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EL NARANJO ROMANTICO:
ESENCIA DEL COSTUMBRISMO
AL hablar de costumbrismo, entramos en el peligroso campo de
aquellas categorias generales de la historia literaria, en las que
la disparidad y, con frecuencia, la oposicion de los criticos, hacen
muy dificil la precisi6n terminologica. En tres sentidos se habla
de costumbrismo.
(1) En un sentido muy amplio, costumbrismo seria aquel genero
literario que se propone la deseripci6n, no de un caracter o de
unos caracteres individuales, sino de formas de vida colectiva, de
ritos y habitos sociales. Asi parece entenderlo Correa Calder6n
cuando lo define como "Pequefio cuadro colorista, en el que se
refleja con donaire y soltura, el modo de vida de una epoca, una
costumbre popular o un tipo generico representativo" ;1 para Correa
Calder6n el costumbrismo espaiiol comenzaria en 1620 con Guia y
aviso de forasteros de Liiian y Verdugo (pag. xii).
(2) Una segunda posicion critica hace coincidir el origen del
costumbrismo con la aparici6n de la prensa peri6dica en el siglo
xvIII; por su propia naturaleza la prensa, frente al cuento, la novela,
el poema, etc., se ocupa preferentemente de acontecimientos sociales
contemporaneos que afectan e interesan a la colectividad. Tal
parece ser la conclusi6n de Clifford Marvin Montgomery: "To
summarize briefly the history of the cuadro de costumbres in Spain,
suffice it to say that the movement had its origin in descriptions
of contemporary life in the group of novelists and moral satirists
of the early years of the 17th century, found its proper vehicle of
expression in the satirical periodical and pamphlets of the 18th,
1 E. Correa Calder6n, "Introducci6n al estudio del costumbrismo espa-
nol," Costumbristas espaioles, I (Madrid, 1950), xi.
343
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344 Javier Hlerrero HR, 46 (1978)
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El naranjo romdntico 345
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346 Javier Herrero HR, 46 (1978)
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El naranjo romdntico 347
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348 Javier Hrrerrero I, 46 (1978)
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El naranjo romdntico 349
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350 Javier Herrero HR, 46 (1978)
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El naranjo romdntico 351
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352 Javier Herrero HR, 46 (1978)
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El naranjo romdntico 353
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354 Javier Herrero HR, 46 (1978)
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