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Chemistry H2 9746
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Revision Exercise 5: The Gaseous State, Chemical Equilibrium

1 A weather balloon has a volume of 60.0 dm3. It is released at sea level at 101 kPa and
23oC. The balloon can expand to a maximum volume of 860 dm3. It rises to an altitude at
which the temperature is –5oC and the pressure is 6.70 kPa.

Does it reach its maximum volume? Explain your answer.

2 This question refers to the Haber Process for the synthesis of ammonia.

The equation which represents the reaction is given below:

θ
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) ∆ H = –92 kJ mol-1

(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the above process. State the units
of Kp if the pressure is measured in atmospheres.

(b) State Le Chatelier’s Principle.

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(c) State and explain the effect on the above equilibrium of

(i) Increasing the pressure

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(ii) Removing ammonia from the mixture of gases.

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(d) Ammonia synthesis is often operated at a temperature of 450oC. Explain why this is so.

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(e)(i) Name the catalyst used in the Haber Process.

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(ii) Describe the effect of the catalyst on the position of equilibrium.

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(f) Suggest how the yield of ammonia can be maximised, with reference to the concentration
of reactants and products.

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3 Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact Process. One stage in the Contact Process
involves the reaction between sulphur dioxide and oxygen.

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g) ∆ H = –197 kJ mol-1

(a) On an individual scale, the Contact Process is typically carried out at 450oC and 200 kPa
with a vanadium (V) oxide catalyst.

(i) Comment on this choice of temperature and pressure.

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(ii) Sulphur trioxide reacts with water to form sulphuric acid.

Write an equation for this reaction.

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(b) When 10.0 moles of sulphur dioxide were reacted with 5.0 moles of oxygen at 450 oC, 90%
of the sulphur dioxide was converted to sulphur trioxide.

(i) Assuming that the total pressure of the equilibrium mixture was 200 kPa, calculate the
partial pressure of each gas in the equilibrium mixture.

(ii) Using your answer in (b)(i), calculate the value of Kp and state its units.

4 Haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. One molecule of
haemoglobin combines with four molecules of oxygen. If 1.00g of haemoglobin combines
with 153 cm3 of oxygen at 37oC and 0.987 kPa, calculate the molar mass of haemoglobin.

5(a) Analysis of an organic compound X, which contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only,
gave 54.4% by mass of carbon and 9.1% by mass of hydrogen.

(i) Calculate the empirical formula of X.

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(ii) In a separate experiment, 0.539g of a vaporised sample of X occupied 200 cm3 at a

temperature of 100oC and a pressure of 95.0 kPa.

Using these results, calculate the relative molecular mass of X.

(iii) Hence, deduce the molecular formula of X.

(b) A compound with molecular formula C3H6O2 burns completely in oxygen to form carbon
dioxide and water only.

(i) Write down the equation for this reaction.

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(ii) Calculate the volume of oxygen gas at r.t.p. which is required to burn completely one mole
of C3H6O2.

6 Phosphorus (V) chloride dissociates at high temperatures according to the equation.

PCl5 (g) PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)

83.4g of phosphorus (V) oxide is placed in a vessel of volume 9.23 dm 3. At equilibrium at a

certain temperature, 11.1g of chlorine is produced at a total pressure of 250 kPa.

(a) Calculate the number of moles of Cl2 and PCl5 in the vessel at equilibrium.
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(b) At equilibrium, the number of moles of Cl2 and PCl3 are the same. Calculate the value of
the equilibrium constant, Kc, and state its units.

(c)(i) Calculate the mole fraction of chlorine present in the equilibrium mixture.

(ii) Calculate the partial pressure of PCl5 present in the equilibrium mixture.

(iii) Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp, and state its units.

7 Nitrosyl chloride is an orange gas that dissociates at high temperatures into chlorine and
nitrogen oxide:

2ClNO(g) → 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)

In a certain experiment, 3.00 moles of NO, 2.00 moles of Cl2, and 5.00 moles of ClNO were
introduced into a 25.0-litre container.

After the reaction was allowed to come to equilibrium at the temperature of the experiment,
there were 6.12 moles of ClNO in the container. Use this information to evaluate the
equilibrium constant Kc.
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8 Gallium trihydride, or gallane, [GaH3]n, is prepared by the reaction of monochlorogallne,

[H2GaCl]n, with lithium gallium hydride, LiGaH4, under solvent-free conditions. The reaction
is started by allowing the mixture to warm approximately -23oC. The gallane is removed as
a volatile product and condenses at low temperatures as a white solid which melts at
approximately -50oC to form a colourless, viscous liquid. Samples of gallane – either the
pure liquid or in solution – decompose to the elements in excess of -30oC.

The infrared spectrum of gallane indicates that the vapour consists of dimeric Ga2H6
molecules, where two GaH2 fragements are bridged by two hydrogen atoms.

(a) Explain what is meant by the term dimeric, with reference to digallane, Ga2H6.

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A sample of pure digallane in the gaseous phase is placed in an evacuated sealed

container made entirely from glass and maintained at a low temperature.

(a) Assuming that there is an appreciable equilibrium between gallane and its elements, use
Le Chatelier’s Principle to predict the effects of the following separate changes on the
position of equilibrium.

(i) An increase in pressure by decreasing the volume of the container.

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(ii) An increase in the temperature of the gallane.

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(iii) Injection of a sample of hydrogen.

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(c) 0.04g of digallane, Ga2H6, was completely vaporised in a glass gas syringe at a
temperature -30oC and a pressure of 0.1 atm.

Using the ideal gas equation, calculate the volume of digallane vapour (Mr 145.4) produced
under these conditions assuming no decomposition occurs.

[Assume one atmosphere to be 101.325 kPa and ideal gas constant to be 8.31 J K-1 mol-1]

End of Paper