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Barefoot
(Openhole)
Slotted Cemented
Liner Casing/liner
Completion Screen/
Fracpack
Type open hole
External Internal
Gravelpack Gravelpack
Chemical
Consolidation
mineral grain
Quartz, SiO2
natural cementing
CaCO3
PRODUCTIVITY EFFECTS
• Sand Disposal
SAND RATE
OIL
OIL RATE
SAND
“TOLERABLE”
FINES
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time Dependence
– decreasing reservoir pressure increases the effective stress on
the grains (overburden is constant)
Fluid Flow
– fluid velocity and viscosity contributes to the pressure drop
near the wellbore (drag force)
– production induces stress on the formation sand
– induced stress > formation stress sand production
Geological Factors
– tertiary age reservoirs, usually shallow depths
Þunconsolidated
Impairment on Natural Consolidation
– high compressive strength
– internal pore pressure supports the overburden
' - P
Mutiphase Flow
Water production may dissolve natural cementing materials
weakening the intergranular bonds;
Water production may mobilize fines resulting in plugging of
the pore structure.
Experience
Analogy
Special Well Test
Core Inspection and Testing
Measurements
Log Interpretation
Correlations
Pr OUTFLOW
(CONTROLLED)
INFLOW
BOTTOM HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf
CRITICAL
DRAW-DOWN
Screnless
With Screen
In-situ consolidation
Use of resins to consolidate formations.
Resin-Coated Gravel
Injection of pre-coated gravel.
Gravel Pack
Natural Sand Pack (NSP)
Frac & Pack (Frac-n-Pack, Frac-Pack, StimPAC*)
* - mark of Schlumberger
SAND SAND
GRAVEL
GRAVEL
THE WHOLE IDEA BEHIND GRAVEL PACKING IS THAT THE GRAVEL MAY BE SIZED TO EFFECTIVELY
RETAIN THE FORMATION SAND AND THE SCREEN MAY BE SIZED TO RETAIN THE GRAVEL
UNDERREAMED UNDERREAMED
INSIDE CASING CASING SCREEN LINER OPEN HOLE OPEN HOLE
GRAVEL PACK GRAVEL PACK IN OPEN HOLE GRAVEL PACK GRAVEL PACK
1.0
0.8
dG50(optimum) = 5 or 6dR50
0.6 RULE OF THUMB
K/Ki
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
dG50/dR50
40
30
20
10
100
90
CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT
80 DG50(optimum) = 5DR50
70
60
50
40
30
20
DR50
10
0 1.0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
GRAIN DIAMETER, INCHES
100
CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT
90
COMMERCIAL
80 RESERVOIR
GRAVEL
70
60
50
40
DGmin
30
DR50
20 DG50
10
0 1.0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
GRAIN DIAMETER, INCHES
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
(*) FOR SCREEN LINER IN OPEN HOLE DLINER SLOT = 2xDR10 FOR NONUNIFORM SAND
AND = DR10 FOR UNIFORM SAND
MEASURES TO ACHIEVE PROPER INSIDE CASING GRAVEL PACK
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Aprox. βG=bkG-a
Sand/Gravel US Mesh Median Porosity Permeability ________________________
Size(in.) Size Dia.(in.) (%) (mD) a b
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
0.006 ----- 0.017 40/100 0.012
0.008 0.017 40/70 0.013
0.010 0.017 40/60 0.014 32-39 1.2x105-1.7x105 1.6 2.12x1012
0.017 0.033 20/40 0.025 35-40 1.54 2.12x1012
0.023 0.047 16/30 0.035
0.033 0.066 12/20 0.050
0.039 0.066 12/18 0.053
0.043 0.079 10/20 0.056 32-40 5x105-6.5x105 1.34 8.4x1011
0.047 0.079 10/16 0.063 35-40 17x105-20x105
0.066 0.094 8/12 0.080 36-40 17x105- 1.24 5.31x1011
0.079 0.132 6/16 0.106 -42
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
By convention, 20-40 mesh commercial gravel passes through a 20 mesh sieve and is retained by a 40 mesh sieve
1. RUBBER-SLEEVES CORES
2. CONVENTIONAL CORES
3. SIDEWALL CORES
per layer
– critical for gravel size determination
full core samples are best
– bail samples are not representative because of loss of
– high and low ends of particle distribution
sidewall cores are acceptable
– frequent sampling
• heterogeneous formation - 1 ft
• uniform formations - 5, 10, 20 ft spacing
shale-shaker
– representative, if collection is accurate
% cumulative
%
size
size (log)
(Washpipe raised)
Well X4 is to be gravel packed. A sidewall sample was available and a sieve analysis was made.
Results of the analysis are shown in the following table:
_________________________________________________________________
U.S.sieve Grain Weight Cumulative
Number diameter retained Weight weight
(mesh) (in.) (gm) percent percent
_________________________________________________________________
8 0.0930
12 0.0661
16 0.0469
20 0.0331
30 0.0232 0.25 1.4 1.4
40 0.0165
50 0.0117 0.79 4.3 5.7
100 0.0059 2.81 15.4 21.1
140 0.0041 3.25 17.8 38.9
200 0.0029 4.10 22.5 61.4
270 0.0021
325 0.0017 4.52 24.8 86.2
Pan 2.52 13.8 100.0
Totals 18.24
_________________________________________________________________
solution Suggest gravel and screen for gravel pack design for the well.
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
First Selections
Always
In OH, clean mud cake prior running screen
In CH, ensure that all perforations are open and clean
Clean tubing prior to any pumping
Requires efficient
perforation system
Poor perforation pack
may lead to low
productivity
Easier workover
compared to EGP
Montmorillonite
– swelling clays
– sensitive to fluids with low NaCl content
Kaolinite, illite and chlorite
– dispersed by fluid movement
– NaCl increases the sensitivity of the clays
– CaCl2 is normally used instead of NaCl
500
A (2.5 ppm)
(A) Bay Water Filtered
Permeability (md)
10
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
screen
Perforation
Potential for
production loss
Open Hole
Potential for
production loss and/or screen
failure (erosion)
Pressure (psi)
7000
12860 6000 10
12860
Rate
5000 8
4000 6
12880 12880
3000
4
2000
Conc. 2
12900 1 2 9 00
1000
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
12920 12920
Time (minutes)
12940 12940
8000 190
7500 180
Temperature (Deg F)
12960 12960
Pressure (psi)
7000
170
6500
12980 12980
160
6000
Temp. Lower Gauge
150
5500
13000 1 3 000
Benefits
– Interval between zones 6 feet
– Single trip in hole
– Single pump stage
– Simple
Completions
– Gravel Pack-Frac / Pack
• 15 jobs to date for PRISA
• 1 job with 3 zones (2 x MZ)
0 50 1 00 1 50 0. 1 1 10 1 00