CONVERSION FACTORS FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING OVERALL GEOMETRY Spans Displacements Surface area Volume f= 0.3048 m in =25.4 mm ff =0,0929 m* #8 = 0.0283 m? yo? = 0.765 m? STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES Cross-sectional dimensions Area Section modulus Moment of inertia in = 25.4 mm in? = 645.2 mm? in? = 16.39 (103) mm? int = 0.4162 (10%) mm* MATERIAL PROPERTIES Density 1 lb/f? = 16.03 kg/er? Modulus and stress values 1 psi = 0.006895 MPa 1 ksi = 6.895 MPa LOADINGS: Force to Force Force to Mass Concentrated loads 1 Ib = 0.4536 kg. 1 kip = 0.4536 Mg Density 1 Ib/f? = 16.03 kg/m? Line loads (linear density) 1 kift = 14.59 kN/m T ki 1488 kg/m Surface loads 1 bjf® = 0.0479 kN? 1 Ib/f = 4.882 kfm 1 kif? = 47.9 kN/m? 1 k/R® = 4882 kg/m? STRESSES, MOMENTS Stress 6895 Pa 6.895 MPa (MN/m? or N/mm*) Moment, torque 356 m-N 1.356 mskN. MISCELLANEOUS Energy force = 1.356 N+ mor} Temperature te — 32) 5/9. + 273.15 Linear Expansion Coeif. *F-" = 1.8 *C“* or K™! Acceleration of Gravity g—386 in/sec? =9.81 m/sec2x2 Marain 3«x3 Maren Matrix inversions a An | L au | ~ On. ~A orate LAL= a, a. - O42 es CA] =Jan a2 Oe ss As, ay Oz O53.~ F233, Ay Qi ~Qiz zg yg Azz ~ Ga us 931 Mes ~ Ger An Azz ~AizQy 2s hs ~ Ay Aes Aas As2 - Ay Are Ay 2 -Qy Ase Ay Azz ~ ra Ger Oy (Qez Oss - G22 O52) + Ae (5 Om - Aes ez) * O13 (Gay sz - Ou Qa)INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX ALGEBRA DEFINITION OF A MATRIX A matrix is a rectangular amray of quantities arranged in rows and columns. A matrix containing m rows and n columns can be expressed as Au Ay ov Am Aa An Am Amt Amz Amn Joon ‘The quantities that form a matrix are referred to as clements of the matrix. Bach element of the matrix is identified with two subscripts i and j to designate the row and column location, respectively: Thus, the ij element (or coefficient) of [A] is expressed as Aj with i= 1, 2;...,m and j= 1,2, ...n for m rows and n columns, ‘This also defines the size of [Al, referred to as its order, to be m xn, TYPES OF MATRICES, Row Matrix — If all the clements of a matrix are arranged in a single row (ie. m= 1), then the matrix is referred to as a row matric or row veetor. A row vector, denoted with angle brackets, with n columns ean be expressed as s Bh Pha Notice that only one subscript is used with the row vector to identify the column location since there is only one row. Colamn Matrix — If all the elements of a matrix are arranged in a single column (ie.,= 1), then the matrix is referred to as a columm matréx ot column vector. A column vector, denoted with braces, with m rows can be expressed as a & f}=4 ; a) ‘Notice again that only one subscript is used with the column vector to identify the row location since there is only one column, Sqitare Matrix —A metrix with the same number of rows and columns, ie,,m =n, An nxn square matrix is Si Siz Sin Sa Sop s+ Son (s}= [So Sn2 > Son doen