pBdzLntfsf nflu ;xsf/L M jt{dfg cj:yf, r'gf}lt / cj;/x¿

— u0f]zk|;fb bxfn
pkk|fWofks
;'s'gf ax'd'vL SofDk;
ldlt @)&% j}zfv #!
;ª\If]lks/0f
jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;xsf/L cleofgsf] k[i7e"ld / cj:yf, cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;df ltgLsf]
e"ldsf, o;sf ;Defljt r'gf}lt tyf cj;/x¿sf] dNofª\sg u/L ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6
pBdzLntfsf] k|f]T;fxg / ljsf;sf nflu ;Defljt r'gf}lt / cj;/x¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ / ;f] sfo{sf
nflu ;xsf/L cleofGtfx¿df 5nkmn u/fpg] p2]Zon] of] cjwf/0fkq tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
k|:t't cjwf/0ff kq tof/ubf{ k|ltlglwd"ns ?kdf ;xsf/Lsf ;~rfns,
Joj:yfks÷k|aGwsx¿ / ;xsf/L ;b:ox¿ ;Fu cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn u/L ;xsf/L ;DalGw
cg'ej / ;'emfj lnOPsf] / låtLo ;|f]tsf] pkof]u u/L cfˆgf cg'ejnfO{ ;d]t hf]8]/
ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ljZn]if0faf6 cfly{s–;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf nflu ;xsf/Ldf r'gf}ltx¿
/x]sf ePtf klg lognfO{ cj;/sf ?kdf pkof]u ug'{kg]{ lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 .

d"Vo zAb M ;xsf/L, pBdzLntf, r'gf}lt / cj;/x¿

k[i7e"ld÷;Gbe{
;fdfGtL, lg/ª\s'z, s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds /fHoJoj:yfn] u/]sf ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b,
c;dfgtf, cGofo / pTkL8gsf] cGTo ub}{ Gofo tyf ;dtd'ns ;dfh lgdf{0f u/L zflGt,
;'zf;g, ljsf; / cfyL{s ;d[l4 k|fKtLsf nflu k6s k6s ePsf ;Tofu|x, hgcfGbf]g / ;z:q
;ª\3if{af6 b]zdf ;ª\3Lotf nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yf :yfkgf ePsf] 5 -
g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u, @)&@_ . o;sf nflu ;a} txsf lgjf{rgx¿ ;DkGg eO{ tL tx¿df
l:y/ k|s[ltsf ;/sf/x¿ u7g eO;s]sf 5g\ . /fHon] Gofof]lrt cfly{s ljt/0fsf] k2ltaf6 ;a}
lsl;dsf c;dfgtf cGTo u/L zf]if0f/lxt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{, /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{
cfTdlge{/ tyf pGgtzLn agfpg] / ;d[4 cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{] lgb]{zs l;4fGt lnPsf]
5 / o;sf nflu /fHon] ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/Lsf] ;xelutfdf tLg vDe] cy{ gLlt nfu'
u/L cy{tGq ;'b[l9s/0f ug]{ cfly{s gLlt lnPsf] 5 -g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u, @)&@ / cy{
dGqfno, @)&$_ .
Dffly plNnlvt bfz{lgs tyf ;}4flGts cfwf/nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' dfg]/ /fhg}lts
bnx¿n] cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿ /fhg}lts 3f]if0ff kq dfkm{t hgtf ;fd' k|:t't u/L hgdt
k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . hghLljsfsf] nflu hgcfGbf]ng / ;z:q ;ª\3if{n] p7fPsf ljifoj:t',
;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] Gofok"0f{ ;dtfd'ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f tyf cfly{s ;d[l4 /
;/sf/L 3f]if0ffx¿nfO{ hgtfn] glhsaf6 x]l//x]sf 5g\ . ztflJbof}F b]lv hgtfn] ef]u]sf
1
;fdfGtjfbL pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] lk8f / PsfTds /fHoJoj:yfaf6 ;[lht cGofo,
lje]b / plTk8gaf6 d'lQm kfpg] 7"nf] ck]Iff u/]sf 5g\ . o; cj:yfdf Psflt/ gofF
;+ljwfgcg';f/sf sfg'gL, k|zf;lgs tyf /fhg}lts ;+/rgfx¿ tof/ x'Fb}hfg', /fhg}lts
:yfoLTjsf] cj:yf b]lvg', ;a} txsf ;/sf/x¿n] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] pRr dgf]sfªIff /fVb}
k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ug'{ / csf]{ lt/ hgtfx¿n] j]/f]huf/L, ul/jL / cfly{s c;dfgtfaf6 d'Qm
x'Fb} z'v, zflGt tyf ljsf;sf] ck]Iff /fVg'n] ;dfhdf /x]sf ;+3÷;+:yf, ;fdflhs cleoGtf,
gful/s ;dfh / af}l4s JolQmTjx¿ aLr plNnlvt nIo k|fKtLsf nflu ax; / 5nkmn x'g
yfn]sf 5g\ . o:tf] 5nkmn / ax; ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf aLr klg x'g' cfjZos 5 . plNnlvt
nIo k|fKtLsf nflu ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿n] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsfsf] ;Gbe{df cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f lng]lbg] sfo{sf nflu of] cjwf/0ffkq
tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
;xsf/L ;ª\3÷;+:yfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, ltgsf r'gf}lt tyf cj;/x¿sf] dNofª\sg u/L
;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 pBdzLntfsf] k|f]T;fxg / ljsf;sf nflu ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL ug'{ / ;f]
sfo{sf nflu 5nkmn ;~rfng ug'{ o; cjwf/0ff kqsf] p2]Zo xf] . k|:t't cjwf/0ff kq
tof/ ubf{ df]/ª, ;'g;/L / emfkf lhNnfsf bzhgf ;xsf/L ;~rfns, rf/hgf
Joj:yfks÷k|aGwsx¿ / dlxnf tyf k'?if ;d]t kg]{u/L bz÷bzhgf u|fld0f / zx/L If]qsf
;xsf/L ;b:ox¿;Fu ;'ljwfhgs e]6sf cfwf/df cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn u/L cg'ej, wf/0ff /
;'emfj lnOPsf] / cfjZos kg]{ tYofª\ssf nflu låtLo ;|f]tsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
o;qmddf ;DalGwt ;flxTosf] cWoog u/L ;xsf/L ;DalGw cfˆgf cg'ejnfO{ klg b'j}
;|f]tsf ;"rgfdf hf]8]/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5

;xsf/Lsf] bfz{lgs cfwf/ / P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld

cf}Bf]uLs qmflGtn] ;dfhsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g NofOlbof] . o;n] k|rngdf /x]sf]
pTkfbg k|0ffnL, pTkfbgsf] ;DaGw, pTkfbs zlQm / ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] 9fFrfdf
kl/jt{g NofOlbof] . h;n] ubf{ ;dfhdf Psflt/ l;ldt k'FhLklt, x'g]vfg], zlQm
;De|fGt, kx'Frjfnf, wgf9\o, ;fdfGt ju{ jf ;d"x / csf{lt/ 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf dhb'/,
x'Fbfvfg], zlQmljlxg, kx'Frljlxg, ul/j, plTkl8t, cefju|:t ju{ jf ;d"xsf] pkl:ylt x'g
k'Uof] . o:tf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs c;dfgtf, c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{, jlu{o k|j[lQ / o;sf] lgsfz
g} ;xsf/L bz{gsf] cfwf/ aGg k'Uof] . of] c;dfgtfsf sf/0f bf];|f] ju{n] ;+:yfut ?kdf
;fdflhs tyf cfly{s Gofo tyf Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f k2ltsf nflu ;dfg k|j[lQsf ;d"bfodf
pkl:ylt hgfpg k'Uof] (Burawoy & Wright, 2006) . olx pkl:yltsf] w/ftndf ;fdflGt /
k'FhLjfbL zf]if0f / o;af6 l;h{gf ePsf] r/d dxFuL ;fy} cf}Bf]lus qmflGtdf k|of]u
2
ePsf d]l;gn] l;h{gf u/]sf] >d lj:yfkg / j]/f]huf/L sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf ;xsf/Lsf] hGd
x'gk'Uof] . ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf; qmdnfO{ x]bf{ o;sf km/s km/s bfz{lgs b[li6sf]0fx¿
/x]sf] kfOG5 . klxnf] b[lisf]0f pBdzLntfsf] b[lisf]0f xf] h;cg';f/ ;fwg Pslqt u/L
art / nufgL a9fpFb} pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4u/L Joj;flos ljsf; ug'{ / o;sf]
dfWodaf6 ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;DkGg u/fpg' xf] . bf];|f] b[li6sf]0fcg';f/ ;f]lx k2ltaf6
;fdflhs–cfly{s ;d[l4 k|fKtug'{ xf] eg] t];|f] b[lisf]0fcg';f/ k'FhLjfbsf] ljsNksf] ?kdf
;dfhjfbL ;fdflhs–cfly{s k|0ffnLsf :yfkgf ug]{ d'Vo sl8 xf] -a8fn,@)&!_ .

;g\ !&)) b]lv ;g\ !*$$ ;Dddf j]nfot, k|mfG;, cd]l/sf / hd{gLdf Phillipe Buchez,
Etienne Cabet, Francois Marie, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen,William Thompson, William King, Hans
Crüger h:tf cfly{s–;fdflhs cleoGtfx¿n] sfNklgs jf cfbz{df cfwfl/t -Utopian_ ;xsf/L
;+:yfx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf / sltkon] sNkgf dfq u/]sf lyP -Williams, 2007_ . t/ plrt
Joj:yfkgsf] cefjsf sf/0f vf]lnPsf tL ;xsf/Lx¿ c;kmn eP . cfw'lgs, Jojl:yt /
k|efjsf/L ;ª\u7gsf ?kdf eg] ;g\ !*$$ cS6f]j/ @$ df j]nfotsf c7\7fO{; hgf
>ldsx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf c7\7fO{; kfp08 ;]o/ k'FhLdf pkef]Qmf e08f/0f ug]{
k|of]hgsf ;fy Rochdale Equitable Pioneer Society gfdsf] ;xsf/L ;+:yf :yfkgf eO{ -Curl,
2009; & Gibson, Kobluk, & Gould, 2005_ ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'Fb} o; cj:yfdf cfOk'u]sf]
kfOG5 . o;/L z'? ePsf] ;xsf/L cfGbf]ng / o;sf] ljsf;qmdaf6 j]nfot, hd{gL,
k|mfG;, 8]gdfs{, cd]l/sf, hfkfg, Sofg8f, :jL8]g, Oh/fon, rLg h:tf b]zx¿n] s[lif,
kz'kfng tyf b'Uw pTkfbg, dT:okfng, pBf]u, vfgL, ko{6g, oftfoft tyf ;~rf/,
:jf:Yo, a}ª\sLª, ljdf cflb If]qdf oy]i7 ljsf; u/L ;b:ox¿sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ub}{
cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf; u/]sf] kfOG5 / of] cEof;nfO{ ljsf;Gd'v b]zx¿n] klg cfˆgf]
b]zsf] ljlzi6 cj:yfcg';f/ ljsf; / lj:tf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ -/fhe08f/L, @)&@_ . ;xsf/L
cleofgsf nflu of]ubfg lbg] JolQmTjx¿ G. D. H. Cole, C. Gide, D. Griffiths, W. King, R.
Owen, F. W. Raiffeisen, F. Schulze, W. Thompson, D. Schweickart, B. Webb cflbnfO{ cu|l0f
dflgG5 (Williams, 2007) . log} cu|l0fx¿sf] ofubfgsf sf/0f cfh ljZje/L
;xsf/Lsf] pNn]Vo ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g uO{ o;sf] cfsf/ / u'0fdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{x¿ ePsf]
kfOG5 .

;xsf/Lsf] 5f]6f] lrgf/L / jt{dfg cj:yf

Dfflg; PSn}n] cfˆgf ;a} cfjZostf k"/f ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfsf sf/0f p:t} cfo:t/,
Pp6} kl/j]z / ;dfg OR5f cfsf+Iff ePsf dflg;x¿ Ps cfk;df ;ª\ul7t eO{ cfˆgf
cfjZostf k"/f ug{ / hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ub}{ dfgjLo ;'v k|fKt ug{ k|To]s ;a}sf nflu / ;a}
3
 k|To]ssf nflu -Each for all and all for each_ eGg] kljq efjgfsf ;fy ;a}sf] b'Mv si6df ;fy
lbFb} cfly{s–;fdflhs cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ ;ª\u7gfTds ?kdf ckgfOg] hLjg k2lt g}
;xsf/L xf] (Kunhu, & Venugopalan, 2011) . ;xsf/Ln] ;Fu}, ldn]/, Ps;fy, ;xsfo{, ;fd'lxs
lxt, P]Soj4tf, xflb{stf, ;dfgtf / ;dtf, lg:jfy{ ;xof]u, :jfjnDag, v'Nnfkg, :joQtf /
:jtGqtf h:tf kIfdf hf]8 lbG5 -a8fn, @)&!_ . ;fdfGo dflg;n] em6\6 b]Vbf / ;'Gbf
o;nfO{ lghL Joj;fo tyf sDkgLsf ?kdf x]g]{u/]sf] ePtfklg o;sf] :yfkgf k|lqmof,
;ª\u7gfTds :j?k, p2]Zo, ;fwg kl/rfng, ;b:otf, Joj:yfkg, ;'ljwf, gfkmfsf] ljt/0f /
Jojxf/sf b[li6sf]0fn] z}4flGts ?kdf ;xsf/L / lglh Joj;fo jf sDkgL aLr 7"nf] km/s
5 -a8fn, @)&! / /fhe08f/L, @)&@_ . ;lxsf/L / lghL sDkgLnfO{ tnsf] lrqdf
k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= 7"nf pBf]u tyf ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿
wgk|fKt ug]{ jf sdfpg]
wg lgoGq0f ug]{ k|of]ustf{ tyf

@= ;fgf lghL Joj;fox¿

wg k|fKt ug]{ jf sdfpg] /
k|of]ustf{ tyf
lgb]{zg lbg] dflg;x¿

#= ;xsf/Lx¿
wg k|fKt ug]{ jf sdfpg] dflg;x¿,
lgb]{zg lbg] dflg;x¿ / k|of]ustf{
tyf pkef]Qmfx¿

;|f]t M MPRA, 2005

;b:ox¿df ;dfg Jojxf/, pknAwLsf] ;dfg ljt/0f, ;fdflhs Gofo, e]befj/lxt

Jojxf/, k'FhLsf] pknAwtf, ;a}df cfod"ns tyf zLkd"ns Joj;ofosf] ;~rfng, cfly{s
pTyfg / sNof0f, dfjLo ;xof]u, Pstf, d]nldnfk, aGw'Tj, r]tgf, lzIff, tflnd / k/fdz{
;xsf/Lsf] d"n dd{, d"No / dfGotf x'g\ . :j]lR5s tyf v'Nnf ;b:otf, k|hftflGqs
lgoGq0f, ;b:ox¿sf] cfly{s ;xeflutf, :joQtf / :jtGqtf, ;b:ox¿df lzIff, tflnd / ;"rgf,
;xsf/Lx¿ aLr kf/:kfl/s ;xof]u / ;d"bfo k|lt rf;f] ;xsf/Lsf d'Vo l;4fGt x'g\ (Zeuli &
Cropp, 2003) . log} d"No, dfGotf / l;4fGtsf] Jojxfl/s k|of]usf sf/0f cfh ;xsf/L
;+:yfx¿ ljz]ifu/L ;j{;fwf/0f pkef]Qmf, ls;fg, dhb'/, tNnf] :t/sf sd{rf/L, ;fgf pBdL
tyf pTkfbs, ;fgf Jofkf/L / dWod jlu{o ;d'bfo aLr nf]slk|o aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 .
h;n] ubf{ cfh ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]df b]lvPsf dfgjLo b'v, si6, lk8f, cefj / zf]if0faf6
4
d'lQm lbg] Pp6f ultnf] dfWod ;xsf/L xf] eGg] ljZjf; l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . To;}n]
;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 Go"g cfo:t/sf dflg;n] klg pBf]u, vfgL, s[lif, ljB't, ko{6g,
oftfoft tyf ;~rf/, hg:jf:Yo, Jofkf/, kz'kfng, dT:okfng, lzIff, v]ns'b / ljlQo If]qdf
cfd'n kl/jt{g u/L cfˆgf] ;fd|Ho sfod ug{ ;Sb5g\ / cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
o:tf dflg;x¿nfO{ of] tfut ;xsf/Ln] dfq lbg ;Sb5 (Curl, 2009) .
;xsf/Lsf] ljZj Oltxf; x]bf{ o;sf] lta| ultn] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . k|f/lDes
cj:yfdf ;fdfGo v'b|f k;n, s[ifsf nflu dn ljp / art tyf C0f sf/f]jf/ ug]{ p2]Zon]
;~rfng ePsf ;xsf/Lx¿ clxn] cfP/ ljZj ahf/df 7"nf 7"nf sDkgLx¿ ;Fu s8f
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] l6sfp cj:yfdf cfOk'u]sf 5g\ . ;xsf/Lsf ;bZox¿ cfˆgf] ;xsf/Ln]
;~rfng u/]sf pBf]u, Jofkf/ / Joj;fodf cfkm}F /f]huf/ 5g\, cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf u|fxs
5g\, ;~rfns cfkm}F 5g\, lg0f{o k|lqmofdf cfkm}F ;xeflu ePsf 5g\, pTkfbg /
pknAwLsf] Gofok"0f{ ljt/0fdf xlif{t 5g\, cfˆgf] Joj;fosf] :jfldTj u|x0f u/]sf 5g\,
:yfgLo >d / ;fwgsf] e/k'/ pkof]un] kmfObf cfh{g u/]sf 5g\, ;+:yfut ;~hfn
lgdf{0f u/L kf/:kfl/s ;DaGw lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ / bL3{sfnLg of]hgf / /0fgLltsf]
sfof{Gjogdf pT;fxhgs ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6
cy{tGqsf x/]s kIfdf pNn]vgLo km6\sf] dfg{ pT;flxt 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ;xsf/Lsf
;bZox¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] lj:tf/, pTkfbsTjdf j[l4, pBdzLntfsf] ljsf;, hLjg:tdf ;'wf/ /
;fdflhs Pstfdf ;'b[l9s/0f ePsf] 5 (Saner,Yiu & Filadoro, 2012) . olx pknAwLsf sf/0f
;xsf/Lx¿ lbglbg} nf]slk|o x'Fb} ;g\ @)!^ ;Dddf ;+;f/e/Ldf !% nfv eGbf al9
;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿, ! ca{ eGbf al9 ;bZox¿, US $ !% va{eGbf al9 sf] art tyf ;]o/, US
$ !@ va{eGbf al9sf] C0f nufgL, US $ @ va{eGbf al9sf] ;l~rtL / US $ !& va{sf]
;DklQ ;lxtsf] cfly{s sf/f]af/ ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ (World Council, 2016) . log}
;xsf/Lx¿df !) s/f]8eGbf al9 ;bZox¿ /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg 5g\ / # ca{eGbf al9
dflg;x¿n] lhjLsfsf] ;'/Iff / nfek|fKt u/]sf5g\ (Mayo, 2012; & Dewason & Smith, 2017) .

ljZj ;xsf/Lsf If]qdf s]lx gd'gf jf pbfx/0fx¿df hd{gLsf] ;xsf/L a}ª\lsª ;]jf,
lzz' tyf afn :ofxf/, Pl;of Kofl;lkms If]qsf] cfw'lgs s[lif Joj;fo, b'Uw tyf 8]/L
pBf]u, k|mfG;sf] ;]Dk]g dlb/f pBf]u, O6nLsf] b'Uw tyf lrh pBf]u, 8]gdfs{sf]
;'Fu'/÷aªu'/ kfng, a]nfotsf] tf]/L v]tL, t]n pBf]u, d6/ v]tL, d6/sf kl/sf/, cfn'
pTkfbg / cfn'sf kl/sf/, v'b|f k;n, ljBfno, phf{ pTkfbg, a}ª\lsª sf/f]jf/, l8«ª\;
pBf]u, :k]gsf] >d Ifdtf tflnd sfo{qmd, cd]l/sfsf] ljB't pTkfbg / ko{6g, ef/tsf]
b"w tyf b"wdf kl/sf/ ;fy} kmnk"mn, hfkfg tyf Sofg8fsf] cf}iflw pBf]u tyf hg
5
:jf:Yodf lt b]zsf ;xsf/Lx¿ ljZjdf clt nf]slk|o dflgG5g\ / a|f08 g} k|fKt u/]sf 5g\
(COPAC, 2000 &; Dewanson & Smith, 2017) . logLx¿ s]lx gd'gf pbfx/0fx¿ dfq x'g\ .
clk|msL d'n'sx¿df t s'n u|fxf{:Yo pTkfbgsf] $% k|lt;t of]ubfg ;xsf/L If]qn]
lbPsf 5g\ (Mayo, 2012) . o'/f]nL d'n'sx¿df s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] !^ k|lt;t hgtfnfO{ ;xsf/L
If]qn] /f]huf/L k|bfg u/]sf] 5 (Lehnhoff & Niederländer, 2016) .

g]kfndf k|flrgsfn b]lv g} ;xsf/Lsf] k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . kxfl8 / lxdfnL

If]qsf] cd{kd{ tyf cfnf]kfnf], wfld{s tyf b]jfno / g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] u'l7 tyf dª\s, ysfnL
hflt / ltgLx¿sf] k|efjdf /x]sf hgtfsf] wd{l9s'6L, u|fld0f If]qsf s[ifsx¿sf] wd{
esf/L cflb g]kfnsf k|flrg / P]ltxfl;s ;xsf/Lsf pbfx/0f x'g\ -Gof}kfg], @)%%_ . t/
cfw'lgs / ;/sf/L ;Daf]wg tyf of]hgfdf cfwfl/t ;xsf/Lsf] z'?jft eg] lj=;+= @)!) ;fndf
of]hgf ljsf; tyf s[lif dGqfno cGtu{t ;xsf/L ljsf; ljefusf] :yfkgf u/]kl5 dfq ePsf]
dflgG5 . lj= ;+= @)!^ ;fndf ;xsf/L ;+:yf P]gsf] Joj:yf, lj= ;+= @)!( ;fndf ;xsf/L
k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf / lj= ;+= @)@) ;fndf ;xsf/L a}ª\ssf] :yfkgfn] ;xsf/L ljsf;
km6\sf] df/]sf] b]lvG5 -k/fh'nL tyf ;fyLx¿, @)^^_ . lj ;+= @)$* ;Dddf ;xsf/L
If]qdf vf;} ljsf; x'g ;s]g . t/ ;xsf/L P]g @)$*, ;xsf/L lgodfjnL @)$(, /fli6«o
;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{ P]g @)$( hf/L ePkl5 /fli6«o ;xsf/L ;ª\3 tyf ljifout s]Gb|Lo
;xsf/L ;ª\3 u7g x'guO ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ lta|ultn] ePsf] kfOG5 -/fhe08f/L,
@)&@_ .

g]kfndf lj= ;+= @)&# c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf ljleGg k|s[ltsf ljifout ;xsf/Lsf]
;ª\Vof #$,%!@ /x]sf] 5 . oL ;xsf/Lx¿df (&,%!@ hgf dlxnf / !,%),#!% hgf k'?if
u/L hDdf @,$&,*@& hgf ;~rfns /x]sf 5g\ . ljleGg ;xsf/Lx¿df #@,!#,%!$ hgf
dlxnf / #),(@,)^& hgf k'?if u/L hDdf ^#,)%,%*! hgf ;b:ox¿ ;ª\ul7t ePsf 5g\ .
oL ;+:yfx¿df @(,)$@ hgf dlxnf / #!,$&% hgf k'?if u/L hDdf ^),%!& hgf
sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;xsf/Lx¿sf] s'n ;]o/ k'FhL ?= &,#!,&*,&!% xhf/,
s'n lgIf]k ?= #),@!,^$,%!# xhf/ / s'n C0f nufgL ?= @&,#&,!),$#( xhf/ /x]sf] 5
(DECO, 2074) . o; tYofª\snfO{ cfwf/dfGbf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] s'n
;]o/k'FhLsf] &$ k|lt;t, s'n lgIf]ksf] &@ k|lt;t / s'n C0f nufgLsf] ^^ k|lt;t c+z,
ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/Ln] qmdz M !%, @! / @# k|lt;t / s[lif ;xsf/Ln] qmdz M &, %
/ ( k|lt;t c+z cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 . oL tLg k|s[ltsf ;xsf/Lx¿n] ;]o/ k'FhLsf] (^ k|lt;t,
lgIf]ksf] (* k|lt;t / C0f nufgLsf] (* k|lt;t c+z cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 eg] afFsL c+z
cGo ljleGg k|s[ltsf ;xsf/Lx¿n] cf]u6]sf 5g\ .
6
 csf{ lt/ g]kfndf a}ª\lsª sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿ klg 5g\ . ltgLx¿n]
d'b|fsf] vl/b lalqm ub{5g\ . g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\saf6 a}ª\lsª sf/f]af/ ug]{ cg'dlt kfPsf
l;ldt ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;Fu @)&# kmfu'g d;fGt;Dddf s'n ;DklQ / tyf bfloTj #@
ca{ &! s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 / ;f] cjlw ;Dddf @# ca{ &! s/f]8 lgIf]k ;ª\slnt ePsf] 5 . ;f]lx
cjlwdf shf{ k|jfx @$ cj{ !& s/f]8 / ;/sf/L lwtf] kqdf ! ca{ &$ s/f]8 nufgL u/]sf
5g\ -g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{dGqfno, @)&$_ .

pBdzLntfsf] cjwf/0ff

pBd eg]sf] Joj;fo xf] eg] pBd ug]{ JolQmnfO{ pBdL elgG5 . pBdLn]
pBd ubf{ ckgfpg] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof pBdzLntf xf] . pBdLn] gfkmf cfh{g ug{sf
nflu sRrf kbfy{, k'FhL tyf k|ljlw, dfgj ;+;fwg / ltgLx¿sf] Joj:yfksLo ;ª\u7g ug]{
hf]lvd jxg ub{5 . To;}n] pBdzLntf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ljlqmljt/0f, oL sfo{
ubf{sf] hf]lvd / k'/:sf/ jfktsf] gfkmf ;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . pBdzLntfdf pTkfbg,
ljlqmljt/0f / gfkmf nlIft lqmofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] x'G5 (Drucker, 2002) . o:tf]
gfkmf ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] clwstd pkof]uaf6 dfq ;Dej x'G5 . oo;sf nflu of]hgf th'{df,
;|f]t / ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg tyf kl/rfng, ;ª\l7s/0f, ;DaGw Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0f ul/G5 .
o;/L pBdLn] ug]{ pBd / o;;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfksf sf/0f /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf,
;fwg / ;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u, cfDbfgL / hLjg:t/df ;'wf/, pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4,
k'FhL lgdf{0f, cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{, pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] ljsf;, lgof{t k|j4{g, cfly{s
lqmofsnfkdf ljljlws/0f tyf ljlzli6s/0f, gjk|jt{g, ;ª\u7g sf}zntf / ;~hflns/0f, /fli6«o
cfodf j[l4, /fli6«o cfTdlge{/tf / ;du| cfly{s ljsf; tyf ;d[l4 k|fKt x'G5 (
Braunerhjelm, 2010) . dfkb08sf cfwf/df pBdzLntfnfO{ klg ljleGg efudf jlu{s/0f ug{
;lsG5 . cjsf] o'udf cy{tGqsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf;sf nflu pTkfbg j[l4 / ahfl/s/0f ub}{
/f]huf/L, cfocfh{g / cfTdlge{/tf k|fKt ug{ 7"nf] k'FhLsf] ;|f]tsf ?kdf /x]sf
;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ gofF / km/flsnf] pBdzLntf tkm{ clek]|l/t ug'{ kb{5 o;af6 j[l4 /
ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 (McDonnell, Macknight, & Donnelly, 2012 ) . clk|msL ;xsf/L cleofgn]
cfˆgf ;b:ox¿nfO{ pBdL agfPsf] / lghL pBdLx¿nfO{ klg ;xsf/Ldf ;dfj]z u/L
cem k|efjsf/L pBdL agfPsf] 5 (Ravensburg, 2009) .

xfd|f] ;'b'/ eljZo pHHjn kfg{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3n] ;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf] nflu
lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo (SDGs) df ;a} lt/ ;a}?ksf ul/jL cGt ug]{Ù lbuf] s[lif ljsf;, vfB ;'/Iff
/ ;'wfl/Psf] kf]if0f;lxt ef]sdf/L cGt ug]{Ù /fd|f] :jf:Yo tyf sNof0fÙ u'0f:t/Lo
7
lzIffÙ n}ª\uLs ;dfgtfÙ :jR5 lkpg] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{Ù ;lhn} k|fKtug{ ;lsg] ;kmf
phf{Ù /fd|f]sfd tyf cfly{s j[l4Ù pBf]u, gjk|j4{g tyf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{, c;dfgtfsf]
s6f}ltÙ lbuf] zx/ tyf ;d'bfoÙ lhDd]jf/ pkef]u tyf pTkfbgÙ jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g / o;sf]
k|efj ;Fu h'em\gsf nflu lz3| sfo{ ug]{Ù ;fd'lb|s ;|f]tsf] lbuf] k|of]uÙ h}ljs
ljljwtfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{Ù zflGt, Gofo / ;jn ;dfh sfod ug]{ / lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;a}
;Fu ;fem]bf/L ug]{ ;q p2]Zox¿ cl3;fl/Psf] 5 (UN, 2016 & NPC, 2018) . ca oL
p2]ox¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu klg ;xsf/LnfO{ pBdzLn / Joj;flos agfpg' cfjZos 5 .

g]kfn k|fs[lt ;|f]t / ;fwgn] el/k"0f{ / wgL 5 t/ pkof]sf b[li6n] sdhf]/ b]lvG5
. g]kfndf kmnfd, tfdf, lkQn, ;'g, sf]Onf, ce|s, r'g9'ª\uf, l;;f, k]6«f]n,
DofUg];fO6, lgsn nufotsf w]/} vlgh ;fwgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ko{6g Joj;fosf nflu k|;:t
;Defjgfo'Qm 7fpFx¿ 5g\ . jg ;|f]tn] el/k"0f{ 5 . hn ;|f]tsf] pkof]u ug{ ;s]df :jR5
lkpg] kfgL pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 eg] s[lifof]Uo e"lddf afx|} dlxgf l;FrfO ;'ljwf
k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . hnljB'tsf] s'n ;DefJotf *# xhf/ d]3fjf6 ePtf klg cfly{s ?kn] $@
xhf/ d]3fjf6 hnljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ;DefJotf /x]sf] 5 . s[lif If]sf nflu pe{/ e"ld
5 . vfBfGg, kmnkm"n, t/sf/L, kz'kfng, hl8a'6L cflbsf] pTkfbgsf nflu k|;:t
;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ . k|s[lts ?kdf s'g}s'/fsf] cefj b]lvFb]g . oxfF ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u,
Joj:yfkg, ;dk{0f, s'zntf, pBdzLntf, OR5fzlQm, of]hgf, sfo{qmd, sfof{Gjog /
g]t[Tjsf] cefj 5 . plNnlvt k|fs[lts tyf k'FhLut ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{
;xsf/L pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ cfjZos 5 . o;} leq xfd|f] efUo / eljZo n's]sf] 5 .
ca o;nfO{ ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 aflx/ Nofpg' kb{5 .

g]kfnsf s]lx cfly{s kIfx¿

l5d]sL d'n'sx¿ / blIf0f Pl;ofnL d'n'sx¿sf] t'ngfdf g]kfnsf] tYo÷tYofª\s
x]bf{ cfly{s cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] b]lvb}Fg . ljut tLg jif{ otf cy{tGqdf s]lx
cfzfnfUbf] cj:yf b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . cf j @)&@÷)&# df s'n ufxf{:Yo jflif{s j[l4b/
)=@ k|lt;t /x]sf]df rfn' cf j df %=*( k|lt;t /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . s'n ufxf{:Yodf
k|fylds If]qsf] @*=@! k|lt;t, låtLo If]qsf] !$=!* k|lt;t / t[tLo If]qsf] of]ubfg
%&=^! k|lt;t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ cfwf/dfGbf jlu{s/0fcg';f/ s[lif If]qsf] @&=!)
/ u}/s[lif If]qsf] &@=() k|lt;t of]ubfg /xg] 5 . rfn' cf j df s'n ufxf{:Yodf pBf]usf]
%=#( k|lt;t / ljlQo dWo:ytfsf] ^=#* k|lt;t of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . k|ltJolQm s'n
ufxf{:Yo pTkfbg US $ !,))$ k'u]sf] 5 -s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, @)&%_ . t/ l5d]sL

8
tyf blIf0f Pl;ofnL d'n'sx¿df cfly{s j[l4b/sf] lx;fjn] g]kfn ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5
(IMF, 2017) .
cf j @)&#÷)&$ sf] tYofª\snfO{ d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ;/sf/sf] ljlgof]lht ah]6 /
vr{sf] k|j[lQnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ k'FhLut / ljlQo Joj:yfkg vr{ eGbf ;fwf/0f vr{ rf/
u'0ffn] al9 ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] j}b]lzs ;xfotf k|j[lQdf cg'bfgeGbf j}b]lzs C0fsf]
dfqf jif]{gL a9]/ uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/sf] cflGtl/s C0feGbf jfXo C0f tLg u'gf al9
b]lvG5 . j}b]lzs Jokf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ d"Nosf lx;fjn] lgof{teGbf cfoft rf/
u'gfn] a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ko{6g pBf]u cGtu{t ko{6s cfjfudg k|j[lQ x|f;f]Gd'v
b]lvPsf]df o; jif{b]lv ko{6s cfjfudg a9f]Q/L pGd'v ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltJolQm
/fhZj sl/j !& xhf/ 5 eg] k|lt JolQm ;/sf/L vr{ @! xhf/eGbf al95 . @)&# ;fnsf]
c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf k|lt JolQm s'n C0f ? @@ xhf/ h;dWo] k|lt JolQm jfXo C0f ?
!# xhf/ ^ ;o /x]sf] 5 . t/ ljlQo If]qsf] shf{ k|jfxdf qmdz ;'wf/f]Gd'v ePsf] b]lvG5
-g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{dGqfno, @)&$_ . csf{lt/ g]kfndf k|ltJolQm k|ltlbg @@@)
Sofnf]/L pkef]u ug{ g;Sg], jflif{s k|ltJolQm ?= !(,@^! vr{ ug{ g;Sg] / b}lgs
!=@% cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/ cfh{g ug{ g;Sg] ;"rssf cfwf/df @%=!^ k|lt;t dflg;x¿
ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ h;dWo] zx/L If]qdf !%=$^ k|lt;t / u|fld0f If]qdf
@&=$# k|lt;t hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df x]bf{ t/fO, kxfl8 /
lxdfnL If]qsf] ul/jL qmdz M @#=$$, @$=#@ $@=@& k|lt;t /x]sf] 5 (CBS,
2011 & ADB, 2012) . jt{dfg cj:yfdf jflif{s % nfveGbf a9L JolQm >d ahf/df k|j]z
ub{5g\ . t/ b]zleq kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ gePsf]n] 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf o'jfx¿
/f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]lzg' kg]{ jfWotf 5 . To;}u/L b]zsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofdf %& k|ltzt
cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo hgzlQmsf] lx:;f /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] sl/a #) k|ltzt cw{a]/f]huf/ /
@=# k|ltzt k"0f{ a]/f]huf/L] cj:yf /x]sf 5 - g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,
@)&#_ .

g]kfndf ;xsf/Lk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f / s]lx r'gf}ltx¿

;xsf/L ;+:yfsf ;b:o, ;~rfns / Joj:yfksx¿ ;Fu ul/Psf] 5nkmn /
pgLx¿sf] dgf]lj1fg x]bf{ ld>Lt ;xsf/Lsf ;DaGwdf ldl>t b[lisf]0f b]lvG5 . Psvfn]
;b:ox¿ C0f dfq lng] p2]Zon] ;xsf/Lsf] ;b:otf lnPsf 5g\eg] csf{vfn] ;b:ox¿
n3'ljQ sDkgL jf ;Fo'Qm k'FhL sDkgLsf] h:tf] clws gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zon]
;b:otf lng]sf] ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s'g} ;b:ox¿ a'9];sfnsf] ;xf/fsf ?kdf
;xsf/Ldf k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ / s]lx JolQmx¿ :yfgLo If]qsf cu'jf, uGodfGo / lzlIft
9
JolQmx¿sf sf/0f ;b:otf lnPsf 5g\ . l;ldt dflg;x¿ ;xsf/Lsf] l;4fGt hfg]/, a'em]/ /
cWoog u/]/ ;xsf/L cleofgdf k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . ;xsf/Laf6 C0f lnP/ cg'Tkfbs If]qdf
vr{ ug]{ k|j[lQ /x]sf] / ;xsf/Laf6 pBdL tyf Joj;flos aGg] / cfly{s :t/ ;'wf/ug{ ;Sg]
s'/fdf ;Gb]x u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;~rfnsx¿ dWo] sltkon] Joj;flos ;xsf/Ltfsf nflu eGbf
;fdflhs x}l;ot lgdf{0f ug]{ Kn]6kmd{ -rf}tf/L_ sf ?kdf, cfj:ostf, of]hgf /
b[lisf]0fsf ?kdfeGbf kfnf]sf ?kdf / afx'Notfsf cfwf/df ;~rfns aGg] dgf]lj1fg klg
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . Joj:yfksx¿ ;xsf/Lsf] ;'b'/ elj:o ;'Gb/ b]Vb5g\ t/ Joj:yfksLo ;d:of
/x]sf] cf}FNofpF5g\ . yf]/} ;b:o, ;~rfns / Joj:yfksx¿df ;sf/fTds, ;}4flGts
;'ema'em, :ki6 b[li6sf]0f / ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s, Joj;flos tyf pBdzLntf
ljsf; lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] ljZjf; b]lvG5 . oL ;a} cj:yfnfO{ d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ;xsf/Lk|lt
9'Ssx'g ;Sg] cj:yf cem} b]lvFb}g .
;j{;fwf/0f hgtf / ;xsf/L ;b:ox¿sf] ;'ema'em, ;xsf/L ;~rfng k|lqmof,
ltgLx¿n] ub}{ cfO/x]sf lqmofsnfk, b]zsf] cfly{s—;fdflhs cj:yf, a9\bf] hgck]Iff /
;/sf/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmlds b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df ;xsf/Lsf ;fd' lgDg r'gf}ltx¿ /x]sf
5g\ M

!= ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0fdf r'gf}lt M l;4fGtt ;xsf/L cfGbf]ng ;dfhjfbL b[li6sf]0fdf

cfwfl/t 5 . t/ xfn b]lvPsf Jojxf/sf cfwf/df æ;a}sf nflu / ;a} k|To]ssf nflu (Each
for all and all for each) eGg] efjgf / ;a}, ;Fu}, ldn]/, Ps;fy, ;xsfo{, ;fd'lxs lxt,
P]Soj4tf, xflb{stf, ;dfgtf / ;dtf, lg:jfy{ ;xof]u, :jfjnDag, v'Nnfkg, :joQtf /
:jtGqtfÆ h:tf bfz{lgs / ;}4flGts kIfx¿df IfoLs/0f x'Fb} lghL If]qsf] Joj;foLs
tyf Jofkf/Ls/0f tkm{ pGd'v x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 .

@= k/Dk/fut 9fFrfsf] sf/f]af/ M cf+lzs?kdf gofF ;f]r / of]hgfsf;fy

pTkfbgd"ns kl/of]hgf ;~rfgsf nflu sf/f]af/sf] yfngL ePtf klg clwsfz+
;xsf/Lx¿n] ub}{ cfPsf sf/f]af/x¿ x]bf{ art ;ª\sng, artstf{nfO{ Jojxfl/s tyf
kfl/jfl/s / cg'Tkfbs sfo{sf] nflu C0f k|jfx ug]{ k/Dk/fut sfo{ x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5
. o; cj:yfdf ;xh?kn] Joj;flos tyf pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf sf/f]af/ ?kfGt/0f ug'{ /
To;sf nflu lylt a;fpg' r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5 .

#= zlQm–;De|fGtsf] ks8 M l;4fGtt ;xsf/Lx¿ ul/j, sdhf]/, cfjfhljlxg (Voiceless),

;jN6g (Subaltern), sdhf]/ kxF'r ePsf / d"nk|jfxdf k'Ug c;dy{x¿sf] hLjg k|0ffnL
x'g' kg]{ xf] . t/ ;xsf/Lsf] g]t[Tj, ;b:otf / C0f, art tyf cfly{s sf/f]af/df zlQm–
10
 ;De|fGt ;d"xsf] ks8 /x]sf] 5 / of] k|j[lQ a9f]Q/L x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{
sdhf]/x¿sf] kx'Fr emg\ sdhf]/ x'g] / ;xsf/L leq g} juL{o b"/L km/flsnf] x'g]
r'gf}lt b]lvG5 .

$= ;xsf/L lzIffsf] cefj M ;xsf/Ldf ;~rfns / ;b:ox¿sf] ;ª\Vof 7"nf] /x]sf] b]lvG5
. ;xsf/Ldf ;+nUg ;b:ox¿df ;xsf/L lzIffsf] sld x'Fbf ;xsf/L ;~rfngdf cj/f]w
l;h{gf x'g k'Ub5 . ;xsf/Lsf ;~rfns / ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xsf/L lzIff lbO{ ;a}nfO{
;xsf/L, g]t[Tj / cfly{s sf/f]af/df of]Uo, ;Ifd, lgk"0f{ / bIf agfpg' r'gf}ltk"0f{
/x]sf] 5 .

%= sfo{qmlds r'gf}lt M ;xsf/Ldf 7"nf] k'FhL ;ª\sng eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ca gofF

;f]r / b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 /f]huf/L / pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ gofF
kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu gofF,
pTkfbgd"ns, / ;fdflhs–cfly{s hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;Sg] ;xsf/Lsf] u'? of]hgf /
/0fgLlts of]hgf cfjZos 5 . ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf /x]sf sltko ;b:ox¿ Psflt/ sDkgLsf]
cjwf/0ffcg';f/sf] lg/k]If / tTsfn gfkmf rfxG5g\ eg] csf]{tkm{ ;xsf/Lsf]
l;4fGtcg';f/sf] sfo{qmd rfxG5g\ / w]/} ;b:ox¿ cgle1 5g\ . o; cj:yfdf ;a}vfn]
rfvnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;j{:jLsfo{ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / of]hgf tyf /0fgLlt lgdf{0f /
sfof{Gjo r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

^= sdhf]/ k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf M g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g (WTO) sf] ;b:o /fi6« xf]
. o;n] ubf{ cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f, v'Nnf Jokf/ / ljZjJofksLs/0f sfof{Gjog lta| ultdf
eO/x]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf cfw'lgs / pRr:t/sf k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 pTkflbt Go"g
d"Nosf pRr u'0f:t/Lo a:t';Fu tyf lj1fkgsf ;fd' k/Dk/fut zLk / k|ljlw / Go"g
k'FhL / :yfgLo sRrfkbfy{df cfwfl/t ;xsf/Ln] pTkfbg u/]sf pTkfbgn] k|lt:kwf{
ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g (Karki, 2005) . o; cj:yfdf ;xsf/Lsf] k|ltk:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4
ug'{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ sfo{ xf] .

&= uGtJo klxrfgdf r'gf}lt M ;xsf/L ;ª\Vof, ;b:o ;ª\Vof, ;]o/ k'FhL / art
;ª\sngsf] cj:yf x]bf{ art tyf C0f ;xsf/Lsf] alnof] cj:yf b]lvG5 . To:t}
ax'p2]ZoLo / s[lif / o:t} cGo ljifout k|s[ltsf ;xsf/Lx¿ klg art tyf C0f s}
sf/f]af/ ub}{ cfPsf] tYofª\sn] b]vfpF5 -bfxfn, @)^(_ . ca cem}klg art /
C0fsf gfddf gub /sd jf k};fsf] vl/b ljlqm u/]/ dfq ;b:ox¿sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g

11
 ;lsPnf eg]/ ;xsf/L ;Qrfnsn] ;f]Rg] a]nf ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ultnf] uGtJo
klxrfg / 5gf]6 u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ 68\sf/f] r'gf}lt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

*= bft[ lgsfodf kx'Fr lj:tf/sf] r'gf}lt M g]kfnsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o bft[ lgsfosf
?kdf ljZj a}ª\s, cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]if, Pl;ofnL a}ª\s, ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g,
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd, cfly{s ;xof]u / ljsf;sf nflu ;ª\7g, Jofkf/ /
ljsf;df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;Dd]ng / cGo ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo lgof]ux¿ d'Vo ?kdf
/x]sf 5g\ . logLx¿ ;/sf/L lgsfo / ljif]zu/L u}/;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 b]zsf] ul/jL
Go"gLs/0f, cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;xsfo{ ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ .
t/ ;xsf/L h:tf] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] dxTjk"0f{ cª\u dfkm{t sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{
sfo{df bft[ lgsfosf] e"ldsf ;sf/fTds b]lvFb}g (Khatiwada, 2014) . g]kfn ;/sf/,
;/sf/L gLlt / ;+ljwfgn] cfly{s ljsf;sf tLg cfwf/ dWo] ;xsf/LnfO{ Ps cfwf/
dflg;s]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf u}/;/sf/L lgsfoeGbf ;xsf/LnfO{ bft[lgsfosf] s]Gb|
ljGb' agfpg] sfo{df ljZjf; lbnfO{ kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug'{ kg]{ r'gf}lt b]lvG5 .

(= ;xsf/L pBdzLntfsf] r'gf}lt M ;xsf/Lsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng

cfkm}Fdf pBdzLntf xf] . o;n] ;fdflhs, GofoLs / cfly{s gfkmfsf] ck]Iff ub{5 /
o;sf nflu hf]lvd klg axg ug'{ kb{5 . o;n] ;xsf/LeGbf aflx/ uP/ klg oL tLg
k|sf/sf gfkmf cfh{g ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . cem ;xsf/Ldf cfj4 ePsf cfˆgf ^#,)%,%*!
hgf ;b:ox¿nfO{ Joj;foLs tyf pBdL agfO{ ltgLx¿ / tLgsf kl/jf/x¿sf] hLjg:t/
psf:b} ;d[l4df k'¥ofpg' ;xsf/Lsf] st{Jo g} xf] . o; afx]s ;xsf/L aflx/ /x]sf
dflg;x¿nfO{ klg ljleGg If]qdf ;xsf/L Joj;fo ;~rfng u/L /f]huf/L, pTkfbg /
cfDbfgL j[l4 u/L dfly k|:t't ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
o;sf nflu ;xsf/L pBdzLntf ljsf; ug'{ / æ;xsf/L e/kbf]{ / ljZjfl;nf] ;fyLÆ
eGg] zfv agfpg' csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ r'gf}lt xf] .

!)=;+:yfut tyf ;+/rgfut r'gf}lt M ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf w]/} ;xsf/Lx¿n]
cfˆgf] ;+:yfut tyf ;+/rgfTds :j?k tyf 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf]
cfwf/zLnf tof/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ o; k|lqmofdf g]kfnL ;xsf/Lx¿ kl5 k/]sf 5g\ .
dfyL plNnlvt r'gf}ltx¿ ;fdgf ug{ klg ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ cfjZos /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ljleGg If]qdf 7"nf Joj;foLs kl/of]hgf ;~rfng u/L pBdzLn ;xsf/Ldf
?kfGt/0f x'g ;+:yfsf ljwfg tyf lgod, sfo{ljlw / sfg'gL hl6ntfx¿ 5g\ . To:t}
gofF ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfcg';f/ :yfgLo txn] ;xsf/Lsf] lgodg / ;~rfngsf nflu ;xsf/L

12
 ;~rfng sfo{ljlw th'{df ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . of] k|lqmofnfO{ 7Ls 9ª\un] Joj:yfkg
ug{ ;lsPg eg] ;d:of l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ;xsf/L pBdzLntfsf nflu ;dfg
k|s[ltsf ;xsf/Lx¿ PsLs/0f u/L ;j{:jLsfo{ ;+/rgf tof/ ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 . Psflt/
sfg'gL tyf btf{ k|lqmof k"/f gu/L jiff}F b]lv ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;xsf/Lx¿ klg
5g\eg] csf{lt/ sfg'gL k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;~rflnt sltko ;xsf/Lx¿sf] Jo:yfkg
k/Dk/fut 5 . 7"nf kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ Ps} k|s[lt jf km/s km/s k|j[lQsf
;xsf/Lx¿ aLr ;xsfo{ / kf/:kfl/s ;xof]u (Collaboration) ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu
klg ;+/rgfTds :j?kdf kl/jt{g cfjZos 5 . ;xsf/Ldf kf/blz{tf, ;'zf;g, pQ/bfoLTj
tyf hjfkmb]lxtf / ldtJooLtfsf ;DaGwdf obfsbf k|Zg pl7/x]sf ;dfrf/x¿ klg
;'lgFb} cfPsf 5g\ . oL o:tf ;a} ljifosf] Joj:yfkg r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

!!= cfly{s—;fdflhs cGt/ Go"lgs/0fsf] r'gf}lt M xfn;Dd klg s'g} lgsfon]

;xsf/L ;b:ox¿sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs k|f]kmon tof/ u/L ljZn]if0f u/]sf] tYofª\s
kfOPsf] 5}g . t/klg cg'ejsf cfwf/df x]bf{ ;xsf/Ldf d'Vou/L tLg k|s[ltsf cfly{s
cj:yf ePsf ;b:ox¿ 5g\ . klxnf] k|s[ltsf ;b:ox¿ cfwf/e"t?kdf sdhf]/ kx'Fr ePsf,
ul/j,;fdfGo ;fIf/, cfjfh ljlxg / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs?kdf lk5l8Psf Hofld, v]tfnf, ;fgf
ls;fg / dhb'/x¿ 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] cfly{s w/ftn sdhf]/ 5 hf] wd{ / efUodf ljZjf;
ub{5g\ / lgl/x 5g\ . dfl;s ?kdf d'l:snn] art ub{5g\ / ;fgf] cfsf/sf] C0fsf] ck]Iff
ub{5g\ . o;/L lnPsf] C0f / Jofh ltg{ sl7gfOsf] cg'e"t ub{5g\ . bf];|f] k|s[ltsf
;b:ox¿ cfly{s ?kn] dWod ju{sf 5g\ . k|fou/L lzIfs, sd{rf/L, dWod :t/Lo ls;fg
tyf Jofkf/L, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf ;dfj]z ePsf, lgj[Q /fi6«;]js, Jofkfl/s larf}lnof,
;fgf pBdL / ;fdflhs cleoGtfx¿ 5g\ . o; k|s[ltsf ;b:ox¿sf] dWod :t/Lo cfly{s
Jojxf/ eP klg ;fdflhs ?kn] zlQm—;De|fGt 5g\ . ;a} lsl;dsf g]t[Tjdf of] ju{sf]
alnof] ks8 5 . cfly{s ?kn] v]nf] km8\sf] ug{ / Joj;fosf] dha'lts/0fsf nflu art
tyf C0f sf/f]af/ ub{5g\ . ;xsf/Lsf] jf:tljs l;4fGt, d"No, dfGotf / dd{ klg olx
;d"xsf ;b:on] hfg]a'em]sf] 5 . t];|f] k|s[ltsf ;b:o cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs x}l;otn]
pkNnf] :t/df /x]sf 5g\ . of] ;d"x ;xsf/LnfO{ lghL jf sDkgLsf] ?kdf l56} / w]/}
d'gfkmf lbg ;Sg] agfpg kfP x'GYof] eGg] 7fGb5 . lo tLg k|s[ltsf ;b:ox¿df
dgf]lj1fg, cfly{s / ;fdflhs kIfdf 7"nf] cGt/ 5 / of] cGt/ Go"lgs/0f ug'{
r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5 .
Dffly pNn]v ul/Psf ;xsf/Lsf bfz{lgs tyf ;}4flGt cfwf/, P]ltl;s k[i7e"ld,
b]zsf] cfly{s k[i7e"ld, ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf;qmd, hgtfsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs cj:yf tyf ck]Iff,
13
 ablnPsf] /fh}lts kl/j]z / ljsf; tyf ;d[4 g]kfnsf] nflu ;/sf/L k|ltj4tfnfO{ cfufdL lbgdf
;xsf/Ln] cj;/sf ?kdf pkof]u ug'{ kb{5 . lt cj;/x¿ lgDgcg';f/ x'g ;Sb5g\ M
!= pBdzLntfsf] cj;/ M g]kfndf lj=;+= @)$* kl5sf] 5f]6f] cjlwdf ;xsf/L ;ª\Vof,
;b:o ;ª\Vof / k'FhL ;ª\sngdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf ;a} k|s[ltsf
;xsf/Lx¿n] ;Dej eP;Dd ;+o'Qm?kdf jf ef}uf]lns If]qsf ?kdf cfˆgf ;b:ox¿nfO{
pBdL agfpg, ;]o/ k'FhL / lgIf]ksf] 7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ko{6g,
phf{ h:tf If]qsf 7"nf kl/of]hgfdf nufgL ug]{ / To;sf] dfWodaf6 /f]huf/L,
pTkfbg, cfDbfgLdf j[l4 ug]{ / To;sf] g]t[Tj ;xsf/Ln] lnO{ pBdzLn ;xsf/L
aGg] cj;/ 5 .
@= ;xsf/L Jofj;flos xj lgdf{0fsf] cj;/ M k'FhL, nufgL, pTkfbg / pTkfbgsf]
;DefJotfsf cfwf/df vf; If]q ljz]ifnfO{ ;xsf/L Jofj;flos xj agfpg] cj;/ /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . pQm xjaf6 s[lif If]qdf vfBfGg tyf gub] afnL, kmnkm"n, t/sf/L,
km"n, pv', kz'kfng, df;', kz'cfxf/, clDn;f], dT:okfng, b'Uw Joj;fo tyf b"waf6
aGg] kl/sf/x¿, s[lifdn, lrof, slkm, hl8a'6L, df}/Lkfng, zLte08f/, ljp pTkfbg
tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| h:tf Joj;fox¿ ;xsf/Laf6} ;~rfng ug]{ . To:t} oftfoft tyf
;~rf/sf If]qdf ;xsf/L oftfoft ;]jf / ;xsf/L Pkm Pd Joj;fo, 5fkfvfgf, sDo'6/
;km\6j]o/ / s]j'nsf/ ;~rfng ug]{ . :yfgLo ;fwg / >f]t tyf dfgj ;+;fwg k|of]u u/L
ljleGg :t/sf ;xsf/L h'QfrKkn, emf]nf, 6f]kL, sk8f, lj:s'6, 5fnfaf6 aGg] ;fdfg,
kmlg{r/, O{6, dfj{n, :n]6, ufd]{G6, 8«fO P08 kmf:6 km'8, h'; tyf k]o kbfy{,
;'hL, rf]s/, 5'kL{, ldNslqmd, jfOg, cu/aQL tyf w'k, efF8fs'F8f, 6'yk]:6,
cfo'j]{lbs tyf Pnf]k]lys cf}iflw h:tf pBf]ux¿ ;~rfng ug]{ . ko{6sLo If]qx¿df
;xsf/L ko{6g ;~rfng ug]{ . phf{sf If]qdf ;xsf/L ;fgf hnljB't, ;f}o{ phf{, afof]
Uof;, xfjfaf6 ljB't, jg:ktLhGo ljB't pTkfbg s]Gb| ;~rfng ug]{ . :jf:Yo If]qdf
;xsf/L gl;{ª xf]d tyf xl:k6n / kmfd{]l; ;~rfng ug]{ . Jofkfl/s If]qdf ;xsf/L yf]s
tyf v'b|f k;n / l8kf6{d]06 :6f]/ ;~rfng ug'{sf] ;fy} ;xsf/L kmd{n] pTkfbg u/]sf
a:t'x¿sf] ahf/nfO{ ;xsf/Ln] g} Joj:yfkg ug]{ . g]kfnsf] ul/jL / a]/f]huf/Lsf]
cj:yf d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ;xsf/L Joj;fo ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ultnf] cj;/sf ?kdf lng
;lsG5 .
#= ;xsfo{ / ;DaGw lj:tf/sf] cj;/ M g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / of]hgfn]
;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L agfpg],
s[lif pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ x'g], zLk lgdf{0f / pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; u/L pTkfbgd'vL
/f]huf/L, o'jf /f]huf/L / :j/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug]{, ;a} ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cfly{s
14
 PsLs/0f ug]{ -g]kfn ;/sf/, @)&$_ / o;sf] dfWodaf6 pRr cfly{s a[l4 sfod u/L
b|'t ultdf ul/jL Go"lgs/0f ub}{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug]{ p2]Zo lnOPsf] 5 -
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&#_ . ;/sf/sf] olx gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / of]hgfnfO{
kl/0fdd'vL agfpg bft[ lgsfon] klg ;xof]u ug]{ k/Dk/f /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{
;xsf/Ln] cj;/sf ?kdf lng' kb{5 / of] cj;/nfO{ s'zntfk"j{s ;dfpg ;Sg' kb{5 .
;xsf/Ln] ;/sf/sf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{ ;S5 eGg] cg'e"lt u/fO{ ljZjf;df lng' kb{5 .
o;f] ePdf ;/sf/ / bft[ lgsfo ;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ / ;DaGwsf] ljsf; x'g k'Ub5 .
$= cfly{s :tDe x'g] cj;/ M ;xsf/Ln] ;fjwfgL / ljj]sk"0f{ 9ª\un] pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf
cfˆgf] >f]t / ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{xf] eg] ;xsf/L k|ltsf] ;/sf/L klsNkgf ;fy{s x'g
k'Ub5 . /f]huf/L l;h{gf, ul/jL Go"lgs/0f, pTkfbg j[l4 / cfly{s ljsf; tyf ;d[l4nfO{
nIo agfO{ sfo{ ug{ ;lsPdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o cy{ ;+;f/df ;xsf/L ultnf]
cfly{s :tDe (Pillar) ePsf] ;Gb]z hfg]5 . o;af6 ;xsf/L k|ltsf] ljZjf;, of]ubfgsf] oz
/ sLlt{ cfh{g x'g k'Ub5 h'g ultnf] cj;/ xf] .
%= ;zlQms/0f / Ifdtf clej[l4 M k|To]s ;a}sf nflu / ;a} k|To]ssf nflu eGg] kljq
efjgfsf ;fy ;a}sf] b'Mv si6df ;fy lbFb} ;a}, ;Fu}, ldn]/, Ps;fy, ;xsfo{, ;fd'lxs
lxt, ;Ddfg, P]Soj4tf, xflb{stf, ;dfgtf / ;dtf, lg:jfy{ ;xof]u, :jfjnDagsf] efjgfn]
;b:ox¿nfO{ cfly{s–;fdflhs ?kn] ;Ifd agfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug{ kfpg' ;xsf/Lsf nflu
dxTjk"0f{ cj;/ xf] . hfg]/ jf ghfg]/, cfjZostfn] jf kl/l:yltn] ;xsf/L leq ljleGg
cfly{s / ;fdflhs rl/qsf ;b:ox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; cj:yfdf ca ;xsf/Ln] lg/k]If?kdf
sdhf]/ ;b:onfO{ ;zlQms/0f u/L pbfx/0fLo sfo{ ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . of]
sfo{ c?af6 eGbf ;xsf/L af6} x'g ;Sb5 .
^= ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsf;sf] cj;/ M ;xsf/L Pp6f ;ª\7gfTds hLjg k2lt xf] . l;4fGtt
o;df lzIff, tflnd, cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg, sfo{qmdsf] 5nkmn tyf ;ldIff, ;b:ox¿sf]
clen]lvs/0f, kl/of]hgf ;~rfng, cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f, k/fdz{, kf/:kfl/s ;xof]u,
lgjf{rg, g]t[Tj ljsf; / cGo o:t} k|s[ltsf ;fdflhs lqmofsnfksf] ;~rfng x'g] ePsfn]
;b:ox¿df ;fdflhsLs/0f x'g] / k'FhLs/0f / ;|f]t kl/rfngsf nflu of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf
5gf]6, ;ª\7g, ;dGjo, lgoGq0f / lgb]{zg ug]{ Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'g uO{
;fdflhs ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 .
&= ;f]r / lbzf kl/jt{gsf] cj;/ M ;xsf/Lsf l;4fGt, d"No dfGotf / cfbz{ Psflt/ 5g\ .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf klxnf] k|s[ltsf ;b:ox¿ Psflt/ 5g\ . xfdL ;xsf/Lsf ;~rfns /
;xsf/Ldf alnof] ks8 /fVg]x¿ csf{lt/ 5f}F . cfˆgf] ;+:yfn] dfqfTds ?kdf olt
gfkmf sdfPsf], olt jf plt ;]o/ d"No a9]sf], of] 38]/L jf 3/ hf]8]sf], o;n] eGbf
15
 p;n] al9 d'gfkmf ljt/0f u/]sf], kof{Kt lwtf] hdfgt glbPsfn] ;b:onfO{ dfucg';f/
ljZjf; ug{ g;lsPsf], ;fdflhs x}l;ot cfh{g ug{sf nflu Kn]6kmd{ agfPsf], cd's
zlQms]Gb|af6 ;~rfnssf nflu l6s6 lnPsf], gj k|j]zLx¿af6 k|j]z z'Ns jfkt 7"nf]
wg/fzL lnO{ k'/fgf elgPsfnfO{ gfkmf ljt/0f ul/Psf], zlQm / k|efjsf cfwf/df
cg'Tkfbs If]qdf C0f k|jfx cflb h:tf sfo{x¿ hfgL ghfgL ub}{5f}F . Tolx eP/
;/sf/n] ;xsf/Lx¿ 5fofF a}ª\s ag]sf] / cg'Tkfbs If]qdf C0f ljt/0f u/]sfn]
d'b|fl:kmtLsf] bjfj l;h{gf ug{ ;xof]uL ePsf] -g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{dGqfno, @)&$_
eGg] cf;ª\sf u/]sf] 5 . of] cf/f]kh:tf] b]lvPtf klg lttf] oyf{t xf] . olb o;f] xf] eg]
cj ulx/f] ;f]r, 5nkmn / ax; u/L pbf/jfbLsf] em}F k'/fg} ;+/rgf (Structuralist
Approach) jf dfS;{jfbLsf] em}F k'glg{df{0fsf] ;+/rgf (Restructuralist Approach) jf
pQ/cfw'lgsjfbLsf] em}F ljlgdf{0f ;+/rgf (Destructuralist Approach) df ;xsf/Lsf] ;f]r /
lbzf kl/jt{g jf lgb]{z ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . gofF ;f]rsf] ljsf; ubf{ wlgsf]
a]Un}, dWod :t/Lo (Elite) sf] a]Un} / ul/j, ;j{;fwf/0f tyf cfjfhljlxg (Subaltern) sf]
a]Un} ;xsf/L lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf klg x'g ;Sb5 .
*= vf]h / cg';Gwfgsf] cj;/ M ;xsf/L / ;b:osf] ;ª\Vof a9f]Q/L ePsf] 5 . ;+:yfdf
art / k'FhL lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf] 5 . zx/L tyf u|fld0f If]qdf klg ;xsf/L dfkm{t ;|f]t
;fwgsf] kl/rfng x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . Pp6} ;xsf/Ldf ljleGg k|s[ltsf ;b:ox¿ 5g\ .
;/sf/n] ;xsf/L / o;sf] k'FhL kl/rfngnfO{ kl/rfng u/L b|'t ultdf ul/jL lgjf/0f u/L
cfly{s ;d[l4 k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zo lg3f{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf ;xsf/Lx¿n]
;Defjgfsf] vf]hL ug{, eljiodf cjnDag ug'{kg]{ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd, /0fgLltsf]
tof/L ug{, cfwf/e"t ?kdf tNnf] ju{sf hgtfx¿sf] cfo:t/df j[l4 ug{ / pTkfbgdf j[l4
u/L cfTdlge{/ x'g ca ;xsf/Ln] gofF gofF vf]h / cg';Gwfg ug'{ kg]{ cj;/ k|fKt
ePsf] 5 . ;xsf/Ln] o; sfo{sf] g]t[Tj lng' kb{5 .
lgisif{
ljZj ;xsf/Lsf] Oltxf; Hofb} k'/fgf] 5 . ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sx¿n] ;xsf/Lsf
dfWodaf6 /f]huf/L, cfDbfgL / pTkfbgdf j[l4u/L pTkfbgdf a|f08 k|fKt ul/;s]sf
5g\ . ;xsf/Lsf] l;4fGt, cfbz{ / d"No dfGotf xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'ssf nflu ;do ;fk]If /
pbfx/0Lo x'g ;Sb5g\ . g]kfndf cfzfltt ?kdf ;xsf/Lsf ljsf; / lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] 5 . t/
;xsf/Lx¿ cfjZostf / ck]Iffcg';f/ pBdzLn x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . b]zsf cfly{s ;fdflhs tYo /
tYofª\s ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvFb}gg\ . o; cj:yfdf ;xsf/Lsf] p2]Zo, gLlt / sfo{qmdnfO{
g]kfnL e"lddf ;fy{s agfpg w]/} r'gf}ltx¿ 5g\ . lo ;a} r'gf}ltx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ub}{ cj;/df
kl/0ft ug{ ;s]df ;xsf/Lsf l;4fGt, hgtfsf / ;/sf/sf] ck]Iff k"/f ug{ ;lsg] / ;xsf/Lsf]

16
dfWodaf6 cfly{s—;fdflhs ljsf; u/L ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fdf ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{
;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L If]qn] ;xsf/LnfO{ cfly{s, sfo{qmlds, gLltut / sfg'gL lx;fjn]
k|f]T;fxg u/L ;xsf/Lsf] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ kb{5 . ;xsf/Ldf b]lvPsf
r'gf}ltx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ st{Jo ;/sf/sf] klg xf] . ;du|df ;/sf/, ;xsf/L / lghL If]qsf]
;+o'Qm k|of;af6 dfq xfd|f nIo / p2]Zo k"/f x'g ;Sb5g\ . t/ oL tLg dWo]sf] s'g}
Ps sdhf]/ ePdf ljsf; / ;d[l4 cw'/} /xg] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu -@)&%_, cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] /fli6«o n]vf tYofª\s,
sf7df8f}F M n]vs .
bfxfn, s[i0fk|;fb -@)^(_, ;xsf/Lsf] jt{dfg cj:yf / Joj;flos uGtJo, ;xsf/L ;+jfb
jflif{s cª\s, k[= @*–#$ .
g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u -@)&@_, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_, sf7df8f}F M
n]vs .
g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno -@)&$_, cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] ah]6 jQmJo,
sf7df8f}F M n]vs .
g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{dGqfno, -@)&$_, cfly{s ;j]{If0f cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$, sf7df8f}F
M n]vs .
g]kfn ;/sf/ -@)&$_, cf=j= @)&$÷&% sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd,
sf7df8f}F M n]vs .
g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -@)&#_, rf}wf}+ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$–
@)&%÷&^_, sf7df8f}F M n]vs .
Gof}kfg], u'¿k|;fb -@)%%_, g]kfnsf] cy{zf:q, sf7d8f}F M Pd= s]= klAn;;{
P08 l8li6«Jo'6;{ .
k/fh'nL, s[i0fsfGt tyf ;fyLx¿, -@)^^_, g]kfnsf] cy{zf:q, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{
k|sfzg k|f= ln= .
a8fn, s]zj -@)&!_, ;xsf/L<sf7df8f}F M n]vs .
/fhe08f/L, uh]Gb|k|;fb -@)&@_, cfly{s qmflGtsf nflu ;xsf/L M cEof; / r'gf}lt,
a'6jn M /f]dLdfnf /fhe08f/L / uf}/j /fhe08f/L .
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -@)&#_, rf}wf}F of]hgf cf= j= @)&#÷&$—@)&%÷&^,
sf7df8f}F M n]vs .
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