CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

I. ABSTRACT

The determination of the effects of various loads on structures is called Structural Analysis. It is

important to conduct thorough Structural Analysis in the design of structures to ensure that the building

will be safe. As consultants, we propose this design for a two-storey residential house to be located in

Laguna, in accordance to the owner’s needs, and in compliance with the standards required by the

National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) and the National Building Code of the Philippines

(NBCP).

The two-storey residential house is designed to be safe, serviceable and economical through

application of Theory of Indeterminate Structures. AUTOCAD was used for the layout of architectural

and structural plans, and the deflections and most critical members were determined using the methods

discussed in Theory II, and STAAD Pro software; and was further analyzed through laboratory

experiment.

II. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

The following are the General Requirements provided by the owner for the construction of the

two-storey residential housing project:

“The house shall have a minimum of two (2) bedrooms on second floor, one (1) Master Bedroom on second

floor, one (1) guest bedroom on the ground floor, one (1) kitchen area, one (1) dining area, one (1) living

area, a balcony at the upper floor, two (2) toilet and bathroom, one (1) Master toilet and bathroom. The

structural members can resist loads (dead load, live load, earthquake load, wind load). The deflection of

the column members is allowed but only limited to its serviceability requirement (NBCP).”

The stated requirements are complied, and the construction and design specifications applied for

this design governs with the National Structural Code of the Philippines. The structural code provides

minimum requirements for the design of buildings, towers and other vertical structures, and minimum

standards and guidelines to safeguard life or limb, property and public welfare, by regulating and

controlling the design, construction, quality of materials pertaining to structural aspects of all buildings

and structures (NSCP 2015). In addition to that, the proposed design also conforms with the Property
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Line Regulations and Serviceability Requirements of the National Building Code of the Philippines

(NBCP) such that the member deformations are limited. The main purpose of building codes is to protect

public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings

and structures. With this, it is ensured to be safe, as well as economical, cost efficient and easy to construct.

a. Project Information

Project Name : PROPOSED 2-STOREY RESIDENTIAL

Location : San Pablo, Laguna

Total Area : Ground Floor 48𝑚2

Second Floor 48𝑚2

Total Floor 96𝑚2

b. General Layout

Fig.1 : Foundation Plan

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Fig.2 : Structural Plan: Upper Floor – Floor Framing

Fig.3 : Architectural Plan: Ground Floor

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Fig.4 : Architectural Plan: Upper Floor

Fig.5 : Perspective

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 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

A concessionaire requested for a proposal on a two-storey residential house in Laguna for his

upcoming housing project. In order to design a structure, it is necessary to start by specifying the loads

acting on it. The proposed layout is designed to withstand the various types of loads expected on a

structure such as dead loads, live loads or imposed loads, wind loads, and earthquake loads or seismic

loads. Design codes provide detailed technical standards and are used to establish the requirements for

the actual structural design.

The general layout was analyzed through the application of the following load combinations:

1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿
Note:
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 𝑓1 𝐿

0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝐸
Use f1 = 0.5
1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝑊 + 𝑓1 𝐿

I. Dead Load and Live Load

Dead Loads are constant loads that acts permanently towards the structure. It consists of

the weight of all materials used in construction that is incorporated into the structure such as walls, floors,

roofs, ceilings, stairways, partitions and finishes. (NSCP 2015). It majorly consists of the weight of roofs,

beams, walls and column etc. The calculation of dead loads of each structure are calculated by the volume

of each section and multiplied with the unit weight. Live Loads, on the other hand are not constant, and

keeps changing from time to time. These loads are assumed depending on the building’s intended use or

occupancy classified as residential, storage, office, hospital, parking, etc.

II. Wind Load

It is important for all structures to be able to withstand wind loads. Wind load is primarily

defined as the horizontal load caused by the movement of air relative to earth, and its impact towards the

building or structure. The design wind loads for the building shall be determined according to the

Analytical procedure for regular shaped building and structures.

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 a. Occupancy Category

Buildings and structures must be classified based on the nature of occupancy which is shown in

Table 103-1 of NSCP. Based on the table, our residential structure falls under Category IV (Standard

Occupancy Structures).

b. Basic Wind Speed

The basic wind speed, V, used to determine wind loads on buildings and other structures can be

found on Figure 207A.5-1. For Occupancy Category III, IV and V, Figure 207A.5-1A is used. For

the project location, V = 250 kph.

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c. Wind Directionality Factor

The Wind Directionality Factor, Kd is defined as a parameter that makes the design more rational

by considering the dependencies of the wind speed, the frequency of occurrence of extreme wind

and the aerodynamic property on wind direction. Kd is affected by the frequency of occurrence

and the routes of typhoons, climatological factors, large-scale topographic effects and so on.

Refering on Table 207A.6-1, Kd = 0.85.

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d. Topographic Factor

The Topographic Factor, or the wind speed up effect due to hills, ridges and escarpments

causes abrupt changes in topography must be included in the design of wind loads using the

factor Kzt.

If the site conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the conditions specified,

then, Kzt=1.0.

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e. Exposure Category

A building’s Exposure Category can be classified under NSCP Section 207A.7.3 (Exposure

Categories) shown below. In accordance with this,ℎ ≤ 9𝑚. Therefore, Exposure B.

f. Velocity Pressure Coefficient

Velocity pressure coefficient includes computations. Z is the eave height; the formula is given

above for the computation of velocity pressure coefficient and the coefficients can be seen in table

207A.9-1. The Z shall then replace by h, which is the mean height.

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g. Gust Effect Factor

In determining the gust effect factor, determine first if the structure is rigid by using the formulas

in section 207A.9.3, if the value acquired is greater than 1 therefore the structure is rigid. Or use

the formula for the structure period in section 208.5.2.2. If the structure is rigid use gust effect

factor equal to 0.85. The Gust Effect Factor = 0.85

h. Enclosure Classification

To determine the Enclosure Classification, refer to NSCP 2015 Sec. 207A.10. The building is

considered to be enclosed.

i. External Pressure Coefficient

The external pressure coefficient is defined as the pressure produced by the wind acting

on the walls of the building. Positive values for the wind pressure indicates that the pressure

acts towards the surface, while negative values means pressure acts away from the surface.

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j. Velocity Pressure

The velocity pressure is calculated by using the equation below as referred from Section

207B.3.2 of the NSCP 2015:

where

Kd = wind directionality factor (from Section 207A.6)

Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient (from Section 207B.3.1)

Kzt = topographic factor (from Section 207A.8.2)

V = basic wind speed (from Section 207A.5)

qz = velocity pressure for windward walls and roof

qh = velocity pressure for leeward walls and roof

k. Design Wind Pressure of Load

The design wind pressure of structures of all heights shall be determined using the

equation:

p = qGCp – qi(GCpi)

The internal pressure will be disregarded since the calculation only focuses on the effect of

wind in the structure.

I. Occupancy:

Category IV

II. Basic Wind Speed:

V = 250 kph = 69.444 m/s

III. Wind Directionality Factor

Kd = 0.85

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IV. Topographic Factor
Kzt = 1.0

V. Exposure Category
𝑎
Tan 30 = 6
2
a = 1.732
Ridge height (hn) = 7 + 1.732 = 8.732
Eave height (z) = 7 m
𝑧+ℎ
Mean roof height (h) = 2 𝑛
7+8.732
Mean roof height (h) = = 7.866 m
2

VI. Velocity Pressure Coefficient

𝑧 2
Kz = 2.01 (𝑧 )𝛼
𝑔
2
7
Kz = 2.01 (365.76)7
Kz = 0.649
ℎ 2
Kh = 2.01 ( )𝛼
𝑧𝑔
7.866 2
Kh = 2.01 (365.76)7
Kh = 0.671
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VII. Gust Effect Factor
G = 0.85 Rigid
43.5
na = ℎ0.9
43.5
na = 7.8660.9
na = 6.797 > 1

*To check, try structure period

3
T = Ct (hn)4
3
T = 0.0731 (8.732) 4
T = 0.371
1
n=𝑇
1
n = 0.371
n = 2.693 > 1

VIII. Enclosure Classification

Enclosed

IX. External Pressure Coefficient

• Wall Pressure
𝐿 6
= = 0.75
𝐵 8

Windward: Cp = 0.8
Leeward: Cp = -0.5
Sidewall: Cp = - 0.7

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 • Roof Pressure
ℎ 7.866
= = 1.311
𝐿 6

Windward: 0.2
Leeward: -0.6

X. Velocity Pressure

qz = 0.613 KzKztKdV2
qz =0.613(0.649)(1)(0.85)(69.44)2
qz = 1631.043 Pa = 1.631043 kPa

qh = 0.613 KhKztKdV2
qh =0.613(0.671)(1)(0.85)(69.44)2
qh = 1686.315 Pa = 1.686315 kPa

XI. Design Wind Pressure

• Wall Pressure
Windward: pz = qzGCp
pz = 1631.043(0.85)(0.8)
pz = 1109.08 Pa
Leeward: ph = qhGCp
ph = 1686.315(0.85)(-0.5)
ph = -716.684 Pa

• Roof Pressure
Windward (Case1): pz = qzGCp
pz = 1631.043(0.85)(0.2)
pz = 277.277 Pa
Windward (Case2): pz = qzGCp
pz = 1631.043(0.85)(-0.3)
pz = -415.916 Pa
Leeward (Case 1): ph = qhGCp
ph = 1686.315(0.85)(-0.6)
ph = -860.021 Pa

𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟖 (𝟕𝒎) = 𝟕𝟕𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟔 𝑷𝒂

𝑷𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟕𝟕(𝟕𝒎) = 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟗 𝑷𝒂
𝑷𝟑 = −𝟖𝟔𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏 (𝟕𝒎) = −𝟔𝟎𝟐𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟕 𝑷𝒂
𝑷𝟒 = −𝟕𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝟒(𝟕𝒎) = −𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟖𝟖 𝑷
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 III. Seismic (Earthquake Load)

Earthquake forces act both horizontally and vertically towards the structure. The purpose of this

is to design structures that will be able to resist earthquakes thus prevent damages and ensure safety.

Every building shall be designed to resist the effects of earthquake ground motions as prescribed by

provisions. However, special structures including vehicular bridges, transmission towers, piers, and

hydraulic structures are beyond the scope of these provisions.

Definition of terms:

• Earthquake loads – these result from the structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and

the lateral resistance of the structure.

The earthquake loads can be determined by following the steps:

a) Determining the maximum considered earthquake and design spectral response

accelerations

b) Determining the seismic base shear in conjunction with the building or structure’s dynamic

characteristics

c) Distribution of the seismic base shear within the building or structure

Seismic Importance Factor = 1.0

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Soil Profile Type

Seismic Zone Factor

The Philippine archipelago is divided into two seismic zones. The structure is within Zone 4

which covers the provinces of the country except Palawan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi which are covered by

Zone 2. Zone (Z) 4 = 0.40

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Near Source Factor

Na = 1.0

Nv = 1.0

Structure Period

The value of T will be determined from Method A wherein for all buildings, the value may be

approximated by the equation:

where

Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames

Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically braced frames

Ct = 0.0488 for all other buildings

For this structure, Ct = 0.0731

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Seismic Response Modification Factor (R)

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 1. Importance Factor, I=1.00

2. Soil Profile Type, S=SD (undetermined)

3. Seismic zone, z=0.40 (zone 4)

4. Seismic Source Type, Type B

5. Near Source Factor, Na = 1

6. Near Source Factor, Nv = 1

7. Seismic Coefficient, Ca = 0.44

8. Seismic Coefficient, Cv = 0.64

9. Seismic Responses Modification, Factor, R=3.5

10. Design Base Factor

3
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑡 ℎ𝑛4
3
𝑇 = (0.0731)(7)4 = 0.31459

LEVEL 2
𝑘𝑁
Wslab = 24 (0.1𝑚)(8𝑚)(6𝑚) = 115.2 KN
𝑚3

𝑘𝑁
Wbeam = 24 (0.3𝑚)(0.2𝑚)(58.5𝑚) = 84.24 kN
𝑚3

Wext wall = (8.61)(3)(28) = 723.24

Wint wall = (7.5)(3)(22.5) = 506.25

𝑘𝑁
Wcolumn = 24 (0.3)2 (3)(9) = 58.32
𝑚3

Wlevel 2 = 1487.25 KN

LEVEL 3
𝑘𝑁
Wslab = 24 (0.1𝑚)(8𝑚)(6𝑚) = 115.2 KN
𝑚3

𝑘𝑁
Wbeam = 24 (0.3𝑚)(0.2𝑚)(28𝑚) = 40.32 kN
𝑚3

Wlevel 3 = 155.52 KN

ROOF = 15.3 KN

Total Weight = 1658.07 KN

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 Design Base Shear:
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 0.64(1.0)
𝑉1 = (𝑊) = (1658.07)
𝑅𝑇 3.5(0.31459)
𝑉1 = 963.762

2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼 2.5(0.44)(1)
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑊) = (1658.07)
𝑅 3.5
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 521.108 𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊 = 0.11(0.44)(1.0)(1658.07)

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 80.251 𝑘𝑁

0.8(𝑧)(𝑁𝑣)(𝐼) 0.8(0.4)(1)(1.0)
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (𝑊) = (1658.07)
𝑅 3.5
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 161.070 𝑘𝑁

11. Vertical Force Distribution

𝑇 = 0.31459 < 0.7

∴ 𝐹𝑡 = 0

(𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡)(𝑊𝑥ℎ𝑥)
𝐹𝑥 =
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖ℎ𝑖

Level hx(m) W(kN) Wxhx(KN-m) Fx(kN)

Roof 8.5 15.3 130.05 9.455
L3 7 155.52 1088.64 79.1467
L2 4 1487.25 5949 432.51
7167.69 Vmax=521.108

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Page | 21
 CHAPTER 3

LABORATORY RESULTS

- Critical Beam in x-axis:

Grid 2, Beam CD

1.2D + 1.6L = 3.462

1.2(13.508) + 1.6(3.167) = 21.2768 kN/m

- Convert uniform load to concentrated load:

∆𝑈𝐿 = ∆𝑃𝐿

5𝑊𝐿4 𝑃𝐿3
=
384𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼

5
𝑃= 𝑊𝐿
8

5 𝐾𝑁
𝑃= (21.2768 ) (2.5𝑚)
8 𝑚

𝑃 = 33.245 𝐾𝑁

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- Scaling actual setup to laboratory setup:

- ∆𝑈𝐿 = ∆𝑃𝐿 𝐾

𝑃𝐿3 𝑃𝐿3
- (48𝐸𝐼) = (48𝐸𝐼) 𝑥𝐾
𝐴 𝐿

- 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐾 = 10

- 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑝 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 40𝑐𝑚

(33.245)(2.5)3 (𝑃)(0.4)3 (10)

- (24.87)(450,000,000)
= (200)(106.67)

𝑃 = 1.547 N = 2N

- MEM for laboratory setup:

𝑃𝐴𝐶𝑇𝑈𝐴𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝐶𝑇𝑈𝐴𝐿
- =
𝑝𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐿𝐴𝐵

33.245 𝑘𝑁 27.6
- = (𝑃
0.0015 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 )(0.3)

- 𝑃𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 = 4.151 𝑥 103 𝑘𝑁 = 4.151 𝑁 = 𝟒𝑵

33.245 𝑘𝑁 26.8
- = (𝑃
0.0015 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 )(0.3)

- 𝑃𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 4.031 𝑥 103 𝑘𝑁 = 4.031 𝑁 = 𝟒𝑵

- 0.3 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑝

- 𝑌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 1.6025 𝑚𝑚 = ∆𝑳𝑨𝑩

- Conversion of steel to concrete for getting the deflection:

- Getting the deflection

8
- 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 𝑌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑥 5

8
- 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 1.6025 𝑥 = 2.564 𝑚𝑚
5

- % 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅
3.462−2.564
3.462+2.564
- 𝑥 100 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟎𝟒%
2
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 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

I. Results of Manual Computation via Slope Deflection Method (SDM)

Dead Load
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
Wbeam = 24 𝑚3 (0.2 m) (0.3 m) = 1.44 𝑚
𝑘𝑁
Wslab = 24 𝑚3 (0.1m) = 2.4 kPa

Ceiling: Gypsum board (1/4 inches thick) = 0.0508 kPa

Electromechanical = 0.10 kPa
Floor Finish: Hardwood flooring (22mm) = 0.19 kPa (All except comfort room)
Ceramic/Quarry tile (25 mortar bed) = 0.77 kPa (For comfort room)
Frame Partition: Full grout = 1.2 kPa
WExternal Wall = 2.87kPa (0.3m) = 8.61 kPa
WInternal Wall = 2.5 (0.3m) = 7.5 kPa

Live Load (Residential)

Enclosed: 1.9 kPa
Comfort Room: 2.4 kPa
Balcony: 2.9 kPa

Critical Member Grid 2, Beam BC

𝑊𝑆
Dead Load (short side) = 3
2.7408(2.5) 2.7408(2.5)
= + = 4.568
3 3

= 4.568 + 1.44 + 7.5

= 13.508
𝑊𝑆
Live Load (short side) = 3
1.90(2.5) 1.90(2.5)
= +
3 3

= 3.167
Governing Load from given combinations: 1.2D + 1.6L
UL = 1.2(13.508) + 1.6 (3.167) = 21.2768 kN/m

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𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 11.082 knm
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐵 = -11.082 knm

2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = (2𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐶 ) + 11.082
2.5
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = (𝜃 − 2𝜃𝐶 ) − 11.082
2.5 𝐵

𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 = −13.79 𝑘𝑛𝑚

𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 = −13.82 𝑘𝑛𝑚

𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 22.09 𝑘𝑛𝑚

𝑀𝐶𝐵 = −22.162 𝑘𝑛𝑚

Solving for Reactions:

𝐵𝑌 = 26.6248 𝐾𝑁 ↑
𝐶𝑌 = 26.5672 𝐾𝑁 ↑
𝑀𝐵 = 22.162 knm
𝑀𝐶 = 22.162 knm

Solve for the deflection: Using DIM

< 𝑥 >2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 " = 26.5672 < 𝑥 > − 21.2768
2
2
< 𝑥 > < 𝑥 >3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 26.5672 − 21.2768 + 𝐶1
2 6
< 𝑥 >3 < 𝑥 >4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 26.5672 − 21.2768 + 𝐶1 𝑋 + 𝐶2
6 24

Boundary Conditions:
@𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 0 , 𝐶1 = 0
@𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 , 𝐶2 = 0

@𝑥 = 1.25𝑚 , 𝑦 = ∆𝑦𝑚𝑠

6.4838(1000)4
𝑦 = ∆𝑦𝑚𝑠 =
(24870.06232)(450000000)

𝑦 = ∆𝑦𝑚𝑠 = 0.579 𝑚𝑚

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 II. Results obtained from STAAD Pro

CRITICAL COLUMN

CRITICAL BEAM IN Z AXIS

Page | 26
CRITICAL BEAM IN X AXIS

III. Results obtained from Laboratory Intervention

- 𝑃𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 = 4.151 𝑥 103 𝑘𝑁 = 4.151 𝑁 = 𝟒𝑵

- 𝑃𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 4.031 𝑥 103 𝑘𝑁 = 4.031 𝑁 = 𝟒𝑵

- 0.3 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑝

- 𝑌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 1.6025 𝑚𝑚 = ∆𝑳𝑨𝑩

8
- 𝑌𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 1.6025 𝑥 = 2.564 𝑚𝑚
5

- % 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅
3.462−2.564
3.462+2.564
- 𝑥 100 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟎𝟒%
2

Page | 27
IV. Comparison of Theoretical and Actual Deflections

The method used in calculating the manual computation for critical member grid 2, Beam

BC is the slope deflection method. Having a length of 2.5 m and uniform load of 21.2768 Kn/m

acquired from the governing load combination of 1.2D+1.6L, we got a y deflection of 0.5793

mm at the midspan.

On the other hand, the software, staad, manipulated a y deflection of 3.462 mm for the same

critical beam also at the midspan. The actual set up which is performed in the laboratory

generated a result of 1.6025 mm.

The values for the laboratory set up and staad software are quite closer than the manual

computation. Errors are considered to occur in calibrations and calculations which cause

discrepancy for the results.

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 CHAPTER 5

COST ESTIMATES

The following are the tabulated cost estimates for a semi-finished budget of the proposed two-

storey residential house.

CONRETE:

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STEEL:

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ROOFING:

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TOTAL COSTS:

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 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The principles of Theory of Indeterminate Structures were well applied in the approach of

designing a two-storey residential house through determining the reactions and deflections. The most

critical members and the critical frame were determined using a manual computation and compared with

the results obtained from the STAAD software. The design of the two-storey residential house was proven

to be economical with appropriate materials used following the specifications. The team was successful

in considering the standard requirements from the NSCP and NBCP in creating a design layout for the

two-storey residential house.

In order to complete the process of establishing a project proposal for the two-storey residential

house, the team had ensured that the structure is safe and economical as seen through the results of the

planning and computations. In recommendation, other programs similar to the STAAD software can be

used to further check the calculated wind and seismic loads done manually. This can verify the results

obtained from both manual and software computations.

Since the calculated values of moment done for the laboratory testing are specific and accurate,

it is difficult to match its value with the availability of the different sets of weights in the laboratory.

Instead of rounding up the calculated value, the laboratory should be able to provide a wide range of

values for the sets of weights to achieve a more accurate result. It is also recommended that the budget

for the construction of the structure should be considered and the design of the structure should still be

maintained. In line with this, it is also recommended that the frames and beams to be used in the design

should be considered to ensure that the structure will not fail.

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 CHAPTER 7

APPENDIX

First Floor:

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Second Floor:

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Roof:

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