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Basic Endodontic Instruments

Prepared by

Dr . Krishna Kumar

Instrument s for access cavity

preparation
• Hand pieces

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Instrument s for access cavity

preparation
• Burs

Instrument s for access cavity

preparation

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Instrument s for access cavity

preparation

Instrument s for access cavity

preparation
Name
Burs
Function
several types of burs will be used to accomplish good
access preparation Fissure burs are used in the
initial stage of access preparation to establish the
correct outline form ,Round burs are used to lift the
roof of the pulp chamber and eliminate
overhanging dentine ,Tapered Non end-cutting bur is
used to 'lift lid' of pulp chamber and refine cavity.

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Instrument s for access cavity

preparation
• Front surface mirror

Instrument s for access cavity

preparation
Name
Front surface mirror
Function
is best suited for visibility deep within the
pulp chamber.

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Instrument s for access cavity

preparation
• root canal explorer

Instrument s for access cavity

preparation
Name
probe/root canal explorer
Function
Used to probe and detect canal openings
within the pulp chamber

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Extirpation Instrument
• endodontic spoon excavator

Instrument s for access cavity

preparation
Name
Endo excavator
Function
"larger than conventional excavator" its shape
allows curettage of the pulp chamber when
conventional one will not reach the floor of
the chamber, and used as surgical aid to
excavate periapical lesion.

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Extirpation Instrument
• Barbed broach

Extirpation Instrument
• Barbed broach

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Extirpation Instrument
• Barbed broach

Extirpation Instrument
Name
Barbed broaches
Functions
• Used to remove the intact pulp
• ‘Barbs’ on the broach snag the pulp to facilitate
removal
.Retrieve a paper point or cotton pellet trapped in the
canal
. Loosen debris in necrotic canal..

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Extirpation Instrument
The braded broach comes in different sizes, and the
selection of suitable size is very important, it should
fit loosely inside the canal, when braded broach size
is larger than the canal size, the hooks of B.B
engaged in the dentinal wall of the canal and stick
there "Jammed broach" and with drawing it becomes
difficult and might fracture inside the canal, if the
dentist faced by Jammed broach, the broach should be
removed vertically without twisting. The B.B must
only be used in the straight part of the canal, and
insertion of the broach (not exceed 2\3) of the canal
length of the ideal way to use it is

ISO standardization

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ISO standardization
Before a standardized configuration was adopted, endodontic
instrument varied greatly from one manufacturer to another.
The configuration adopted is that set by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), All ISO hand
instruments, along with paper points, silver points and
standardized gutta-percha points, conform to this system. ISO
standardized files have a cutting length of 16 mm, have a
specified diameter at the tip (termed D1) and increase in
diameter by 0.02 mm for each millimeter along the file, so
that at the end of the cutting part (16 mm along the file) the
diameter (termed D2) is 0.32 mm greater than at D1. This is
called an .02 taper. Files may vary in length, any extra length is
provided by a ‘blank’ portion. The nominal size of the
instrument is based on the diameter of its tip (the diameter at
D1) expressed in hundredths of a millimeter. Thus an ISO size
50 file will have a tip diameter of 0.50 mm.

ISO standardization also uses a color for each size,

as shown below:
Color Nominal Size
Pink 06
Grey 08
Purple 10
White 15 45 90
Yellow 20 50 100
Red 25 55 110
Blue 30 60 120
Green 35 70 130
Black 40 80 140

The amount of increase in diameter from one inst. to the next is 0.05 mm
in inst. from size 10 – 60, and 0.1 mm in inst. from size 60 – 140.

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Instruments for root canal preparation

• K- reamer

Instruments for root canal preparation

• K- reamer

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Instruments for root canal preparation

K-reamer
instruments can be manufactured by twisting a
square or triangular blank by machine .
reamer used in shaping the canal
Action
o'clock wise quarter –turn twist .

Instruments for root canal preparation

• K- file

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Instruments for root canal preparation

K- file
instruments can be manufactured by twisting a square
or triangular blank by machine the blank is twisted
into a tighter series of spiral than reamer also K- file
are more flexible than reamer .
K -Files with a triangular cross-section tend to have
superior cutting characteristics and are more flexible,
and hence less likely to transport the canal during
preparation. .

Action
o'clock wise half –turn twist .
.

Instruments for root canal preparation

K-Flex files
are produced from a blank that is rhomboid in cross-
section; this forms both cutting and non-cutting
edges. The files are more flexible than an
equivalent-sized K-file .
Action
o'clock wise half –turn twist .

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Instruments for root canal preparation

Flexofile
have a triangular cross-section and are manufactured
from flexible stainless steel. Flexofiles are more efficient at cutting and
removing dentine than an equivalent K-file, because the blade has a
sharper angle and there is more room for debris. The tip of the
file is non-cutting. This is an advantage when preparing curved canals,
as the file is guided along the canal curvature, avoiding excessive
cutting into the outer curve of the root canal or transportation. Any
flexible, triangular cross-sectioned file, such as a Flexofile, can be
used with the balanced force action

Action
o'clock wise half –turn twist .

Instruments for root canal preparation

• Hedstom file

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Instruments for root canal preparation

• Hedstom file

Instruments for root canal preparation

Hedstom file
are machined from a tapered cylindrical block. In cross-
section they have the appearance of a series of intersecting
cones. Hedstroem files are highly efficient at removing
dentine on the outstroke when used in a filing motion, but
have poor fracture resistance in rotation

Action
withdrawal stroke .
.

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NiTi (Nickel titanium) rotary

instruments

NiTi (Nickel titanium) rotary

instruments
These files are used to flare the coronal aspect of the root
canal. Although they are manufactured from nickel-titanium
the files are relatively inflexible, as the cross-sectional
diameter is larger than that of a standard file (ISO). The use
of these instruments is therefore best restricted to the
relatively straight parts of the root canal to avoid strip
perforation. It is recommended that they are used in a hand
piece driven by an electric motor at 150-300 rpm

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Gates-Glidden drills

Gates-Glidden drills

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Gates-Glidden drills
Small flame-shaped cutting instrument used in the
conventional hand piece Different sizes – coded by
rings or colored bands on shank Are slightly flexible and
will follow the canal shape but can perforate the canal
if used too deeply

functions :
• Preparing the coronal two thirds of molars canals.
• Removing gutta-percha from the canal during post
space preparation or during retreatment.
• Widen the canal when an instrument has fractured
within it.

Peeso Reamer

‫نلننهحتن‬

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Peeso reamers drills

Small flame-shaped cutting instrument used in the
conventional hand piece Different sizes – coded by
rings or colored bands on shank, Peeso reamers are
not flexible or adaptable, if not used with care can
perforate canal

functions :
• Removing gutta-percha from the canal during post
space preparation or during retreatment.

Instruments for root canal preparation

• Disposable irrigating syringe and

disposable needle

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Instruments for root canal preparation

Name
Disposable irrigating syringe and disposable needle
Function, features and precaution
• Used with an irrigant to clean and disinfect
the canal during endodontic treatment
• A blunt needle with side exiting delivery will
reduce the risk of the needle binding
within the canal

Instruments for root canal preparation

Absorbent paper points

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Instruments for root canal preparation

Name
Absorbent paper points
Functions
• To absorb any moisture in the canal (i.e.
blood, pus and saliva)
• To carry medicaments into the canal

Instruments for root canal Filling

• Gutta - percha

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Instruments for root canal Filling

Name
Gutta percha points
Function and features
• Non-soluble, non-irritant points that are condensed into
the pulp chamber during obturation
• Standardized type: follows same ISO classification as
endodontic files
• Non-standardized: have a greater taper than the
standard ISO type

Instruments for root canal Filling

• Hand spreader

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Instruments for root canal Filling

• Finger spreader

Instruments for root canal Filling

• spreader

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Instruments for root canal Filling

Name
Finger spreader
Function, features and precaution
• Finger instrument with a smooth,
pointed, tapered working end
• Used to condense gutta percha laterally
into the canal during obturation

Instruments for root canal Filling

• Hand Plugger

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Instruments for root canal Filling

• Finger Plugger

Instruments for root canal Filling

• Plugger

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Instruments for root canal Filling

Name
Endodontic plugger
Function
Working end is flat to facilitate plugging or
condensing the gutta percha vertically after
the excess has been removed by melting off
with a heated instrument

Instruments for root canal Filling

Lentulo spiral Drill

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Instruments for root canal Filling

Name
Lentulo spiral filler/rotary paste filler
Function and features
• Small flexible instrument used to place
materials into the canal
• Fits into the conventional hand piece
• Use with caution as it can be easily broken

the endodontic ruler

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the endodontic ruler

the endodontic ruler

Function

• Special endodontic rulers are available for

measuring the length of finger instruments

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Endodontic block or Transfer sponge

Endodontic block or Transfer sponge

Functions
• An endodontic block is a sturdy block used to
organize and hold endodontic finger and rotary
instruments during procedures;

• Reduces the possibility of percutaneous injuries

when handling endodontic finger and rotary
instruments

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Endo locking tweezers

Endo locking tweezers

Endo – locking pliers or (endo locking tweezers):

it has lock "latch" that permits materials to be held

without continuous finger pressure, it has a groove at
the tip, the grooved tip facilitate holding absorbent
points and gutta – percha cones.

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Electronic Apex Locators

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Electronic Apex Locators

Name
Apex locator

Functions
• An electronic instrument used to determine the
distance to the apical foramen
• The screen allows the operator to visualize the
file movement during instrumentation
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Electric pulp tester

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Electric pulp tester

Electric pulp tester

Function and directions for use

• Used to test the vitality of a tooth using electric
stimulus
• Electric stimulus is increased in small increments
until the patient can feel the stimulus
• Toothpaste or prophy paste is used to conduct the
current from the pulp tester to the tooth

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Loupes

operating microscope

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Loupes& operating microscope

Illumination and magnification are vital for

the location of root canals. The endodontist would use a
surgical microscope while a general dental practitioner
might have loupes and a headlight that give excellent
magnification and illumination .

1 NygaardÖstby B.
Chelation in root canal therapy. OdontolTidskr 1957;65:3-11.

2 Loel DA.
Use of acid cleanser in endodontic therapy. J Am Dent Assoc 1975;90:148-151.

3 . Von Der Fehr FR, NygaardÖstby B.

Effect of EDTAC and sulfuric acid on root canal dentine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1963;16:199-
205.

4. Mello I, Kammerer BA, Yoshimoto D.

Influence of Final Rinse Technique on Ability of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid of removing smear
layer. J Endod 2010;36:512-514.

5 . Calt S, Serper A.
Time-dependent effects of EDTA on dentin structures. J Endod 2002;28:17–19.

6 . Kuah HG, Lui JN, Tseng PS, Chen NN.

The Effect of EDTA with and without Ultrasonics on Removal of the Smear Layer. J Endod 2009;35:393-
396.

7. Hu¨lsmann M, Heckendorff M, Lennon A.

Chelating agents in root
canal treatment: mode of action and indications for their use. Int Endod J 2003;36:810–830.

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8 W. Jacob and R. Herschler,

“Biological actions of dimethyl sulfoxide,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1975; 243; 1–508.

9 .J. C. de la Torre,
“Biological actions and medical applications of dimethyl sulfoxide,” Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences 1983;411:1–403.

10 .T. Vani, M. Rajani, S. Sarkar and C. J. Shishoo,

“Antioxidant properties of the ayurvedic formulation triphala and its constituents,” International Journal of
Pharmacognosy 1997;35:313–317.

11. M. Rasool and E. P. Sabina,

“Antiinflammatory efect of the Indian ayurvedic herbal formulation Triphala on adjuvantinduced arthritis in
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12 .B. Zhao.
“Antioxidant efects of green tea polyphenols,” Chinese Science Bulletin 2003;48:315–319

13. Wang MY, Su C. Cancer preventive effect of Morindacitrifolia (Noni). Ann NY AcadSci 2001;952:161-168.

14 . Li RW, Myers SP, Leach DN, Lin GD, Leach G.

A cross-cultural study: Antiinflammatory activity of Australian and Chinese plants. J Ethnopharmacol

2003;85:25-32

Thank you

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