MANAV RACHNA UNIVERSITY, FARIDABAD

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING (ECU01)

Laboratory Manual for

ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND

INSTRUMENTATION Laboratory
(ECH208 P)
ECE – IV th Sem / ME – V th Sem
Jan – June, 2018

Submitted by :

Dr. Charu Pathak, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MRU Page 1
 ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION Laboratory
(ECH208 P)
ECE – IV th Sem / ME – V th Sem
S No. Objective of the Experiment
EXP1 To study blockwise construction of Analog Oscilloscope.
EXP2 To study blockwise construction of function generator
EXP3 To study digital oscilloscope and its functions
EXP4 Measurement of weight using strain gauge

EXP5 Measurement of displacement using LVDT.

EXP6 To determine the values of L, C, R and Q from Q meter.
EXP7
To determine the static characteristics of a dc ammeter
EXP8 To determine the static characteristics of a dc voltmeter
EXP9 To determine the limiting error and propagating error in the given
EXP 10 circuit.
Minor project 1.
EXP11 1. Measure
Minor project 2 frequency and phase of a signal from Lissajous
pattern using CRO.

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Dr. Charu Pathak, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MRU Page 3
Dr. Charu Pathak, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MRU Page 4
 EXPERIMENT NO.: 1

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 EXPERIMENT NO 2

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 EXPERIMENT NO.3

AIM: Use of Digital oscilloscope and function generator

1. Equipment
Breadboard
Wire cutters
Wires
Oscilloscope
Function Generator
1k resistor x 2
h. Various connectors (banana plugs-to-alligator clips) for connecting breadboard
to power supply and for multimeter connections.

3. Theory

a. The HP33120A Function Generator

The front panel of your function generator is shown in Figure 1. This instrument outputs
a time-varying periodic voltage signal (the OUTPUT connector, do not use the sync
connector, refer to figure 2). By pushing the appropriate buttons on the front panel, the
user can specify various characteristics of the signal.

Figure 1. Front panel of your function generator

(Ref: Agilent Function Generator User’s Guide #33120-90006)

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 Figure 2. Make sure you use BLACK BNC input cables. Connect them to the OUTPUT terminal as
shown above. Do not use the SYNC connector

The main characteristics that you will be concerned with in this class are:

• Shape: sine, square, or triangle waves.

• Frequency: inverse of the period of the signal; units are cycles per second
(Hz)
• Vpp: peak to peak Voltage value of the signal
• DC Offset: constant voltage added to the signal to increase or decrease its
mean or average level. In a schematic, this would be a DC voltage source in
series with the oscillating voltage source.

Figure 3 below illustrates a couple of the parameters above.

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 Figure 3. Sine wave Vpp and DC offset

When the function generator is turned on, it outputs a sine wave at 1 kHz with
amplitude of 100 mVPP (figure 4).

Figure 4. Function generator has been turned on

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 You must specify the characteristics of the signal you need. For example, to set the
frequency of the signal:
1. Enable the frequency modify mode by pressing the Freq button.

2. Enter the value of the desired frequency by pressing the Enter Number button and
entering the appropriate numbers on pads labeled with green numbers, or by using the
wheel and the left and right arrows to move the tens place.
(To cancel the number mode, press Shift and Cancel.)
3. Set the units to the desired value by using the arrow keys (up or down) on the right side
of the front panel.

IMPORTANT NOTE: There is an internal resistor 50 ohms in series with the oscillating
voltage source inside the function generator, refer to figure 5.

Figure 5. The internal load resistor in your function generator

Thus, if you connect the function generator to an external resistor RL, it will form a
voltage divider with the 50 ohms resistor, refer to figure 6.

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 Figure 6. External resistor forming a voltage divider

Hence the voltage seen at the output of the instrument is:

The purpose of the internal resistance is to have impedance matching (especially

important for high frequency circuits). In RF electronics, resistances of 50 ohms are very
common. Therefore if RL = 50 ohm, we have:

The front panel meter assumes RL = 50 ohms. As we saw above, a 50 ohm load leads
to a voltage divider with a gain of ½, so the instrument compensates for this by raising
vint to twice what the display shows. In other words, if you set the instrument to produce
a 5 V sine wave, it actually produces a 10 V sine wave on vint and relies on the external
voltage divider to reduce the signal by a factor of two. We are not going to change the
default setting of this instrument, so just remember that you are getting twice the
voltage displayed on the function generator at the output terminal.

That’s all for the function generator. Lets get to the crux of this lab – the oscilloscope.

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 b. Oscilloscope

Note: This section is mostly a paraphrase of [1]. It might also be useful to go through the Prelab as
you read this section.

Nature moves in the form of a sine wave, be it an ocean wave, earthquake, sonic boom, explosion,
sound through air or the natural frequency of a body in motion. Even light – part particle, part wave –
has a fundamental frequency which can be observed as color.

Sensors can convert these forces into electrical signals that you can observe and study with an
oscilloscope. You will learn an example of a sensor – the Strain Gauge – in a later lab. For now, we
will learn how to use an oscilloscope1.
Oscilloscopes enable scientists, engineers, technicians, educators and others to “see” events that
change over time. They are indispensable tools for anyone designing, manufacturing or repairing
electronic equipment. Oscilloscopes are used by everyone from physicists to television repair
technicians. An automotive engineer uses an oscilloscope to measure engine vibrations. A medical
researcher uses an oscilloscope to measure brain waves. The possibilities are endless.

i. Basic concepts behind an oscilloscope

What is an oscilloscope? An oscilloscope is basically a graph-displaying device – it draws the graph of
an electrical signal. In most applications, the graph shows how signals change over time: the vertical
(Y) axis represents voltage and the horizontal (X) axis represents time. The intensity or brightness of
the signal is sometimes called the Z-axis (refer to figure 7).

Figure 7. X, Y and Z components of a waveform

An oscilloscope takes sometime to get used to. Just remember a simple rule: oscilloscopes do not generate waveforms
(except for a simple test signal), they measure waveforms.

This simple graph can tell you many things about a signal such as:

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 • The time and voltage values of a signal
• The frequency of an oscillating signal
• Whether or not a malfunctioning component is distorting the signal
• How much of a signal is direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC)

What kind of signals can you measure with an oscilloscope? Figure 8 shows some common signals (or
waveforms).

Figure 8. Common waveforms

You can measure different characteristics of a waveform with an oscilloscope – amplitude, frequency,
DC offset and phase.

Figure 9. Degrees of a sine wave

Figure 10. Concept of Phase shift

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 Phase is best explained by looking at sine waves (figure 9). The voltage level of sine waves is based
on circular motion. Given that a circle has 360±, one cycle of a sine wave has 360± (as shown in
figure 9). Using degrees you can refer to the phase angle of a sine wave when you want to describe
how much of the period has elapsed.

Phase shift describes the difference in timing between two otherwise similar signals. The waveform in
figure 10 labeled “Current” is said to be 90± out of phase with the waveform labeled “Voltage”. This
is because the waves reach similar points in their cycles exactly ¼ of a cycle apart (360±/4 = 90±).
Phase shifts are common in electronics.

ii. The Systems and Controls of an Oscilloscope

There are different types of oscilloscope on the market – analog, digital, digital storage etc. The
oscilloscope that you have costs approximately $5000 and is a digital storage oscilloscope. Figure 11
is the front view of your scope.

Fgure 11. Your oscilloscope – the Agilent (or HP) 54645D

Your oscilloscope consists of four main systems – the vertical (ANALOG) system, the horizontal
system, the measure system and the trigger system. The different systems are described below. You
are not required to use the Logic Analyzer (DIGITAL) system in this course.
a. The vertical (ANALOG) system

Figure 12. The vertical system controls

You select the channel you want by pressing A1 or A2. You can use the Volts/Div to adjust the

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 vertical scale. The position knobs move the waveform up or down on the scope screen. The
buttons control mathematical functions (like A1+A2, A1 -A2 etc). Once you press this button you can
select which function you want by using the soft-keys below the oscilloscope screen (refer to figure
14).

Figure 13. Soft-keys for accessing various functions

Also, once you choose the channel you will have various functions to choose from above the soft-
keys. One of the most important of these is the coupling function.

Coupling refers to the method used to connect an electrical signal from one circuit to another. In this
case, the input coupling is the connection from your test circuit to the oscilloscope. The coupling can
be set to DC, AC or ground. DC coupling shows all of an input signal. AC coupling blocks the DC
component of a signal so that you see the waveform centered around zero volts. Figure 14 illustrates
the difference.

Figure 14. AC and DC input coupling

The AC coupling is useful when the entire signal (AC + DC) is too large for the volts/div setting. The
ground setting disconnects the input signal from the vertical system, which lets you see where zero
volts is located on the screen. Switching from DC coupling to ground and back again is a handy way
of measuring signal voltage levels with respect to ground.

b. The horizontal system

An oscilloscope’s horizontal system (figure 15) is most closely associated with its acquisition of an
input signal. Horizontal controls are used to position and scale the waveform horizontally.

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 Figure 15. The horizontal system controls

The knob moves the waveforms left or right, the

controls the zoom scale on the time axis. The button controls the format of the display. You
can display either the waveforms versus time or enable XY mode. XY mode is mathematically called a
“parametric plot” – you plot one varying voltage versus another. This is especially useful for graphing
I-V curves (current versus voltage characteristics) for components [2].

c. The measure system

Even the most advanced instrument can only be as precise as the data that goes into it. A probe
functions in conjunction with an oscilloscope as part of the measurement system. Hence we first talk
about the probes you use with your oscilloscope. Figure 16 shows a picture of your scope probe.

Figure 16. Your scope probes. They cost around $50 each, use them with caution

Please note: do not interchangeably use your function generator BNC connectors and your scope
probes!
Your scope probes are passive: they don’t contain any amplifier circuitry. The main point to know
about probes is that probes introduce resistive, capacitive and inductive loading that inevitably alters
the measurement. This is quantitatively measured by the attenuation factor of a probe – 10X, 100X
and so on. Your scope probes are 10x (or so called 10:1 probe).

The 10X (read as “ten times”) reduces the signal’s amplitude at the oscilloscope input by a factor of
10. However, your scope contains auto-detection circuitry that automatically detects the type of probe
connected to your input and thus the scope compensates for the 10X attenuation.

Once you connect the probe to your scope and hook it up to the circuit, you can use the measurement
system (figure 17) to perform measurements. A note about your scope probe grounds: the two grounds
are connected inside the scope to a common ground point. Thus you don’t have to connect both the

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 grounds to the same point. If one of the ground alligator clips is connected to a ground point, the other
ground alligator clip from the second probe is also connected to the same point.

Figure 17. Oscilloscope measurement system

Selecting Voltage, Time or Cursors enables you to perform a variety of measurements.

You select the type of measurement using the soft-keys. The knob helps to move the
cursor locations on the scope screen.
d. The trigger system

An oscilloscope’s trigger function synchronizes the horizontal sweep at the correct point of the signal,
essential for clear signal characterization. Trigger controls allow you to stabilize repetitive waveforms
and capture single-shot waveforms. The trigger makes repetitive waveforms appear static on the
oscilloscope display by repeatedly displaying the same portion of the input signal. Imagine the jumble
on the screen that would result if each sweep started at a different place on the signal, as illustrated in
figure 18. Figure 19 shows the trigger system on your scope.

Figure 18. Untriggered display

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 Figure 19. Agilent 54645D trigger system

The Analog level and slope controls (press the button to access slope functionality) provide
the basic trigger point definition and determine how a waveform is displayed, as illustrated in figure
20.

Figure 20. Trigger level and slope functionality

The oscilloscope does not necessarily need to trigger on the signal being displayed (again
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 press the button and then use the soft-keys to select a source). Several sources can trigger
the sweep - any input channel, an external source other than the signal applied to an input channel, the
power source signal and a signal internally defined by the oscilloscope, from one or more input
channels. Most of the time, you can leave the oscilloscope set to trigger on the channel displayed.
Some oscilloscopes provide a trigger output that delivers the trigger signal to another instrument. The
oscilloscope can use an alternate trigger source, whether or not it is displayed, so you should be careful
not to unwittingly trigger on channel 1 while displaying channel 2, for example.The trigger mode
determines whether or not the oscilloscope draws a waveform based on a signal condition. Common
trigger modes include normal and auto. In normal mode the oscilloscope only sweeps if the input
signal reaches the set trigger point; otherwise (on an analog oscilloscope) the screen is blank or (on a
digital oscilloscope) frozen on the last acquired waveform. Normal mode can be disorienting since you
may not see the signal at first if the level control is not adjusted correctly. Auto mode causes the
oscilloscope to sweep, even without a trigger. If no signal is present, a timer in the oscilloscope
triggers the sweep. This ensures that the display will not disappear if the signal does not cause a
trigger. However when the trigger mode is Auto and the trigger level magnitude is greater than the
peak-to-peak signal voltage, then your oscilloscope will continue to sweep. Hence your scope screen
will become jumbled.

Thus, your scope includes a third trigger mode called Auto Level. Here your scope senses when the
magnitude of your trigger level goes beyond your peak-to-peak signal voltage and then automatically
resets your trigger level to zero. It is best to leave the trigger mode to Auto Level during the first
couple of weeks.

There are a few other advanced features in your scope that we will not cover in this lab. However the
best way for you to learn how to use the oscilloscope is to continually use it! Do not get scared by its
myriad of features – there is a reason for the $5000 price tag! Experiment

a. TASK 1: Thoroughly read the Theory section.

b. TASK 2:
1: Wire the following circuit on the breadboard (WIRE NEATLY!) The circuit is repeated
below for convenience, along with your function generator and scope connections.

Figure 21. Lab circuit

R = 1k in the circuit above. Set your function generator to: 1.00 Vpp, 1.00 KHz sine wave. Tune your
oscilloscope (DO NOT MODIFY THE FUNCTION GENERATOR SETTINGS!) till your
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 oscilloscope screen looks like figure 21.

Now, what happens when you reverse2 the terminals of your function generator? That is, do the
waveforms on the oscilloscope screen change? Before you actually perform the experiment, think
what would happen. Write your guess, the experimental observation and a brief explanation below:

2. Switch the red and black connectors

b. TASK 2: Touch the oscilloscope probe tip to your index finger. What is the frequency of the
waveform? Ask your lab partner to repeat the experiment. Are the frequencies approximately
equal? Briefly explain your observations.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

AIM:- Measurement of weight using strain gauge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Strain cantilever kit, multimeter, connecting wires.

BRIEF THEORY: -
Strain is defined as compression per unit area. The primary quantities like resistance, capacitance are
measured with the strain gauge element, where force applied to any elastic material, results in strain. R=
L/ A
Where R= resistance (O)
= Resistivity (O-m)
L= Length of wire (m)
2
A= Uniform cross- sectional area of wire (m )

If a metal wire or conductor is stretched or compressed its resistance changes because of change in length,
change in resistivity and change in cross sectional area. This effect is called piezoresistive effect. The cantilever
used in the primary elastic transducer of force measuring system, where a known mass is attached to cantilever,
the unbalanced voltage, can be calibrated in terms of either force or weight.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: -

1. Connect the strain cantilever at the experimental kit.

2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Give some time to stabilize the instrument.
4. Balance the strain cantilever bridge by corresponding zero, then turn trim port.
5. Set the gain of strain cantilever by SPAN, then turn trim port.
6. Now apply weight at the cantilever beam and take readings.

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 SAMPLE CALCULATION:
R= L/ A
Where R= resistance (O)
= Resistivity (O-m)
L= Length of wire (m)

A= Uniform cross- sectional area of wire (m 2)

RESULT: - Weight can be measured by using strain gauge

.
DISCUSSION:- Piezoresistive effect is studied with the help of strain gauge .

PRECAUTIONS: -

17. Handle all equipments with care.

18. Make connections according to the circuit diagram.
19. Take the readings carefully.
20. The connections should be tight.

QUIZ / ANSWERS : -

Q1 What is the working principle of strain gauge?

A1 Piezoresistive effect
Q2 Which type of transducer is strain gauge?
A2 Resistive
Q3 What are the advantages of strain gauges?
A3 High gauge factor and excellent hysteresis characteristics
Q4 What are the uses of strain gauges?
A4 Measurement of force & pressure, displacement, acceleration etc
Q5 What do we call the combination of gauges?
A5 Rossettes
Q6 Is it active type of transducer or of passive type? A6
passive
Q7 How would you classify strain gauge?
A7 Bonded wire, Bonded metal, Semiconductor type etc
Q8 What is strain?
A8 Strain is defined as compression per unit area.
Q9 What is gauge factor?
A9 Gauge factor is defined as the ration of per unit change in resistance to per unit change in length.
Q10What is Poisson’s ratio?
A10 Poisson’s ratio, = -( D/D)/( L/L)

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 EXPERIMENT NO 5.

AIM: Measurement of displacement using LVDT.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - LVDT kit, multimeter, connecting wires.

BRIEF THEORY: -
The differential transformer is a passive inductive transformer also known as Linear Variable Differential
Transformer (LVDT). LVDT has a soft iron core which slides within the hollow transformer & therefore affects
magnetic coupling between the primary and two secondaries. The displacement to be measured is applied at its
arm attached to soft iron core. When core is in normal position (null), equal voltages are induced in the two
secondaries. The frequency of ac applied to the primary winding ranges from 50Hz to 20KHz.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: -

3. Connect the circuit according to circuit diagram.

4. Switch on the power supply.
5. The core is initially brought to null position.
6. First turn the nut in clockwise direction to move core inwards i.e. left of null position & take
respective voltage readings on the voltmeter.
7. Now turn nut in anticlockwise direction to move the core towards right of null point & again take
respective voltage reading from voltmeter.
8. Plot the graph from the observations taken.

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 OSERVATIONS TABLE

EXPERIMENT No.6

AIM:- To study measurement of different componenets & parameters like Q of a coil etc. using LCR Q meter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Caddo 9302 LCR meter.

THEORY:-

Model Caddo 9302 LCR meter is a micro desktop instrument by using microprocessor
technology. It can measure six basic parameters ie., inductance L, capacitance C, resistance R,
impedance Z, dissipation factor D and quality factor Q, which can fulfill the measurement needs
of various components manufacturers and maintenance technicians.

FRONT PANEL

1.1.1 1 Parameter
Displaying current measured parameters: L-Q,
C-D, R-Q, Z-Q, Z-D or AUTO
2 Frequency
Displaying current frequency; 100 Hz, 120 Hz or 1 KHz

3 DisplayMode Displaying current display mode of the primary parameter: DIR %

4 Range Displaying range state: Auto, Hold or current range.

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 5 Pins Indication
NG: No-good; P1: Pass1; P2: Pass2; P3: Pass3; P1, P2, P3 Priority is lower in turn.
6 Buzzer
7 Test Terminals HD, HS, LS and LD
Cursor keys Function table moving and rolling Setup key
Entering 8 Key function table setting Start key The
executing confirmation of command 9 Power Power
switch

1.1.2 Features
1. Zero Correction :
Open sweep correction of open circuit; Short
sweep correction of short circuit
2. Display Format :
Direct actual measured value absolute delta between the measured value and the reference value; delta
percent between the measured value and the reference value.

3. Range Hold : When measuring a large number of components with the same nominal
value, this function can effectively improve the measuring speed.
4. Comparator Function : Caddo 9302s built-in comparator can sort components
into a maximum of four bins (NG, P1, P2 and P3).
5. Equivalent Measurement Circuit : There are two equivalent circuit models:
parallel and series.

OPERATION
1 Direct function setup—— Parameter, frequency, display and range :
a) Press keys to move the cursor and select one of the four direct
functions.
b) Press keys to select.

2 When measurement range is set to Auto, the instrument first estimates if

current range is the correct range, if it’s the correct range, then the instrument
calculates and displays the measurement value, otherwise instrument has to
change to the correct range and start measurement again. Therefore, in range
Auto mode, one more measurement will be taken if the measurement range has to
be changed. So more time is taken in range Auto mode.

3 If a large number of devices under test belong to the same range, the correct range
can be locked to raise the measurement speed. For the instrument do not have to

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 take any time to find the correct the range.

4 When measurement range is set to Hold, if the impedance under test exceeds the
effective measuring range of the locked measurement range, overload symbols

5. How to calculate the measurement range

Example: Suppose capacitance C=210pF, dissipation D=0.0010 and est frequency f=1KHz.
Solution:We can calculate: Zx = 757.9

1.1.3 Indirect Functions Setup :

Indirect functions are Clear “0”, Sorting, Auto-LCZ, Buzzer, Change cursor, Advanced set, and
State save & exit.
Press Setup key to enter the setup menu in measurement state. Pressing Setup key again,
the instrument returns back to the measurement state.

PRECAUTIONS:-
Tuning On :
A. Display company name and version the indicator lamps of P1, P2, P3, NG flash in turn.
B. Starting power-on self tests
1. EEPROM Memory checking
2. ADC AD converter checking
C Entering-measuring state after self-tests
The factory settings are listed as follows and can be reset according to the operation

1. Parameter: C-D;
2. Frequency: 100 Hz;
3. Display: Dir (direct reading);
4. Range:AUTO (automation);
5. Equivalent: SER (serial);
6. Alarm Bin: P1(Pass #1);
7. LCZ automation: Off;
8. Cursor

QUIZ/ ANSWERS:-

Q.1 What do you mean by Q factor?

A.1 It is quality analysis of capacitor and inductor.

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 Q.2 What is the purpose of LCR Q meter?
A.2 It can measure 6 basic parameters, they are inductance L,capacitance C, resistance R, impedance Z,
dissipation factor D and quality factor Q.

Q.3 What is the resonance condition?

A.3 XL=XC

Q.4 What is the formula of quality factor for inductor?

A.4 Q= XL/R
Q.5 What is the range of shunt resistance in Q meter?
A.5 Miliohms
Electronic Measurement & Instrumentat

Q.6 The Q factor of a coil at the resonant frequency 1.5 MHz of an RLC series circuit is 150.The bandwidth is --
---- .
A.6 10 KHz
Q.7 What are the applications of Q-meter?
A.7 Measurement of Q, inductance, effective resistance, self capacitance, bandwidth and
capacitance.

Q.8 What are the different methods of measurement of effective resistance?

A.81)resistance variation method
2)reactance variation method
Q.9What is use of T-network?

A.9 T networks are very useful for measurement of inductance,capacitance,resistance and

frequency in the high frequency range.

Q.10 What is the formula of distributed capacitance?

A.10 Cd=C1-4C2/3(where C1 and C2 are tuning capacitors for resonant frequencies f1 and f2).

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