Chapter-II

Review of Related
Literature
 CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

An intensive review of existing literature, publications, research works and

deliberations on the subject is a prerequisite in any research endeavour. It provides

knowledge of previous research on the problem and gives an insight into the

various methods and procedures being used to achieve the objectives of the

undertaking investigation.

The review of related literature furnishes the actual facts of previous

research, which constitute the basis of further study and also give very valuable

hints about the procedures and methods to be used.

The study made on satisfaction or dissatisfaction of people at work was

started with the motto to raise the production of the industries in the beginning, by

utilizing human capabilities into fuller strength. With passage of time, the study of

job satisfaction or dissatisfaction of employees has come to acquire wide

applications in various fields. The investigator therefore, classified the related

literature into two broad categories namely- Indian Studies and Western Studies,

by giving due weight.

2.01: Indian Studies

In India the study of job satisfaction of teachers in various educational

levels and its correlated variables find tremendous growth and effects in the middle

of twenty century. Though some studies have been made on job satisfaction of
different levels of teachers in India, very few works have been done on the job

satisfaction of Engineering College teachers. The investigator, considering its

importance of findings in the present situation, cites a few such works of

researchers below.

Anand, S.P (1979) made his study on “Job Satisfaction versus Work-Role

Variables”.

The objectives of the study were - To study Teachers ’Job Satisfaction in

relation to (i) Work-Role Variable(s) and (ii) Personality Variable(s). The study

was made on the sample of 999 teachers (507 trained and 492 B.Ed. trainee

teachers) teaching various subjects in different schools of the eastern states of

India.

The following two questionnaires- Job Satisfaction Scale by Anand (1972)

and Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire by Cattel have been used in the study.

The major findings of the study were -

(i) Fifty percent of the teachers working in schools are reported to be

dissatisfied

(ii) It is found that there exists no linear relationship between the age of

teachers and their scores ofjob satisfaction.

(iii) The percentage of satisfied trainee working teachers is greater than that of

satisfied trainee working teachers.

Gupta, S.P. (1980) conducted a study on “A Study of Job Satisfaction at Three

Levels of Teachers”.

The main objectives of the study were -

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(i) To measure the job satisfaction of primary, secondary and college

teachers.

(ii) To find out the relationship between selected psychological variables and

job satisfaction exhibited by primary school teachers and college teachers.

(iii) To compare the job satisfaction of married teachers with that of unmarried

teachers.

(iv) To compare the job satisfaction of teachers of different age groups.

(v) To compare the job satisfaction of teachers of different experience groups.

The sample consisted of 765 male teachers of primary schools and

colleges of Meerut division, selected on the basis of stratified random sampling.

The tools that used for the study were - Teacher’s Job Satisfaction Scale, Attitude

towards Teaching Career Scale, Meenakshia Personal Inventory, and Personal

Data and Information Form.

The major findings of the study were -

(i) Marital status, age and teaching experience were not associated to the job

satisfaction of primary school teachers.

(ii) Unmarried college teachers were more satisfied than married teachers.

(iii) Teaching experience was not associated significantly with the job

satisfaction of college teachers.

(iv) Secondary school teachers and college teachers were almost equally

satisfied with their job.

Goyal, J.C. (1980) made a study on, “A study of the Relationship among

Altitude, Job Satisfaction, Adjustments and Professional Interest of Teacher

Educators in India”.

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The objectives of the study were -

(i) Measurement of attitude, job satisfaction, adjustment and professional

interests of teacher educators in different categories based on sex, age,

qualifications and teaching experience,

(ii) Determining the difference in attitude, job satisfaction, adjustment and

professional interest among different categories of teacher educators,

(iii) Finding out the relationship between attitude, job satisfaction, adjustment

and professional interests of teacher educators in different categories

(iv) Prediction of job satisfaction of teacher educators by treating their attitude,

adjustment and professional interests as independent variables.

The sample taken for the study was ten percent of secondary teacher

education institutions from all over the country selected on a random basis. It

included 45 institutions.

Tools used to collect data were -

(i) Attitude Scale constructed by the investigator,

(ii) Job satisfaction Inventory of Indiresan,

(iii) Bell’s Adjustment Inventory, and

(iv) Professional Interests enquiry form.

The major findings of the study were -

(i) Majority of the teacher educators were favourably inclined towards their

profession and were satisfied in the job,

(ii) The various groups of teacher educators based on sex, age, qualifications

and teaching experience did not differ significantly in their job satisfaction

55
 except that the teacher educators in the age group of 50 years and above

were found to be significantly more satisfied than the other groups.

Chopra, R.K. (1982) made a study on “A Study of the Organizational Climate of

School in Relation to Job Satisfaction of Teachers and Students Achievement”.

The objectives of the investigations were -

(i) To study the over all job satisfaction of teachers working in schools having

different organizational climates and

(ii) To study the relationship between teacher’s job satisfaction and student’s

achievement after isolating the effects of intelligence and socio-economic

status of an achievement after isolating the effects of intelligence and

socio-economic status on achievement scores.

The major findings of the investigation were -

(i) Among the six, climates, the open climate schools showed the highest

overall teachers job satisfaction, followed by the autonomous, familiar,

controlled, closed and paternal climate schools, respectively,

(ii) Overall job satisfaction of teachers in the open climate schools was

significantly different from that of the teachers in the closed and paternal

climate schools at 0.05 levels,

(iii) The schools having other five types of climates did not show significant

difference among themselves in respect of overall job satisfaction of

teachers even at 0.05 level,

(iv) Out of the fifteen areas of teachers, job satisfaction, only in two areas

namely supervisor and identification with the institution, there were

significant difference among different climate type schools,

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(v) The teachers in the open climate schools had significantly higher job

satisfaction in the open climate schools than in closed and paternal climate

schools at 0.05 level,

(vi) Student’s achievement was not significantly different in different climate

type schools even at 0.05 levels,

(vii) There was not significant relationship between teachers’ job satisfaction

and student’s achievement.

Srivastava,S.K.(1983) conducted a study on, “Job Satisfaction and Organizational

Climate among University Teachers”.

The main objective of the study was to find out any significant difference

between Lecturers, Readers and Professors on the level of job satisfaction and the

perception of organizational climate.

The sample consisted of 120 teachers (55 lecturers, 40 readers and 25

professors) drawn from two universities located in the State of Utter Pradesh.

The tools used for collection of data were-

(i) Job Satisfaction Scale constructed by H.C.Ganguli(1954) and

(ii) Organizational Climate Scale developed by G.H. Litwin and R.A. Stringer

(1968).

The major findings of the study were-

(i) There was no significant difference between Lecturers, Readers and

Professors at the level of job satisfaction and perception of organizational

climate,

(ii) Most of the teachers have indicated satisfaction with their jobs and also

most of the teachers have better organizational climate.

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Amar Singh (1985) Correlated “Job Satisfaction among Different Professionals”.

The objectives of the study were -

(i) To construct and standardize a job satisfaction scale,

(ii) To find out the incidence of job satisfaction among professionals,

(iii) To compare the incidence of job satisfaction among teachers, engineers,

advocates and doctors,

(iv) To relate job satisfaction with job intrinsic and job extrinsic variables and

age, experience, academic and professional attainment, mental status,

family size and employment of spouse, and

(v) To relate job satisfaction with personality dimensions and traits such as self

esteem, extroversion/introversion, neuroticism and emotional stability.

The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase a sample of 320

subjects was selected randomly. It included 80 villages of university teachers, 80

engineers, 80 advocates, 80 doctors. In the second phase those subjects from

amongst teachers, engineers, advocates and doctors who had obtained scores

equivalent to Q3 or above on the job satisfaction scale were administered.

The findings of the study were -

(i) The job intrinsic variables correlated positively and significantly with job

satisfaction professionals.

(ii) The job extrinsic variables including psycho- social, economic and

community growth factors were found to be positively related to job

satisfaction of professionals.

(iii) Age was found to be positive correlate to job satisfaction.

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(iv) Experience correlated positively and significantly in case of advocates and

doctors with job satisfaction, but contrary in the case of teachers and

engineers the relationship between experience and job satisfaction in all the

categories of professional.

(v) Professionals with extra academic and professional attainment had shown a

trend towards reduced job satisfaction,

(vi) Married professionals were found more satisfied than unmarried

professionals,

(vii) Double employment was found to correlate positively with job satisfaction,

(viii) Neuroticism was found to be a negative correlate of job satisfaction among

all the professionals.

(ix) Self esteem was found to be positively related with job satisfaction.

(x) Regarding relationship between extraversion and job satisfaction, it was

found that high scores on extraversion affect the job satisfaction of

teachers, engineers, advocates and doctors negatively.

Kulsum U. (1985) conducted study on “Influence of School and Teachers

Variables on the Job Satisfaction and Job Involvement of Secondary School

Teacher in the City of Bangalore”.

This correlated study had the age, sex, marital status, teaching experience,

medium of instruction, job performance attitude towards teaching, teacher

effectiveness, leadership behaviour of head master, school organizational climate,

type of school management, number of school teachers, school strength and school

age as independent variables and teachers’ job satisfaction and job involvement as

dependent variables.

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 Regarding the relationship among job satisfaction, job involvement and

organizational climate the study revealed that, teacher working in familiar climate

type schools had a higher mean level of job satisfaction followed by teachers

working in open and autonomous climate type school.

Thus teacher working in autonomous climate type school had the highest

mean level of job involvement followed by open, familiar, controlled, closed and

parental type of climate.

Dixit, M.A., Lucknow University (1986) conducted a study on “A Comparative

Study of Job Satisfaction among Primary School Teachers and Secondary School

Teachers”.

The study was designed -

(i) To measure the job satisfaction between primary and secondary school

teachers and

(ii) To observe the effect of sex, teaching experience and medium of

instruction on the level of satisfaction with their profession.

The sample for the study consisted of 300 primary and 300 secondary

school teachers working in Lucknow. The data regarding job satisfaction were

collected with the help of a Likert- type scale devised by investigator.

The major findings of the study were -

(i) In Hindi medium schools, primary school teachers were more satisfied

than the secondary school teachers.

(ii) In English medium school, the level of job satisfaction between primary

and secondary school teachers was same.

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(iii) Female teachers were more satisfied than the male teachers both at

primary and secondary levels.

(iv) At the primary level, the group senior most in age was most satisfied and

the middle age group was least satisfied.

(v) Among the secondary school teachers, those with greater length of service

were most satisfied.

(vi) Among primary school teachers those teaching in Hindi medium schools

were more satisfied than those teaching in English medium school.

(vii) Among secondary school teachers those teaching in English medium

schools were more satisfied than those teaching in Hindi medium schools.

Padmanabhaijah (1986) made research on “Job Satisfaction and Teaching

Effectiveness of Secondary School Teachers”.

The main objectives of the study were -

(i) To develop an instrument for measuring teaching effectiveness.

(ii) To find out the influence of personal and demographic variables and

teaching effectiveness and each one for job related variables and general

satisfaction variables.

(iii) To identify the personal characteristics that contributed to or affected

teaching effectiveness.

The major findings of the study were -

(i) The teachers in general were dissatisfied with their job.

(ii) In general teachers were satisfied with the factors ofjob satisfaction

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(iii) All the personal and demographic variables except the variables

qualification of the teachers could significantly influence the level of

satisfaction.

(iv) Male and female teaches were not significantly influence by the level of

satisfaction or dissatisfaction.

About the causes of satisfaction or dissatisfaction Kolte (1978) identified

five factors as the causes of satisfaction.

1. Recognition

2. Advancement in job

3. Nature of work and

4. Achievement

5. Policy of administration-in order of importance.

He also found- (i) unfair policy, (ii) working conditions (iii) interpersonal

relations and (iv) advancement as the causes of dissatisfaction.

Balwinder, Kour (1986) made a study on, “Job Satisfaction of Home Science

Teachers: Its Relationship with Personal, Professional and Organizational

Characteristics”.

The main objectives of the study were-

(i) To study the relationship between personal characteristics and job

satisfaction of home science teachers,

(ii) To examine the nature of the relationship between the professional

characteristics and job satisfaction of home science teachers,

(iii) To study the relational ship between organizational characteristics and job

satisfaction of home science teachers,

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(iv) To identify the factor structure underlying personal, professional and

organizational characteristics and job satisfaction of home science

teachers.

The study was a correlation one, where a sample of 245 home science

teachers working in schools, colleges and universities of Punjab, Haryana and

Chandigarh were selected through stratified random sampling technique.

The sample subjects were administered the following tools -

(i) Raven’s Standard progressive Metrics (1960), (ii)The Jalota S-E Status Scale,

(iii) Srivastava Need Satisfaction Scale, (iv)The Gupta and Srivastava Teacher

Job Satisfaction Scale (1980). The data so collected were analyzed through factor

analysis and set up regression analysis.

The major findings of the study were -

(i) From among personal variables (age, intelligence, socio- economic status

and need satisfaction), need satisfaction (including physical security,

social, ego and total need satisfaction) was found to be correlation of job

satisfaction

(ii) Professional characteristics (experience, salary and qualifications) did not

act as a correlation of job satisfaction. In factorial structure also, they did

not share significant common variance with job satisfaction.

Shrivastav, Kabita (1991) made his study on, “Relationship between Job

Satisfaction and Some Personal Traits of Professional Women”.

The objectives of the study were -

(i) To find the relationship between job satisfaction and age of women

working in different profession

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(ii) To find out the relationship between job satisfaction and educational

qualifications of women working in different profession(iii)To find out the

relationship between job satisfaction and pay of women working in

different profession.

(iv) To find out the relationship between job satisfaction and professional

experience of women working in different profession.

The study was conducted on the population of 393 women working in

teaching, medical and banking/insurance profession of Varanasi. Four instruments

namely, Job Satisfaction Inventory, Socio-economic Status Scale, Teachers

Attitude Inventory and Vyaktiva Parakh Prashnavali were used for collection of

data.

The major findings of the study were -

(i) Relationship between job satisfaction and age of women working in all

three professions was not significant when the effects of educational

qualifications, pay, professional experience, adjustment, socio - economic

status and attitude were partial out.

(ii) Relation between job satisfaction and educational qualification was not

significant for women in teaching and medical profession. When the effect

of age, pay, profession, socio - economic status and attitude were partial

out. However, a moderately significant negative relationship was found

for women in banking/ insurance profession.

(iii) Relationship between job satisfaction and pay of women working in the

teaching and medical profession was not significant when the effects of

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 educational qualifications, age, professional experience, adjustment, socio

- economic status and attitude were partial out.

(iv) Relationship between job satisfaction and professional experience of

women working in the teaching and medical profession was not significant

when the effects of educational qualifications, age, pay, professional

experience, adjustment, socio - economic status and attitude were partial

out.

Beegam, I. (1994) made a study on, “An Analytical Study of Factors Related to

Job Satisfaction among College Teachers”.

The main objectives were -

(i) To examine the factors, which contribute to job satisfaction among college

teachers, and

(ii) To study the impact of job satisfaction on certain other variables.

The study consisted of 415 teachers covering 204 male and 211 female

selected on the basis of stratified random sampling from the college affiliated to

the University of Kerala.

The findings of the study were -

(i) Job satisfaction of college teachers was found related to certain socio­

demographic variables such as faculty, local, religion, caste, and

community, educational of spouse and made of conveyance,

(ii) Job satisfaction of the college teachers was found related to certain

personality variables like self-esteem, materialism-spiritualism orientation,

gregariousness and thoughtfulness.

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Abraham, A. (1994) conducted a study on “Job Satisfaction and Teacher

Effectiveness: A Study on College Teachers”.

The objectives of the study were to explore the nature of relationship

between level of job satisfaction, teacher effectiveness and length of service

tenure among college teachers.

The sample of the study comprised of lectures from all the departments of

the faculties of Arts, Science and Commerce of St. John’s College, Agra.

The tools used for the collection of data included—

(i) Teacher’s Job Satisfaction Scale developed by Mudgil, Muhar and Bhatia

and

(ii) Teacher Effectiveness Scale developed by Kumar and Mutha.

The major findings were -

(i) It was found that teachers who had a high and medium level of job

satisfaction were more effective teachers than those with low level job

satisfaction.

(ii) There was significant difference between the teacher-effectiveness scores

of teachers in the three grades taken for the study.

(iii) There was significant difference between the job satisfactions of teachers

in the three grades taken for the study.

Panda, B.B (1995) presented a paper on “Job Satisfaction of College and Higher

Secondary School Teachers”.

The objectives of the study were -

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(i) To find out if there is any significant difference among teachers working

in colleges and higher secondary schools in respect of their job

satisfaction,

(ii) To find out if there is any significant difference between men and women,

college and higher secondary teachers in respect their job satisfaction,

(iii) To find out if there is any significant difference among teachers working

in college and higher secondary schools in respect their job satisfaction.

(iv) To find out the significant difference between more experienced college

and higher secondary teachers in respect of their job satisfaction.

A sample of 100 male and female teachers (54 from college and 46 from

higher secondary schools) for the study was selected from the Kamrup District of

Assam.

The tool used for the collection of data was the Job Satisfaction Scale of

Amar Singh and T. R. Sarma.

The major findings of the study were -

(i) There was no significant difference between the degree of job satisfaction

of college teachers and higher secondary school teachers.

(ii) Experienced college teachers did not have better job satisfaction than

inexperienced college teachers.

(iii) There was no significant difference between the degree of job satisfaction

of male and female college teachers as well as secondary school teachers.

Gupta, Sushil Prakash (1995) made an enquiry on “A Correlation Study of

Teacher’s Job Satisfaction and Their Teaching Effectiveness”.

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 The objective of the study was to determine if any significant relationship

existed between the job satisfaction of higher secondary school teachers and their

teaching effectiveness. The sample of the study comprised of 60 teachers from

five randomly selected secondary schools of Gaziabad District of U.P. and the

tools used for collection of data included - The Teachers’ Job Satisfaction Scale

developed by Gupta and Srivastava, and Teachers’ Effectiveness Test by Gupta

and Sharma.

The major findings were - It was found that the co-efficient of correlation

between overall dimensions of job satisfaction of teachers were significantly

related with the teachers’ effectiveness while all these dimensions viz salary and

other benefits , community aspect supervision , family life , policies and practices

and growth and practices were found to be non- significant.

H.A. Azizual (1995) submitted a dissertation for M.Ed on “Job Satisfaction of the

Primary Teachers of Guwahati city”.

The outcome of the study showed that all the teachers were not satisfied

with their job. Main reasons of dissatisfaction lie with lower level of salary,

inadequate facilities of the institutions etc.

Panda, B.N .Pradhan, Nityananda and Senapath H.K. (1996) worked on “Job

Satisfaction of the Secondary School Teachers in Relation to their Mental Health,

Age, Sex and Management of School”.

The major objectives of the study were -

(i) To study the effect of mental health on job satisfaction of the

secondary school teachers.

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(ii) To study the effect of age on job satisfaction of the secondary school

teachers.

(iii) To study the interactive effect of sex on mental health of the secondary

school teachers.

(iv) To study the effect of management of school of job satisfaction of the

secondary school teachers.

The sample of the study consisted of 102 teachers and the tools used to

collect data were Job Satisfaction Scale by Anand and RCE Mental Health Scale

by Anand.

The major findings of the study were -

(i) There was no significant difference between senior in age and junior in

age in their job satisfaction.

(ii) There was no significant difference between male and female teachers in

their job satisfaction.

(iii) There was no significant difference between government and private

managed secondary school teachers in their job satisfaction.

Salehuddin. S. Md. (1996) submitted a dissertation for M.Ed. on “Job

Satisfaction of the Secondary School Teachers of Rangia Sub-division”.

The study had uncovered many factors which were related to job

satisfaction of the secondary school teachers. Most of the teachers were

dissatisfied with the management of the school. Most of the teachers were not

satisfied with their job for their poor salaries, yet they would not like to change

their occupation because of the high esteem associated with teaching. This study

showed that most of the persons working as teachers never wanted to take up

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teaching as profession. But since they failed to get appointed in other professions

they had no alternative.

Ausekar, Pratibha, (1996) conducted a study on, “A study of Job Satisfaction

among Teachers Working in Government and Private Secondary Schools”.

The major objectives of the study were -

(i) To find out the factors contributing to job satisfaction in teachers,

and \

(ii) To find out the relative importance of each of the sixteen factors.

The sample of the study comprised of 40 teachers from different schools

including 20 from government and 20 from private schools that were selected

through random sampling techniques.

The tool used for collection of data was Job Satisfaction Scale of

Sareshwara Rao. The major findings of the study were that teachers were satisfied

with the factors like promotion, recognition, independence, salary, job-

satisfaction, work itself, job status and educational policy.

Baruah, Dharma Prabha, (1997) conducted a study on “A study of Role

Conflict and Its Correlation with Job Satisfaction of Secondary School Women

Teachers- A Comparative Study in Dibrugarh District”.

The study had been carried out with the following major objectives -

(i) To ascertain the family background of urban and rural secondary school

women teachers,

(ii) To determine the extent of role conflict of women teachers in their family

and school setting,

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(iii) To assess the job satisfaction of urban and rural secondary school women

teachers,

(iv) To identify the extent of role-conflict and causes of conflict of urban and

rural secondary school women teachers.

The study was conducted on a sample of 200 women teachers (100 from

urban and 100 from rural) from 23 secondary schools and was selected through

simple random technique.

The tools that used to collect data were

(i) Role Conflict Scale of Ashok Kumar Pandey.

(ii) Job Satisfaction Scale Amar Singh and J.R. Sharma.

(iii) Socio Economic Status Scale of Bhadrawaj and Gupta.

The results indicated that -

(i) There was significant difference of job satisfaction between women

teachers of high socio-economic status

(ii) No significant difference of job satisfaction was found between aged and

young women teachers,

(iii) Significant difference of job satisfaction was found between trained and

untrained women teachers,

(iv) Women teachers belonging to high caste and low caste did not show any

significant difference of job satisfaction.

Umme Kulsum (Psycholingua, January, 1998 Vol.28.No.l) conducted

another study on “The Effect of School Organizational Climate on Job

Satisfaction of Teachers”.

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 The purpose of this investigation was to identify whether job satisfaction

of secondary school teachers varies with their perception of school organizational

climate or not. The sample of the study consisted of 586 secondary school

teachers of Bangalore city.

The findings of the study revealed that job satisfaction of teachers’

increases from closed type of school climate to open type ones.

Bhattacharjee, R. and Sumana, P. (1999) conducted a study on “A study of Job

Satisfaction of Secondary School Teachers of Cachar District of Assam”.

The objective of the study was to study the job satisfaction among the

various categories of secondary school teachers.

The population of the study comprises all the teachers teaching in

secondary schools of Cachar District of Assam. Stratified random sampling

method was applied for selection of sample of 248 teachers for study, and

B.C.Muthay’s Job Satisfaction Scale was used for measuring job satisfaction.

The major findings of the study were -

(i) There was no significant difference between male and female teachers

with regard to their job satisfaction scores. However, the mean value

indicates that female teachers were more satisfied with their jobs than their

male counterparts,

(ii) Unmarried teachers were found to have significant job satisfaction than

that of married teachers and

(iii) Lower experience group teachers have more job satisfaction than the

higher experience group teachers.

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Choudhury, M (2002) conducted a study on “Job Satisfaction among College

Teachers under Gauhati University”.

The major objectives of the study were -

(i) To determine the degree of job satisfaction among the college

teachers.

(ii) To find out the relationship between job satisfaction and work experiences

of teachers.

(iii) To compare the job satisfaction of the teachers working in the colleges of

urban and rural areas.

(iv) To find out the relationship between job satisfaction of teachers and

marital status as well as sex difference.

The study was conducted on a sample of 270 college teachers (170 from

urban and 100 from rural) from 14 colleges (7 from urban and 7 from rural)

under Gauhati University, located in Goalpara and Kamrup District.

The tools used for collection of data were (i) A Standardized Job

Satisfaction Scale prepared by Y.Mudgil, I.S.Muhar and P.Bhatia, and (ii) A

questionnaire prepared by the investigator for collection of primary data.

The main findings of the study were-

(i) There was no association between sex and levels of job satisfaction among

the college teachers.

(ii) There was no association between levels of job satisfaction and experience

of the teachers.

(iii) There was no association between levels of job satisfaction and location of

the colleges.

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(iv) There was no association between marital status and levels of job

satisfaction of the teachers.

Saswati Baruah (2004) conducted her study on “To Compare the Organizational

Climate of Government and Non-Government Secondary School of Kamrup

District Along With Some Other Variables like Job Satisfactions, Headmaster

Working Conditions and Academic Achievement of Student”.

The researcher found that-

(i) No particular difference was observed in organizational climate of

government and private schools.

(ii) In comparison to government schools group morale and production

emphasis was high and socialization was low in private schools.

(iii) Disengagement among teachers in government schools was higher than

private schools.

(iv) Job satisfaction and enrolment of students in schools was positively

related with organizational climate of the schools but negatively related

with qualification of the teachers.

Goswami Moonmi (2004) submitted a project report on, “A Study of Job

Satisfaction among the Secondary School Teachers with Special Reference to

Jorhat Town Area of Greater Jorhat”.

The findings of the study were that Jorhat district had the highest rate of

literacy. Most of the teachers were very much satisfied with their professions. But

they also face some problems which stand as a barrier in professional betterment

and job satisfaction. Most of the private school teachers were not satisfied with

their salary and class load. They also had some administrative problems. On the

74
other hand, government school teachers were not satisfied with their teacher-

student ratio, teacher student relationship etc. But most of the teachers were

satisfied with their job.

Das Jhon (2005) submitted a dissertation for M.Ed on “A Study on Job

Satisfaction of B.Ed. College Teachers of Nalbari and Kamrup Districts”.

The study had been carried out on the following major objectives -

(i) To investigate the degree of the job satisfaction of B.Ed. College Teachers

of Nalbari and Kamrup Districts of Assam

(ii) To find out the significance difference, if any, between the male and

female B.Ed. College Teachers of Nalbari and Kamrup Districts

(iii) To find out the significance difference, if any, between the rural and urban

B.Ed. College Teachers of Nalbari and Kamrup Districts

A sample of 60 teachers (26 male and 34female) of B.Ed. Colleges (both

private and govt, as well as rural and urban) of Nalbari and Kamrup Districts was

selected for the study and Teachers Job Satisfaction Questionnaire of Dr.Pramod

Kumar and Prof. D.N.Mutha was used as a tool for collection of data.

The major findings of the study were -

(i) There was job satisfaction among the B.Ed. College Teachers of Nalbari

and Kamrup Districts

(ii) There was no significance difference between male and female B.Ed.

College teachers in their job satisfaction

(iii) There was no significance difference between the rural and urban B.Ed.

College teachers in their job satisfaction.

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Goswami Namita (2010) submitted a dissertation for M.Phil on “A Study on Job

Satisfaction of Degree College Teachers under Gauhati University of Greater

Guwahati”.

The major objectives of the study were -

(i) To measure job satisfaction among the teachers of degree colleges of

greater Guwahati.

(ii) To make a comparative study of the job satisfaction of college teachers on

the basis of sex - male and female.

(iii) To make a comparative study of the job satisfaction of college teachers on

the basis of stream- arts and science.

The findings of the study shows that -

(i) Most of the teachers were satisfied with the qualitative aspects of their

Principal; however a large section of the teachers were not satisfied with

the competence and functions of the administration of the institutions,

(ii) There is a significance difference between male (arts and science) and

female (arts and science) college teachers of greater Guwahati under

Gauhati University regarding job satisfaction.

2.02: Western Studies

The review of the literature of job satisfaction of employees in

different organizations can be traced from the pioneering work of

Hoppock (1935) in foreign countries. Though a vast portion of such

works was related to the industrial concern, a few on teaching and

teachers of different levels of educational organizations were also

available.

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Me Chusby, H.Y.and Strayer, F.J. (1940) conducted a study on “Reaction of

Teachers to The Teaching Situations: A survey of Job Satisfactions”.

The objectives of study were found that the relationships of job

satisfaction with age, sex and experience of the teachers.

The analysis showed that -

(i) Teachers of less experience (4 to 12 years) were less happy in their work

than those of greater teaching experience.

(ii) There were no significant differences between married and single teachers

in job satisfaction.

Probe, G.B (1971) made his study on’ “An Investigation of the Relationship

between Teachers’ Job Satisfaction and Selected Personal Characteristics”.

The main objective of the study was to find the relationship between job

satisfaction of the teachers with the selected personal characteristics.

The major finding of his study was reported as there was significant

relationship between job satisfaction and sex, age, education, teaching levels,

school size, length of teaching experiences and some other demographic

variables.

Torres, Belinda M. kapes, Jerome T (1992) conducted a study on “The

Relationship between Work Value and Job Satisfaction for Community College

Leadership, Trainees: A Replication and Cross- Validation”.

The main objective of study was to explore the work values and job

satisfaction of minority professionals in community colleges and technical

institutes who aspire to advance in leadership positions.

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 The sample consisted of 59 Black and Hispanic educators from

community colleges and technical institutes across Texas who participated in

development leadership program at Texas A and M University.

The tools used were -

1. Demographic Information Sheet

2. The Value Scale (VS) and

3. Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ)

The findings of his study indicated that the participants valued

advancement, altruism, authority, creativity and personal development and were

satisfied with the activity and social service aspects of their work more than the

normal group with which they were compared.

Pucel, David J. and others (1992) conducted a study, “A Comparison of Factors

Related to the Job Satisfaction and Experienced Technical College Instructors”.

The major objective of study was to determine the factors associated with

attrition and satisfaction among two-year post-secondary technical college

instructors.

Useable data about needs related to job satisfaction and professional

development activities and descriptive demographic data were gathered from 292

experienced and 250 beginning instructors.

The results suggested that the experienced and beginning teachers who

stayed in technical education differed significantly on 8 to 11 job needs.

Significant differences were found between the ratings of experienced beginning

teachers on six reasons for leaving technical education.

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Pastore, Donna I. (1994) conducted a study on “Job Satisfaction and Female

College Coaches”.

The objective of study was to examine job satisfaction among male and

female college coaches of women’s teams .The coaches completed the Job

Description Index and Job in General Index to measure their job satisfaction and

general feeling towards their job.

The major finding was that the results of the study indicated that

the both sexes had similar perceptions towards their job.

Oshagbemi, Titus (1996) conducted a study on “Job Satisfaction on U.K.

Academics”.

The objective of study was to find out the job satisfaction with

respect to interaction with their colleagues and working conditions.

A survey of teachers working on 23 universities in England, Wales,

Scotland and Northern Ireland had been carried out.

The results showed that they were generally satisfied with their job .They

were particularly satisfied with teaching, research and interactions with

colleagues. They were only moderately satisfied with departmental heads’

behaviour and physical working conditions and expressed dissatisfaction with

pay, promotion and performance of administrative duties.

Funderburg, Dinnah, L, Kapes, Jerome. T. (1997) conducted a study on “Work

Values and Job Satisfaction of Arkansas Business Educators in Secondary

Schools Systems and Community Technical Colleges”.

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 The problem was to examine the work values and job satisfaction of

Arkansas business educators in secondary school systems and community/

technical colleges.

A random simple of 129 of Arkansas 926 secondary and community /

technical college business educators were chosen for study. To collect data the

Values Scale and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) were applied.

The major findings were -

(i) Results showed that there were no differences between job satisfaction of

secondary and community / technical college business educators.

(ii) No gender differences regarding work values or job satisfaction were

discovered among the community / technical college sub-sample

(iii) Among the secondary level educators, males’ valued achievement,

advancement, authority, autonomy, cultural identity, physical prowess,

prestige and risk more than females did.

Robertson, Lona, J.; Bean, John P. (1997) made a study on “Job Satisfaction

for Women Faculty Members in a Predominantly Female Discipline”.

The objectives of the study were to examine -

(i) Factors associated with global job satisfaction for women faculty members

in family and consumer sciences programs at land- grant institutions,

(ii) The extent to which these factors explain the global job satisfaction for

these women faculty and

(iii) The effect of covariates of age, rank and tenure on the global job

satisfaction of the women faculty in these departments.

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 The faculty at land- grant institutions was randomly selected and using

mailed survey sent to 202 women faculty resulting 138 completed surveys

collected data. Respondents indicated high to very high levels of satisfaction with

autonomy work, relationships with students, opportunities to participate in

academic decision making role clarity, peer relationships work land and benefits.

Low levels of satisfaction were reported regarding opportunities for

mentoring by senior colleagues, the balance between work and other activities,

and equality of policy. Respondents also reported low levels of satisfaction with

working conditions, pay, recognition and general resources.

Nichoff, Robert L (1997) conducted a study on “Job Satisfaction, Organizational

Commitment and Individual and Organizational Mission Values Congruence:

Investigating the Relationships”.

The main objective of the study was to find out correlations between job

satisfaction, organizational commitment and mission values congruence. The

study was conducted on a sample of 500 employees of at a Catholic, Jesuit

University.

The major findings of the study were -

(i) The job satisfaction composite score was significantly related to the

demographic factors related to job function, seniority and position,

(ii) Organizational Commitment was associated with those variables that tend

to increase attachment (i.e. age religious affiliation and length of

employment),

(iii) Female employees had higher levels of mission value congruence than did

the males.

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Corbin, Saladin K.T., (1998) conducted a study on “Role Perceptions and Job

Satisfaction of Community College Faculty’

The major objective of the study was to examine role perception of fall-

time faculty member’s at large mid-Atlantic Community Colleges, focusing on

role conflicts and levels ofjob satisfaction.

The study had been carried out on 177 faculty members who responded to

survey, and 20 participated in four focus groups organized according to race and

gender, which yielded descriptive demographic, role conflict and job satisfaction

data.

The primary conclusion drawn from the study was that faculty at this

community colleges were generally satisfied with their job roles. More

differences in perception of job satisfaction and role conflicts were uncovered

through the focus groups than through the survey.

Antony James Soto, Valadez James R. (1998) made a study on “An Exploration

of the Job Satisfaction of American Part - Time College Faculty”.

The objective of the study was to examine factors associated with job

satisfaction among part time faculty at different types of institutions of higher

education.

The study used data from 1992-93 National Survey of Post Secondary

Faculty, which sampled 974 institutions and 31,354 faculties. This study analyzed

the 15 items from the survey, grouped into three categories, which addressed

aspects of job satisfaction.

(i) Satisfaction with personal autonomy,

(ii) Satisfaction with students, and

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(iii) Satisfaction with demands and rewards.

Analysis indicated that part time faculties were statistically less satisfied

than foil time faculties in terms of autonomy and students, but were equally

satisfied with demands and rewards. Part time faculties at two years institutions

were significantly more likely than part time faculty at four-year institutions to

value tenure enough to leave their present positions to achieve it. Part time

faculties were more satisfied than foil time faculty to leave their current jobs for

other opportunities.

Ronit (2001) studied “The Influence of Leadership Style on Teacher Job

Satisfaction”. This study disclosed the effects of principals’ leadership style

(transformational or transactional), principals’ decision-making strategy

(autocratic versus participative), and teachers’ occupation perceptions on teacher

satisfaction from the job. More specifically, it attempts to find out how much of

the variation in teachers’ job satisfaction can be attributed to their perceptions of

their occupation, as compared to their perceptions about their principals’

leadership style and decision-making strategy. A quantitative questionnaire using

Likert-type scales was administered to 930 teachers in Israeli schools, of whom

745 responded. Path analysis was used to explain teacher job satisfaction by the

exogenous variables. The most salient finding was that teachers’ occupation

perceptions strongly affected their satisfaction. Principals’ transformational

leadership affected teachers’ satisfaction both directly and indirectly through their

occupation perceptions. Implications of the study are discussed in relation to

supervisors and principals, as well as to policy makers at the government level.

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Sharon A. De Vaney and Zhan (Sandy) Chen (2003) studied on “Job

Satisfaction of Recent Graduates in Financial Services”. This study was held

under Purdue University, Indiana, United States. This study tried to investigate

about the job satisfaction of recent financial planning graduates of a large

university in the Midwest, the investigators developed a survey on job

satisfaction and work experience.

The survey was designed to serve three purposes: First, it was assumed

that information on job satisfaction of recent financial planning graduates would

benefit the financial services industry. Second, the information from a university

with an established program could serve as a benchmark for other educational

programs in financial planning. Third, the information could be used to improve

the curriculum at the university.

Zembylas, Michalinos; Papanastasiou, Elena (2004) studied “Job Satisfaction

among School Teachers in Cyprus”.

The research report examines job satisfaction and motivation among

teachers in Cyprus - a small developing country in the Eastern Mediterranean.

An adapted version of the questionnaire developed by the “Teacher 2000 Project”

was translated into Greek and used for the purposes of this study that had a

sample of 461 K-12 teachers and administrators. The findings showed that, unlike

other countries in which this questionnaire was used, Cypriot teachers chose this

career because of the salary, the hours, and the holidays associated with this

profession. The study analyzes how these motives influence the level of

satisfaction held by the Cypriot teachers.

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Lu H, While AE, Barriball KL (2005) study on “Job Satisfaction among

Nurses” in UK. This study showed that the current nursing shortage and high

turnover is of great concern in many countries because of its impact upon the

efficiency and effectiveness of any health-care delivery system. Recruitment and

retention of nurses are persistent problems associated with job satisfaction. This

paper analyses the growing literature relating to job satisfaction among nurses

and concludes that more research is required to understand the relative

importance of the many identified factors to job satisfaction. It is argued that the

absence of a robust causal model incorporating organizational, professional and

personal variables is undermining the development of interventions to improve

nurse retention.

Adnan (2006), studied on “Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance” in

Pakistan.

This study showed that Satisfaction and Productivity Happy workers may

not necessarily be productive workers. At the individual level, the evidence

suggests the reverse to be more accurate that productivity is likely to lead to

satisfaction. Job Satisfaction and Accident Research bears witness to the fact that

satisfied workers are less likely to face accidents as compared to dissatisfy ones.

It was concluded that accidents are closely linked to job satisfaction of workers

and organizations with a low accident toll are likely to have a satisfied workforce.

In other words, a worker with better job satisfaction tends to be better adjusted on

the job, in his home and in social and emotional areas. On the other hand

discontentment with working life is likely to affect the worker’s job adjustment

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and also in social, emotional and domestic life Job Satisfaction. A satisfied

worker has a positive attitude towards his work and will try to avoid being absent

from work. This does not mean that workers who are highly satisfied with their

jobs would almost never be absent. However, absenteeism would be less among

those who are satisfied than those who are dissatisfied with their jobs.

The finding showed a significant relationship with respect to both males

and females and also among both white collared and blue collared workers.

However, the relationship is slightly affected by the marital status of working

women who sometimes remain absent or attend work late due to unavoidable

domestic engagements.

Hulusi Dogan (2009) studied on, “A Comparative study for Employee Job

Satisfaction in Aydin Municipality and Nazilli Municipality”.

This study was composed of a conceptual analysis of job satisfaction and

an empirical research for the relationship between job satisfaction and a set of

variables; pay, promotion, positive affectivity/encouragement, job involvement,

potential of rest-day/ off-day, relation with co-workers, health facilities, relation

with supervisor, training and education facilities, autonomy, physical facilities,

reconciliation role of supervisor, procedural justice, tangible aids, office tools,

level of role clearness, participation in decisions, management style of supervisor.

The result, based on a sample of 220 employees from Aydin Municipality

and Nazilli Municipality, indicated that 59% of the variance in job satisfaction

was explained by the variables included in the regression test. The variable of

management/democratic style of supervisor had the greatest effect on job

satisfaction, followed by the variables of “level of role clearness”, “health

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facilities”, “autonomy”, “participation in decision”, “job involvement”, “training

and education facilities”. The study found that level of “tangible aids” and

“potential of rest-day” was significantly higher by employees working in Aydin

Municipality than those working in Nazilli Municipality. But satisfaction level

for “health facilities”, “physical facilities” and “relation with supervisor” was

significantly higher by employees working in Nazilli Municipality than those

working in Aydin Municipality.

So, it is suggest that managers should apply additional/further research in

their organizations to investigate the underpinning variables of job satisfaction

and commitment of employees.

2.03: Summary of the Trends in Review

In the previous review of research, it has been seen that a large number of

studies were made on job satisfaction. The results of the studies are found that

there is agreement and contradiction in the results of a large number of studies.

This may be due to the factors such as difference in the nature of occupations

studied, the subject investigated and the methods employed for data collection

and level of employment etc.

It has also been seen that most of the studies related to job satisfaction

relate with a set of variables. Most of the studies of job satisfaction were based on

primary school teachers, secondary school teachers, B.Ed. college teachers and

general college teachers, teacher educator, different professional, home science

teachers, technical college instructors, community college faculty, part time

college faculty, nurses, employee performance etc.

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 From the above critical summary of related research studies it is clear that

no significant study has been conducted on job satisfaction of teachers working in

Engineering Colleges in this region. Therefore, it seems quite appropriate on the

part of the investigator to study on the topic ‘Job Satisfaction among Teachers

Working in Engineering Colleges of Assam’.

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