SAP Basics - Modelling, Analysis, Design (Autosaved) PDF

UET SAP
SAP2000 Basics: Model, Analyze, Design

CE 309L Structural Engineering Software Applications
Lecture Contents
• Structural Model, GUI and Data Table in SAP2000
• Modelling, Analysis and Design of Continuous Beam
1/24
Introduction to SAP2000
• SAP2000 14 icon
• It structural Analysis program (SAP2000) used for civil engineering
structures analysis and design according to the specified code (ACI, UBC
etc)
• SAP2000 is a full-featured program that can be used for the simplest
problems or the most complex projects.
• From a simple small 2D static frame analysis to a large complex 3D
nonlinear dynamic analysis, SAP2000 is the easiest, most productive
solution for your structural analysis and design needs
• SAP2000 is the ideal software tool for users of any experience level,
designing any structural system. (based on FEA)
2
History and Language
• Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI)
– Is a structural and earthquake engineering software company founded
in 1975 and based in Walnut Creek, California.
– The structural analysis and design software CSI produce include
SAP2000, CSiBridge, ETABS, SAFE, PERFORM-3D, and CSiCOL.
– Initially released in 1996, SAP2000v11 was the first version of SAP to
be completely integrated within Microsoft Windows.
– SAP2000v12……….v13..v14…v15…v16…v17
3
Cont..
• Computers and Structures, Inc.’s use Application Programming Interface
(API) language for the development of different analysis and design
software.
• The API is compatible with most major programming languages, including
Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), VB.NET, C#, C++, Visual Fortan,
Python, and Matlab..
4
SAP Graphic User Interface
Main Title Bar
Zoom Manu
Display
Main Manu Bar Plan Views
Move up down
Drawing Tools Main Tool Bar
Drawing /Modelling Area
Selection Tools
Location Tools
Active Unit
Side title bar
5
Cont..
Display
Display title barViews
Plan
Move up down
Active display window
Drawing Tools
Display Window
Drawing /Modelling Area
Selection Tools
Coordinates
Location Tools
Unit
6
Cont..
• Coordinates Direction in SAP2000
Displa
Plan
y
Move up down
Views
Drawing
Tools
Selection
Tools
Location Unit
Tools
7
Structural Model, GUI, and Data Table in SAP2000
SAP2000 analyzes and designs structure using a model that you define
in the graphical user interface (GUI). The model consists primarily of the
following types of components:
• Units
• Objects
• Groups
• Coordinate systems and grids
• Properties
• Functions
• Load patterns
• Load cases
• Load Combinations
• Design settings
• Output and display definitions
8/24
• Basics units: force, length, temperature, and time.

• Mass (for dynamic, modal analysis) and Weight (like a force,
gravity) are separately assigned.
• Base units are convertible at any time of
modelling/analysis/design.
• Always, axes orientation in degrees, rotational displacement in
radians, frequency in cycles/second (Hz)
9/24
• The physical structural members in the model are represented by
objects.
• “Draw” the geometry of an object, and then “assign” properties and
loads to object to completely define a model of the physical member.
• Point objects
• Joint object: corners and ends of objects, supports
• One-Joint link object: special supports (isolators, dampers,
springs, etc.)
• Line objects
• Frame/Cable/Tendon object: beams, columns, braces,
trusses, cables, and tendon members.
• Two-Joints link object: Zerolength element, multi-linear springs
• Area objects: walls, floors, and other thin-walled members, as
well as two-dimensional solids.
• Solid objects: model three-dimensional solids.
10/24
Linear Elements
– Element whose linear dimension (Length) is more as compare to

other dimensions (Width & Depth)
1. Beam
2. Column
3. Strut
4. Tie
11/24
Beam
– Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to
carry vertical loads (perpendicular to member axis)
– A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding
load primarily by resisting bending
12/24
Column
• Members that are generally vertical and resist axial
compressive loads called column.
13/24
Beam – Column Framing System
14/24
Strut and Tie
• The part of structure that has a compressive force acting on it
is called a strut or bracing strut
• The part of the structure that has a tensile force acting on it is
called a tie.
15/24
Strut & Tie Example
Balcony/Sunshade Roof Truss
16/24
Strut – Tie & Column System
Frame with Braces Dhajji-Dewari
17/24
Surface Elements
– A surface structure is made from a material having a very
small thickness compared to its other dimensions.
1. Plate
2. Membrane
3. Shell
18/24
Plate
– Plate has out of plane stresses (Deformation) like slabs
– Flat plate acts similar to a beam with bending and shear stresses
– The typical thickness to width ratio of a plate structure is less than 0.1
– Bending behavior of the shell elements
– 5 Degree of freedom
Plate Classification: based on a/h ratio

(h = Thickness; a = other dimensions)
1. Thick plate a/h >= 8 . . 10
2. Plate: a/h >= 80 . . . 100
3. Thin Plate: in between above range
19/24
Membrane
– In-plane loads (Stresses) only
– 2 degree of Freedom
– Elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending
– Membrane elements are used to model the behavior of shear
wall, stiffened sheet construction, and membrane action in shells
20/24
Shell
– In plane and out of plane stresses (3D solid)
– 6 degree of Freedom
– Combination of plate and membrane element
– Ideal thin shell must be capable of developing both tension and
compression.
– Shell elements are widely used to model the curved geometry of a
structure
Membrane Stress in Partial Sphere

CE 309L Structural Engineering Software Application
Course Instructor 21/24
Dr. Naveed Ahmad, CED UET Peshawar
Solid
– In-plane/out-of-plane stress and across the width (3D solid)
– 3 degree of translation of each joint
Membrane Stress in Solid Wall
22/24
A Group is a named collection of objects. It may contain any number of objects of any
number of types. Groups have many uses, including:
Quick selection of objects for editing and assigning.
• Incremental construction stages.
• Defining section cuts across the model.
• Grouping objects that are to share the same design.
• Selective output.
Membrane
• As many groups Stress
as needed can in
beSolid Wall
defined. Using groups is a powerful way to
manage larger models.
23/24
Coordinate Systems and Grid
24/24
Properties
25/24
Functions
– To define functions to describe how load varies as a function of
period or time.
– The functions are needed for certain types of analysis only; they
are not used for static analysis.
• Response Spectrum Functions: Pseudo Spec. Acc. vs Time Period
• Time History Functions: Acceleration Time History, built-in, user defined
• Steady-State Functions: Acceleration Frequency (hz), rpm functions
• Power Spectral Density Function: Acc. 2 / frequency vs frequency

26/24
Load Patterns
– A spatial distribution of loads upon the structure
– Separate load patterns would be defined for dead load (D), live load (LL),
wind load (W), snow load (S), thermal load (T), earthquake load (EQ),
and so on.
• Type of load: force, displacement, temperature; Magnitude, Direction
Load Cases
– Static, Modal, Response Spectrum, Time History, Buckling, Hyperstatic,
Moving Load, Steady State, Power Spectral Density
– Nonlinear Static, Nonlinear Time History, Nonlinear Staged Construction
Load Combinations
– Linear type, Absolute type, SRSS type, Envelope type, Range Add type;
these are only for superposable loading
– Design is always based on combinations, not directly on load cases.
27/24
Design Setting
–The design features of the program can be used on frame objects whose
section properties use materials of concrete, steel, cold-formed steel, or
aluminum.
• The specific design code to be used for each type of material, e.g.,
AISC-360-01/IBC2006 for steel, EUROCODE 2-1992 for concrete, AISI-
ASD96 for cold-formed steel, and AA-ASD 2000 for aluminum.
• Preference settings of how those codes should be applied to a model.
• Combinations for which the design should be checked.
• Groups of objects that should share the same design.
• Optional “overwrite” values for each object that specify coefficients and
parameters to change the default values in the design-code formulas.
28/24
General Procedure (SAP)
• Phase-I: Pre-Processing
– Modelling of member (Structure)
• Phase-II: Analysis
– Run Analysis
• Phase-III: Post-Processing
– To see different results (S.F, B.M, Reaction,
deformation)
29
Example (1D Structures) different conditions
• Example: Take any simply supported beam shown in figure
• Cross section 12” x 14”

• E = 29x106 psi
• fc’ = 4000 psi
• Load = point, UDL,
UVL, other
• Moment of Inertia
30
Cont..
• Phase-I: Pre-Processing (Modelling process)
• Opening the Program
– From Start menu > All Programs SAP2000 14 > SAP2000 14
31
Cont..
• Opening the Program (Change unit according to the requirement)
• Setting up the model Geometry

– File > New Model > SAP2000 templates > Gird Only
– Here you can also change units
32
Cont..
• Opening the Program
33
Cont..
Import
from
other soft
34
Cont..
– If you want to edit the Grid after display> right click on grid line >
edit grid line option
35
Cont..
• Phase-I: Pre-Processing (Defining process)
– Defining Material Properties
– Define > Materials > Concrete > Modify/Show

Material
– Type of Material > Isotropic > Specify Analysis

Property data shown in snapshot
36
Cont..
– Defining Material Properties
37
Cont..
– Defining Member Sections
– Define > Frame Sections > Add Rectangular Section > Click Add New
Property
38
Cont..
• If you want to modify the properties of section then goes to set modifier
and section properties
39
Cont..
• To change the beam column effect goes to section reinforcement
Difference b/w
Beam column
section definition
S
40
Cont..
– Load Pattern: A load pattern is the spatial distribution of a specific set of
forces, displacements, temperatures, and other effects which act on a
structure. Any combination of joints and elements may be subjected to loading
and kinematic conditions.
– Each load pattern is assigned a design type (DEAD, WIND, QUAKE, etc.) which
classifies the load and initiates the associated computational process. Users
may define an unlimited number of load patterns. Load patterns are then
applied through load cases to generate analysis results.
– Different loading pattern you want to apply
– Define > load pattern > Dialog box appeared
41
Cont..
– Either you are taking into account the self weight of member or not.
(Dead =1 and live = 0)
42
Cont..
– Load Cases: A load case defines how load patterns are applied
(statically or dynamically), how the structure responds (linearly or
nonlinearly), and how analysis is performed (through modal
analysis, direct integration, etc.). For each analysis to be
performed, a load case is defined. Each load case may apply a
single load pattern or a combination of load patterns.
– Load cases want to run
– Define > load cases > dialog box displayed
43
Cont..
44
Cont..
45
Cont..
46
Cont..
– Load Combination: A load combination sums or envelopes the
analysis results of certain load cases. Summation is often suitable
for a linear analysis in which results are superimposed, such as
with 1.2DL+1.6LL.
– Define > load combination > dialog box appeared
47
Cont..
48
Cont..
• Phase-I: Pre-Processing (Drawing process)
– Draw the concern frame element
• Draw > draw frame /cable /tendon> dialog box displayed

shown> select section> draw or directly select the option
from side title bar. (two way)
• Point to point (draw frame/tendon)
• On single click (quick draw frame/tendon)
• After drawing press Enter to finish drawing process.
49
Cont..
• Phase-I: Pre-Processing (Drawing process)
– Draw the concern frame element Cancel any command
press Esc or click on
mouse icon (side tool
bar)
50
Cont..
• Phase-I: Pre-Processing (Assigning process)
– Assigning Member Sections
– Select the member > Assign > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Frame

Section
– Select the appropriate section from the list > OK
– Repeat for other elements
51
Cont..
– Assign Joint Restraints(support conditions)
– Select Joint. Assign > Joint > Restraints
– Fast Restraints > Fixed > OK
52
Cont..
– Assign Load (Gravity)
– Select Joint/Member section where to apply load
– Assign > frame load > dialog box appeared (Gravity, load
distributed temperature etc)
Gravity
downward load
(+) upward (-)
53
Cont..
54
Cont..
55
Cont..
Point load at different

location
56
Cont..
57
Cont..
• If you want to apply load on any specific point

• Create point (node) there by edit line command (Next Slide)
• You can also produce the node in the beginning or from edit gird data
also
58
Cont..
• Select member/ Element: Edit > edit line > divide frame
59
Cont..
• Assign joint load : After dividing Note: Actual
direction are
• Assign > Joint load/moment > dialog box appeared shown in figure
below. Opposite
to that
z put - sign
60
Cont..
61
Cont..
– Uniformly varying or other form of loading
– Similar process discuss early just to play with distance & load.
62
Cont..
63
Cont..
– To apply UDL on specific region divide the member on which you
want to apply UDL
64
Cont..
– Assign moment: Similarly to load just change option to moment
shown below
65
Cont..
• Phase-II: Analysis (Run Analysis)
• Shortcut: F5
• Before analysis
save file
66
Cont..
• Phase-II: Analysis (Run Analysis)
67
Cont..
– Display option
68
Cont..
– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](Stress representation)

• 1st subscript represent the face and the 2nd represent direction
69
Cont..
– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](Forces option in SAP)

• F11: Direct force per unit length acting at the midsurface of the element on
the positive and negative 1 faces in the 1-axis direction.
• F22: Direct force per unit length acting at the midsurface of the element on
the positive and negative 2 faces in the 2-axis direction.
• F12: Shearing force per unit length acting at the midsurface of the element
on the positive and negative 1 faces in the 2-axis direction
– X-axis = 1 z
– Z-axis = 2
x
– Y-axis = 3
y
70
Cont..
– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](Forces option in SAP)

• FMAX: Maximum principal force per unit length acting at the
midsurface of the element. Note that by definition, principal forces are
oriented such that the associated shearing force per unit length is zero.
• FMIN: Minimum principal force per unit length
• FVM: (Von Mises Stress)
• The Von Mises Stress provides a measure of the shear, or distortional,
stress in the material. This type of stress tends to cause yielding in
metals.
• The Von Mises Stress is identified in terms of the principal stresses as
• s vm= 1/2[(s1- s2)2+( s1- s3)2+( s2- s3)2].
71
Cont..
– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](B.M option in SAP)

• M11: Direct moment per unit length acting at the midsurface of the
element on the positive and negative 1 faces about the 2-axis.
• M22: Direct moment per unit length acting at the midsurface of the
element on the positive and negative 2 faces about the 1-axis.
• M12: Twisting moment per unit length acting at the midsurface of the
element on the positive and negative 1 faces about the 1-axis, and acting
on the positive and negative 2 faces about the 2-axis.
• M33 or other will be out of plan moments
72
Cont..
– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](B.M option in SAP)

• MMAX: Maximum principal moment per unit length acting at the
midsurface of the element. Note that by definition, principal moments
are oriented such that the associated twisting moment per unit length is
zero.
• MMIN: Minimum principal moment per unit length acting at the

midsurface of the element. Note that by definition, principal moments
are oriented such that the associated twisting moment per unit length is
zero.
73
Cont..
– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](S.F option in SAP)

• V13: Out-of-plane shear per unit length acting at the midsurface of the
element on the positive and negative 1 faces in the 3-axis direction.
• V23: Out-of-plane shear per unit length acting at the midsurface of the
element on the positive and negative 2 faces in the 3-axis direction.
• VMAX: Maximum principal shear per unit length acting at the

midsurface of the element. Note that by definition, principal shears are
oriented on faces of the element such that the associated shears per unit
length on perpendicular faces are zero.
74
Cont..
– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](Stresses option in SAP)

• S11: Direct stress (force per unit area) acting on the positive and negative 1
faces in the 1-axis direction.
• S22: Direct stress (force per unit area) acting on the positive and negative 2
• S12: Shearing stress (force per unit area) acting on the positive and negative
1 faces in the 2-axis direction and acting on the positive and negative 2
• SMAX: Maximum principal stress (force per unit area). Note that by
definition, principal stresses are oriented such that the associated shearing
stress is zero
75
Cont..
– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](Stresses option in SAP)

• SMIN: Minimum principal stress (force per unit area). Note that by definition,
principal stresses are oriented such that the associated shearing stress is zero.
• SVM: Von Mises stress (force per unit area).
• S13: Out-of-plane shearing stress (force per unit area) acting on the positive and
negative 1 faces in the 3-axis direction.
• S23: Out-of-plane shearing stress (force per unit area) acting on the positive and
negative 2 faces in the 3-axis direction.
• SMAXV: Maximum principal shearing stress (force per unit area). Note that by
definition, principal shearing stresses are oriented on faces of the element such
that the associated shears per unit length on perpendicular faces are zero.
76
Cont..
• Options > Colors > Display > Background > White > …
• Options > Preferences > Dimensions/Tolerances > Screen Line

Thickness > Check deflected shape
77
Model Information
• Options > Colors > Display > Background > White > …
• Options > Preferences > Dimensions/Tolerances > Screen Line

Thickness > Check deflected shape
78
Cont..
79
Cont..
• Check Internal Forces and Diagrams Shear
– Display > Show Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables
– Case/Combo Name: DEAD > Shear 2-2 > Auto Scaling >
Show Values on Diagram > OK
• Display > Show Deformed Shape> Choose Load Case > Auto
Scaling > Wire Shadow > Cubic Curve
80
Cont..
81
Cont..
• Phase-III: Post-Processing (frame)
B.M
Deformation
82
Cont..
• Phase-III: Post-Processing (frame)
Shear force (2-

2)
83
Cont..
– Check Reactions
– Display > Show Forces/Stresses > Joints
– Case/Combo Name: DEAD> Type: Reactions > Show as Arrows >

OK
84
Cont..
• Phase-III: Post-Processing (Joint)
85
Cont..
For whole result right click on
member
Here we can check result on
any point
86
Cont..
– Multiple Windows :
– Options > Windows > Four Select window and modify view
as desire
87
Cont..
– Generating output report (Tables)
– Display > shows table > dialog box
END
88
Cont..
– Generating output report (Tables)
89
General Commands
– Changing plan views
– Zooming
– Pan
– Locking
– Undo, redo
– Search
– Save, printing, refresh window, open file
90
Class Task
• Beam with variable loads

• Beam with variable cross section
• Continuous beam
• Beam with different loading conditions
91
Class Task
Task # 01
92
Class Task
Task # 02
Solve with Section:

• Square
• Circular
• Other Available
93
Class Task
Task # 03
Solve with Section:

• Square
• Circular
• Other Available
• I =5.8x109 mm4
94
Modelling, Analysis and Design of Continuous Beam
Class Example - 1
Two Spans Continuous Beam
Items Description
Spans Two
Span 1 20 ft
Span 2 25 ft
Cross-Section 12 inch x 15 inch
Concrete Compressive Strength fc' 4,000 psi
Steel Yield Strength fy 60,000 psi
Loads
Dead Load 0.5 k/ft
Live Load 1.0 k/ft
Design CodeStress in Solid Wall
Membrane ACI-2005
95/24
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UET SAP

SAP2000 Basics: Model, Analyze, Design

• Modelling, Analysis and Design of Continuous Beam

– Is a structural and earthquake engineering software company founded

in 1975 and based in Walnut Creek, California.

– The structural analysis and design software CSI produce include

SAP2000, CSiBridge, ETABS, SAFE, PERFORM-3D, and CSiCOL.

– Initially released in 1996, SAP2000v11 was the first version of SAP to

be completely integrated within Microsoft Windows.

(API) language for the development of different analysis and design

• The API is compatible with most major programming languages, including

Python, and Matlab..

Drawing /Modelling Area

Side title bar

Drawing /Modelling Area

• Basics units: force, length, temperature, and time.

– Element whose linear dimension (Length) is more as compare to

Balcony/Sunshade Roof Truss

Frame with Braces Dhajji-Dewari

– Bending behavior of the shell elements

Plate Classification: based on a/h ratio

Membrane Stress in Partial Sphere

Membrane Stress in Solid Wall

Membrane Stress in Solid Wall

Membrane Stress in Solid Wall

• Response Spectrum Functions: Pseudo Spec. Acc. vs Time Period

• Time History Functions: Acceleration Time History, built-in, user defined

• Steady-State Functions: Acceleration Frequency (hz), rpm functions

• Power Spectral Density Function: Acc. 2 / frequency vs frequency

• Preference settings of how those codes should be applied to a model.

• Combinations for which the design should be checked.

• Groups of objects that should share the same design.

• Cross section 12” x 14”

• Setting up the model Geometry

– Define > Materials > Concrete > Modify/Show

– Type of Material > Isotropic > Specify Analysis

– Define > load cases > dialog box displayed

– Define > load combination > dialog box appeared

• Draw > draw frame /cable /tendon> dialog box displayed

• Point to point (draw frame/tendon)

• On single click (quick draw frame/tendon)

• After drawing press Enter to finish drawing process.

– Select the member > Assign > Frame/Cable/Tendon > Frame

– Select the appropriate section from the list > OK

– Repeat for other elements

– Select Joint. Assign > Joint > Restraints

– Fast Restraints > Fixed > OK

– Select Joint/Member section where to apply load

Point load at different

• If you want to apply load on any specific point

– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](Stress representation)

– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](Forces option in SAP)

– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](Forces option in SAP)

– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](B.M option in SAP)

• M33 or other will be out of plan moments

– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](B.M option in SAP)

• MMIN: Minimum principal moment per unit length acting at the

– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](S.F option in SAP)

• VMAX: Maximum principal shear per unit length acting at the

– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](Stresses option in SAP)

– Phase-III: Post-Processing[Pre-requisite](Stresses option in SAP)

• SVM: Von Mises stress (force per unit area).