Vaccination Practical

Dr Hajer Elkout
National immunisation schedule

X
Why is it like that??
 Age
 Scheduled at an age range that is considered optimal
for the best immune system response
 Balanced with the need to provide protection to at the
earliest possible age.
 Spacing
 Time needed to create a protective response.

 Vaccines
Vaccine Type Route Diluent
BCG Live attenuated ID Yes
OPV Live attenuated Oral No
Hep-B Recombinant DNA IM No
MMR Live attenuated SC/IM Yes
DPT D,T: toxoid, P: inactive IM No
IPV Inactive SC/IM No
Pneumococcal vaccine Conjugated polysacharide IM No

Meningococcal vaccine Conjugated polysacharide IM Yes

Rotavirus vaccine Live attenuated Oral No
HPV Recombinant DNA IM No
Recommended vaccination sites
 Vaccines should not be given intravenously

 The anterolateral thigh is the recommended site

for IM vaccination in infants <12 months of age,
due to its larger muscle size.

 The deltoid muscle is the recommended site for

IM vaccination in children ≥12 months of age.
Proper technique: The check list
Routes of administration
The cold chain
Cold chain
Equipments and vaccines
Cold chain monitors
 Cold chain monitoring card
 Has a 3M Time Temperature Indicator with the
threshold temperatures + 10° C and + 34° C.
 Blue discoloration of the indicator, if the temperature
exceeds the threshold during transport or storage.
Cold chain monitoring card
Thermometers
 Dial and liquid crystal thermometers
 Vapour dial thermometer

Gives immediate temperature reading and a reading

of the highest, or lowest temperature reached since
the last reading
Freeze watch indicators
 A small vial of red liquid attached to a white card
 Vial breaks if the temperature drops below 0° C
for more than one hour
 Has two indicators.
One tells if
temperature has
raised above +10°C.
The other indicates if
temperature has
dropped below -4°C.
Vaccination Vial Monitor (VVM)
Frozen vaccine: The shake test
 Cold chain equipments

Cold box

Cool room ILR

Vaccine carrier
Avoid Administration Errors

 Make sure you have the:

 Right patient.
 Right schedule.
 Right vaccine & diluent (Label, expiry date).
 Right dose.
 Right route.
 Right site.
 Errors and adverse events
 Delayed or missed vaccination date
 Catch up, do not restart.
 Complete the dose series.
 Minimum one month interval between doses.

 Premature baby
 Start at birth, more vulnerable to diseases.
 Errors and adverse events
 Wrong diluent
 Dose repeated using the correct diluent.

 Severe allergic reaction

 Shouldn’t have the vaccine.

 Frozen Hep B vaccine

 Discard.
Thank you