ASSIGNMENT

ON
COLOUR AND MEGNATISM Of
LANTHANIDES

Submitted By:
Muhammad Junaid(Roll#19)

Qasim Manzooor(Roll#5)

Ahsan Jawad(Roll#28)

Submitted To:
Mam Nadia

Class:
Bs Chemistry

Session:
2016_20

Date:

25/2/2019

Email:
http.mjunaid786@Gmail.com

Govt.College of Science Multan

 COLOUR AND MEGNATISM

Lanthanides:
The term "lanthanide" was introduced by Victor Goldschmidt in 1925 • Lanthanide series
comprises the fifteen metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from
lanthanum through lutetium •The elements in which the additional electrons enter into
(n-2)f Orbitals are called the inner transition elements. •The valence shell electronic
configuration of the lanthanides is (n-2)f1_14 (n-1)d0-10 ns2.
The two rows of elements present at the bottom of the periodic table are called the 4f series
or lanthanoids and 5f or actanoids. They are also called inner transition
elements.Lanthanide metals are generally soft malleable and ductile in nature.

COLOURE PROPERTIES OF LANTHANIDES

Some trivalent ions (M3+) are coloured in solid as well as in solution.

The colour of lanthanide ion is due to absorption in visible region of the
spectrum resulting f-f transitions because they have partly filled
orbitals. The colour of ions having nf electrons is about same with
those having (14 – n)f electrons.
Pr3+ 4f 2 green (14 -n)f – electrons =14-2 =12

Tm3+ 4f 12 green nf – electrons =12

Nd3+ 4f 3 pink (14 -n)f – electrons =14-3 =11

Er3+ 4f 11 pink nf – electrons =11

Electronic Configuration Table and Coloure Spectra of lanthanides elements are given
below;

>Page Turn Out

By Following Discuss The Color and Magnetism
According to above Table
The colour of lanthanide ions is due to the presence of partly filled f orbitals. As a result it
is possible to absorb certain wavelength from the visible region of the spectrum. This
results in transitions from one 4f orbital to another 4f orbital known as f-f transition.
Next We study the Magnetism behaviour.

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES:
La3+ and Ce3+ have an f° configuration, and Lu3+ has an f 14 configuration.
These have no unpaired electrons, and are diamagnetic.
All other f states contain unpaired electrons and are therefore paramagnetic.
The magnetic moment of transition elements may be calculated from the
equation:

μ(S+L) is the magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons calculated using both the
spin and orbital momentum contributions.
S is the resultant spin quantum number and L is the resultant orbital momentum
quantum number.
For the first row transition elements, the orbital contribution is usually quenched
out by interaction with the electric fields of the ligands in its environment.
Thus as a first approximation the magnetic moment can be calculated using the
simple spin only formula. (μs is the spin only magnetic moment in Bohr
magnetons. s S is the resultant spin quantum number and n is the number of
unpaired electrons.)

This simple relationship works with La3+ (f0), and two of the lanthanides
Gd3+ (f7) and Lu3+ (f14).
La3+ and Lu3+ have no unpaired electrons, n = 0 and μs = √(0(0 +2)) = 0
Gd3+ has seven unpaired electrons. n = 7 and μs = √(7(7 +2)) = √63 =
7.9BM
In the lanthanides the spin contribution S and orbital contribution L couple
together to give a new quantum number J.
J = L-S When the shell is less than half full and J = L+S when the shell is more
than half full
The magnetic moment μ is calculated in Bohr magnetons (BM) by:
μ = g√(J(J +1))
Where, g = 1(1/2) + (S(S+1)-L(L+1))/(2J(J+1))
Figure shows the calculated magnetic moments for the lanthanides using both
the simple spin only formula and the coupled spin plus orbital momentum
formula.
For most of the elements there is excellent agreement between the calculated
values using the coupled spin + orbital momentum formula and experimental
values measured at 300 K.
The range of experimental values are shown as bars.
The agreement for Eu3+ is poor, and that for Sm3+ is not very good.
The reason is that with Eu3+ the spin orbit coupling constant is only about 300
cm-1.
This means that the difference in energy between the ground state and the next
state is small.
Thus the energy of thermal motion is sufficient to promote some electrons and
partially populate the higher state.
Because of this the magnetic properties are not solely determined by the
ground state configuration.
Measuring the magnetic moment at a low temperature prevents the population
of higher energy levels.
The magnetic moment of Eu3+ at low temperature is close to zero as expected.
The unusual shape of the spin plus orbital motion curve arises because of
Hund's third rule.
When the f level is less than half full the spin and orbital momenta contributions
work in opposition (J= L - S).
When the f shell is more than half full they work together (J = L + S).

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