Gas Separation

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24

• Ponchon & Savarit, McCabe & Thiele and

• McCabe & Thiele method is less general and is

• The major assumption is that the saturated vapor

• The locus of intersection of these operating lines

• The point of intersection of feed line or q line and

• Graphical solution for column design using

• The desired purity and

O • The feed line equation

• The OP lines relate the

• The liquid coming onto

• For this plate, liquid and

• This equilibrium point is

• The liquid from this plate,

xB xD • Hence for this plate, the

• The vapor composition,

• The stair casing should be

• Every vertical line

• The same exercise

• This is because the

• But considering the column as a

• Fraction of stream in feed

• For 50% N2 + 50% O2

+ (1084 )( 20 ) − ( 2856.4 )( 39.14 )

Q B = 430.6kW Mole fraction N2

• OP line for enriching section=

• OP line for stripping section

• The stair casing procedure is shown on an excel

• Therefore, the total number of theoretical plates

McCabe – Thiele Method

• The OP lines relate the variation of liquid (xn+1)

• The plate calculation is a stair casing method

• Each vertical line gives the vapor condition for

• The total number of vertical lines in top and

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