READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-12 which are based on Reading Fassage 2 below SPOKEN CORPUS COMES TO LIFE A Thecompiling of dictionaries has heen historically the provenance of studious professorial types - umally bespectacled - who love to pore over weighty tomes and make pronouncements on the finer nuances of meaning. Theywere probeblygood aterosswends and definitely knew a lot of words, but the imege was aluays rather dryand dusty The letest technology, and simple technology at that, i3 revolutionising the content of dictionaries and the way they are put together. B. For the first time, dictionary publishers are incomporating real, spoken English into their data. It gives lexicographers (people who waite dictionaries) access to a qaore vibrant, up-to-date ‘vemac ular language which hes never reall ybeen studied before In one project, 150 voluntezws each agreed to dismeetly te a Walkimanrecarder to their waist and leave it mnning for anything upto ta weeks. Everycomversabion they hac was recomded. When the data was collected, the length of tapes was 35 times the depth of the Alantic Crean, Teams of audio typists transcribed the tapes to produce a computerised datdhase of ten raillion words © This has been the basis - along with an existing written corpus - for the Language Activator dic Honary, described bylexicog raphe Professor Randolph Quirk as “the book the world has been wralting for”. It shows advanced foreign leamers of English how the Tanguage is really-used. In the dictionary, ke ywords suchas “eat” awe followed by related phrases such as “wolf down" ar “be a pickyeater”, allowing the studentto choose the appmopriaie phrase D “This kine of research wouldbe impossible withoute cepruters,” saidDelia Summers, director of dictionaries, “It has transformed the wayrlexicographers work, If you look at the word “Like”, you may intuitively think that the first and most frequent meaning is the verb, as in “like swirwmning”,Itis not. Itis the preposition. as in: “she walked like a duck”, Tust because a word or phrase isused doesn'trean itendsup ina dictonary. The sifting out process is ag vital as ever. But the database does allow lexicographers to search fora word and find out how frequentlyit is wsed- somethang that could onlyhe guessed atintuitively befire E Researchers have found that written English works in a very different way to spoken English, The phrase “say what you like” literally means ‘feel free to sayranything you want’, butin reality itis used, evidence shows, by someone to preventthe other person ‘voicing disagreement. The plosse “its a question of cops upon the database overandoveragain Ithas nothing to do with enquiry, butif’sone ofthe most frequent English phrases which has never ‘been ina language leamer’s dictionary before: itis now. F The Spoken Corpus computer shows how inventive and Lmmorous people are when they are using laneuage by visting faniliar phrases for effect, It also reveals the power of the pauses abd noises we use to play for time, comeyenio tion, doubt and ony. G For the moment, those benefiting most from the Spoken Corpus ave foreign leamers. “Com puters allow lexicographers to search quickly though more examples of real English,” said Professor Geofftey Leech of Lancaster Unuversity. “Theyallorr dictionaries tobe more accurate and give a fel for how language is being wed” The Spoken Conpusis part of the larger British National Comps, an initiative canted out by several groups involved in te production oflaneuage leaning materials: publishes, universities and the Britsh Library,Questions 1.6 Beading Passage | has seven paragraphs (4-G). Choose the most suitable heading for each ‘paragraph ftom the istof headings Be low. White the appropriate munmbers ¢-va) me bores 1-6 onyour answar sheed, Paragraph Chas been done for you as an example NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will notuse all of them. You may use any heading more than once List of Headings Gratnaoar is comected New method of reach Technolog ylbams ftom dictionaries Non-veibal content The fet study of spoken language vi Traditional lexicographival methods vii Written English tells the truth vii New phrases enter dictionary ix Acoopmative research project x Accurate word frequency counts xi Altemative exmessions rovided 1 Paragraph A 2 FaragrayhB — Angwer Paragraph C ai 3 Paragraph D 4 Paragraph E 5 Paragraph F 6 Paragraph ¢