Ansi-Hi 9.6.4 (2000)

ANSI/HI 9.6.
4-2000
American National Standard for

Centrifugal and
Vertical Pumps
for Vibration Measurements
and Allowable Values
ANSI/HI 9.6.4-2000
9 Sylvan Way
Parsippany, New Jersey
07054-3802
www.pumps.org
This page intentionally blank.
Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

ANSI/HI 9.6.4-2000
American National Standard for
Centrifugal and Vertical Pumps

for Vibration Measurements and Allowable Values
Secretariat
Hydraulic Institute
www.pumps.org
Approved March 23, 2000

American National Standards Institute, Inc.
Recycled
paper

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Published By
Hydraulic Institute
9 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, NJ 07054-3802
www.pumps.org
Copyright © 2000 Hydraulic Institute

All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior
written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN 1-880952-45-9

Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
9.6.4.1 Introduction/Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.4.2 Dynamics of vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.4.2.1 Lateral critical speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.4.2.2 Lateral dynamic analysis (optional). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9.6.4.2.3 Torsional critical speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
9.6.4.2.4 Torsional dynamic analysis (optional). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
9.6.4.2.5 Structure lateral vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
9.6.4.2.6 Structure dynamic analysis (optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9.6.4.3 Vibration measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9.6.4.3.1 Vibration instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9.6.4.3.2 Location of vibration probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9.6.4.4 Allowable pump field vibration values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9.6.4.5 Factors affecting vibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9.6.4.5.1 Unbalance of rotating parts and rotor balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9.6.4.5.2 Natural frequency and resonance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.6.4.5.3 Hydraulic disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9.6.4.5.4 Other mechanical problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9.6.4.5.5 Effect of rigidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appendix A Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Appendix B Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figures
9.6.4.1 — First critical speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.4.2 — Second critical speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.4.3 — Simple horizontal centrifugal pump system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
9.6.4.4 — End suction foot mounted–ANSI B73.1, B73.3, B73.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9.6.4.5 — Vertical in-line, separately coupled, ANSI B73.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9.6.4.6 — End suction, close coupled horizontal and vertical in-line . . . . . . . . . 11
9.6.4.7 — End suction, frame mounted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9.6.4.8 — End suction, centerline support, API 610 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.6.4.9 — End suction, paper stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.6.4.10 — End suction, solids handling, horizontal and vertical . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.6.4.11 — End suction, hard metal and rubber-lined horizontal and vertical . . 16
9.6.4.12 — Between bearing, single and multistage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
iii

9.6.4.13 — Vertical turbine, mixed flow and propeller type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.6.4.14 — Vertical turbine, short set pumps, assembled for shipment
by the manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9.6.4.15A — Allowable residual unbalance in pump impellers –
grade G6.3 (metric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.6.4.15B — Allowable residual unbalance in pump impellers –
grade G6.3 (US units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
iv

Foreword (Not part of Standard)
Purpose and aims of the Hydraulic Institute

The purpose and aims of the Institute are to promote the continued growth and
well-being of pump manufacturers and further the interests of the public in such
matters as are involved in manufacturing, engineering, distribution, safety, trans-
portation and other problems of the industry, and to this end, among other things:
a) To develop and publish standards for pumps;
b) To collect and disseminate information of value to its members and to the
public;
c) To appear for its members before governmental departments and agencies
and other bodies in regard to matters affecting the industry;
d) To increase the amount and to improve the quality of pump service to the public;
e) To support educational and research activities;
f) To promote the business interests of its members but not to engage in busi-
ness of the kind ordinarily carried on for profit or to perform particular services
for its members or individual persons as distinguished from activities to
improve the business conditions and lawful interests of all of its members.
Purpose of Standards
1) Hydraulic Institute Standards are adopted in the public interest and are
designed to help eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer,
the purchaser and/or the user and to assist the purchaser in selecting and
obtaining the proper product for a particular need.
2) Use of Hydraulic Institute Standards is completely voluntary. Existence of
Hydraulic Institute Standards does not in any respect preclude a member
from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to the Standards.
Definition of a Standard of the Hydraulic Institute

Quoting from Article XV, Standards, of the By-Laws of the Institute, Section B:
“An Institute Standard defines the product, material, process or procedure with
reference to one or more of the following: nomenclature, composition, construc-
tion, dimensions, tolerances, safety, operating characteristics, performance, qual-
ity, rating, testing and service for which designed.”
Comments from users

Comments from users of this Standard will be appreciated, to help the Hydraulic
Institute prepare even more useful future editions. Questions arising from the con-
tent of this Standard may be directed to the Hydraulic Institute. It will direct all
such questions to the appropriate technical committee for provision of a suitable
answer.
If a dispute arises regarding contents of an Institute publication or an answer pro-
vided by the Institute to a question such as indicated above, the point in question
shall be referred to the Executive Committee of the Hydraulic Institute, which then
shall act as a Board of Appeals.

Revisions
The Standards of the Hydraulic Institute are subject to constant review, and revi-
sions are undertaken whenever it is found necessary because of new develop-
ments and progress in the art.
Units of Measurement
This standard is written using both metric and US Customary units of measure-
ment. Metric units appear first followed by US units in brackets. Tables, charts and
sample calculations are printed twice, first in metric units, then in US units.
Consensus for this standard was achieved by use of the Canvass

Method
The following organizations, recognized as having an interest in the standardiza-
tion of centrifugal pumps, were contacted prior to the approval of this revision of
the standard. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply that the organization
concurred with the submittal of the proposed standard to ANSI.
A.R. Wilfley & Sons, Inc. Krebs Consulting Service
Afton Pumps, Inc. KSB, Inc.
ANSIMAG Incorporated Lawrence Pumps, Inc.
Bechtel Corporation M.W. Kellogg Company
Black & Veatch LLP Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.
Brown & Caldwell Marine Machinery Association
Carver Pump Company Marshall Eng. Prod. Co. (MEPCO)
Cascade Pump Co Moving Water Industries (MWI)
Chas. S. Lewis & Company, Inc. Ortev Enterprises Inc.
Chempump Division, Crane Pumps & Pacer Pumps
Systems Pacheco Engineering
Cheng Fluid Systems, Inc. Patterson Pump Company
Cuma S.A. Pinellas County, Gen. Serv. Dept.
Dean Pump Division, Metpro Corp. Price Pump Company
DeWante & Stowell Raytheon Engineers & Constructors
Dow Chemical Red Jacket
Essco Pumps Reddy-Buffaloes Pump, Inc.
Exeter Energy Limited Partnership Scott Process Equipment Corp.
Fairbanks Morse Pump Corp. Settler Supply Company
Ferris State Univ. Construction and Skidmore
Facilities Dept. South Florida Water Mgmt. Dist.
Flowserve Corporation Sta-Rite Industries, Inc.
Fluid Sealing Association Sterling Fluid Systems (Canada) Inc.
Franklin Electric Stone & Webster Eng. Corp.
Grundfos Pumps Corporation Summers Engineering, Inc.
Illinois Department of Transportation Systecon, Inc.
ITT Fluid Handling (B & G) Taco, Inc.
ITT Fluid Technology The Process Group, LLC
ITT Flygt Corporation University of Montana
Iwaki Walchem Corporation Val-Matic Valve & Manufacturing Corp.
J.P. Messina Pump and Hydr. Cons. Yeomans Chicago Corporation
John Crane, Inc. Zoeller Engineered Products
vi

Although this standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the
Canvass Method, a working committee met many times to facilitate the develop-
ment of this standard. At the time it was developed, the committee had the follow-
ing members:
Chairman – Jack Claxton, Patterson Pump Company
Other Members Alternates
Thomas Angle, EnviroTech Aleks Roudnev, EnviroTech
Pumpsystems Pumpsystems
William A. Beekman, Floway Pumps
Frederic W. Buse, Ingersoll-Dresser Paul Behnke, Ingersoll-Dresser Pump
Pump
Michael Derr, Afton Pumps
R. Barry Erickson, ITT Industrial Pump Allan Budris, ITT Industrial Pump
Group Group
Herman Greutink, Johnston Pumps John Eddy, Johnston Pumps
Gunnar Hovstadius, ITT Flygt Stephan Abelin, ITT Flygt
Al Iseppon, Sta-Rite Industries
Thomas Morton, Sulzer Bingham Don Spencer, Sulzer Bingham
Pat Moyer, ITT, Bell & Gossett Jim Roberts, ITT, Bell & Gossett
James Osborne, A.R. Wilfley & Sons
Ray Perriman, Sunstrand Fluid
Handling
Y.J. Reddy, Reddy-Buffaloes Pump
Arnold Sdano, Fairbanks Morse
Ron Sperry, Flowserve Corporation Fred Hery, Flowserve Corporation
Roger Turley, Flowserve Corporation
vii

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HI Pump Vibration — 2000
9.6.4.1 Introduction/Scope vibrates back and forth in this shape. In Figure 9.6.4.2,
a node or steady point occurs between the bearings
This standard describes the vibration characteristics and the shaft takes an “S” shape and vibrates in this
for industrial/commercial centrifugal and vertical manner. Other more complex shapes may also occur.
pumps. Included is a description of the dynamics of
vibration, vibration measurement, allowable vibration Figure 9.6.4.1 has the lowest natural frequency and is
values and factors that effect vibration. sometimes called the first critical speed. Figure 9.6.4.2
has a higher natural frequency than Figure 9.6.4.1 and
9.6.4.2 Dynamics of vibration is sometimes called the second critical speed.
All centrifugal and vertical turbine pumps have rotors Determination of lateral critical speed is important for
and structures that can vibrate in response to excita- pumps and associated rotating equipment because if
tion forces. When the frequency of the excitation a critical speed or resonant frequency is close to an
forces is close to the natural frequencies of the struc- operating speed or other exciting frequency, such as
tures, resonance can occur and excessive and dam- the impeller vane pass frequency, small excitation
aging vibration levels can be reached. These natural forces can be greatly amplified. The resulting stresses
frequencies of vibration usually occur in one or more and deflections can cause premature equipment failure.
of the following modes:
Knowledge of critical speed is also important for bal-
• Rotor lateral vibration ancing considerations. Rotors having a first critical
speed less than the rated rotating speed may require
• Rotor torsional vibration balancing to a more stringent balance level.
• Structure lateral vibration Calculation of critical speed can become very com-
plex, depending on the effects one wants to consider in
The natural frequencies of vibration can be deter- the calculation. A simple calculation of the first critical
mined by one of the following methods: speed of a rotor is done by determining the static
deflection of the center of gravity of a shaft or rotor
• Simple beam formulas based on those derived under its own weight, when assumed to be in a hori-
from common structural mechanics zontal position (despite its actual orientation). Knowing
the static deflection “dst” in millimeters (inches) of the
• Finite elements methods using any one of a num- center of gravity, it is possible to calculate the first nat-
ber of commercially available computer programs ural frequency or critical speed (in CPM), as follows:
• Experimental techniques using variable frequency Metric: Nc = 0.0299 / dst.5

exciters or impact devices in conjunction with
vibration sensors and recording instruments
US Units: Nc = 187.7 / dst.5
9.6.4.2.1 Lateral critical speed
Where:
The natural frequency of rotor lateral vibration is also
called the lateral critical speed. More than one lateral Nc = critical speed (rpm)
mode can occur naturally, as shown in the following
example of a simple shaft supported by two bearings. dst = static deflection, mm (in.)
In Figure 9.6.4.1, the shaft is bowed at the center and
Figure 9.6.4.1 — First critical speed Figure 9.6.4.2 — Second critical speed

If the rotor system is assumed to be simply supported Example 3: Overhung impeller on two bearings
only at its bearings, in air, on infinitely rigid bearing (massless shaft assumed)
supports, the resulting critical speed is the “dry critical
speed.” The following equations yield dry critical dst = [wa2 L / 3EI].5
speeds for three common configurations. (Note: These
examples are intended to be for illustration purposes w = impeller weight, kN (pounds)
only and are not intended to provide standard calcula-
tion methods.) E = modulas of elasticity, GPa (psi)
Examples: I = moment of inertia, meters4 (in4)
Example 1: Shaft, between two bearings L = shaft length, meters (inches)
dst = [5wL / 384EI].5 a
w = shaft weight per length, kN/m (pounds per

E, I w
inch) Impeller
Shaft
L = shaft length, meters (inches) Bearings
E = modulas of elasticity, GPa (psi) L
I = moment of inertia, meters4 (in4)
L Other simple equations are available or can be derived

to determine the dry critical speed for the particular
w case being considered.
Shaft For many applications, use of dry critical speed calcu-

E, I lation methods are inadequate due to lack of consider-
Bearings ation of influencing factors. Calculation of “wet critical
speed” considers the support and damping effects of
Example 2: Impeller between two bearings the pumped liquid at the operating conditions, bearing
(massless shaft assumed) flexibility and damping, and other influencing factors. A
few of the factors that can effect the critical speed of a
pump and associated equipment that may be consid-
dst = [wa2 b2 / 3EIL].5
ered in a wet critical speed analysis include:
w = impeller weight, kN (pounds) • Stiffness and damping properties of bearings,
wear rings, close-clearance bushings, seals and
E = modulas of elasticity, GPa (psi) packing
I = moment of inertia, meters4 (in4) • Hydraulic damping effect of liquid surrounding the
rotating assembly
L = shaft length, meters (inches)
L • Lomakin effect (a hydrodynamic bearing effect
w caused by water flowing through small annular
E, I
Impeller areas at wear rings, interstage bushings, balanc-
ing devices, etc.)
Shaft
a b • Weight of the water in the impeller passages
• Temperature effects
Bearings
• Wear

• Lubricant properties (journal-type bearings) 9.6.4.2.2 Lateral dynamic analysis (optional)
• Axial tensioning The party having responsibility for the pump and driver
assembly may perform a lateral dynamic analysis in
• Gyroscopic effects the pre-construction stage to determine the natural
frequencies and critical speeds of the equipment in the
If simple (dry) calculation methods are used, wider lateral mode and to verify that there are sufficient mar-
margins of safety are required between operating gins away from the operating speed (or speed range if
speeds and calculated critical speeds due to the lack variable speed), and other excitation frequencies that
of consideration of these effects (25% is a typical mar- are characteristic of the equipment. The lateral
gin for such methods). Including these effects and dynamic analysis model may be performed using finite
determination of higher-order critical speeds are often element analysis (FEA) methods commonly used in
not practical using simple calculation methods. Appli- commercially available FEA computer codes or other
cation-specific computer programs are available that proven computer programs. The model shall consider
calculate multiple critical speeds and consider signifi- the characteristics of any structural component or
cant effects in certain cases. mass, and the internal equipment structure as neces-
sary to allow the determination of the structure natural
Finite element methods used by commercially avail- frequency characteristics and critical speeds. The
able computer codes provide flexibility in the ability to analysis shall specifically incorporate any of the follow-
analyze a wide range of applications with associated ing items applicable to the system being analyzed:
effects and obtain multiple critical speeds. Section
9.6.4.4 provides a specification by which critical • Pump structure, including internal features such
speeds and other natural frequencies may be deter- as shafts, bearings, and such features as neces-
mined using these methods. sary having appropriate strength, mass or damp-
ing effects.
Allowable margins of safety between operating speeds
and calculated critical speeds vary within the pump • Motor or other drive equipment reed frequency. In
industry depending on the service and the complexity vertical installations involving drives coupled to the
of the analysis. Commonly used margins of safety as pump, if the motor or other drive equipment reed
determined by analysis are about 15% to 25%, how- frequency is not accurately known based on
ever, these margins may be impractical in certain impact test of identical or similar units, a dynamic
applications, such as those having multiple excitation analysis of the equipment may be performed using
sources and operating at variable speed. the FEA methods described herein, by the motor
or drive equipment manufacturer. In such cases
With respect to difficult applications, margins of safety and at the discretion of the party having unit
between operating speeds and actual (not calculated) responsibility, impact tests shall be performed on
critical speeds can be less than the 15% to 25% range vertical motors or other drive equipment to verify
and allow successful installations to be obtained, the reed frequency value obtained analytically, or if
depending on the levels of excitation and damping different, to determine if design adjustments are
present. necessary.
The method of calculating critical speed, the extent of • Motor or drive critical speed.
the analysis, and the margins of safety to be used
should be agreed upon by the purchaser and the • Coupling or remote shafting effects.
manufacturer.
• Effects of liquid external to the pump at the highest
Experimental testing to determine critical speed(s) is and lowest liquid levels (wet pit pumps only).
often possible, although sometimes at considerable
expense relative to the value of the equipment. Meth- • Effects of internal liquid being pumped including
ods of experimental testing, if required, should be Lomakin effect.
agreed upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer.
The party having responsibility for the pump and driver • Any miscellaneous damping effects.
assembly shall interpret the results of any such tests
and make recommendations regarding any required • Effects of bearings, wear rings, and close-clear-
corrective action. ance bushings.

• The system shall be analyzed in more than one 3) Areas of interference of 1) and 2) described
axis, if component characteristics in one axis differ above clearly identified, or the lack of likely
significantly from another. resonance indicated
A complete dynamic analysis report should be submit- l) Interpretation of the results and recommenda-
ted to the purchaser in the pre-construction stage, and tions, including recommendations for appropriate
should include the following information: corrective action
a) Computer program used 9.6.4.2.3 Torsional critical speed
b) Assumptions made in order to model the The term torsional critical speeds of centrifugal pumps
system and associated drive equipment, refers to the speed of
a pump rotor or related rotating system that corre-
c) Schematic diagram of the model depicting nodes sponds to a resonant frequency of torsional vibration
and elements of the rotating system (a resonant frequency is one at
which resonance occurs). Torsional critical speeds are
d) Input data consisting of node coordinates, ele- associated with torsional or angular deflection of the
ment types, material properties, element charac- rotor and are not to be confused with lateral critical
teristics, element connectivities, and specified speeds associated with lateral deflection. The two are
displacements separate entities. A given rotor or rotating system may
possess more than one torsional resonant frequency
e) Any supporting calculations and data and, therefore, torsional critical speed. The lowest fre-
quency, which produces the “first mode shape” and
f) Motor or other drive reed frequency data (or “first critical speed,” is in general of the most concern
dynamic analysis, if required) for most types of equipment.
g) Motor or other drive critical speed data, by the Determination of torsional critical speed can be impor-
manufacturer tant in pumps and associated rotating equipment
because if a torsional critical speed or resonant fre-
h) Shafting critical speed data, by the manufacturer quency is close to an exciting frequency, small excita-
tion forces can be greatly amplified. The resulting
i) Anticipated excitation frequencies stresses and angular deflections can cause premature
equipment failure. Examples of sources of torsional
j) Analysis results including all significant natural fre- excitation include variable frequency motor torque pul-
quencies and a description of the corresponding sations, combustion engine torque spikes, and impel-
mode shapes ler vane pass, particularly for impellers with only two or
three vanes. The calculation of the first torsional criti-
k) An interference diagram depicting a plot of excita- cal speed is fairly simple for simple rotor systems.
tion frequency versus operating speed, with the
following information: Figure 9.6.4.3 represents a simple horizontal centrifu-
gal pump system consisting of a pump, motor, con-
1) A plot of all excitation sources that are multi- necting shafts, and flexible coupling, with associated
ples of the operating speed, properly labeled rotational inertia and torsional stiffness values.
2) A plot of natural frequencies versus operating

speed
Jm Jp
Jc (≈ 0)
Coupling
Motor Pump
Kc
Km Kp
Figure 9.6.4.3 — Simple horizontal centrifugal pump system

The equivalent torsional stiffness of the system, Ke, is Rotating systems are typically designed so that the
calculated by the equation: torsional critical speeds are 10% to 25% away from
the rotating speed. Many system torsional resonance
1 1 1 1 problems are typically solved by a calculated change
------- = --------- + ------- + ------- in the torsional stiffness of one system component,
Ke Km Kc Kp
typically the coupling between the pump and its driver.
The torsional critical speed may be calculated as:
Experimental testing to determine torsional critical
speed(s) is often possible, however, sometimes at con-
60 Ke ( Jm + Jp )g .5 siderable expense relative to the value of the equip-
Nc t = ------ --------------------------------------
2π Jm Jp ment. Special equipment is needed to measure
torsional vibration. Methods of experimental testing (if
Where: required) should be agreed upon by the supplier and
the purchaser. The vendor having unit responsibility
Nct = torsional critical speed (rpm) shall interpret the results of any such tests and make
recommendations regarding any required corrective
Ke, Km, Kc, Kp = torsional spring constants action.
(kN-m/rad [lb-in./rad])
9.6.4.2.4 Torsional dynamic analysis (optional)
g = gravitational constant (9.81 m/sec2 [386
in./sec2]) The torsional dynamic analysis may be performed
using finite element analysis methods commonly uti-
Jm, Jp = rotational inertias (kg-m2 [lb-in.2]), also lized in commercially available FEA computer codes or
known as WK2 or WR2 other proven computer programs. The model shall
consider the characteristics of any structural compo-
W = weight (kg [lbs]) nent or mass as necessary to allow the determination
of the torsional critical speed characteristics of the
K or R = radius of gyration (mm4 [in.4]) equipment, including the pump and driver rotational
inertias, pump and driver shaft rigidities and inertias
The rotational inertia of the liquid within the impeller is and rigidities of all other rotating equipment in the
considered by adding the liquid rotational inertia to drive train between the pump and driver. Torsional
that of the pump impeller, resulting in the “wet” impel- data pertaining to couplings or intermediate shafting
ler rotational inertia. shall be incorporated in the model.
Other equations are available or may be derived for A complete dynamic analysis report should be submit-
simple systems, however, manual calculation methods ted to the purchaser in the pre-construction stage, and
become prohibitive as the number of components in should include the following information:
the rotating system increases (e.g., multiple impellers,
shafts, couplings, etc.). Calculation of K values can a) Computer program used
become cumbersome with stepped shafts. Also, evalu-
ation of modes other than the first mode is difficult. For b) Assumptions made to model the system
more complicated calculations, various computerized
methods are used. Application-specific computer pro- c) Schematic diagram of the model depicting nodes
grams are available that determine torsional critical and elements
speeds for specific cases, in particular engine-driven
equipment. Engine-driven systems are often analyzed d) Input data consisting of node coordinates, ele-
by the engine supplier or others familiar with the inter- ment types, material properties, element charac-
nal design of the engine, authorized by the vendor teristics, element connectivities, and specified
having system responsibility. The method of calculat- displacements
ing torsional critical speed, as well as the extent of the
analysis, should be agreed upon by the supplier and e) Any supporting calculations and data
the purchaser. Finite element analysis methods (Section
9.6.4.3.4), provide a specification by which torsional criti- f) Pump and drive equipment torsional data by the
cal speeds may be determined using these methods. respective manufacturers

g) Shafting or coupling torsional data by its 9.6.4.2.5.1 Vertical dry pit pumps
manufacturer
The lowest (or first) natural frequency of a vertical
h) Anticipated exciting frequencies structure, if idealized as a vertical cantilever beam with
a concentrated mass, can be illustrated using the fol-
i) Analysis results including all significant torsional lowing equation:
critical speeds and a description of the corre-
sponding mode shapes Metric: fn = 0.0299 / dst.5
j) An interference diagram depicting a plot of excita-

tion frequency versus operating speed, with the US Units: fn = 187.7 / dst.5
following information:
Where:
1) A plot of all excitation sources that are multi-
ples of the operating speed, properly labeled fn = natural frequency (cycles/min)
2) A plot of torsional natural frequencies versus dst = static deflection (mm [in.]) of the center of
operating speed gravity of the structure caused by a force
equal to the weight of the structure applied
3) Areas of interference of 1) and 2) described horizontally at the center of gravity of the
above clearly identified, or the lack of likely structure being analyzed
resonance indicated
The natural frequency of a structure is sometimes
k) Interpretation of results and recommendations, called the reed frequency, due to its similarity to the
including recommendations for appropriate correc- oscillation of a reed. The natural frequency depends
tive action on the mass and stiffness of the structure.
9.6.4.2.5 Structure lateral vibration From the equation it can be seen that the natural fre-
quency will decrease as deflection increases. Deflec-
Structural vibration occurs in both horizontal and verti- tion will increase as structure weight increases, as
cal pumps. However, vertical structures are particu- structure rigidity decreases, and as the distance of the
larly vulnerable to resonance because the natural center of gravity from the support increases.
frequencies of these structures are inherently lower
than those involving horizontal pumps and are nearer Conversely, the natural frequency will increase as
to the operating speed of the equipment. deflection decreases. Deflection will decrease as the
structure weight decreases, as structure rigidity
A vertical structure, which may consist of a pump only, increases, and as the distance of the center of gravity
a motor only, a pump with drive equipment (motor, from the support decreases.
gear, etc.) directly mounted, and associated bases or
supports can be idealized as a vertical cantilever There will be higher natural frequencies not repre-
beam, anchored at one end and free to move at the sented by this simple model, which correspond to
other end. Each such structure possesses its own nat- other modes of vibration. These natural frequencies
ural frequencies. Each component of the structure has are often far removed from the operating speed so as
its own contribution to the natural frequency character- to not be a problem.
istics of the structure.
9.6.4.2.5.2 Vertical wet pit pumps
Determination of any structure natural frequency is
important because if a structure natural frequency is The above discussion concerning dry pit pumps
numerically close to an operating speed or other excit- applies to wet pit pumps as well, with some differ-
ing frequency, a state of resonance exists wherein any ences. Wet pit pumps usually have a structure above
excitation force can be greatly amplified. The fre- the base and a structure below the base, each with its
quency at which resonance occurs is known as a reso- own natural frequency characteristics. The natural fre-
nant frequency. At a resonant frequency, the resulting quency of the structure below the baseplate will be
stresses and deflections can cause premature equip- affected by the water around the submerged pump col-
ment failure. umn, and therefore the effects of high and low water

levels must be considered. If an outer containment is The natural frequency of a structure is unique to a
used, it must be included in the analysis of vibration. given installation and may not be measurable in any
other mounting, such as in a shop test. Normally, a
9.6.4.2.6 Structure dynamic analysis (optional) pump unit in a shop test with a non-rigid support will
have different natural frequencies than when it is rig-
In the pre-construction stage it is desirable to verify idly installed in a typical permanent system.
that a structure has no natural frequency near an oper-
ating speed. This is particularly important for variable- The first natural frequency or reed frequency may be
speed installations, due to a range of speeds that must determined by exciting the structure with a variable-
be avoided. Calculation of the first and other natural speed frequency exciter. A vibration transducer
frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes can together with a vibration analyzer is used to determine
become quite complicated. Natural frequency data for the resonant frequency as exciter frequency is varied.
each component of the structure must be incorporated Alternately, the resonant frequency may be obtained
into the analysis, and as such, adequate natural fre- approximately by impact testing. In this technique, the
quency data for each structure component (motor, for structure is excited by striking with a soft hammer
example) must be obtained and included by the party (hard-faced steel hammers are not recommended). A
having responsibility for the pump and driver assembly. 200 × 200 mm (4 × 4 inch) piece of timber 1 meter (3
The simple model in Section 9.6.4.3.5 is often inade- feet) long also works well. This will cause the structure
quate for the purpose of analysis because of the diffi- to vibrate at its resonant frequency. A single-channel
culty of determining the location and deflection of the vibration analyzer may be used to measure the fre-
center of gravity in such structures. The model is quency of this vibration. A more elaborate and expen-
included here for illustration purposes only, and not for sive impact test, when justified, may be performed
purposes of analysis. using a multi-channel analyzer with an instrumented
hammer or shaker to obtain all the modal characteris-
Computational methods using application-specific pro- tics (natural frequency, mode shape, and damping) of
grams or general-purpose finite element analysis the structure and to ensure that the measured
(FEA) programs may be required to produce adequate response is caused by the forced input, and not
results. Even so, the actual distribution of the structure effected by background noise or electrical interference.
mass and stiffness can be difficult, effecting the accu-
racy of the calculation. Typical sources of inaccuracies Structures are not generally symmetrical and may
include system nonlinearities and joint looseness. A therefore have different natural frequencies in different
sample specification involving FEA methods is pro- axes. Any axis of significant mechanical dissymmetry
vided in Section 9.6.4.3.4. should be checked. The axis parallel to the pump dis-
charge piping and the axis perpendicular to the piping
The method of calculating structure natural frequency, are axes commonly having significant mechanical dis-
the extent of the analysis, and the margins of safety to symmetry for pump structures, which should be
be used should be agreed upon by the purchaser and checked.
the manufacturer.
The party having responsibility for the pump and driver
Margins of safety between structure natural frequency assembly shall interpret the results of any such tests
and operating speed obtained by calculation vary and make recommendations regarding any corrective
within the industry. Typical margins are 25%, particu- action.
larly in structures involving multiple components and/
or multiple bolted joints, however some application- 9.6.4.3 Vibration measurements
specific industry specifications allow margins as low
as 10%. Margins of safety on the order of 25% may be 9.6.4.3.1 Vibration instruments
impractical in certain applications, such as those hav-
ing several closely-spaced natural frequencies operat- The primary measure of vibration is velocity, unfiltered,
ing at variable speed, with multiple excitation sources. in millimeters (inches) per second RMS.
In some applications, low margins of safety between The most appropriate method of measurement is elec-
operating speed and actual (not calculated) natural tronic velocity or acceleration measurements taken at
frequency can result in successful operation, depend- various frequencies. Where the values are significant,
ing on the levels of excitation and damping present. these measurements are integrated in an appropriate

electronic circuit to determine overall vibration in milli- • Pump must be installed so that shaft alignment
meters (inches) per second. and flange loads are kept in accordance with the
manufacturers’ recommendations
Direct measurement of velocity or acceleration filtered
to unique frequencies is not intended by this guide. • Vibration level recorded is the maximum of mea-
Such secondary measurements, including complete surements taken in each of three planes; vertical,
frequency analysis, are useful in diagnosing vibration horizontal or axial; measured as shown in Figures
problems. 9.6.4.4 to 9.6.4.14
It should be noted that relatively high velocity or accel- • Pump intakes (wet wells) shall be properly
eration readings at high frequencies result in very designed in accordance with ANSI/HI 9.8-1998,
small displacement values. Pump Intake Design
9.6.4.3.2 Location of vibration probes The values in Figures 9.6.4.4 to 9.6.4.14 are not appli-
cable to factory or laboratory acceptance tests. Experi-
The vibration probes should be located on both bear- ence has shown that vibration levels measured on
ing housings of horizontal split case or double case temporary factory setups may be as much as two
pumps, near the upper or outer bearing of end suction times higher than those obtained in the field.
pumps and near the upper motor bearing of vertical
pumps with close-coupled motors. The field vibration acceptance levels are applicable to
the pump when operating anywhere within the pre-
Figures 9.6.4.4 through 9.6.4.14 illustrate the location ferred operating range (see ANSI/HI 9.6.3-1997).
in greater detail. Probes must not be located on flexi- When entering the charts, the abscissa refers to the
ble panel or cylinder walls, such as on motor end cov- power the pump is drawing at the time the vibration
ers of vertical pumps. Such covers should be removed measurement is made. To illustrate, assume a pump
to allow measurements on a stiff part of the machine. was sold for rated duty point of 225 m3/h (1000 gpm),
with a preferred operating range of 110 to 250 m3/h
Displacement measurements of the pump shaft, rela- (500 to 1100 gpm). At the rated duty point, the pump
tive to the bearing journals, are sometimes taken with would draw 37 kW (50 hp). A vibration reading is taken
proximity probes supported on the bearing housing. in the field when the pump is operating at 180 m3/h
Such measurements are primarily useful as analytical (800 gpm), at which time it is drawing 34 kW (45 hp).
tools, since they provide information on phase angles, To evaluate the vibration level, one would enter the
vibration modes and frequencies. However, ampli- appropriate chart at 34 kW (45 hp) and read the
tudes are influenced heavily by the bearing clearance acceptable field vibration level. If later the pump rate of
and oil film and are normally larger than the housing flow increases to 250 m3/h (1100 gpm), where the
vibration. They are not necessarily in conformance power consumed is 45 kW (60 hp), then one would
with the guidelines in Figures 9.6.4.4 through 9.6.4.14. enter the appropriate chart at 45 kW (60 hp). If the rate
of flow were less than 110 m3/h (500 gpm), the vibra-
9.6.4.4 Allowable pump field vibration values tion acceptance standards would not be applicable
because the pump was operating below the minimum
The vibration values shown in Figures 9.6.4.4 through of preferred operating range.
9.6.4.14 are for unfiltered RMS velocity readings.
These values assume the following conditions: These vibration values are to be used as a general
acceptance guide with the understanding that vibration
• Operation under steady state conditions at the levels in excess of these values may be acceptable by
rated speed +/- 10% mutual agreement if they show no continued increase
with time and there is no indication of damage, such
• No entrained air or gas and adequate NPSH mar- as an increase in bearing clearance or noise level.
gin (see ANSI/HI 9.6.1-1998, Centrifugal and Ver-
tical Pumps – NPSH Margin)
• Operation within the pump’s Preferred Operating

Region, POR, as recommended by the pump man-
ufacturer (see ANSI/HI 9.6.3-1997, Centrifugal and
Vertical Pumps – Allowable Operation Region)

7.11
6.10
Vibration – mm / sec RMS, unfiltered

5.08
4.06
3.04
2.03
1.01
0
0.75 7.5 75 750
Input power @ test conditions — kW
0.28
Vibration – Inches / sec RMS, unfiltered
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0
1 10 100 1000
Input power @ test conditions — BHP
Figure 9.6.4.4 — End suction foot mounted–ANSI B73.1, B73.3, B73.5

7.11
6.10
5.08
4.06
3.04
2.03
1.01
0
0.75 7.5 75 750
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0
1 10 100 1000
Figure 9.6.4.5 — Vertical in-line, separately coupled, ANSI B73.2
10

7.11
Vibration – mm / sec RMS, unfiltered 6.10
5.08
4.06
3.04
2.03
1.01
0
0.75 7.5 75 750
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0
1 10 100 1000
Figure 9.6.4.6 — End suction, close coupled horizontal and vertical in-line
11

7.11
6.10

5.08
4.06
3.04
2.03
1.01
0
0.75 7.5 75 750
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0
1 10 100 1000
Figure 9.6.4.7 — End suction, frame mounted
12

7.11
6.10

5.08
within AOR
4.06
within POR
3.04
2.03
1.01
0
0.75 7.5 75 750
0.28
Vibration – inches / sec RMS, unfiltered
0.24
0.20
within AOR
0.16
within POR
0.12
0.08
0.04
0
1 10 100 1000
Figure 9.6.4.8 — End suction, centerline support, API 610
13

7.11
6.10

5.08
4.06
3.04
2.03
1.01
0
0.75 7.5 75 750
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0
1 10 100 1000
Figure 9.6.4.9 — End suction, paper stock
14

9.14 0.36
8.13 0.32
Vertical Vertical
7.11 0.28
Horizontal Horizontal

6.10 0.24
5.08 0.20
4.06 0.16
3.04 0.12
2.03 0.08
1.01 0.04
0 0
0.75 7.5 75 298 750 1 10 100 400 1000
Input power @ test conditions — kW Input power @ test conditions — BHP
Figure 9.6.4.10 — End suction, solids handling, horizontal and vertical
15

10.2
9.14

8.13
7.11
6.10
5.08
4.06
3.04
0.75 7.5 75 750
0.40
0.36
0.32
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.12
1 10 100 1000
Figure 9.6.4.11 — End suction, hard metal and rubber-lined horizontal and vertical
16

7.11
6.10

5.08
4.06
3.04
2.03
1.01
0
0.75 7.5 75 750 7500
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0
1 10 100 1000 10,000
Figure 9.6.4.12 — Between bearing, single and multistage
17

7.11
6.10
5.08
4.06
3.04
2.03
1.01
0
0.75 7.5 75 750
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08
A
0.04
0
1 10 100 1000
Figure 9.6.4.13 — Vertical turbine, mixed flow and propeller type
18

7.11
6.10
5.08
4.06
3.04
2.03
1.01
0
0.75 7.5 75 750 2238
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0
1 10 100 1000 3000
SUCTION
Pump can
when supplied
Figure 9.6.4.14 — Vertical turbine, short set pumps, assembled for shipment by the manufacturer
19

9.6.4.5 Factors affecting vibration Pertinent aspects:
9.6.4.5.1 Unbalance of rotating parts and rotor — The balance grade specified in the above standard
balancing yields a level or residual unbalance in rotating
components consistent with clearance fits
Unbalance of the pump rotor can generate high unbal- between the impeller and shaft. Rotating assembly
ance forces, result in excessive bearing and shaft balance is recommended when practical if tighter
loading and induce high vibration levels. The balancing quality grades (e.g., G2.5 or G1.0) are desired. For
method and the residual unbalance limits are as those instances where non-clearance fits are
described in this section. applicable, agreement between the manufacturer
and purchaser should be reached if a different
Component balance shall be single-plane spin bal- component balance quality grade is desired;
ance to ISO 1940/I:1986 balance quality grade G6.3
(See Figure 9.6.4.15 A and B). When the ratio of the — Balance machine sensitivity is a function of the
largest outside diameter of the component divided by ratio of the weight of the part to the weight rating of
the distance between the correction planes is less the machine. (Above 100%, one must check with
than six, a two plane balance may be required. Other the manufacturer of the balancing machine.) As an
grades may be used if agreed upon by the user and example, a 45-kg (100-lb) rated machine may pro-
manufacturer. vide adequate sensitivity and accuracy for a 4.5-
kg (10-lb) part, but a 9-kg (20-lb) rated machine
NOTE: In the specific case of impellers, the width is would be much more suited for the task; and a 1.5-
measured at the periphery, including the thickness kg (3-lb) part may not balance at all on the 45-kg
of any shrouds but not the back vane. (100-lb) machine to the quality grade required.
Figure 9.6.4.15 is used by entering the graph at the Following are guidelines for the quality of balance pro-
maximum expected service speed, such as 3000 rpm, cedure, equipment, tooling and rotor geometry, giving
and reading the acceptable residual unbalance as both users and manufacturers a common ground for
.021 kg – mm/kg (.8502 – in/oz). Multiply this number discussing these issues that have been learned
by the rotor weight in kg (oz) and the result is the through experience.
allowable unbalance of the rotor in kg – mm (oz – in).
1) Inherent balance and/or runout in balancer
Balancing machine sensitivity shall be adequate for drive or balancing arbor.
the part to be balanced. This means that the machine
is capable of measuring unbalanced levels to one- The balancer drive may be checked by periodically
tenth of the maximum residual unbalance allowed by rotating the drive splines 180 degrees after a part
the balance quality grade selected for the component has been balanced and checking the residual
being balanced. unbalance. It should be within 10% of the original
unbalance. Runout in the balancing arbor should be
Balancing machines are capable of measuring unbal- checked when assembled in the balancer. It should
ance independent of its speed. When the value for be no more than .025 mm (.001 in.) total indicator
allowable unbalance is determined from figure movement;
9.6.4.15, it is not necessary to operate the balancing
machine at the same speed as the pump speed. 2) Keys/keyway geometry errors.
Balance machines shall be calibrated as recom- Special care must be taken to ensure that keys and
mended by its manufacturer. When specified, calibra- keyways in balancing arbors are dimensionally
tion shall be done just prior to balancing. identical and the same weight to those in the
assembled rotor. Like the arbor, they should be of
hardened tool steel to resist error introduced
through wear;
20

Center of gravity displacement - e (millimeters) or acceptable residual

unbalance/kilogram – millimeters/kilogram of rotor mass
Figure 9.6.4.15A — Allowable residual unbalance in pump impellers – grade G6.3 (metric)
21

Center of gravity displacement - e (in. × 10–3) or acceptable residual

unbalance in ounce inches × 10–3 / ounces of rotor mass
Figure 9.6.4.15B — Allowable residual unbalance in pump impellers – grade G6.3 (US units)
22

3) Excessive looseness between impeller hub The magnitude of pump vibration caused by rotor
and balancing arbor. unbalance is also influenced by the mass of the pump
casing. As the size of the pump casing increases, the
The following guidelines are suggested for maxi- magnitude of the vibration measured in the bearing
mum looseness between balancing arbor and housings decreases.
impeller. At no time should this looseness be
greater than that found on the assembled rotor; Unbalance of the driver, especially when it is mounted
on the pump, and unbalance of the coupling will have
the same effect as pump rotor unbalance and require
Diameter impeller Maximum looseness the same treatment.
hub bore (diametral)
Field balancing is an acceptable means for meeting
(≤ 1800 rpm) (1800 ≤ 3600 guaranteed field vibration limits. It is sometimes
rpm) impractical to balance a pump driver assembly in the
shop because of the size, speed, thermal conditions of
0— .038 mm .038 mm the assembly, etc. Furthermore, it is found that a shop-
38 mm (1.499 in.) (.0015 in.) (.0015 in.) balanced assembly may produce different vibration
levels in the field because of the dissimilarities
38.1 mm (1.5 in.) — .051 mm .038 mm between shop and field foundation, job or test driver,
50.8 mm (1.999 in.) (.0020 in.) (.0015 in.) piping, etc.
50.9 mm (2.0 in.) .065 mm .038 mm 9.6.4.5.2 Natural frequency and resonance
— above (.0025 in.) (.0015 in.)
Operation of a pump at a rotational speed near or at
vane-passing frequency or one of the lower natural fre-
NOTE: For those impellers to be run at 3,600 rpm and hav- quencies of the structure can result in a resonant con-
ing a straight radial clearance with the shaft, the maximum
dition. Theoretically, the vibration levels could become
looseness specified, while a practical limit, may not assure a
G6.3 residual unbalance when removed from the balance infinite, but the presence of dampening generally limits
arbor and mounted on the pump shaft. In this case, a G10 the levels to several times that shown on Figures
specification on impeller balance or a rotating assembly bal- 9.6.4.4 through 9.6.4.14.
ance is recommended.
Pump manufacturers can calculate or determine by
4) Removal or addition of material. test the natural frequency of the pump assembly. How-
ever, in a field installation, the vibrating structure com-
Material removal: This should be done in a man- prises, in addition to the pump, the foundation, the
ner that spreads the balance correction as evenly mounting, the piping and its supports, and may include
as possible over the surface. If a shroud is used, the the driver and flexible shafting. The natural frequency
thickness removed should be no more than 1/3 of of the vibrating structure is determined by the stiffness
the original, and the subsequent finish should be of the total structure and by its equivalent mass. It may
equal to the remainder of the shroud. If the impeller therefore differ significantly from the natural frequency
vane is used for balance correction, no more than 1/4 of the pump alone.
of the vane thickness should be removed, always
from the low-pressure side. Removal by drilling and/ In the absence of any specific information, the pump
or end milling should follow the same thickness manufacturer will assume that the piping is installed
guidelines, with appropriate consideration to mini- rigidly and anchored close to the pump connections
mizing flow discontinuities. and that the hold-down bolts are securely embedded
in a concrete foundation of infinite mass and rigidity.
Material addition: Sometimes for very large rotors
with large amounts of unbalance it becomes desir- The system designer must give this proper consider-
able to add material so that the shroud/vane thick- ation and must ensure that the natural frequency of
ness guidelines are not violated. This is permissible the system does not fall within the pump operating
as long as impeller finish and discontinuities to flow speed range. He also must be aware of the much
are not radical and the method of material addition lower stiffness of fabricated system structures rela-
is consistent with requirements for mechanical tive to concrete and the problems associated with
integrity and material properties of the impeller/ calculating stiffness of unconventional and composite
component for the intended/specified service.
23

structures. This is especially true in the case of verti- c) fluid separation at high flows;
cally mounted pumps in applications where variable
speed drives are employed. Horizontal pumps are rel- d) cavitation due to NPSH problems;
atively rigid with a resulting high natural frequency, and
occasions where resonance problems arise are rare. e) flow disturbances in the pump intake due to
improper intake design;
9.6.4.5.2.1 Hydraulic resonance in piping
f) air entrainment or aeration of the liquid;
Vibration problems can be caused by hydraulic reso-
nance of the liquid within the pump/piping system. g) hydraulic resonance in the piping;
When normal pump-induced pressure pulsations are
reflected by the piping systems and added in phase h) solids contained in the liquids, such as sewage,
to the source pulse, the amplitude of the pulse is impacting in the pump and causing momentary
magnified. Resulting high pressures can ultimately imbalance, or wedged in the impeller and causing
cause mechanical fatigue failures in either the piping continuous imbalance.
or the pump components, can generate unacceptable
noise levels and can cause vibration of the system The pump manufacturer should provide for item “a”
components. above in the pump design and establish limits for low
flow. The system designer is responsible for giving due
Experience has shown that the following measures consideration to the remaining items.
may prove effective in correcting hydraulic resonance:
9.6.4.5.4 Other mechanical problems
a) alter the resonant piping;
Misalignment of the shafting, damaged bearing, bent
b) change the pump speed; shafts, inadequate piping supports and expansion
joints without tie rods are also frequent causes of
c) change the internal design characteristics of the vibration.
pump;
9.6.4.5.5 Effect of rigidity
d) insert a pulsation damper on the pump/piping
system. The amplitude of the vibration resulting from a given
driving force is related to the rigidity of the vibrating
Modifications to the pump, piping or supporting struc- structure.
tures that do not change the pulsation response
(hydraulic natural frequency) of the pump/piping sys- For example, a conventional horizontal split case
tem will not correct the resonant condition. pump is much more rigid than a vertically mounted
sewage pump. The same forcing levels of any of the
9.6.4.5.3 Hydraulic disturbances above sources could be expected to result in signifi-
cantly higher vibration amplitude levels on the sewage
Vibration is always caused by a driving force. Hydraulic pump bearing frame than on the split case.
disturbances in the pump may generate this force. Fol-
lowing is a list of some typical hydraulic disturbances: Likewise, a short vertical sewage pump would be more
rigid than a tall one, and lower vibration amplitudes
a) hydraulic forces produced between the impeller would be expected. The higher flexibility of the taller
vanes and the volute cutwater or diffuser at vane- structure, however, results in higher vibration ampli-
passing frequency; tudes for the same effect on life of the components.
b) recirculation and radial forces at low flows;
24

Appendix A
Bibliography
Lobanoff and Ross, Centrifugal Pumps, Design and Kovats, “Vibration of Vertical Pumps”, Paper No. 61-
Application, Gulf Publishing Co., 1985. Hyd-10, Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Engi-
neering for Power.
Karassik, Krutzsch, Frazer and Messina, Editors;
Pump Handbook, 1st Ed., McGraw Hill, 1976, pp:9 – Dicmas, Vertical Turbine, Mixed Flow, and Propeller
90. Pumps, McGraw Hill, 1978; pp.98.
Kovats, Design and Performance of Centrifugal and

Axial Flow Pumps and Compressors, The Macmillan
Co., 1964; pp:456-7.
25

HI Pump Vibration Index — 2000
Appendix B
Index
This appendix is not part of this standard, but is presented to help the user in considering factors beyond this
standard.
Note: an f. indicates a figure, and a t. indicates a table.
Balancing See Rotor balancing Probe locations, 8

between bearing, single and multistage, 17f.
Critical speed end suction foot mounted, 9f.
See Dry critical speed end suction, centerline support, 13f.
See Lateral critical speed end suction, close coupled horizontal and vertical in-
line, 11f.
Dry critical speed, 2 end suction, frame mounted, 12f.
Dynamic analysis report, 4, 5 end suction, hard metal and rubber-lined horizontal
and vertical, 16f.
FEA See Finite element analysis end suction, paper stock, 14f.
Field values end suction, solids handling, horizontal and vertical,
between bearing, single and multistage, 17f. 15f.
end suction foot mounted, 9f. vertical in-line, separately coupled, 10f.
end suction, centerline support, 13f. vertical turbine, mixed flow and propeller type, 18f.
end suction, close coupled horizontal and vertical in- vertical turbine, short set pumps, assembled for
line, 11f. shipment by the manufacturer, 19f.
end suction, frame mounted, 12f.
end suction, hard metal and rubber-lined horizontal Reed frequency, 6
and vertical, 16f. See also Natural frequency
end suction, paper stock, 14f. Resonance, 23
end suction, solids handling, horizontal and vertical, in piping, 24
15f. Resonant frequency, 6
vertical in-line, separately coupled, 10f. Rigidity, 24
vertical turbine, mixed flow and propeller type, 18f. Rotational inertia, 4, 5
vertical turbine, short set pumps, assembled for Rotor balancing, 20
shipment by the manufacturer, 19f. allowable residual unbalance in pump impellers,
Finite element analysis, 3, 5, 7 21f., 22f.
First critical speed, 1f., 1, 4 maximum looseness between balancing arbor and
First mode shape, 4 impeller, 23
Rotor lateral vibration, 1
Hydraulic disturbances, 24 See also Lateral critical speed
Hydraulic resonance See Resonance Rotor torsional vibration, 1
Lateral critical speed, 1, 1f. Second critical speed, 1f., 1

calculations, 1 Structure dynamic analysis, 7
Lateral dynamic analysis, 3 Structure lateral vibration, 1, 6
vertical dry pit pumps, 6
Miscellaneous mechanical problems, 24 vertical wet pit pumps, 6
Natural frequency, 6, 7 Torsional critical speed, 4, 4f.

and resonance, 23 calculation, 5
Torsional dynamic analysis, 5
Torsional stiffness, 4, 5
26

HI Pump Vibration Index — 2000
Unbalance, 20
allowable residual in impellers, 21f., 22f.
maximum looseness between balancing arbor and
impeller, 23
Vibration
dynamics, 1
factors affecting, 20
field values, 8, 9f.–19f.
frequencies and methods of determination, 1
measurements, 7
probe locations, 8, 9f.–19f.
Wet critical speed, 2
27

M121

Ansi-Hi 9.6.4 (2000)

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ANSI/HI 9.6.

American National Standard for

Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

American National Standard for

Centrifugal and Vertical Pumps

Approved March 23, 2000

Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at

Copyright © 2000 Hydraulic Institute

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,

Printed in the United States of America

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Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

Purpose and aims of the Hydraulic Institute

Definition of a Standard of the Hydraulic Institute

Comments from users

Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

Consensus for this standard was achieved by use of the Canvass

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• Experimental techniques using variable frequency Metric: Nc = 0.0299 / dst.5

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dst = [5wL / 384EI].5 a

w = shaft weight per length, kN/m (pounds per

E = modulas of elasticity, GPa (psi) L

I = moment of inertia, meters4 (in4)

L Other simple equations are available or can be derived

Shaft For many applications, use of dry critical speed calcu-

a b • Weight of the water in the impeller passages

Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

• Lubricant properties (journal-type bearings) 9.6.4.2.2 Lateral dynamic analysis (optional)

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a) Computer program used 9.6.4.2.3 Torsional critical speed

2) A plot of natural frequencies versus operating

Figure 9.6.4.3 — Simple horizontal centrifugal pump system

Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

j) An interference diagram depicting a plot of excita-

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• Operation within the pump’s Preferred Operating

Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

Vibration – mm / sec RMS, unfiltered

Input power @ test conditions — kW

Input power @ test conditions — BHP

Figure 9.6.4.4 — End suction foot mounted–ANSI B73.1, B73.3, B73.5

Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

Input power @ test conditions — kW

Input power @ test conditions — BHP

Figure 9.6.4.5 — Vertical in-line, separately coupled, ANSI B73.2

Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

Vibration – mm / sec RMS, unfiltered 6.10

Input power @ test conditions — kW

Input power @ test conditions — BHP

Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

Vibration – mm / sec RMS, unfiltered

Input power @ test conditions — kW

Input power @ test conditions — BHP

Figure 9.6.4.7 — End suction, frame mounted

Copyright © 2000 By Hydraulic Institute, All Rights Reserved.

Vibration – mm / sec RMS, unfiltered