Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research would not be possibly done without the guidance and blessing of
almighty God for making all things possible and also a big thanks for the following people.
To my parent, Mrs. Miguela Estrera and Mr. Danilo Estrera, to my siblings Shirlyn
Estrera and Francis John Edyesca , and to April Rose Dimple Toledo for the unending
To my relatives especially to Mr. Rodrigo Edyesca and family for the unending
support financially.
To Engr. Rojien V. Morcilla; Engr. Clark Darwin M. Gozon; Engr. Christopher Dolino
and especially to my thesis adviser for the advises and recommendation for the betterment
To Mr. Judito R. Hucamis and family for the warm welcome and accommodation
List of Figure
List of Table
Table of Contents
AKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................I
List of Figure...................................................................................................................... II
List of Table ...................................................................................................................... IV
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... VIII
CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objective of the Study ............................................................................................... 2
1.4 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................... 3
1.5 Scope and Limitation ................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER II ....................................................................................................................... 5
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .......................................................................... 5
2.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Wind Power ............................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Apparatus to Measure Wind Speed ........................................................................... 6
2.4 Wind Turbines ........................................................................................................... 7
2.4.1 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ............................................................................... 7
2.5 Turbine Deflector .................................................................................................... 12
2.6 Northern Mindanao Available Wind Power............................................................ 12
2.7 Available Wind Power ............................................................................................ 14
2.8 Wind Assessment MethodA .................................................................................... 15
2.8.1 Average Wind Speed ............................................................................................ 16
2.9 Generators ............................................................................................................... 16
2.9.1 Types of Generators.......................................................................................... 16
2.9.1.1 Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) ................................................... 16
2.10 Synchronous Speed ............................................................................................... 21
2.11 Wiring Method for Multiple Wind Turbine Installation ....................................... 21
2.11.1 Each Turbine Directly Wired to the Battery ................................................... 21
VI
ABSTRACT
growth. Renewable energy sources like wind energy is indigenous and can help in
reducing the dependency on fossil fuels. Wind is caused by differential heating of the
earth's surface by the sun or breeze. It has been estimated that roughly 10 million MW of
Gusa Coastal Road has no street lights thus it creates danger to the society. Wind
energy has been identified as a promising renewable option at Gusa Coastal Road. The
objective of this study is to Design and Implement a Vertical Wind Turbine that can
harness the surface wind and from moving vehicle. The researcher will gather the
following surface winds and wind from moving vehicle to classify its wind speed.
In this paper , the Design and Implementation of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is
explained. Different types of turbine has been determined. Vertical axis wind turbines
like the Savonius appear to be suited for the conditions of low wind speed. The relevant
design parameters and theories were studied in this paper and used to determine related
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Streetlights, more than tens of thousands of them spread throughout the entire
city, represent an impressively large drain on city budgets. [1] Streetlights are long-
term investments which it is needed to last more than 10 year or more. They are often
cities' primarily or secondary energy demand, and can amount to somewhere between
one-quarter and one-half of a city's entire energy bill, sometimes even more.
energy.[2] Lessening the use of fossil fuel and relying on the renewable energy can help
to listen global warming, renewable energy like wind, solar and wave. Another energy
created by solar energy which is indirect form of solar energy is wind which is always
being replenished by the sun. Due to differential heating of the earth’s surface sea
breeze and land breeze is created. It has been estimated that roughly 10 million MW of
energy are continuously available in the earth's wind. Wind energy like solar energy is
VAWT was observed that it plays a vital role in the present energy crisis Due
to energy crisis humans are now dwelling in a world with solar panels and wind
turbines.[3] Wind energy has been identified as a promising renewable option although
the full life cycle accounting shows VAWTs are advantageous on a cost basis or
Streetlights has the city’s biggest energy demand that causes power shortage.
Gusa diversion road, Cagayan de Oro City don’t have any street lights along the way.
Thus this place can be dangerous for the people who will pass by. Gusa diversion road
has higher potential of surface wind energy because it is in between with sea and land
which causes sea breeze and land breeze and with additional factor of wind from the
moving vehicles since it has no traffic. The researcher conduct this study to design and
implement a vertical wind turbine for a multi power generation streetlight that harness
the surface wind and wind from moving vehicles at Gusa coastal road and can improve
The main objective of this study is to design and implement a vertical wind
turbine that is connected to a multi power generation street lights at Gusa coastal road.
In designing a turbine, the researcher must aim to do the following in order to achieve
2. To design and simulate a vertical wind turbine that can power a stand-alone
street light that is connected to a multi power generation at Gusa coastal road.
3. To design and fabricate the wind turbine by any casting material that can be
manufactured locally.
The purpose of this study is to design and implement a vertical wind turbine that
uses the wind surface and wind from moving vehicle as a source for renewable energy.
vertical wind turbine as using the surface wind and wind from moving vehicle
areas.
This study mainly focuses on the design and implementation of a vertical wind
turbine. The researcher limits the study on designing of a vertical wind turbine located
at Gusa diversion road. The study is limit only to light up two street light Gusa diversion
coastal road. It will not compare efficiency to horizontal axis wind turbine.
4
The Figure 1 refers to the flow of energy of the wind energy converter. From
wind kinetic energy it will pass through the wind turbine which allows generator to
CHAPTER II
2.1 Background
Wind energy is originally generated from the sun. The sun heats the earth’s
surface and the Earth heats the air above, causing wind. Wind is abundantly free and
The first invention who uses the wind power starts with the sails boats and the
earliest known wind powered grain mills and water pumps were used by the Persians
As used in generating electricity Charles F. Brush invented the first wind turbine
that generated about 12kilowatts (kW) of power. The turbine was 17 meters in
diameter, it had 144 rotor blades which is made from cedar wood. [4] E. Wendell
Hewson made investigation into the amount of available power in the wind energy.
According to his paper, there is vast energy available in the earth’s winds for man’s
use. It is conservatively estimated that the wind power available to man is the
equivalent of the output of 1000 typical fossil fueled or nuclear power plants of 1000
Wind power is obtained by harnessing the energy of the wind. By using the air flow
to provide mechanical power to turn electric generators. Wind power is good substitute
to burning fossil fuels as it is clean and free from pollution. In generating power Wind
power has three types; utility scale wind, distributed wind and offshore wind. Utility-
scale wind use to create more than 100 kilowatts and is used by power system operators.
Distributed wind use to create less than 100 kilowatts and is used for small business or
to directly power a house. Offshore wind turbines are larger than land base and can
Anemometer is used in measuring wind speed. The airflow past the cups in any
horizontal direction turned the shaft at the rate proportional to wind speed. The first
anemometer was invented by Dr. John Thomas Romney Robinson in 1845 it consist of
four hemispherical cups mounted on horizontal arms, which were mounted on a vertical
shaft. The next anemometer was developed by John Patterson in 1926 and subsequent
cup improvements by Brevoort & Joiner of the United States in 1935 led to a cup wheel
design with a nearly linear response and had an error of less than 3% up to 60 mph
(97 km/h).
7
Wind turbine or also called as wind energy converter is a device that converts
wind’s kinetic energy intro electrical energy. Wind Turbine has two types: Vertical
wind turbine (VAWT) and Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). Horizontal axis
wind turbine has the combine effects of inertial force and gravity while Vertical wind
turbine has a better condition on receiving effect is better than that of the Horizontal
axis wind turbine, because the direction of the inertial force and gravity keep stable
ever. [7]
Vertical axis wind turbine have the main rotor shaft set up vertically. Thus this kind
of turbine does not need to be pointed out to the wind to perform effectively. Most of
8
the generator of these turbine have been directly connected to the shaft. Most of the
components are located at the base of the turbine for easy maintenance.
Lift turbines will not self-start at low winds speed as it requires a motor to start as
wind speed drops and the turbine stop rotating. As a result to electrical input
significantly decrease the net output of the turbine in the variable wind conditions
experienced in urban locations. Lift type turbine are far more expensive than drag type
turbine as airfoils is used in lift type turbine. There are also some mechanical downfalls
of lift type turbines. The standard Darrieus type has high stress at its outer extents,
which can lead to premature mechanical failures. Also, each blade stalls at one point in
the turbine’s rotation, which could lead to vibrations which cause mechanical problems
and nuisance noise. [15] Thus lift up turbine needs stronger winds than drag type
Unlike lift up turbine drag type turbine can be self-started and does not need any
electrical input to start it rotating. The VAWT are wind machines, which harness
9
energy from the drag forces of the moving wind, especially in low altitude [16]. Figure
Darrieus Wind Turbine and Savonius Wind Turbine are the most
start-up and full operation moment, wind acceptance from any direction, low noise and
angular velocity in operation, reducing wear on moving parts, are some advantages of
Darrieus was the French inventor of the Eggbeater turbine in 1931. This turbine is a
high speed, low torque machine preferably to generate alternating current (AC)
electricity. Thus these device is unable to self-start. [9] One of disadvantage of Darrieus
Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine is the angle of attack as the turbine spins, so each blade
generates its maximum torque at two points on its cycle (front and back of the turbine).
This leads to a sinusoidal (pulsing) power cycle that complicates design [10]. The first
Darrieus Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine suffered from negative features and have low
efficiency.
11
capture wind energy it is a Darrieus type vertical axis wind turbine. This type of turbine
Turbine [10]
12
Turbine deflector deflect wind to increase output power while still vertical wind
turbine maintaining multi-directional operation. It will deflect the wind that opposes
the wind direction. The deflector are attached in to the central axis. [45]
Latitude, elevation and proximity to the coastline are the criteria that molds the
Philippine wind resource. In Philippines, the best wind resource of wind energy is in
the north and northeast and the worst is in the south and southeast of the archipelago
[47]. More than 10,000 km2 of windy land area is estimated to exist with a good-to-
excellent wind resource potential. These area represent only around 4 percent of the
total land area of the Philippines (299,000𝑘𝑚2 ). Mathematically these area can
Classification of wind speed can be classified at different height: 10m, 30m and
50m.
Due to the latitude and the resultant to lower wind speeds over the ocean, Northern
Mindanao has lacks of wind resource. But, because of the accelerating effects of the
terrain, there are a limited number of areas with a usable wind resource. A good-to-
excellent wind resource occurs at the crest of a long, narrow mountain range that
extends from Macopa in Surigao del Norte to the west of Lake Mainit in Agusan del
Norte. The high terrain of Mt. Legaspi to Mt. Divata and east-northeast to Canin point
14
have good wind resource. For other areas in northern Mindanao, the wind resource is
classified as poor.
is in units of watts or kilowatts. To extract available power from the wind parameters
like wind speed, turbine radius, and the rotor rotational speed are needed.
where P = Power [W], p = Air density [kg/m^3], A = Swept area [m^2], V = Wind
Power coefficient (Cp) of a wind is the ratio of maximum power obtained from the
Equation (2.2) shows that Pw = the power that the rotor extracts from the wind
PW
CP (2.2)
Pa
most wind turbines operate at a power coefficient of less than 0.45. Beyond that loss in
efficiency, there are also small losses resulting from the gearbox, bearings, and
generator.
15
As shown in (2.3), the power can also be estimated using the estimated torque
(τ, [N*m]) and experimental data for the rotational speed of the rotor, ω, in rad/s.
P = τ∗ω (2.3)
the arctangent between the ratio of frame velocity and absolute velocity.
τ = Ft∗R (2.4)
The power coefficient is strongly dependent on tip speed ratio, defined as the ratio
between the tangential speed at blade tip and the actual wind speed (2.5).
R
(2.5)
V0
where ω is the angular speed [rad/s], R the rotor radius [m] and Vo the ambient wind
speed [m/s]. Each rotor design has an optimal tip speed ratio at which the maximum
assess wind speeds at higher altitudes, meteorologist deploy weather balloons. Average
Average wind speed is simplest method on assessing wind speed. This method is
by collecting data at time interval and adding all those data and making weighted
2.9 Generators
cranks, pistons, or other sources of mechanical energy. Generator is one of the most
component), generator of a wind turbine has to work under fluctuating power levels.
Different types of generators are being used with wind turbines. These generators can
The first production of electrical energy with wind power was 1887 by Charles
Brush in Cleveland, Ohio. The rated Power of the used dc-generator was 12kW and
was designed to charge batteries. The induction machine was used at the first time in
operated at a constant speed, which is not favored at the varied wind speed application.
17
However, SCIG drives have bulky construction, low efficiency, low reliability and need
of maintenance, also the existing of slip ring, brush and three-stage gearbox increases
the system mass and cost, also electrical and mechanical loss. Recently, squirrel-cage
induction generators are dropping in this application. Figure 2.6 shows that rotation of
the motor picks up and causes the system to exceed the synchronous limit N S
thus the
rotor moves faster than the rotating magnetic field. When the speed is higher than N S
machine [45]
Today over 70% of the wind turbines are build up with Doubly-Fed Induction
Generator (DFIG) [44]. Moreover new concept eliminates most of the mechanical parts,
drawbacks to this concept, as a result, reducing the mass and cost of the system and
achieving high reliability and availability. Finally, it should be noticed that most
research works tend to use the DFIGs in wind energy, as they have excellent
phase stator similar to an induction generator, are most capable of competing with
induction generators for the wind power applications. In fact, they are adopted by well-
known small wind turbine. These generators have a number of advantages, which are:
(a) Simple and more effective configuration in the rotor with permanent magnet.
(b) Overall weight and volume significantly reduced for a given output power
Although the PM machine can achieve a larger air-gap flux density and the stator bore
diameter is smaller. Moreover, the advantage of the PM machine design is that it has a
much higher efficiency (97 %) than the induction machine (85 %).Due to their
excellent performance especially, efficiency and reliability, the general trend in wind
environment. It has become more and more popular during this year's. From analysis
gearboxes and the power electronic converters will significantly increase the system
reliability [44].
synchronously with the grid frequency. Thus synchronous speed can be calculated
120 𝑓
𝑁𝑠 = (2.6)
𝑝
Where Ns is the synchronous speed, f is the frequency and p is the power. The
Each turbine operates as an independent system separate from other solar panels,
wave generator or any other battery charging sources. If the turbine has its own fuse
and wires, the turbine is able to individually communicate and charge the battery or
Wiring two more turbines to a bus wire and then run one set of wires from the bus
bar to the battery. Each turbine can use internal regulator. Wiring bus wire can reduce
the wiring cost by using a bus bar. [45] Wind turbines need to be positioned so that the
purpose, two types of models, one Savonius rotor and the other Savonius- Darrieus
machine were designed and fabricated. The Savonius rotor was a two- bladed system
having 8 cm bucket diameter and 20 cm in height with provision for overlap variation.
For the Savonius- Darrieus machine, in the upper part, there was a two-bladed Savonius
rotor having bucket diameter of 8 cm and height of 10 cm and in the lower side, there
was Darrieus machine having three curved blades of dimension of 10 cm in height and
4 cm in radius. The overlap variation was made in the upper part. These were tested in
a subsonic wind tunnel and it was observed that there was an improvement in the power
23
coefficient for Savonius- Darrieus machine compared to only Savonius rotor under the
E. Wendell Hewson [16] made investigation into the amount of available power
in the wind energy. According to his paper, there is vast energy available in the earth’s
winds for man’s use. It is conservatively estimated that the wind power available to
man is the equivalent of the output of 1000 typical fossil fueled or nuclear power plants
of 1000 megawatts (MW) capacity each. By contrast, the water power potential of the
earth is only one-tenth as large. Large wind generators have been built and used during
the past 50 years. Research on wind power sites in the mountainous coastal and valley
“farms”, special duty installations, environmental impacts, land use, and net energy
costs are all taken into consideration. It is concluded that wind power shows promise
development of this wind power potential should proceed with the federal government
Jean-Luc Menet and Nachida Bourabaa [17] made parametric studies on the
aerodynamic behavior of slow running wind turbines of Savonius type to compare the
results. Through a detailed study, it is possible to identify the influent parameters, and
to show that the aerodynamic efficiency of the Savonius rotor can be notably improved
via a judicious choice of its geometrical parameters. This study suggests to use a
double-stepped Savonius rotor with two paddles and two end-plates. The height of the
rotor should be twice its diameter. The primary overlap ratio must be between 0.15 and
24
0.3 times the diameter of the paddle, whereas the secondary overlap ratio should be
equal to 0.
M. C. Percival ET. al. [18] explored the adoption of Savonius rotor (S-rotor)
wind turbine for household/domestic electricity generation. The design process and
justification of the new machine will be described. A prototype has been built and
installed at a selected site. The operational experience of this site testing will also be
generation. The innovative technology turbine collects wind energy and converts it into
electricity, which in turn produces a 12 volt output which is used to charge one heavy
duty battery.
Tsutomu Hayashi ET. al. [19] studied the torque characteristics of an ordinary
Savonius rotor. Any Savonius rotor has two problems: the first one is the fairly large
torque variation and the second one is that there are some angular positions where the
has three stages and buckets of which have 120-degree phase shift between the adjacent
stages, was designed 40 and made. Wind tunnel tests were carried out on this new type
Savonius rotor and an ordinary one-stage rotor. The tests included the fluctuation
measurements of the static and dynamic torques in one revolution, and the average
Brad C. Cochran ET. al. [20] developed a three tired approach for designing and
is important that new entrants realize the full potential of the wind energy conversion
performance for vertical axis wind turbine, in his feasibility report. To improve the
efficiency of vertical axis wind turbines with the expectation that the inherently simple
vertical axis turbines could be manufactured at low cost, leading to their widespread
use. The analysis noted that small units could be manufactured for distributed
grid connected to take advantage of net metering and would provide pollution free
K.Suresh Babu [22] studied the material selection technique for typical wind
turbine blades using a Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) approach and
analysis of blades. The efficiency of the wind turbine depends on the material of the
blade, shape of the blade and angle of the blade. So, the material of the turbine blade
plays a vital role in the wind turbines. The material of the blade should possess the high
stiffness, low density and long fatigue life. The main objective of our topic is to discuss
the different materials as candidates for turbine blades and to select the best material
for turbine blades by using one of the MADM (Multiple Attribute Decision Making)
approach with fuzzy logic variables. After the material selection, the turbine blades are
generated by using modeling packages (CATIA V5R9) and Analysis can be done by
cases were taken up to estimate the values of deformations, stress values and different
B.G: Newman [23] has applied the actuator disc theory to a vertical axis wind
with uniform inflow factor through tandem actuator discs indicates that these earlier
predictions may be slightly pessimistic. Also studied the multiple actuator-disc theory
for wind turbines. If the effects of fluid rotation are neglected, one dimensional theory
for a single actuator disc gives a maximum power coefficient of 16/27. This is the usual
Betz limit for the power of horizontal-axis wind turbines. Tandem discs are a more
appropriate representation for a vertical-axis, Darrieus, wind turbine and give more
element theory. The maximum power coefficient for two discs in tandem is 16/25.
The case of an actuator discs is considered. It is shown that the maximum power
coefficient is [8n (n+l)]/ [3(2n+l) 2]. The corresponding axial inflow factor for the rth
disc is (2r-1)/ (2r+1), and the outflow factor for the outer annulus of that disc is 2r/
(2r+l). For a very large number of discs the maximum power coefficient is thus 2/3,
which is 13% larger than the maximum for a single disc. Some flow visualization
experiments on flow through tandem screens are presented which indicate that the
minimum spacing below which the theory begins to become inaccurate is about one
Mazharul Islam [24] studied the aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-
bladed vertical axis wind turbines. This model is crucial for deducing optimum design
parameters and also for predicting the performance before fabricating the VAWT. The
27
authors have attempted to compile the main aerodynamic models that have been used
been found out that at present the most widely used models are the double-multiple
stream-tube model, Vortex model and the Cascade model. Each of these three models
turbine are new source of community noise to which relative people have yet been
exposed that some there are some people living in the environs of IWTs are
Touryan [26]18 conducted few investigations on the vertical axis wind turbine
to enhance the power coefficient using a nozzle system. In investigations, the efficiency
of the turbine is increased approximately to 33%. But, according to Modi [27]19 the
power coefficient of a fairly streamlined vertical axis wind turbine is only 22%.Sharpe
[28] developed a theoretical model using the computer program for aerodynamic
analysis of various stream tube for a vertical axis wind turbine. Sabzevan [29]21
proposed the idea of placing a flat plate to collect a large amount of air on to the drum
which is simple in design, fabrication and maintenance, and is suitable for small-scale
rural application. Initially, the performance studies of Savonius wind turbine rotors
have been carried out with conventional three bladed straight and curved rotors. From
the experiences of these experiments, two distinct blade shapes i.e., an aero foil type
and a twisted type rotors have been developed and tested in three bladed rotor system.
28
Performance characteristics of the developed rotor blades have been evaluated and the
Joris Soens [31] developed a control scheme based on ‘direct power control’ for
a variable-speed wind turbine. One of the controller parameters is a time constant that
can be chosen by the user and that is strongly linked to the extent to which the electrical
output power is smoothed, compared to the fast varying wind speed. This control
methodology allows a more direct control of the electrical output power than for
classical control schemes. Also the impact on voltage flicker can be evaluated more
easily during the controller design stage, and the correspondence between turbine
efficiency of a double stark Savonius rotor, developed through a series of wind tunnel
and field testing in East Africa. On a 33 aerodynamic performance basis, the Savonius
rotor cannot generally compete with other types of wind turbines. This is entirely due
to its mode of operation. Unlike its counter-parts that operate by rotating around a
horizontal axis, it rotates around a vertical axis. This has the unfortunate effect of
lowering its efficiency, but it has several compensating factors. Its main advantages are
that it has better starting torque performance with operating characteristics independent
of the wind direction. In addition, it is simple in structure and the fabrication technology
required is less sophisticated when compared to similar types of windmills. This makes
it a suitable system for small scale applications in wind energy conversion, especially
Anthony Joseph and Ehrlich Desa [33], designed for an in-house use, speed and
Savonius rotor and a free vane and an Aanderaa type flat-bladed Savonius rotor. It has
been observed that accuracy, linearity, and tilt response of a meter using the Aanderaa
curved-bladed rotor is superior to those of a meter using the Aanderaa flat-bladed rotor.
Analysis showed that the azimuth response arises from flow pattern modifications in
the vicinity of the rotor, imposed by the changes in the horizontal angle of the support
rods of the rotor relative to the flow streamlines. While the use of two support rods may
be suitable for a fixed-vane system, it is undesirable for a free-vane system where the
meter’s orientation with respect to the flow direction is not defined. Flow direction 34
performance of the free-vane system stems from the poor coupling to the “vane-
U. K. Saha [34] investigated the use of twisted bamboo bladed rotor for
Savonius wind turbines. Due to low rotational speed and low power production,
Savonius rotors are lagging in terms of technology from horizontal axis wind turbines.
It is, however, believed that with some design modification of the blades, the Savonius
types of machines may be quite useful for small-scale power requirement. Preliminary
investigation in this direction led to the development of a new blade shape with a twist
for the Savonius rotor. The twisted blade fabricated from sheet metals has shown its
blades fabricated from bamboo strips have been tested to find its operational feasibility.
Experiments with bamboo bladed rotor show a slightly lower rotational speed as
30
compared to the earlier 44 tested twisted metallic blades. However, the low cost and
the ease of fabrication could make this type of design useful for small-scale power
L.B. Wang [35] studied the potential flow 2-D vortex panel model (VPM2D)
for unsteady hydrodynamics calculation of the vertical axis straight blade variable pitch
turbine was given for tidal streams energy conversion. Numerical results of predicted
instantaneous blade forces and wake flow of the rotor showed good agreement with the
test data. The model was also compared with the previous classic free vortex model
(VDART) and vortex method combined with finite element analysis (FEVDTM). It
showed that the present model was much better than the former, less complex than the
latter and suitable for designing and optimization of the vertical axis straight blade
turbine.
for flow fields of a small wind turbine with a flanged diffuser. The present wind-turbine
system gave a power coefficient higher than the Betz limit owing to the effect of the
flanged diffuser. To elucidate the flow mechanism, mean velocity profiles behind a
wind turbine were measured using a hot-wire technique. By processing the obtained
data, characteristic values of the flow fields were estimated and compared with those
conditions were made to assess the predictive performance of the simulation model
presently used and also to investigate the flow field in more detail. The present
experimental and numerical results gave useful information about the flow mechanism
was seen in the destruction process of the tip vortex between the bare wind turbine and
A.B. Turner [37] studied the fluid flow and heat transfer over straight and
fluctuations and heat transfer were made over the straight and curved lower surface of
a wind tunnel with an upper surface which could be flexed to control the stream wise
pressure gradients. Laser Doppler techniques were employed for flow visualization and
dynamic data are presented for smooth and rough surfaces and heat transfer results from
roughnesses of three different heights. Velocity gradients and curvature, less than often
found in turbo-machinery, in the ranges examined, had relatively little effect compared
to the roughness. The present observations are compared with relevant data in the
literature.
horizontal axis can be undertaken by various methods of analysis. The effects of the
change of the aerodynamic flow (in the steady and unsteady cases), the variation of
parameters of the cinematic movement (angle of attack, pitch angle and yaw angle) and
the definition of subsystems characteristics that makes the wind turbine (blade, nacelle
and pylon) allow one to characterize the structural dynamic behavior of the wind
turbine.
Jenkins [39] have designed a naturally ventilated atrium which was assessed
using both wind tunnel and CFD methods to appraise and modify the response of the
32
system to wind forces. The initial design was expected to be susceptible to flow reversal
due to wind forces opposing and ultimately defeating buoyancy forces. 51 Several
design options were assessed by both methods. Both the methods were able to provide
good information to guide the design development. Crucially, the information and
guidance from both methods was consistent; that is either method could have led the
design development to a similar final result. Each method has, of course, advantages
and limitations, and to some extent these are complementary, appraise and modify the
Jeppe Johansen and Niels N. Sorensen [40] have described the numerical
investigation of the aerodynamics around a wind turbine blade with a winglet using
Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD. Five winglets were investigated with different
twist distribution and camber. Four of them were pointing towards the pressure side
(upstream) and one was pointing towards the suction side (downstream). Additionally,
a rectangular modification of the original blade tip was designed with the same plan
form area as the 52 blades with winglets. Results show that adding a winglet to the
existing blade increase the force distribution on the outer approximately. 14 % of the
blade leading to increased produced power of around 0.6% to 1.4% for wind speeds
larger than 6 m/s. This has to be compared to the increase in thrust of around 1.0% to
1.6%. Pointing the winglet downstream increases the power production even further.
The effect of sweep and cant angles is not accounted for in the present investigation
profile coefficients for aerodynamic lift, drag, and moment are shown to have
airfoils can improve the power performance of the rotor without loss of
aerodynamic damping:
frequencies of the first flap wise and first edgewise blade bending modes
become closer as the blades become more slender. This 1-1 resonance may lead
to a coupling flap- and edgewise blade vibrations which increases the edgewise
damping of blade vibrations close to the rotor plane is generally lower than the
between the flap wise and edgewise whirling modes can increase the overall
lead to flutter where the first torsional blade mode couples to a flap wise bending
instability similar to blade flutter. Whirl flutter can occur on turbines with very
low natural frequencies of the tilt and yaw modes (about 5 % of their original
values).
34
edgewise bending and torsion. The aero elastic damping of the blade modes are
7. Effect of yaw error on damping from wake: The wake behind the
rotor has an influence on the aerodynamic damping of the turbine mode due to
the dynamic behavior of the induced velocities from the wake. When the turbine
lower damped turbine modes is observed that may be caused by change of wake
56 geometry.
involving drive train rotation, as the drive train torsion and lateral tower modes,
are highly affected by the dynamic behavior of the generator torque. The aero
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter discuss on the topic that the researcher will undergo to achieve the
objectives mentioned earlier. The researcher must do the assessment, design and
The researcher will design a vertical wind turbine with Savonius rotor. This type
of turbine is unusual and its application for obtaining useful energy from air stream is
an alternative to the use of conventional wind turbines. Simple construction, high start-
up and full operation moment, wind acceptance from any direction, low noise and
angular velocity in operation, reducing wear on moving parts, are some advantages of
In research flow chart shows all the step that the researcher will undergo thru out
the duration of the study. To start the research, the researcher will undergo the data
gathering then assess the data that are gathered. Then the parameters of the turbine
proceeds and after determining the design parameters for the turbine the researcher will
identify the number of the turbine needed to achieve the power output and create an
electrical layout for the turbines. Then the researcher will simulate the turbine using
36
solidworks. After implementing the design the researcher will gather the possible
The researcher will gather data especially the wind data at Gusa diversion
coastal road for the potential of the vertical wind turbine in the area with the use of
37
anemometer and other tools and techniques that is used for wind assessment. The
researcher also need to gather article’s that will help to provide theories, processes and
concepts on developing the objective of the study. Any other material will be used in
The researcher will create wind pattern of surface wind and wind from moving
vehicle at Gusa diversion coastal road. The data gathered will be average adding both
minimum and maximum. Then data gathered will be plotted using Microsoft Office.
The researcher needs internet for other means of understanding the theories and concept
The researcher decided to implement the design in Gusa Coastal Road, Cagayan
de Oro City. The area must not be too far from the other renewable energy (wave and
solar), and must be elevated above the ground thus it will not cause any disturbance in
Wind assessment is important in designing a wind turbine, hence the wind velocity
is the most important factor. The researcher will use the method of Average wind speed
since the area of the study is plain unlike a rural area that is wind distribution is needed.
To assess the data that will be gathered, first the researcher will get the daily average
wind speed adding both minimum and maximum, second the researcher will get the
whole average of the daily average wind speed which will be based on the number of
days of the data gathered. By referring to figure 9, thus the researcher will identify the
38
wind speed type. Also in assessment of the wind coming from moving vehicle the
The available power (Pa), which is also the kinetic energy (KE) of the wind, can
be defined as:
1
. As .V
3
P a
2
(3.1)
Where V is the velocity of the wind [m/s] and ρ is the air density kg/m^3 the reference
density used its standard sea level value (1.225 kg/m^3) and AVs
= wind mass
flow rate striking the swept area of the wind turbine (kg/sec). But the swept area is the
product of rotor height, H and rotor diameter, D ( As = H*D) thus the larger the swept
area the larger the power will be generated, therefore the actual power becomes:
1
.H .D.V
3
P a
2
(3.2)
The power that the rotor extracts from the wind is:
P W
T* (3.3)
According to Betz limit, there is at most only 59.3 % of the wind power can be
converted into useful power. Some of the energy may lose in gearbox, bearings,
39
generator, transmission and others. Thus power coefficient consider in this study is
equal to 0.30.
Thus having the cube of wind velocity in Equation (3.1) shows how wind speed
affects the power output. Three wind speed parameters where consider in this project:
Shikha [17] reported a new vertical axis wind rotor for low wind speed areas with a
convergent nozzle for the amplification of wind speed. Such novel rotors can be built
in small units instead of large central power plants suitable for different load
requirements. The importance of the work is especially due to the current trend of high
power generation. Another success has been made to analyze the optimal nozzle
AR = H/D (3.8)
Tip speed ratio, λ is defined as the ratio of the linear speed of rotor blade ω.Rto the
undisturbed wind speed, V [30]. ω is the angular velocity and R represent the radius
revolving part of the turbine. The maximum tip speed ratio that Savonius rotor can
reach is 1. High tip speed ratio improves the performance of wind turbine and this could
40
be obtained by increasing the rotational rate of the rotor [28]. Hence in this study the
λ = ω.R / V (3.9)
To calculate the speed of the turbine, Equation (3.10) shows the relativity of the
wind velocity.
v
Rpm= 60( ) (3.10)
2 r
In this phase after getting the turbine output obtained from the design parameters.
The researcher need to calculate the number of turbines in order to achieve the desired
output. Then the researcher will create electrical layout of the wind turbines prior to the
After the researcher finished the design. The design will undergo series of testing
in the simulation using Solidworks application checking if the design was appropriate
to achieve its proposed objective. The design will be test on the possible wind data, on
its minimum and maximum. The researcher might change the design of the turbine to
achieve its main objective depending on the result of the simulation to have a greater
output.
41
The generator that will be used shall be based on its power output. To determine
the size of generator, availability of the generator and rpm of the turbine is required
120𝑓
𝑁𝑠 = (2.6)
𝑃
Where 𝑁𝑠 is the synchronous speed, f is the frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) [44], and p
When the researcher finished the design with the most efficient design of the
vertical wind turbine. The researcher will now assemble the wind turbine using the
42
optimized design. The materials that will be used will be low cost and that are can be
found in the Philippines to meet the objective stated by the researcher. Aluminum plate
After the fabrication of the turbine, the researcher may now test the turbine at the
site chosen. Wind turbine testing is important where the researcher will be able to
analyze and graph the result. To test the turbine the researcher will undergo these steps.
3.12 Solidworks
In order to achieve the following objective of the study, solid works will be used
DassaultSystèmes
43
CHAPTER IV
4.1 Introduction
This chapter discuss about the results gathered by the researcher in the study of
vertical-axis wind turbine. The following results that are discuss Wind speed of the site,
Voltage and Power output of the turbine comparing the two results with deflector and
without deflector.
The red dot in figure 20 will be the site where the turbine will be implemented.
The figure above shows the specific area where the prototype will be implemented.
Wind assessment is the most important part in designing a wind turbine. Thus it
allows the researcher to verify if turbine are possible to be implemented in the site.
Through data gathering using the data logger which compose of three cup anemometer,
Arduino and SD card module to get the wind speed. Figure 22 shows the data gathered
3.5
2.5
Wind Speed m/s
1.5
0.5
Date Taken
Figure 22: Summary of Data gathered of Surface Wind speed at Gusa Coastal Road,
CDO City
The researcher then get the average daily which was shown in the graph after that the
researcher again get the average of the daily average wind speed by adding it all divided
by the number of days which the data has taken. The figure above shows that at the
month of August have higher average velocity than of that September and October. The
result having average of 2.0854 m/s of the total average would be used to get other wind
1.4
1.2
1
Wind Speed m/s
0.8
0.6
Moving Vehicle
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Nuber Of Trials
Figure 23: Summary of Data gathered of Wind speed of moving vehicle at Gusa
By using a digital anemometer the researcher gather the data of wind speed from
moving vehicles taking 15 trials which was done along the side lanes of the road. In
this study any type of vehicle has been considered. Due to the reason that the road has
4 lanes wind speed coming from the vehicle is not that high that vehicles are going
along in the center of the road. The data gathered from moving vehicles has been
average and resulted to the average of 1.067m/s. Referring also to figure 9, wind
Calculations:
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2.0854m/s
48
In the turbine designing, Vertical-axis wind turbine types Savonius, Darrieus and
hybrid are considered. The two main types of VAWT are examined: lift turbines and
drag turbines.
After examining drag turbines shows more interest in developing a wind turbine
based on gathered data by the researcher such that drag type wind turbine are self-
excited and does not any electrical input for rotating the turbine
49
The researcher decided to choose the drag type turbine for it is self-staring a since
it will be installed in a lower area .The researcher also consider in putting deflector for
In designing there are lot of consideration have been accumulated by the researcher
in the chosen design especially on the turbine blades. According to Shikha, T.S. Bhatti
and D.P. Kothari stated in their study entitle “On Some Aspects of a Newly Designed
Rotor using Convergent Nozzles” that by using a convergent nozzle is a new concept
of amplifying the wind speed before it comes in contact with the blades of a newly
50
designed rotor Instead of using large central station power plants, these new rotors can
be most conveniently built in smaller units appropriate for individual load requirements.
The importance of the work is high especially due to the current trend towards
D.M.R. and Aravinda L.H.A.S that VAWT can be increase its maximum efficiency by
using a deflector.
Power can be determined by having a swept area of 0.81𝑚2 , below is the formula
Thus substituting swept area which is 0.81𝑚2 and the average velocity of the gathered
data which is 2.0854m/s, Output power of the turbine can now be determined which is
equal to 1.34983W .
For the aspect ratio, most common design features of turbine as they are square box
shape hence in this study the researcher used the 1:1 ratio.
Aspect ratio = 1
Number of blades was taken into the study of Shikha, T.S. Bhatti and D.P. Kothari
stated in their study entitle “On Some Aspects of a Newly Designed Rotor using
Convergent Nozzles” that 4 bladed turbine shows more effective than the two blade
51
turbine. Which 4 number of blades was assume in this study. Nozzle consideration is
Tip speed is the ratio between the tangential speed of the tip of a blade and the
actual speed of the wind. Higher tip speeds results in higher noise levels and require
stronger blades due to large centrifugal forces. Thus the maximum tip speed ratio of
The turbine speed can be calculated using the formula in Equation 3.10.
v
Rpm= 60( ) (3.10)
2 r
Where v is equal to the rated wind velocity which is 3.128m/s and r is the radius of
the turbine which is 0.45m. Thus substituting them in the formula the turbine RPM is
equal to 66 rpm. Hence, a speed increaser with a ratio of 5:1 has been used from turbine
to the generator. Thus the resulting rpm for the generator is 330 rpm.
Parameters Values
Diameter 0.90m
Height 0.90m
Aspect Ratio 1
Number of Blades 4
For the deflector, shall not be a disturbance does it will be assembled in a sidewalk.
Thus the size of the deflector is same as the height of the turbine or greater while the
Deflector Height 1m
Having the electrical output of 1.349W using the design parameters of the vertical
wind turbine we can obtained the numbers of wind turbines needed to achieve 60W
power output. Thus, 60W divided by the electrical output of each turbine is equal to
44.47 or 45 wind turbines needed to achieve the 60W power output. Thus according
The spacing of each turbine should be consider, in order for the turbine to be
To get the total length of the turbine that will be cascaded in parallel, Number of
turbines is considered. The sum of turbine diameter and turbine spacing multiply by the
= (45) (.9m+2.7m)
= 162m
Figure 27: Actual length of 160 m in Coatal Road (credits to Google Map)
To verify if 45 turbines with the total length of 160 m is fitted to the area, the researcher
have used the google map. Figure 27 above shows the actual length of 160m at Gusa
Coastal Road.
56
The following result are the turbine simulation without the deflector and with the
deflector. Thus the turbine with deflector shows its maximum velocity.
Thus the result of simulation above in figure 27 shows the movement of the wind
to the turbine striking the blades. The flow of the wind shows the difference between
two opposite’s blades. The wind velocity of the blade at the right side has line color
orange that has an equivalent of 1.5m/s means that wind passing through the right side
is stronger than of the left side which has colored blue lines that has an equivalent of -
1.740m/s.
57
The result of simulation above with the deflector shown in figure 28 shows an
improvement of the turbine performance. As wind flows through the deflector, a large
volume of line which was colored orange and red striking the blades means that wind
velocity is much higher than of the figure 27; red lines has an equivalent wind velocity
of 1.9m/s.
Comparing the result of the two simulation, the turbine with deflector shows more
wind velocity than of that turbine without the deflector as presented in figure 27 and
figure 28.
58
In turbine selection, torque density and energy efficiency are the two basic
characteristics that are influenced by the wind turbine dynamics. According to A Lebsir,
Wind Turbine System” that in their comparative study has revealed that the permanent
magnet generator is the solution that makes the consensus. Thus the researcher selected
120𝑓
𝑁𝑠 = (2.6)
𝑃
The rating of the Permanent magnet DC generator has a voltage of 12V-24V, and
Permanent Magnet generator is simple and more effective configuration in the rotor
with permanent magnet and with high power density. PMDC are also high in efficiency
and they are self-excited. Thus PMDC are cheaper in price. Corrosion Resistance:
Due to the size of the Turbine the researcher made the design that can be disassemble
60
The designed turbine was place over side walk as wind is more available in a higher
place.
61
There are two result that the researcher obtain to show if wind from moving vehicle has
The turbine has been tested and gathered data without using the deflector as it only
using the wind of sea breeze and land breeze. Table show the electrical output of turbine
30
25
20
Power (w)
15
W/o Deflector
10
0
1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7 4 4.3 4.6 4.9
Wind Speed (m/s)
The figure 32 shown above is the relationship between the wind speeds vs. output power
from the generator without the use of the deflector. At around the average wind speed
which is 2.0854 shows that the electrical output of the generator of the turbine which is
around 3W.
62
After tested without the deflector the researcher install the deflector for harnessing the
wind from moving vehicle. Table 9 shows the electrical output of the turbine over
30
25
20
Power output (W)
15
Before Vehicle Crossing
After Vehicle Crossing
10
0
4.4
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.2
4.6
4.8
1
The above table 9 shows the output power of the generator of the turbine with the
used of the deflector. The graph shows the power output from the surface wind and
The power output of the turbine increases after vehicles passes at wind speed 1 to
2 m/s, the graph shows a large margin of the resulted power output At some point
63
around 2.8 m/s and above due to the wind produced by the vehicles as classified as low
it does not affect the rotation of the turbine resulting to the same power output.
The figure 33 shows the increased power output of the Savonius wind turbine with the
wind from moving vehicles. The result shows almost identical, at around 2.8m/s shows
a clearer margin of the power output generated by the wind turbine between the with
deflector and without deflector. As the wind speed rises the margin between the two
output powers from the turbine is more obvious that there is a difference between output
powers.
Figure 34 shows the Current and Voltage gathered in the site using the data logger
that is connect to the multi-power system. The orange line shows the power output of
64
the turbine, at 11 am to 4pm shows the maximum power output of the turbine at 5W.
And rapidly going down to zero at 6’ clock. The total energy for the turbine that has
Current is needed in order to find the size of wire that will be used as bus wire. To get
The smallest wire size available from the table 7 is 2.0mm2, thus it will be used as the
bus wire.
(5.6)(√(3.12 )+(0.0732 )
For turbine 2, Ploss2 =𝐼 2 ( )= 0.003848726 W
305
(9.2)(√(3.12 )+(0.0732 )
For Turbine 3, Ploss3 = 𝐼 2 ( )= 0.006322906 W
305
And so on, below are the continuation for the Ploss to turbine number 45.
Number of Number of
Turbine Distance Power Loss Turbine Distance Power Loss
1 2 0.001374545 24 84.8 0.058280703
2 5.6 0.003848726 25 88.4 0.060754884
3 9.2 0.006322906 26 92 0.063229065
4 12.8 0.008797087 27 95.6 0.065703246
5 16.4 0.011271268 28 99.2 0.068177426
6 20 0.013745449 29 102.8 0.070651607
7 23.6 0.01621963 30 106.4 0.073125788
8 27.2 0.01869381 31 110 0.075599969
9 30.8 0.021167991 32 113.6 0.07807415
10 34.4 0.023642172 33 117.2 0.08054833
11 38 0.026116353 34 120.8 0.083022511
12 41.6 0.028590534 35 124.4 0.085496692
66
follows:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
Ղ= (4.14)
𝑃𝑖𝑛
Ղ = (31.39Wh*45-2.511293508Wh)/(31.39Wh*45) * 100
Ղ = 99.82 %
To check if the cascaded 45 turbine can self-sustain the street lights alone,
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 936 Wh
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
Thus the total Energy can be generated from the turbines is:
The total energy needed for two street lights for 12h is only 936Wh which can be
supplied alone by the Wind Turbines for more than 1.5 times.
68
CHAPTER V
5.1 Conclusion
As result are presented in chapter 4, the research has achieve its goal in order to
harness the wind from moving vehicle but as the electrical output is not enough to stand
alone supply the two streetlight which has 60W rating does the researcher makes an
alternative to solution increase the number of turbine that can be used to achieve the
desired output. After cascading the 45 Turbines the power output was enough to supply
the streetlights more than 1 and half of the energy. The researcher was able to find
alternative solution to power the two street lights. There are two kinds of data that is
gathered using anemometer: Surface wind and Wind from moving vehicles, both were
analyze and used to conclude that the available surface wind speed of Gusa coastal road
can be classified as low same as the wind speed of the moving vehicle. The researcher
has successfully simulated the design using solidworks and the turbine parameters. The
wind turbine was successfully made using the materials that can be found locally.
5.2 Recommendations
In order to improve the researcher in future purposes and to increase the electrical
The turbine should have an additional deflector which harness the wind breezes
To design a generator that is specifically made for the turbine like axial flux
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77
APPENDIX A
Turbine Assembly
79
80
APPENDIX B
Code
#include <math.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <SD.h>
#include <SPI.h>
File myFile;
volatile unsigned long Rotations; // cup rotation counter used in interrupt routine
interrupt routine
float WindSpeed;
81
void setup() {
lcd.begin(16, 2);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(WindSensorPin, INPUT);
Serial.println("Rotations\tMPH");
// SD Card Initialization
if (!SD.begin(pinCS)) {
return;
Serial.println("card initialized.");
// Create/Open file
if (myFile) {
Serial.println("Writing to file...");
// Write to file
Serial.println("Done.");
else {
myFile = SD.open("test.txt");
if (myFile) {
Serial.println("Read:");
while (myFile.available()) {
Serial.write(myFile.read());
}
83
myFile.close();
else {
void loop() {
// V = P(2.25/3) = P * 0.75
Serial.print(Rotations); Serial.print("\t\t");
Serial.println(WindSpeedms);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
delay(10);
if (dataFile) {
dataFile.println(WindSpeedms);
dataFile.close();
Serial.println(WindSpeedms);
else {
void isr_rotation () {
Rotations++;
ContactBounceTime = millis();}}
85
APPENDIX C
Table 8: Theoretical RPM, Actual RPM and Power data gathered with deflector and
without deflector
Power
RPM Power W/o W/
Wind Speed RPM Actual(w/o RPM Actual(w/ Deflector Deflector
(m/s) Theoretical Deflector Deflector (w) (w)
1 21.23142251 35.38570418 44.23213022 0.212 0.212
1.1 23.35456476 38.92427459 48.65534324 0.301 0.301
1.2 25.47770701 42.46284501 53.07855626 0.415 0.415
1.3 27.60084926 46.00141543 57.50176929 0.526 0.526
1.4 29.72399151 49.53998585 61.92498231 0.63 0.69
1.5 31.84713376 53.07855626 66.34819533 0.725 0.795
1.6 33.97027601 56.61712668 70.77140835 0.865 0.94
1.7 36.09341826 60.1556971 75.19462137 0.98 1.36
1.8 38.21656051 63.69426752 79.61783439 1.32 1.58
1.9 40.33970276 67.23283793 84.04104742 1.569 1.65
2 42.46284501 70.77140835 88.46426044 1.64 1.9
2.1 44.58598726 74.30997877 92.88747346 1.78962 2.012
2.2 46.70912951 77.84854919 97.31068648 1.983 2.2032
2.3 48.83227176 81.3871196 101.7338995 2.1263 2.406
2.4 50.95541401 84.92569002 106.1571125 2.3806 2.56
2.5 53.07855626 88.46426044 110.5803255 2.603 2.7852
2.6 55.20169851 92.00283086 115.0035386 2.89 3.1455
2.7 57.32484076 95.54140127 119.4267516 3.014 3.405
2.8 59.44798301 99.07997169 123.8499646 3.29 3.9202
2.9 61.57112527 102.6185421 128.2731776 3.605 4.72
3 63.69426752 106.1571125 132.6963907 4.051 5.0168
3.1 65.81740977 109.6956829 137.1196037 4.892 5.8578
3.2 67.94055202 113.2342534 141.5428167 6.0254 6.9912
3.3 70.06369427 116.7728238 145.9660297 6.9022 7.868
3.4 72.18683652 120.3113942 150.3892427 7.861 8.8268
3.5 74.30997877 123.8499646 154.8124558 8.4611 9.4269
3.6 76.43312102 127.388535 159.2356688 9.61 10.5758
3.7 78.55626327 130.9271054 163.6588818 10.988 11.9538
3.8 80.67940552 134.4656759 168.0820948 11.55 12.5158
3.9 82.80254777 138.0042463 172.5053079 12.678 13.6438
86
APPENDIX D
WIND WIND
DATE SPEED DATE SPEED
(2019) m/s (2019) m/s
22/08/2018 2.3 13/09/2018 1.73
23/08/2018 2.1 14/09/2018 1.9
24/08/2018 3 15/09/2018 2.01
25/08/2018 3.1 16/09/2018 2
26/08/2018 2.4 17/09/2018 2.03
27/08/2018 2 18/09/2018 1.9
28/08/2018 1.8 19/09/2018 2.5
29/08/2018 1.9 20/09/2018 1.7
30/08/2018 2.04 21/09/2018 1.8
31/08/2018 2.02 22/09/2018 2.01
01/09/2018 2.4 23/09/2018 1.65
02/09/2018 2.6 24/09/2018 2.03
03/09/2018 2.3 25/09/2018 2
04/09/2018 1.8 26/09/2018 1.89
05/09/2018 2.1 27/09/2018 1.86
06/09/2018 2.2 28/09/2018 1.75
07/09/2018 2.12 29/09/2018 2.04
08/09/2018 2.13 30/09/2018 1.58
09/09/2018 2.15 01/10/2018 1.64
10/09/2018 2.31 02/10/2018 1.86
11/09/2018 1.9 03/10/2018 1.965
12/09/2018 2.2 04/10/2018 1.89
05/10/2018 2.03
06/10/2018 1.89
07/10/2018 2.02
08/10/2018 1.79
09/10/2018 1.65
10/10/2018 1.82