04 Test For Civil Engineer (10033) PDF

Contents
Sites Exam ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Materials ................................................................................................................................................. 2
SOIL ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Concrete .................................................................................................................................................. 9
Management ......................................................................................................................................... 10
Survey .................................................................................................................................................... 20
ROADS ................................................................................................................................................... 20
Fluid ....................................................................................................................................................... 27
Structure ............................................................................................................................................... 29
GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................... 35
Solved Examples ................................................................................................................................... 36
STEEL ..................................................................................................................................................... 59

Collected by Eng: Hany El‐Halwany Page 1 of 63

Sites Exam
1. http://www.objectivebooks.com/2016/04/construction-planning-and-management.html?m=1
2. http://exam2win.com/civil-engineering/construction-planning-and-
management/part1/questions-answers-1.jsp
3. https://engineeringmcqs.blogspot.qa/2014/08/99-top-construction-planning-and.html
4. http://www.indiabix.com/civil-engineering/questions-and-answers/
5. http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072443901/student_view0/chapter18/problems_soluti
ons.html
6. http://www.freshbuddies.com/civil-engineering/Concrete%20Technology/001001
7. https://www.slideshare.net/SyedFarazJafri/civil-engineering-competitive-questions-42576400
8. https://www.slideshare.net/BRJROHIT/59105128-civilengineeringobjectivetypequestions
Materials
Volume of one bag cement = 50 Kg / 1440Kg/m3 = 0.035 m3
Le chatelier apparatus is used to carry out SOUNDNESS test OF CEMENT
What is the difference between stress and strength?
Stress is the internal forces developed in material due to external forces
Strength is Ability of material to resist external forces
Add-Mixture are used in concrete for Reduce heat of concrete and increase workability of
concrete
Type of Stress: Axial Stress, Shearing Stress, Bearing Stress and Longitudinal stresses
Poisson's Ratio define as lateral strain over longitudinal strain
The formWork including the props can be removed from beams after 14 days
Concrete slump recommended for foundations 50 to 100 mm
Concrete slump recommended for beams and slabs 30 to 125 mm
The construction joints in buildings are provided after 40 m
Entrained concrete is used in lining walls and roofs for making heat insulated and sound
insulated

The last component added in process of making OPC concrete is Gypsum (Calcium Sulphate)
Slump Metal mould Dimensions: top internal diameter 4 in (100 mm), and bottom internal
diameter 8 in (200 mm) with a height of 1 ft (300 mm).
maximum compressive strength of Concrete after 7 days 65 % and after 14 days 90% and
after 28 days 100%
No of Cubes will be 6 Cubes every 100 m3 (3 will be test after 7 days and 3 after 28 days)
Moist curing of the exposed surfaces of concrete is done at least 7 days
No of slump test per each truck is 2
Workability of concrete mix with low water cement ratio is determined by compaction factor
test
Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist weathering action,
chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties.
Cement Density = 1440 kg/m3 –
While compacting the concrete by a mechanical vibrator, the slump should not exceed
Bleeding can be controlled in the concrete by adding Cement
Soundness of cement is the property by virtue of which the cement does not undergo any
appreciable expansion (or change in volume) after it has set, thus eliminating any chances of
disrupting the mortar or concrete
Flakiness in concrete the relation between small and large aggregate

Cement: fine aggregates: coarse aggregates

SOIL



The SPT‐N values of dense sand is equal to 20 – 40
modulus of elasticity of rock mass less than rock substance
plasticity index is difference between liquid limit and plastic limit of soil
vertical effective stress = Total vertical Stress – pore water pressure
shear strength of Soil = σ tan ϴ + C (C = 0 for Sand Soil)
The undrained shear strength (su) of a cohesive soil is equal to one‐half the unconfined compressive
strength su = qu/2
For soils, the undrained shear strength (su) is necessary for the determination of the bearing
capacity of foundations
The unconfined compressive strength ( ) is the load per unit area at which the cylindrical
specimen of a cohesive soil falls in compression.
Shearing strength of cohesionless soil depends on confining pressure
Shear Strength of Soil = cohesion + normal stress on the failure plane* tan angle of internal friction
Cohesion is a term used in describing the shear strength soils (KPA) Cohesive shear resistance of
base in kN/m2 10 to 140 kN/m2
Specific gravity = γsolid/ γw
γsoil =Wsolid/Vsolid
γd=Gs*γw / (1+e) = Ws/Vt = γbulk /(1+Wc)
γsat= (Gs+e) * γw / (1+e)
γw =9.81 Kn/m3
void ratio = Vv/Vs from 0 to ∞ e = n/(1 ‐ n)
Porosity n =Vv/Vt <1
Water content % = ww/ws
Relative density %=emax-e / (emax-emin)
Degree of saturation % =Vw/Vs = Wc*Gs/e
RQD = Rock-quality designation = rough measure of the degree of jointing or fracture in a

rock mass, measured as a percentage of the drill core in lengths of 10 cm or more. High-
quality rock has an RQD of more than 75%, low quality of less than 50%.
The taper of precast concrete pile should not be more than 2 cm per meter length
The raft slab is projected beyond the outer walls of the structure by 30 to 45 cm

FOS for Sliding in retaining wall = Σ W tan δ (Angle of Friction) / Σ Horizontal Force due to
earth pressure
Horizontal Force due to earth pressure = (1- Sin φ/ 1+ Sin φ) H γd
Safe design load for pile drilled in hard rock depends on Crushing strength of concrete
Tension pile Capacity = α C π D L when α is skin friction factor, C is the Cohesion of soil
Sand Drain are used Accelerate the consolidation Process
Proctor Compaction test used to check the maximum dry density

Concrete

Design of Concrete Section
a = ASXFy/0.85XFc’Xb
Mn for rec Section = 0.85Fc’X a X b X (d‐a/2) = As Fy(d‐a/2)
Minimum Reinforcement = 200(bXd) /Fy or 0.20 bd /100 for beam and 0.8 bd/100 for Columns
Maximum reinforcemnt = 4 bd /100 for Beams and 6 bd/100 for Columns
Safe load for Concrete Columns = Fc’ (Ag+(n‐1)As) where n = Es/Ec or = Fc’ (Ag‐As) + FyAs
Bucking Load for Column = π2 EI/L2
The minimum spacing between two reinforcement bars should be at least equal to the maximum
aggregate grain dimension with a margin of 5 mm. For Greece, the maximum aggregate grains
dimension for usual concrete is 32 mm and for self‐compacting concrete is 16 mm.
Maximum spacing of reinforcement in Slab and Footing shall not exceed three times the thickness,
nor 18 in.
The maximum spacing of stirrups used for this purpose should not exceed the smaller of one-half the
effective depth of the member (d/2) or 600 mm
Weight of rod per meter length = d2/162 where d is the diameter in mm
Short Column define if L/b or L/h less than 10 for unbraced Column and 15 for braced
Column
In compression members, the lap length of a bar should not be less than 24 d
The maximum area of compression reinforcement in a beam of cross section 0.04bd
Rectangular section will provide minimum steel reinforcement and maximum section
dimensions

Management
Project: endeavor or undertaken to achieve planned objectives to create a unique product, service
or result‐ Sequence of tasks. Planned from beginning to end
Total float = Late Start (activity 1) – Early Start (Activity 1)
Free Float = Early Start (activity 2) – Early Finish (Activity 1)
Critical path means longest sequence of activities path in a project
Total float, also called float or slack, is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without
delaying the overall project duration. Total float is shared between activities in a sequence.
Free float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start of any
immediate successor activity.
WBS is the most important content and it is defined the scope of project
OBS organization breakdown structure is described project management team role and relationship
in graphical form
Risk breakdown structure is described risks according to risk categories in the project
Burst activity is an activity that is a predecessor to more than one activity
Merge activities are the opposite of burst activities, a merge activity is the successor
of more than one activity
Critical Activity is the Activity if it is Delayed it will delay the Project
The direct cost includes the following: Labors & staff cost, project materials (supplies),
plants, transportation and consultant services
Indirect cost & expense during: The project, overhead, profit and administrative equipment
rental, audit and legal
Initial investment F= P (1+I) ^n
Pert is Program evaluation and review Technique
Pert chart the time estimate of activity is calculated by weighted average (beta distribution)
E = (O + 4M + P)/6
Where O is the optimistic value, M is the most likely value, and P is the
pessimistic value.

 Cost slope is defined as the ratio of difference between Crash cost & Normal
 Under Sub-clause1.5 [Priority of Documents] from FIDIC1999, in a situation of
contractual disputes or ambiguities the priority of documents is set out as:
a) the Contract agreement
b) the Letter of Acceptance
c) the Letter of Tender
d) the Particular conditions
e) the General conditions
f) the Specifications
g) the Drawings
h) the Schedules and any other documents forming part of the Contract

Duration is : Ef‐Es or Lf‐Ls or
Military organization is known as line organization

Float is The difference between the time avail‐to do a job and the time required to do the job,
 Total float is LF‐EF OR LS‐ES
 Free Float ij= ESj – EFi, J is the next activity, I is the current activity if you start your project
from Day 0
 Free Float ij= ESj – EFi, J ‐1 is the next activity, I is the current activity if you start your
project from Day 1
 Late Start of Activity = Late Finish of activity – activity duration + 1
 Late Finish of Activity = Late Start of successor activity (The Minimum if you have two
successors) – 1
 The difference between total float and free float, is called interfering float
 In a precedence diagramming method activities represented as Nodes

 Schedule Performance Index (SPI) is a measure of schedule efficiency, expressed as the ratio
of earned value to planned value SPI = EV/PV (if Schedule Performance Index is less than
one, you are behind schedule, if Schedule Performance Index is greater than one ahead of
schedule
 Cost Performance Index (CPI) helps you analyze the efficiency of the cost utilized by the
project. It measures the value of the work completed compared to the actual cost spent on
the project CPI = EV/AC if Cost Performance Index is less than one you are over budget
 Schedule Variance indication how much ahead or behind the schedule a project is running
SV = EV – PV
 Cost Variance it is the difference between the Estimated cost per time and the planned Cost
CV = EV – AC
 Earned Value: technique for estimating how a project is doing in terms of its budget and
schedule to obtain an estimate for the resources that will have been used at completion (i.e.
estimated Cost per time)
SPI EV/Pv
CPI EV/AC
SV EV‐PV
CV EV‐AC

Linear Activities.
This happens when the first activity is done, the second activity will start. After the second activity
is done, the third activity will be started.
Burst Activities.
This happens when the first activity is done, the second activity will start. After the second activity
is done, the third and the fourth activities will be started at the same time.
Merge Activities.
This happens when the third activity can only be started after the first and the second activities
are done. Then the fourth activity will start right after the third activity is done.
finish-to-start
First, let’s talk about finish-to-start (FS) dependencies. This is the most common type of
dependency and is the default type of dependency that Project uses. In a finish-to-start
dependency, the second task in the relationship can’t begin until the first task finishes. So, for
example, if you were planning a project to make a wedding cake, you might use a finish-to-start

dependency between the “Bake cake” and “Decorate cake” tasks. When the “Bake cake” task is
finished, the “Decorate cake” task begins
Start-to-start (SS) dependencies are used when the second task in the relationship can’t begin
until after the first task in the relationship begins. Start-to-start dependencies don’t require that
both tasks start at the same time. They simply require that the first task has begun, in order for
the second task to begin. Going back to the wedding cake example, let’s say you had planned to
make the icing for the cake while the cake is baking in the oven. You can’t start making the icing
until the cake has started baking, so you might use a start-to-start dependency between the
“Bake cake” and “Make icing” tasks.
Finish-to-finish (FF) If one of your tasks can’t finish until another one finishes, you can use a
finish-to-finish (FF) dependency between them. Finish-to-finish dependencies don’t require that
both tasks be completed simultaneously. They simply require that the first task be finished, in
order for the second task to finish. The second task can finish any time after the first task finishes.
In our wedding cake example, let’s say there are some finishing touches to the decorations that
you can’t finish until the cake is delivered. You can use a finish-to-finish dependency between the
“Decorate cake” and “Deliver cake” tasks. When the “Decorate cake” task is finished, then the
“Deliver cake” task can be completed.

Start-to-finish (SF) dependency is a little tricky. When you use this type of dependency, you are
saying that the second task in the relationship can’t finish until the first task starts. However, the
second task can finish any time after the first task starts. Going back to our wedding cake
example, let’s say you have a task for billing the customer. It begins when the customer requests
the cake, but it can’t be completed until after the cake delivery has begun. You can use a start-to-
finish dependency between the “Deliver cake” and “Bill customer” tasks, so that when the “Deliver
cake” task has begun, it is okay for the “Bill customer” task to finish.



Preconstruction involves performing preliminary planning and engineering in order to define the
project, identify potential issues, and analyze cost impacts. O'Neal defines Preconstruction as
defining the project scope, schedule, and cost as early as possible with the most efficient use of
resources and money. Our Preconstruction efforts ultimately help the owner determine if the
project is even viable or not. If viable, Preconstruction defines the scope of work enough to
determine a firm cost and schedule for the project.
 Merging Point in network getting inward flow

 Last of Estimation for Project is Assembly Schedule
 First step of scope of Planning Start with objectives and requirement to satisfy
the Customers
 Least Level of WBS is Work Package
 The Highest Level of WBS is the Project

 first step after get the project develop Project Charter
 intersection between WPS and OPS is Cost account
 Precedence diagram method activity are represents as a Nodes
 Dummy Activity; this activity does not actually exist in the project itself, hence
dummy activity, but is used to allow us to correctly represent the relationship
of the activities in a Network Diagram.
 The six phases of project management
1. Initiation phase
2. Definition phase
3. Design phase
4. Development phase
5. Implementation phase
6. Follow-up phase
 Intersection between WPS and OPS is cost account

 BCWP: budget cost of work performed = earned value
 BCWS: budget cost of work scheduled = planned value
 ACWP: actual cost of work performed = actual cost
 Negative Float - results when the time difference between the late dates
and the early dates (start or finish) of an activity is negative Hence when
we say negative float it means excess time is not available for an activity
so that activity must have to start before their predecessor activities
complete in order to meet a target finish date in a project schedule else
the project is bound to be delayed (if the float of an activity is negative
delay in its performance is bound to delay the completion of project )
Independent float
 In project management, the amount of float on an activity that does not affect
float on preceding or succeeding activities. ES(Total Float – Duration )
Interfering float
 Is LF of Activity – ES of Succeeding Activity or Total Float – Free Float
Strong Matrix Organization Structure

In strong matrix organizations, most of the power and authority is held by
project manager. The project manager has a full time role, has a full time
project management administrative staff under him, and he controls the
project budget. The strong matrix structure has a lot of the characteristics of a
projectized organization.

The functional manager will have a very limited role within the Strong Matrix
Organization.
Balanced Matrix Organization Structure

In balanced matrix organizations, power and authority are shared between the
functional managers and the project managers. Although, the project manager
has a full time role, he will have a part time or otherwise limited project
management administrative staff under him. In this type of structure, both
managers control the project budget.
Weak Matrix Organization Structure

In weak matrix organizations, the project manager will have limited power and
authority. He will have a part time role and no administrative staff will report to
him. His role will be more like a coordinator or an expediter. Here, the
functional manager controls the project budget.

BAC: budget at completion = Total Baseline Costs
EAC: estimate at completion = Money spent to date + (Budgeted cost for the remaining work –
Earned Value) = AC + (BAC – EV)
ETC: estimate to complete = EAC‐AC
Scheduled % = planned value (PV) / budget at completion (BAC)
Performance % = earned value (EV) / budget at completion (BAC)

Survey
Ranging in chain survey means establishing an intermediate point on the line

ROADS

Temperature (Allowable) of asphalt during lining

Super elevations e +f = V^2/127R when V Km /Hour and R in meter
Or e = V^2/225R
How many compaction tests are required in 1000 m2 is 10 times

Stopping distance SSD = VT + V2 / 2Ug when g is 9.81 m/sec2 and u is the Friction
coefficient for Straight road
Driver reaction time is 2.5 second

Length of arc= ϴ π R/180 when R is the Radius of Arc and ϴ is the Difference between
second and first tangent
Degree of Curvature is 100 ft Chord Angle
Maximum PHF = Summation of Hourly Volume / 4X maximum Rate during 15 minutes

Length of valley curve = 2*((N*v^3/c)^0.5) where is is Centrifugal acceleration and V is Design
Speed and N is Algebraic difference in grades
Asphalt laying possible temperature is 150 Degree Celsius

N = G2-G1






Fluid
Maning Equatiojn Q = 1/n (R^2/3)(S^0.5)*A when R=Area of Section /Perimeter of Canal
Over flow rate = flow rate / area
Slope in Sedimentation Tank: 1/20
For Subcritical Flow in open Channel the control section for gradually varied flow at the Downstream
The molar Concentration of water is: 55.60 mole/Liter
Water Molar Mass = 18 g/mol


Structure
From statics, we know how to determine member forces in a truss by using either the method
of joints or the method of sections. Once these forces are known we can determine the axial
deformation of each member by using the equation: NL/EA
The axial deformation of a truss member of length L due to a change in temperature of

is given by: α ∆T L when α = 12E-6 1/°C
Deformation due to Temperature= Σ n α ∆T L
Deformation due to Error and Camber = Σ n ∆L
E steel = 200 KN/mm2 = 29000 KSI (Kibs per Square inch)
E Concrete = 20 KN/mm2 = in imperial Units = 5000xSQRT(fck) N/mm2
G Shear Modulus (modulus of rigidity) of Steel = E/2(1+υ) = E /2.6
The shape factor of standard rolled beam Z Plastic /Z Elastic varies from 1.1 to 1.20
In plastic analysis, the shape factor for a circular section is 1.70
In plastic analysis, the shape factor for a RHS section is 1.50
Shape factor for a triangular section is 2.34
Simple truss (statically determinate) if m = 2j -3 (the number of members plus the number of
support reactions must not exceed the number of joints times 2)
Truss will be indeterminate if m > 2j -3 or (2j-Reations)
Truss will be unstable if m < 2j -3 or (2j-Reations)
Strain is the deformation of a solid due to stress dL/L0
Maximum magnitude of shear stress due to shear force F on a rectangular section of area A at
the neutral axis, is 1.5F/A
E = stress / strain
Polar moment of inertia (J) is Ix +Iy
Polar modulus = J/r when r : is the reduus of shaft
Twisting moment or torque. T = Shear /Polar Modulus
Strain energy = 0.5Vσ2/E

Shear deflection of a cantilever of length under concentrated load = 1.5PL/AG
The stiftiness factor for a prismatic or any shape beam EI/L
Hoop stress is the stress in the wall of a cylinder in a direction normal to its longitudinal axis, due to
a force acting along the circumference
Shear center for Channel d2b2t/4I
Shear center in T-sections, is at the C.G. of the section
Maximum shear stress for a triangle or Rectangular 1.5q/A
Maximum shear stress for a Circular Section 1.333 q/A
Point of contra flexure a location at which no bending occurs.
In a three-hinged arch, the shear force is usually maximum at springings
If a three-hinged parabolic arch carries a uniformly distributed load on its entire span, every
section of the arch resists compressive force
Moment distribution method

Units Conversation:
Lb. /Ft = 14.60 N/m or Kips/Ft = 14.60 KN/m
Kip/in = 1.75 KN/cm
Pa = 1 N/m2 , 1 Kpa = 1 KN/m2 , MPA = N/mm2
Esteel = 200 KN/mm2 = 29000 KSI(Kips/Inch2)
The maximum size of reinforcement bar in concrete slab total Concrete Thickness /8




GENERAL

 QSAS: Qatar Sustainability Assessment System
 AASHTO : American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
 what governs in intersection design after capacity : Speed
 Pert is Program evaluation and review Technique
 pert uses the distribution to calculate the duration normal distribution
 QCS: (2010): Qatar Construction Specification
 ASTM : American Society for Testing and Materials
 Chlorination and Disinfection – Last stage for Sewage Treatment Plant ‐ Killing bacteria and
Add Chlorine
 Plastic Index of Clay ‐ High Silt ‐ Medium
 Tensile strength in wood (direction wrt grains).
 Ethnical should report anything wrong
 Accumulation of Sludge in Septic Tank 30 liter /Person
 Overflow rate for tank = flow rate/Area

Solved Examples









The undrained shear strength is basically equal to the cohesion








Curvature error comb = 0.0675 D2 m where D is the distance in km
Collimation = refraction ‐ Curvature error





The compacting factor test of cement concrete determines its workability
As a natural material, timber is Anisotropic
Thermal Stress = E α dt

STEEL
-What is the Difference between Steel and Stainless Steel?
-What is the Difference between Force and mass?
-What is the Area of Bolt 20mm Diameter?
-What is the Load Combinations as per BS5950, or AISC (LRFD, ASD)? Including wind loads
-What is the Difference between ultimate Load and Characteristic Loads?
-How you know the Structure braced or Non Braced?
-What is the Difference between Composite and Non Composite Design?
-If you have column fixed both ends, on the third length you have axial force 10Kn , what is the
Reactions at both ends?
-What is the difference between Braking Force and the lateral Force for overhead crane?
-Design one Portal Frame Eave height 6.00 m , width is 20 m , Spacing 6.00 m ,Roof Sheet weight is
5 Kg/m2, Spacing of Roof Purlin and Side Girts 1.20 m, Side Sheet height 3.00 m, wind load 80
Kg/m2?
-What is the ultimate and Yield of Bolt Grade 8.8?
- you have Steel Beam IPE 300 Grade 50 and other beam same Section with Grade 43 and Subjected
to Concentrated Load 10 KN, which beam, deflected with high value?
-what are the types of Welding?
- Design one Beam Non Composite Section Carry 10KN/m as live Loads with length 6.00 m
-Design Same Previous Beam as a composite Section, with Concrete Thickness 120 mm.
-what is the Deflection Limit for Steel Beam Due to Dead Load + Live Loads?
-How you Design the Strut Beam between two Columns each Columns Carry 10 KN?
-Which section more (I or H Sections) economical for steel column retrained in both direction – Carry
only Axial Force?
-when you using K bracing?
-write the Method of statement for erection of Simple portal frame with Any Dimensions?
-What is the minimum bolt length in Moment Connections – Draw?
-Minimum thickness for Paint?
-what is Type of paint?
- How to resist the horizontal forces in Buildings?

Relationship between Mass and Force
Mass is the quantity of matter in a body. The mass of an object remains constant, regardless of its
location on earth.
Example: Defining load capacities for building elements, elevator cranes, hoists, bridges, roads,
supports, and bearing surfaces
Force is the external agent that changes or tends to change the condition of rest of a body.
Example: Forces related to the design and construction processes are numerous: bearing capacity,
applied weight (mass under the influence of gravity) of live, dead, and mobile loads, connection load,
etc. Force may be concentrated on a tiny spot or applied over an immense area.
Difference between strand and rope?
A strand is an arrangement of wires laid helically about a center wire to produce a symmetrical
section.
A rope is a group of strands laid helically around a core composed of either a strand or
another wire rope.
Capacity of strand and rope?
Strands and ropes are manufactured from cold-drawn wire and do not have a definite yield point.
Therefore, a working load or design load is determined by dividing the specified minimum breaking
Strength for a specific size by a suitable safety factor
A rope has lower breaking strength and Modulus of elasticity than a strand
Difference between Preloaded and non preloaded bolts?
The bolts are torqued is preloaded high enough to ensure head-to-block contact is maintained at all
times
How many threads should protrude beyond the nut?
BS 5950 and BS EN 1090 Pt 2 (with reference to BS EN 1993 designs using HR8.8/PT1 fasteners)
states that 1 thread plus thread run out should protrude the outer face of the Nut and the end of the
Bolt. Also for pre-loaded bolts according to EN 14399-3 and EN14399-7, at least four full threads (in
addition to the thread run
out) should remain creal between the bearing surface of the nut and the unthreaded part of the shank.
BS 4604 Pt 1 contains a table which states what the length of Bolt should be based on the use of one
Nut and one Washer (based on BS 4395 dimensions).
The Relation between cylinder and cube compressive strength of concrete
fck,cube (Fcu) = 1.25 fck (Fc')cylinder strength

Cube Dimension = 100 mm, Cylinder Dimensions= 200 mm lengthX100 mm Diameter

Type of Portal Frame
Clear Span Gable Buildings
Multi‐Gable Buildings with or without Interior Columns
Lean‐To Buildings
Space Savers Buildings
Single Slope Buildings with or without Interior Columns
Composite Deck
Composite deck is designed for use with structural concrete, and is manufactured with mechanical
embossments in the webs to create mechanical and chemical bond between the deck and the concrete.
The composite action allows the deck to serve as the tensile reinforcement for positive bending in the
slab, which significantly reduces or eliminates the need for rebar in the slab and lowers material and
labor costs. The strength and durability of the steel provides a solid platform for construction on top
of open web joists, structural steel, light gage framing, or masonry walls. The deck acts as a form for
the concrete and is typically designed so that shoring is not required.
Non-Composite (Form) Deck

Non-composite deck, otherwise known as stay in place form deck, is used in conjunction with
structural concrete or lightweight insulating fill for floor or roof applications. Because it does not have
mechanical embossments in the webs, it cannot develop composite action, and other means of
reinforcement must be used in the concrete. It strictly serves as a platform for concrete or fills over
open web joists, structural steel, light gage framing, or masonry walls. Venting of form deck is also
available as a means of venting the concrete or fill.
Bracings: Cables / rods braces shall not exceed 15m in length. If a cross bracing contains rods longer
than15m, then the bracing should be broken to two sets of bracings with a strut member between
them so that the rod/cable lengths shall not exceed 15 m.
LATERAL RESTRAINT should be capable of resisting each of the following alternatives:

a) 1 % restraint force considered as acting at only one point at a time;
b) 2.5 % of the maximum value of the factored force in the compression flange within the relevant
span, Divided between the intermediate lateral restraints in proportion to their spacing.
SHEAR FLOW The connection between the flange plate and the web plate of the built-up section can be
achieved by using intermittent or continuous fillet welds, with the latter more commonly preferred in
design practice. However, care should be taken with continuous fillet welds, especially for thin plates,
as this could lead to a distortion in these plates, creating undesirable residual stresses. The horizontal
shear force per unit length or shear flow at the interface between the web plate and the flange plate is
calculated as follows:

Vh = Vu* Qf / Ix–x
Vu _ Factored vertical shear force, kips,
Qf _ Statical moment of the flange area about the neutral axis of the built‐up section, in.3, and
Ix–x _ Moment of inertia of the built‐up section about the strong axis (x–x), in.4
Characteristic Resistance is the Ultimate Load with a statistical probability factor applied (95%
Fractile). This factor is dependent on the variance of a set of results and also the number of anchors
tested.
Design Resistance is based upon the Characteristic Resistance divided by Partial Safety Factors as
determined from testing. Design Resistance should never be thought of as the load a fixing can
safely hold.
Design Action is a factored load taking into account variable actions and should always be below the
Design Resistance of the anchor.
HOT-DIP GALVANIZING is a form of galvanization. It is the process of coating iron, steel,

or aluminum with a thin zinc layer, by passing the metal through a molten bath of zinc at a
temperature of around 860 °F (460 °C). When exposed to the atmosphere, the pure zinc (Zn)
reacts with oxygen (O2) to form zinc oxide (ZnO), which further reacts with carbon dioxide
(CO2) to form zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), a usually dull grey, fairly strong material that stops
further corrosion in many circumstances, protecting the steel below from the elements.
Galvanized steel is widely used in applications where rust resistance is needed, and can be
identified by the crystallization patterning on the surface (often called a “spangle”).
STAINLESS STEEL is a common name for metal alloys that consist of 10.5% or more
Chromium (Cr) and more than 50% Iron (Fe). Although it is called "stainless", a better term for
it is "highly stain resistant". A somewhat dark metal, it looks bright because it reflects light.
IRON is an element: a pure substance. It rusts (forms iron oxide) on exposure to water and air. One of
its physical properties is that is quite brittle for a metal.
STEEL is a mixture of two elements iron and carbon, with more useful properties than pure iron for
many industrial purposes. So, the main difference is in their carbon and composition.
Steel often melts at around 1370 degrees C (2500°F).
CAST IRON is derived from pig iron, and while it usually refers to gray iron, it also identifies a large
group of ferrous alloys which solidify with a eutectic. The color of a fractured surface can be used to
identify an alloy. White cast iron is named after its white surface when fractured, due to its carbide
impurities which allow cracks to pass straight through. Grey cast iron is named after its grey fractured
surface, which occurs because the graphitic flakes deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new
cracks as the material breaks.
Carbon (C) and silicon (Si) are the main alloying elements, with the amount ranging from 2.1 to
4 wt% and 1 to 3 wt%, respectively. Iron alloys with less carbon content are known as steel. While
this technically makes these base alloys ternary Fe-C-Si alloys, the principle of cast iron solidification
is understood from the binary iron-carbon phase diagram. Since the compositions of most cast irons
are around the eutectic point of the iron-carbon system, the melting temperatures closely correlate,
usually ranging from 1,150 to 1,200 °C (2,102 to 2,192 °F), which is about 300 °C (572 °F) lower
than the melting point of pure iron.
Cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable cast irons. With its relatively low melting point,
good fluidity, cast ability, excellent mach inability, resistance to deformation and wear resistance, cast

irons have become an engineering material with a wide range of applications and are used in pipes,
machines and automotive industry parts, such as cylinder heads (declining usage), cylinder blocks and
gearbox cases (declining usage). It is resistant to destruction and weakening by oxidation (rust).
NOTIONAL HORIZONTAL FORCES To allow for the effects of practical imperfections such as lack of

verticality, all structures should be capable of resisting notional horizontal forces, taken as a minimum
of 0.5 % of the factored vertical dead and imposed loads applied at the same level
Non-sway” frames A structure or structural frame may be classed as “non-sway” if its sway
deformation is sufficiently small for the resulting secondary forces and moments to be negligible. For
clad structures, provided that the
Stiffening effect of masonry infill wall panels or diaphragms of profiled steel sheeting is not explicitly
taken
Into account, this may be assumed to be satisfied if the sway mode elastic critical load factor
λcr of the frame, under vertical load only, satisfies: λcr >10
In all other cases the structure or frame should be classed as “sway-sensitive”
λcr =H/200δ
H is the storey height
δ is the notional horizontal deflection of the top of the storey relative to the bottom of the storey,due
to the notional horizontal forces from
SWAY-SENSITIVE” FRAMES All structures that are not classed as “non-sway” (including those in which
the stiffening effect of masonry infill wall panels or diaphragms of profiled steel sheeting are explicitly
taken into account), Should be classed as “sway-sensitive”
Except where plastic analysis is used, provided that λcr is not less than 4.0 the secondary forces and
moments should be allowed for as follows:
a) if the resistance to horizontal forces is provided by moment-resisting joints or by cantilever
columns, either by using sway mode in-plane effective lengths for the columns and designing the
beams to remain elastic under the factored loads, or alternatively by using the method specified in b);
b) By multiplying the sway effects by the amplification factor kamp determined from the following:
1) for clad structures, provided that the stiffening effect of masonry infill wall panels or diaphragms of
profiled steel sheeting is not explicitly taken into account:
kamp = λcr/(1.15 λcr-1.5) kamp >1.0
2) for unclad frames, or for clad structures in which the stiffening effect of masonry infill wall panels
or diaphragms of profiled steel sheeting is explicitly taken into account:
kamp = λcr/( λcr-1)
If λcr is less than 4.0 second-order elastic analysis should be used.

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Contents

Flakiness in concrete the relation between small and large aggregate

Specific gravity = γsolid/ γw

γd=Gs*γw / (1+e) = Ws/Vt = γbulk /(1+Wc)

γsat= (Gs+e) * γw / (1+e)

void ratio = Vv/Vs from 0 to ∞ e = n/(1 ‐ n)

Porosity n =Vv/Vt <1

Water content % = ww/ws

Relative density %=emax-e / (emax-emin)

Degree of saturation % =Vw/Vs = Wc*Gs/e

RQD = Rock-quality designation = rough measure of the degree of jointing or fracture in a

Sand Drain are used Accelerate the consolidation Process

Design of Concrete Section

Weight of rod per meter length = d2/162 where d is the diameter in mm

Burst activity is an activity that is a predecessor to more than one activity

Military organization is known as line organization

 Merging Point in network getting inward flow

 The six phases of project management

 Intersection between WPS and OPS is cost account

Strong Matrix Organization Structure

Balanced Matrix Organization Structure

Weak Matrix Organization Structure

Temperature (Allowable) of asphalt during lining

How many compaction tests are required in 1000 m2 is 10 times

Driver reaction time is 2.5 second

Maximum PHF = Summation of Hourly Volume / 4X maximum Rate during 15 minutes

Asphalt laying possible temperature is 150 Degree Celsius

The axial deformation of a truss member of length L due to a change in temperature of

Deformation due to Temperature= Σ n α ∆T L

Deformation due to Error and Camber = Σ n ∆L

E steel = 200 KN/mm2 = 29000 KSI (Kibs per Square inch)

E Concrete = 20 KN/mm2 = in imperial Units = 5000xSQRT(fck) N/mm2

G Shear Modulus (modulus of rigidity) of Steel = E/2(1+υ) = E /2.6

In plastic analysis, the shape factor for a circular section is 1.70

In plastic analysis, the shape factor for a RHS section is 1.50

Shape factor for a triangular section is 2.34

Truss will be indeterminate if m > 2j -3 or (2j-Reations)

Truss will be unstable if m < 2j -3 or (2j-Reations)

Strain is the deformation of a solid due to stress dL/L0

Polar moment of inertia (J) is Ix +Iy

Polar modulus = J/r when r : is the reduus of shaft

Twisting moment or torque. T = Shear /Polar Modulus

Strain energy = 0.5Vσ2/E

Shear center for Channel d2b2t/4I

Shear center in T-sections, is at the C.G. of the section

Maximum shear stress for a triangle or Rectangular 1.5q/A

Maximum shear stress for a Circular Section 1.333 q/A

Point of contra flexure a location at which no bending occurs.

In a three-hinged arch, the shear force is usually maximum at springings

-What is the Difference between Force and mass?

-What is the Area of Bolt 20mm Diameter?

-What is the Difference between ultimate Load and Characteristic Loads?

-How you know the Structure braced or Non Braced?

-What is the Difference between Composite and Non Composite Design?

-What is the ultimate and Yield of Bolt Grade 8.8?

-what are the types of Welding?

-when you using K bracing?

-What is the minimum bolt length in Moment Connections – Draw?

-Minimum thickness for Paint?

-what is Type of paint?

- How to resist the horizontal forces in Buildings?

Difference between strand and rope?

Capacity of strand and rope?