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Heparan sulphate
proteoglycans (HSPGs)
Recrudescence : development of
clinical malaria and the parasites
from undetectable stage in the blood
circulation
EBA-175
Glycophorine A
Glycophorine A
Duffy Ag
General
Morpholo Schuffner dotts
gy of
Malaria
Parasite 12-24 8-32
BLOOD PARASITES:
Plasmodium falciparum
Mauer cleft
Schuffner dotts
C
V
Mature Schizont :
12-24 merozoites
♂
BLOOD PROTOZOA:
Plasmodium malariae
BLOOD PROTOZOA:
Plasamodium ovale
Infection of malaria parasites in human
Fever
Pf ➔ Malignan Tertian malaria
Pv/Po ➔ Benign Tertian malaria
Pm ➔ Quartan malaria
Triad malaria:
Chill stage (15’-60’)
Hot stage (1-12 hours)
Sweating stage (15’-60’)
Multiplication of P.f. v.s. P.v.
Factor contribute to the differences:
Receptor : Glycophorines A > Duffy Ag (1 million:50.000); No of
merozoite/schizont (24:32); Squestered IRBC in P.f. Avoid splenic
clearance; RBC preference: P.f. Infect all RBC v.s. P.v. Prefer young RBC;
Fig. 3: cytoadherence of IRBC and rosetting leading to obstruction
(Sequestration) ➔ tissue anoxia in P. falciparum infection (the most
severe parasites).
The sequestration of IRBC containing mature forms of the parasite
(trophozoites and schizonts) in the microvasculature is a major
complications of falciparum malaria. Sites: Brain & Liver.
If hapenned in the brain vasculature ➔ cerebral malaria (decrease
conciousness, unrousable coma, convulsion, etc)
* The sequestration of IRBCs take place in the relatively hypoxic
venous beds allows optimal parasite growth and prevents the IRBCs
from being destroyed by the spleen macrophages.
FcR
FcR
Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome
• Frequency: high in adult from Papua New Guinea → also in
East Indonesia & low in adults from Africa and India.
• It is characterized by marked spleen enlargement (2000-
4400g).
• The splenic sinuses are dilated and there is marked
lymphoid hyperplasia.
• There is increased phagocytosis of red blood cells.
• The liver is also enlarged and shows lymphoreticular
infiltration of the sinusoids.
• High levels of Ig G and Ig M antibodies against malaria Ags.
• Anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia but ➔ remain
healthy (however sometimes the spleen become fragile)
• Prolonged anti malarial treatment may
reduce the size of the spleen in these patients.
Anti-malaria drugs : 1. Chloroquin & its derivateves
hemepolymerase
Sulfadoxin Pyrimathamine
Folic acid
DHP ¼ ½ 1 1,5 2 3- 4
1 Primakuin - - ¾ 1½ 2 2–3
2- 3 DHP ¼ ½ 1 1,5 2 3- 4
Artesunat ¼ ½ 1 2 3 4
Amodiakuin ¼ ½ 1 2 3 4
1
Primakuin - - ¾ 1½ 2 2–3
Artesunat ¼ ½ 1 2 3 4
2-3 Amodiakuin ¼ ½ 1 2 3 4
Artesunat = 4 mg/Kg BB
Amodiakuin = 10 mgkKg BB
Primaquin 0,75 mg/Kg BB
Pengobatan Malaria vivak dg Artesunat-
Amodiakuin dan Primakuin
¼
Artesunat ½ 1 2 3 4
1-3 ¼
Amodiakuin ½ 1 2 3 4
Artesunat = 4 mg/Kg BB
Amodiakuin = 10 mgkKg BB
Primaquin 0,25 mg/Kg BB selama 14 hari
Anophelinae Culicinae
xyphon
Proboscis &
body in Proboscis &
one axis body in
two axis
Irigation canal
Supargiyono 13/07/2011
PENTAHAPAN ELIMINASI MALARIA
Sertifikasi WHO
Reorientasi Reorientasi
program menuju program menuju
eliminasi pemeliharaan
ELIMINASI MALARIA DI INDONESIA
DASAR HUKUM