Beyond

Beyondthe thebasket
basketcase:
case: Abstract
Abstract
ThisThis
paperpaper
explores
explores
howhow
computational
computational
methods
methods
of representation
of representation

AAprincipled
principledapproach
approachtoto can can
support
support
interlaced
and and
interlaced
extend
lattice
kagome
extend
lattice
kagome
structures
handcraft
handcraft
structures
towards
towards
in aninexpanded
the fabrication
an expanded
set of
the fabrication
setdomains,
of of
of domains,
beyond
beyond

the
themodelling
modellingofofkagome
kagome basket
basket
art, we
making.
making.
art, argue
Through
we argue
Through
reference
that that
reference
to the
to literature
the literature
the instrumentalisation
the instrumentalisation
and and
of kagome
statestate
of kagome
of the
principles
of the
principles
into into

weave
weavepatterns
patternsforforthe
the
computational
computational
design
design
methods
methods
is both
is both
timely
timely
and and
relevant;
relevant;
it addresses
it addresses
a growing
a growing
interest
interest
in such
in such
structures
structures
across
across
design
design
and and
engineering
engineering

fabrication
fabricationofofinterlaced
interlaced
communities;
communities;
it also
it also
fills afills
current
a current
gap gap
in tools
in tools
that that
facilitate
facilitate
design
design
and and
fabrication
fabrication
investigation
investigation
across
across
a spectrum
a spectrum
of expertise,
of expertise,
fromfrom
the the

lattice
latticestructures
structuresusing
using
novice
novice
to the
to expert.
the expert.
The The
paper
paper
describes
describes
the underlying
the underlying
topological
topological
and and
geometrical
geometrical
principles of kagome
principles of kagome
weave,
weave,
and and
demonstrates
demonstrates
the direct
the direct
compatibility
compatibility

straight
straightstrips.
strips. of these
of these
and and
principles
theirtheir
principles
duals.
duals.
to properties
We We
to properties
employ
employ
of computational
the known
of computational
the known
Medial
Medial
triangular
triangular
Construction
Construction
meshes
method
meshes
method
to generate
to generate
the weave
the weave
pattern,
pattern,
edgeedge
‘walking’
‘walking’
methods
methods
to consolidate
to consolidate
geometry
geometry
into into
individual
individual
strips,
strips,
physics
physics
basedbased
relaxation
relaxation
to achieve
to achieve
a a
PhilPhil
Ayres,
Ayres,
Alison
Alison
Grace
Grace
Martin,
Martin,
Mateusz
Mateusz
Zwierzycki
Zwierzycki materially
materially
informed
informed
final final
geometry
geometry
and and
projection
projection
to generate
to generate
fabri-fabri-
cation
cation
information.
information.
Our Our
principle
principle
contribution
contribution
is the
is combination
the combination
of of
Phil Phil
AyresAyres these
these
methods
methods
to produce
to produce
a principled
a principled
workflow
workflow
that that
supports
supports
design
design
phil.ayres@kadk.dk
phil.ayres@kadk.dk investigation of kagome
investigation of kagome
weave
weave
patterns
patterns
withwith
the constraint
the constraint
of being
of being
CITA,CITA,
Denmark
Denmark made
made
using
using
straight
straight
strips
strips
of material.
of material.
We Weevaluate
evaluate
the computational
the computational
Alison
Alison
Grace
Grace
Martin
Martin workflow
workflow
through
through
comparison
comparison
to physical
to physical
artefacts
artefacts
constructed
constructed
ex-ante
ex-ante
alisonmartin57@gmail.com
alisonmartin57@gmail.com and and
ex-post.
ex-post.
Independant
Independant
3D Weaver,
3D Weaver,
Italy Italy

Mateusz
Mateusz
Zwierzycki
Zwierzycki
mateuszzwierzycki@gmail.com
mateuszzwierzycki@gmail.com
The The
Object,
Object,
Poland
Poland
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
The The
termterm
“weaving”
“weaving”
covers
covers
a broad
a broad
range
range
of textile
of textile
production
production
methods.
methods.
Common
Common
to alltoisall
theis principle
the principle
of material
of material
interlacing
interlacing
to generate
to generate
locallocal
Keywords:
Keywords: systems
systems
of friction-based
of friction-based
reciprocity.
reciprocity.
This This
imbues
imbues
resulting
resulting
artifacts
artifacts
with with
Kagome,
Kagome, triaxial
triaxial
weaving,
weaving,
basket
basket
weaving,
weaving,textiles,
textiles, robustness
robustness
through
through
structural
structural
redundancy,
redundancy,
resilience
resilience
through
through
friction-ba-
friction-ba-
mesh
meshtopology,
topology,mesh
meshvalence,
valence,
mesh
mesh
dual,
dual,
fabrication,
fabrication, sed sed
junctions,
junctions,
efficient
efficient
use use
of material
of material
and and
potent
potent
aesthetic
aesthetic
qualities.
qualities.
These
These
attributes
attributes
havehave
longlong
beenbeen
exploited
exploited
in a in
diverse
a diverse
range
range
of use
of use
are- are-
constraint
constraintmodelling,
modelling,
constraint
constraint
based
based
simulation,
simulation,
nas, nas,
through
through
craft-based
craft-based
tacittacit
knowledge
knowledge
or engineering-based
or engineering-based
explicit
explicit
design
design
computation
computation knowledge,
knowledge,
to produce
to produce
lightweight
lightweight
artifacts
artifacts
with with
emergent
emergent
properties
properties
that that
offeroffer
advantage
advantage
beyond
beyond
those
those
of the
of constituent
the constituent
materials.
materials.

72 72
AAG2018
AAG2018 73 73
 1.1 Kagome
1.1 Kagome 1.2 Motivation
1.2 Motivation
Kagome
Kagome
represents
represents
a particular
a particular
classclass
of weave
of weave
which,
which,
in many
in many
ways,
ways,
is is Kagome
Kagome
represents
represents
a highly
a highly
principled
principled
method
method
for producing
for producing
complex
complex
conceptually
conceptually
closer
closer
to braid.
to braid.
Where
Where
conventional
conventional
weave
weave
is defined
is defined
as the
as the curved
curved
geometries
geometries
with with
a single
a single
meshmesh
structure,
structure,
without
without
the necessity
the necessity
interlacing
interlacing
of two
of two
distinct
distinct
setssets
of yarns
of yarns
(warp
(warp
and and
weft)weft)
at right
at right
angles
angles of joinery
of joinery
or the
or fabrication
the fabrication
of nodes.
of nodes.
The The
self-bracing
self-bracing
capacity,
capacity,
greater
greater
to each
to each
other,
other,
braidbraid
is defined
is defined
as the
as interlacing
the interlacing
of three
of three
or more
or more
distinct
distinct shear
shear
resistance
resistance
(compared
(compared
to biaxial
to biaxial
weave),
weave),
ability
ability
to rigorously
to rigorously
control
control
setssets
of yarns
of yarns
(or ‘‘weavers’’)
(or ‘‘weavers’’)
at oblique
at oblique
angles
angles
to each
to each
otherother kagome,
[1]. In[1]. In kagome, geometry,
geometry,
highhigh
redundancy,
redundancy,
ability
ability
to locally
to locally
repair
repair
and and
potent
potent
aesthetic
aesthetic
the geometrical
the geometrical
archetype
archetype
arranges
arranges
these
these
threethree
setssets
as aas
regular
a regular
trihex-
trihex- qualities,
qualities,
makemake
triaxially
triaxially
wovenwoven
structures
structures
an attractive
an attractive
target
target
for investi-
for investi-
agonal
agonal
tilingtiling
with with
a vertex
a vertex
configuration
configuration 2
and2 and
(3.6)(3.6) p6 symmetry.
p6 symmetry. gation
gation
across
across
a diverse
a diverse
range
range
of design
of design
and and
craftcraft
practices,
practices,
including
including
architecture.
architecture.
However,
However,
without
without
means
means
for visualisation
for visualisation
and and
interrogation,
interrogation,
complex
complex
design
design
targets
targets
can can
remain
remain
challenging
challenging
for experts
for experts
to strategise
to strategise
and and
realise
realise
(keeping
(keeping
account
account
of the
of number
the number
of weavers,
of weavers,
theirtheir
crossings
crossings
and and
potential
potential
self-crossings,
self-crossings,
calculation
calculation
of material
of material
requirements,
requirements,
asses-
asses-
singsing
discretisation
discretisation
due due
to material
to material
lengths,
lengths,
etc.),etc.),
and and
remain
remain
out of
outreach
of reach
for those
for those
without
without
a tacit
a tacit
craftcraft
understanding.
understanding.

Figure
Figure
2: Triaxially
2: Triaxially
wovenwoven
structures
structures
produced
produced
using
using
straight
straight
maplemaple
Figure
Figure
1: A1:
regular
A regular
planar
planar
sparse kagome
sparse kagome
weaveweave
comprising
comprising
threethreedis- dis- strips.
strips.
Regular
Regular
(left)(left)
and and
arbitrary
arbitrary
(right)
(right)
geometries
geometries
are clearly
are clearly
gover-
gover-
tincttinct
setssets
of weavers.
of weavers.
The The
underlying
underlying
pattern
pattern
is a trihexagonal
is a trihexagonal
tiling.tiling. ned ned
by the
by interplay
the interplay
between
between
introduced
introduced
topological
topological
defects,
defects,
material
material
stiffness
stiffness
and and
material
material
geometry.
geometry.
The The
physical
physical
properties
properties
of these
of these
lattices
lattices
are determined
are determined
by the
by interplay
the interplay
between
between
combinatorics
combinatorics
(valences
(valences
of vertices
of vertices
and and
faces,
faces,
connectivity,
connectivity,
and and By intersecting
By intersecting
the underlying
the underlying
principles
principles
governing
governing
the interplay
the interplay
of topo-
of topo-
topology),
topology),
geometry
geometry
(vertex
(vertex
positions)
positions)
and and
material
material
attributes
attributes
(mechani-
(mechani- logy logy
and and
geometry
geometry
in triaxial
in triaxial
systems
systems
with with
computational
computational
representation,
representation,
cal and
cal and
geometric).
geometric).
TacitTacit
understanding
understanding
of this
of this
interplay
interplay
allows
allows
the crafts
the crafts a platform
a platform
for expanded
for expanded
exploration
exploration
of these
of these
systems
systems
can can
be establis-
be establis-
person
person
to fabricate
to fabricate
closeclose
approximations
approximations
of arbitrary
of arbitrary
design
design
targets.
targets. hed.hed.
This This
holdsholds
relevance
relevance
to a to
wide
a wide
variety
variety
of current
of current
and and
emerging
emerging
domains
domains
of application.
of application.

74 AAG2018
74 AAG2018 75 75
 2. Topological
2. Topological
principles
principles
governing
governing
kagome
kagomegeo metry
geo metry
The The
archetypal kagome
archetypal kagome
lattice
lattice
is a woven
is a woven
version
version
of a of
tri-hexagonal
a tri-hexagonal
tiling;tiling;
the weavers
the weavers
in one
in one
direction
direction
incline
incline
at anatangle
an angle
of 60°
of to
60°those
to those
of of
the other
the other
two two
directions,
directions,
and and
the lattice,
the lattice,
consisting
consisting
of equilateral
of equilateral
triang-
triang-
les and
les and
regular
regular
hexagons,
hexagons,
will cover
will cover
an infinite
an infinite
flat plane
flat plane 1). 1).
(Fig.(Fig.

2.1 Single
2.1 Single
curvature
curvature
Single
Single
curvature
curvature of kagome
of the the kagome
lattice
lattice
is easily
is easily
achieved
achieved
by bending
by bending
the plane,
the plane,
creating
creating
a developable
a developable
surface.
surface.
If theIf axis
the axis
of curvature
of curvature
exists
exists
across
across
the centre
the centre
points
points
of opposite
of opposite
edges
edges
in the
in unit
the unit
hexagon,
hexagon,
one one
set set
of weavers
of weavers
will act
will as
actarches
as arches
perpendicular
perpendicular
to this
to this
axis.axis.
If theIf axis
the axis
of of
curvature
curvature
exists
exists
across
across
opposing
opposing
vertices
vertices
of the
of unit
the unit
hexagon,
hexagon,
one one
set set
of weavers
of weavers
will act
will as
actbeams
as beams
parallel
parallel
to this
to this
axis.axis.
Limits
Limits
on the
on radius
the radius
of of
curvature
curvature
are dependent
are dependent
on the
on mechanical
the mechanical
properties
properties
of the
of material.
the material.

Figure
Figure
3: Two
3: Two
pre-relaxed kagome
pre-relaxed kagomepatterns
patterns
approximating
approximatingdesign
design
geo-geo-
metries.
metries.
The The
weave
weave
topology
topology
is directly
is directly
derived
derived
fromfrom
inherent
inherent
properties
properties
of the
of design
the design
meshmesh
(valence)
(valence)
and and
the weave
the weave
pattern
pattern
directly
directly
derived
derived
fromfrom
geometric
geometric
attributes
attributes
of theof mesh
the mesh
dualdual
(connected
(connected
edgesedges
and and
theirtheir
lengths).
lengths).

In this
In this
paper,
paper,
we present
we present
a method
a method
for generating
for generating
weaveweave
patterns
patterns
with with
the constraint
the constraint
that that
theythey
be fabricated
be fabricated
fromfrom
straight
straight
strips
strips
of material.
of material. Figure
Figure
4: Single
4: Single
curvature
curvature
is easily
is easily
achieved
achieved
in the
in regular
the regular
triaxial
triaxial
lattice
lattice
and and
can can
follow
follow
any line
any of
linehexagonal
of hexagonal
symmetry
symmetry
– across
– across
opposite
opposite
edgeedge
Our Our
motivation
motivation
for working
for working
with with
straight
straight
strips
strips
relates
relates
to supporting
to supporting
the the
centres
centres
privileges
privileges
arches,
arches,
acrossacross
opposite
opposite
vertices
vertices
privileges
privileges
beams.
beams.
future
future
exploration of kagome
exploration of kagome
applications
applications
at scales
at scales
‘‘beyond
‘‘beyond
the basket’’
the basket’’
, ,
where
where
efficient
efficient
use use
of material
of material
becomes
becomes
a poignant
a poignant
issue.
issue.
We address
We address 2.2 2.2
Double
Double
curvature
curvature
key representational
key representational
challenges
challenges
including
including
the generation
the generation
of appropriate
of appropriate
topology,
topology,
or mesh
or mesh
valence,
valence,
to achieve
to achieve
a design
a design
target,
target,
together
together
with with
the the Breaking
Breaking
topological
topological
symmetry
symmetry
of a of
regular
a regular
trihexagonal
trihexagonal
tilingtiling
by the
by the
relaxation
relaxation
of the
of mesh
the mesh
to simulate
to simulate
material
material
performance
performance
– both
– both
of which
of which introduction
introduction
of geometric
of geometric
singularities
singularities
will induce
will induce
double
double
curvature
curvature
[2]. [2].
holdhold
influence
influence
overover
finalfinal
shape.
shape.
In addition,
In addition,
we demonstrate
we demonstrate
the extrac-
the extrac- These
These
topological
topological
defects,
defects,
or ‘‘lattice
or ‘‘lattice
disclinations’’
disclinations’’
, are, the
are mechanisms
the mechanisms
tion tion
of fabrication
of fabrication
instruction
instruction
and and
the physical
the physical
making
making
of computationally
of computationally that that
introduce
introduce
in-plane
in-plane
strains
strains
and and
result
result
in out-of-plane
in out-of-plane
deformation
deformation
[3]. [3].
developed
developed
design
design
targets.
targets.
We position
We position
this this
workwork
in connection
in connection
with with Positive
Positive
Gaussian
Gaussian
curvature
curvature
results
results
fromfrom
the introduction
the introduction
of <6ofsided
<6 sided
the literature
the literature
to: 1)to:
differentiate
1) differentiate
it from
it from
related
related
approaches
approaches
(specifically
(specifically cell. cell.
FigureFigure
5 shows
5 shows
physically
physically
woven
woven
examples
examples
in which
in which
a single
a single
cell has
cell has
related
related
to the
to use
the use
of geodesics);
of geodesics);
2) identify
2) identify
the open
the open
challenge
challenge
that that
our our beenbeen
substituted;
substituted;
firstlyfirstly
with with
a pentagon,
a pentagon,
thenthen
a quadrilateral
a quadrilateral
and and
finally
finally
workwork
addresses;
addresses;
3) cite
3) cite
computational
computational
methods
methods
that that
we build
we build
upon.upon. a triangle.
a triangle.
Of note
Of note
is theis way
the way
in which
in which
deformation
deformation
out-of-plane
out-of-plane
becomes
becomes
Finally,
Finally,
we discuss
we discuss
our contribution,
our contribution,
identify
identify
its limits
its limits
and and
offeroffer moremore
pronounced
pronounced
as edges
as edges
are removed
are removed
fromfrom
the substituted
the substituted
polygon.
polygon.
trajectories
trajectories
for future
for future
work.work. Figure
Figure
6 shows
6 shows
physically
physically
woven
woven
examples
examples
of negative
of negative
Gaussian
Gaussian

76 76
AAG2018
AAG2018 77 77
 curvature
curvature
resulting
resulting
fromfrom
cell substitution
cell substitution
with with
a polygon
a polygon
of side
of side
>6; firstly
>6; firstly
a heptagon,
a heptagon,
thenthen
octagon
octagon
and and
finally
finally
a nonagon.
a nonagon.
Here,
Here,
it is the
it is increase
the increase
in sides
in sides
of the
of substituted
the substituted
polygon
polygon
that that
results
results
in a in
more
a more
pronounced
pronounced
curvature.
curvature.
Despite
Despite
changes
changes
in topology
in topology
through
through
the introduction
the introduction
of of
disclinations,
disclinations,
the vertex
the vertex
valence
valence
of the
of materialised
the materialised
lattice
lattice
is maintained
is maintained
at v4atthroughout,
v4 throughout,
corresponding
corresponding
to the
to local
the local
crossing
crossing
of two
of two
weavers.
weavers.

Figure
Figure
6: Introducing
6: Introducing
disclination
disclination
in the
in regular
the regular
lattice
lattice
by substituting
by substituting
a a
>6 edge
>6 edge
countcount
polygon
polygon
produces
produces
negative
negative
Gaussian
Gaussian
curvature.
curvature.
FromFrom
top top
to bottom,
to bottom,
eacheach
row row
increases
increases
an edge
an edge
– heptagon;
– heptagon;octagon;
octagon;
nonagon.
nonagon.

Weaving
Weaving
disclinations
disclinations
provides
provides
the means
the means
to locally
to locally
distort
distort
the lattice,
the lattice,
causing
causing
a controlled
a controlled
deformation
deformation
of the
of surface
the surface
out of
outplane.
of plane.
Strategic
Strategic
combinations
combinations
of disclinations,
of disclinations,
informed
informed
through
through
tacittacit
knowledge,
knowledge,
allowallow
the crafts
the crafts
person
person
to realise
to realise
specific
specific
and and
diverse
diverse
design
design
intent
intent 7). 7).
(Fig.(Fig.
Figure
Figure
5: Introducing
5: Introducing
disclination
disclination
in the
in regular
the regular
lattice
lattice
by substituting
by substituting
However,
However,
in anininexhaustible
an inexhaustible
space
space
of possible
of possible
combinations,
combinations,
enlisting
enlisting
a <6aedge
<6 edge
countcount
polygon
polygon
produces
produces
positive
positive
Gaussian
Gaussian
curvature.
curvature.
FromFrom
top to
topbottom,
to bottom,
eacheach
row row
decreases
decreases
an edge
an edge
– pentagon;
– pentagon;quadrilateral;
quadrilateral; computation
computation
becomes
becomes
a relevant
a relevant
tool tool
for exploring,
for exploring,
searching
searching
and and
navi-navi-
triangle.
triangle. gating
gating
this this
space.
space.

78 78
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 3.2 3.2
Approaches
Approaches
to weave
to weave
pattern
pattern
representation
representation
in general
in general
Computational
Computational
representation
representation
of weave
of weave
patterns
patterns
in general
in general
havehave
beenbeen
well well
studied,
studied,
however,
however,
the majority
the majority
of these
of these
relate
relate
to biaxial
to biaxial
weaving
weaving
or or
braiding.
braiding.
In most
In most
cases,
cases,
the representation
the representation
tasktask
is approached
is approached
using
using
the the
tilingtiling
method
method
described
described
by Mercat
by Mercat
[6] in[6]which
in which
a predefined
a predefined
tile dictio-
tile dictio-
narynary
defining
defining
locallocal
weaver
weaver
geometry
geometry
and and
crossings
crossings
can can
be applied
be applied
to a to a
quadquad
mesh.
mesh.
This This
has has
beenbeen
applied
applied
in the
in context
the context
of arbitrary
of arbitrary
manifold
manifold
design
design
meshes
meshes
[7], and
[7], and
with with
specific
specific
focusfocus
on braided
on braided
structures
structures
[8, 9].[8,In9]. In
Figure
Figure
7: A7:
diverse
A diverse
variety
variety
of artefacts
of artefacts
demonstrating
demonstrating
results
results
fromfrom these
these
cases,
cases,
the principled
the principled
approach
approach
to representation,
to representation,
whichwhich
considers
considers
strategic
strategic
combinations
combinations
of disclinations.
of disclinations. interlacing
interlacing
and and
constraints
constraints
related
related
to fabrication,
to fabrication,
provides
provides
workflows
workflows
and and
toolstools
for realising
for realising
complex
complex
morphologies
morphologies
that that
are directly
are directly
producible.
producible.
However,
However,
these
these
toolstools
operate
operate
with with
quadquad
meshes
meshes
which
which
are less
are less
suited
suited
3. State
3. State
of of
thethe
artart to kagome
to the the kagome
representation
representation
task.task.
In another
In another
approaches,
approaches,
modelling
modelling
proceeds
proceeds
through
through
direct
direct
manipulation
manipulation
of explicit
of explicit
geometry
geometry
[10]. [10].
This This
is is
In this
In this
section,
section,
we highlight
we highlight
relevant
relevant
literature
literature
restricted
restricted
to computational
to computational not deemed
not deemed
to betoabe
viable
a viable
approach
approach
for the
for task
the task
considered
considered
here,here,
consi-
consi-
representation
representation
of weave
of weave
patterns
patterns
and and
related
related
computational
computational
methods
methods dering
dering
the opportunity
the opportunity
for exploiting
for exploiting
the close
the close
affinity
affinity
between
between
the data
the data
with with
a particular
a particular
focusfocus
towards
towards
architectural
architectural
design.
design.
We briefly
We briefly
cover
cover structures
structures
of triangular
of triangular
meshes
meshes kagome
and and kagome
pattern
pattern
principles,
principles,
and and
the the
methods
methods
for establishing
for establishing
and and
refining
refining
meshmesh
topologies,
topologies,
approaches
approaches culture
culture
of use
of use
surrounding
surrounding
meshes
meshes
for design
for design
expression.
expression.
to weave
to weave
in general,
in general,
approaches to kagome
approaches to kagome
representation
representation
in particu-
in particu-
lar and
lar and
provide
provide
a summary
a summary
that that
identifies
identifies
the open
the open
challenge
challenge
that that
we we 3.3 3.3
Approaches
Approachesto kagome
to kagome
pattern
pattern
representation
representation
address.
address. in particular
in particular
Within
Within
architectural
architectural
design
design
specifically,
specifically,
approaches
approaches
for defining kagome
for defining kagome
3.1 Mesh
3.1 Mesh
topology
topology
andand
refinement
refinement patterns
patterns
tendtend
to exhibit
to exhibit
shortcomings
shortcomings
by either:
by either:
1) only
1) only
considering
considering
a to-a to-
WithWith
a focus
a focus
on mesh
on mesh
representations
representations
that that
havehave
relevance
relevance
to archi-
to archi- pologically
pologically
regular
regular
trihexagonal
trihexagonal
tiling;tiling;
2) exploring
2) exploring
geometrical
geometrical
outcomes
outcomes
tecture,
tecture,
Schiftner
Schiftner
et al.etprovide
al. provide
a method
a method
for refining
for refining
triangular
triangular
design
design of fixed
of fixed
and and
predetermined
predetermined
topologies;
topologies;
3) abstracting
3) abstracting
out the
out weaving
the weaving
meshes
meshes
suchsuch
that that
the incircles
the incircles
of mesh
of mesh
faces
faces
formform
a packing
a packing
– a CP
– a CP principle
principle
suchsuch
that that
the mechanical
the mechanical
properties
properties
gained
gained
by interlacing
by interlacing
are are
mesh
mesh
[4]. This
[4]. This
classclass
of mesh
of mesh
is directly
is directly
related
related to kagome
to the the kagome
pattern,
pattern, sacrificed,
sacrificed,
whilst
whilst
maintaining
maintaining
the topology
the topology
of the
of trihexagonal
the trihexagonal
tiling.tiling.
which
which
can can
be produced
be produced
by connecting
by connecting
the centres
the centres
of tangent
of tangent
incircles.
incircles. In the
In first
the first
casecase
(which
(which
is often
is often
coupled
coupled
with with
the third
the third
case)case)
complex
complex
As precise
As precise
CP meshes
CP meshes
are rare,
are rare,
an optimisation
an optimisation
algorithm
algorithm
is used
is used
to re-
to re- geometries
geometries
are achieved
are achieved
by aby
distortion
a distortion
of the
of regular
the regular
grid grid
rather
rather
thanthan
fine fine
a mesh
a mesh
towards
towards
an approximation
an approximation
of the
of design
the design
target.
target.
The The
meshmesh
is is conforming
conforming
to the
to principles
the principles
for achieving
for achieving
curvature
curvature
described
described
in the
in se-
the se-
generated
generated
by producing
by producing
an isotropic
an isotropic
centroidal
centroidal
Voronoi
Voronoi
diagram
diagram
which
which
is is ctionction
aboveabove
[11, 12].
[11, This
12]. This
can can
present
present
significant
significant
challenges
challenges
for fabrication
for fabrication
iteratively
iteratively
relaxed
relaxed
using
using
Loyd’s
Loyd’s
algorithm.
algorithm.
However,
However,
this leads
this leads
to random
to random strategies,
strategies,
junctioning
junctioning
methods
methods
and and
material
material
use. use.
In the
In second
the second
case,case,
placement
placement
of singularities
of singularities
whichwhich
is undesirable
is undesirable
if aiming
if aiming
to achieve
to achieve
regular
regular relaxation
relaxation
of pre-determined
of pre-determined
and and
fixedfixed
topologies
topologies
can can
result
result
in principled
in principled
geometries.
geometries.
Use Use
of the
of mesh
the mesh
operators,
operators,
edgeedge
collapse,
collapse,
edgeedge
flipping
flipping
and and patterns,
patterns,
but impedes
but impedes
fluidfluid
design
design
investigation
investigation
due due
to a to
lack
a lack
of ‘‘on-the-
of ‘‘on-the-
edgeedge
splitting
splitting
is a common
is a common
method
method
for locally
for locally
refining
refining
the topology
the topology
of of fly’’ topology
fly’’ topology
editing
editing
methods.
methods.
mesh
mesh
as described
as described
in Narain
in Narain
et al.et[5]al.and
[5] and
allows
allows
approximate
approximate
locating
locating
of of Kagome
Kagome
patterns
patterns
havehave
also also
beenbeen
explored
explored
as aas
derivative
a derivative
of a of
gene-
a gene-
required
required
valence
valence
in the
in required
the required
position.
position. ral approach
ral approach
to free-form
to free-form
surface
surface
segmentation
segmentation
using
using
geodesic
geodesic
pattern
pattern

80 80
AAG2018
AAG2018 81 81
 generation
generation
[13, 14].
[13, The
14]. The
citedcited
literature
literature
describes
describes
two two
approaches
approaches
– –
4. Computational
4. Computational
approach
approach
N–patterns
N–patterns
fromfrom
levellevel
sets,sets,
and and
the use
the use
of a of
regular
a regular
trihexagonal
trihexagonal
webweb
of of Our Our
approach
approach
to achieve
to achieve
a principled
a principled
and and
generalised
generalised
method
method
for for
geodesics
geodesics
– but– also
but also
identify
identify
limitslimits
in both
in both
cases.
cases.
Pottman
Pottman
et al.etacknow-
al. acknow- kagome
kagome
representation,
representation,
of arbitrary
of arbitrary
geometries,
geometries,
makes
makes
use use
of various
of various
ledge
ledge
that that
the level
the level
set approach
set approach
produces
produces
webswebs
of curves
of curves
that that
are as
are as algorithms
algorithms
and and
methods
methods
described
described
in the
in literature;
the literature;
we declare
we declare
thesethese
geodesic
geodesic
as possible,
as possible,
but deviations
but deviations
are inevitable
are inevitable
in conditions
in conditions
of strong
of strong below.
below.
The The
contribution
contribution
of this
of this
paperpaper
is toisdraw
to draw
these
these
together
together
to fulfill
to fulfill
Gaussian
Gaussian
variance
variance
[13]. [13].
Deng Deng
et al.etpoint
al. point
to the
to fact
the fact
that that
true true
geodesic
geodesic the representation
the representation
tasktask
with with
a focus
a focus
on fabrication
on fabrication
using
using
straight
straight
strips
strips
webswebs
do not
do exist
not exist
in general
in general
and and
that that
adequate
adequate
surface
surface
approximation
approximation
is is of material.
of material.
The The
representation
representation
tasktask
has has
threethree
stages:
stages:
not always
not always
possible
possible
[14]. [14]. 1. topology
1. topology
generation
generation
In contrast
In contrast
to these
to these
geodesic
geodesic
methods,
methods,
which
which
operate
operate
fromfrom
proper-
proper-
ties ties
of a of
surface
a surface
(which
(which
in practice
in practice
is generally
is generally
approximated
approximated
by aby
mesh),
a mesh), 2. kagome
2. kagome
pattern
pattern
generation
generation
our approach
our approach
operates
operates
directly
directly
on properties
on properties
of the
of mesh
the mesh
and and
form-finds
form-finds
3. relaxation
3. relaxation
to final
to final
geometry
geometry
the final
the final
geometry
geometry
through
through
a relaxation
a relaxation
procedure.
procedure.
This This
models
models
the the
actions
actions
of the
of local
the local
reciprocal
reciprocal
systems,
systems,
which,
which,
in practice,
in practice,
we find
we find
causes
causes
material
material
strips
strips
to deviate
to deviate
fromfrom
true true
geodesics
geodesics
due due
to induced
to induced
torsions
torsions 4.1 Topology
4.1 Topology
generation
generation
oftenoften
arising
arising
in areas
in areas
of pronounced
of pronounced
double
double
curvature.
curvature.
In short,
In short,
the use
the use
of geodesics
of geodesics
to derive kagome
to derive kagome
patterns
patterns
cannot
cannot
cover
cover
all cases
all cases
that that
can can Using
Using
the low-polygon
the low-polygon
modelling
modelling
method
method
[16], [16],
a coarse
a coarse
triangular
triangular
mesh mesh
be materialised
be materialised
in practice,
in practice,
whereas
whereas
a principled kagome
a principled kagome
pattern
pattern
can can approximation
approximation
of the
of desired
the desired
geometry
geometry
is created.
is created.
In the
In example
the example
shown,
shown,
always
always
be derived
be derived
fromfrom
a manifold
a manifold
triangular
triangular
mesh mesh
[15]. [15]. the target
the target
geometry
geometry
to model
to model
is a existing kagome
is a existing kagome
“socket”
“socket”
condition
condition
The The
strong
strong
affinity
affinity
between kagome
between kagome
lattice
lattice
patterns
patterns
and and
computa-
computa- comprising
comprising
a regular
a regular
planar
planar
faceface
intersected
intersected
by aby
singularly
a singularly
curved
curved
tube.tube.
tional
tional
triangular
triangular
manifold
manifold
meshes
meshes
havehave
beenbeen
described
described
by Mallos
by Mallos
and and The The
transition
transition
exhibits
exhibits
negative
negative
Gaussian
Gaussian
curvature
curvature 8). 8).
(Fig.(Fig.
implemented
implemented
in the
in context
the context kagome
of a of a kagome
design
design
and and
fabrication
fabrication
tool tool The The
topology
topology
of the
of low-poly
the low-poly
mesh mesh
is adjusted
is adjusted
to establish
to establish
the the
[ibid].[ibid].
However,
However,
to our
to knowledge,
our knowledge,
this this
tool tool
doesdoes
not implement
not implement
a step
a step required
required
valence
valence
structure.
structure.
Adjustment
Adjustment
is done
is done
using
using
conventional
conventional
meshmesh
that that
allows
allows
the consideration of kagome
the consideration of kagome
patterns
patterns
resulting
resulting
fromfrom
straight
straight refinement
refinement
operations;
operations;
edgeedge
splitting,
splitting,
edgeedge
flipping
flipping
and edge
and edge
collapsing
collapsing
[5]. [5].
members
members
– a case
– a case
that that
requires
requires
relaxation
relaxation of kagome
of the the kagome
geometry
geometry
with with
specific
specific
relaxation
relaxation
constraints.
constraints.

3.4 3.4
Identifying
Identifying
thethe
open
open
challenge
challenge
In summary,
In summary,
and and
in reference
in reference
to the
to state-of-art
the state-of-art
presented
presented
here,here,
we we
can can
statestate
that that
whilst
whilst
therethere
existexist
a number
a number
of methods
of methods
and and
algorithms
algorithms
related
related to kagome
to the the kagome
representation
representation
task,task,
to the
to best
the best
of the
of authors
the authors
knowledge,
knowledge,
a holistic
a holistic
computational
computational
approach
approach
that that
aids aids
designers
designers
by by
coupling
coupling
specific
specific
fabrication
fabrication
constraints
constraints
with with
the principles
the principles
for “real-time”
for “real-time”
exploration
exploration
of arbitrary kagome
of arbitrary kagome
topologies
topologies
and and
geometries,
geometries,
remains
remains
an an
openopen
challenge.
challenge.

Figure
Figure
8: The
8: The
target
target
geometry
geometry
to model
to model
is a detail
is a detail
of anofexisting
an existing
kagome
kagome
weave
weave
with with
negative
negative
Gaussian
Gaussian
curvature
curvature
(left).(left).
This This
is is
coarsely
coarsely
approximated
approximated
with with
a low-polygon
a low-polygon
mesh mesh
(right).
(right).

82 82
AAG2018
AAG2018 83 83
 Mesh
Mesh
valence
valence
of a of
regular
a regular
planar
planar
tilingtiling
is 6, is
positive
6, positive
Gaussian
Gaussian
curvature
curvature
requires
requires
<6 (but
<6 (but
>2) valence
>2) valence
and and
negative
negative
curvature
curvature
requires
requires
>6 valence.
>6 valence.
In this
In this
case,case,
six valence
six valence
7 conditions
7 conditions
around
around
the rim
the of
rimthe
of transition
the transition
and and
regular
regular
valence
valence
6 conditions
6 conditions
to the
to stem
the stem
havehave
beenbeen
introduced.
introduced.
OnceOnce
the the
refined
refined
valence
valence
structure
structure
is established,
is established,
intermediary
intermediary
mesh mesh
operations
operations
suchsuch
as relaxation
as relaxation
(as in
(asthe
in case
the case
shown in Fig.
shown in Fig.
9) or9)mesh
or mesh
subdivision
subdivision
can can
be applied.
be applied.
Figure
Figure
9: The
9: The
mesh mesh
is refined
is refined
by collapsing,
by collapsing,
splitting
splitting
and and
flipping
flipping
edgesedges
4.2 4.2
Kagome
Kagome
pattern
pattern
generation
generation to modify
to modify
the valence
the valence according
according
to the
to required
the required
curvature
curvature
(left).(left).
A pre-A pre-
liminary
liminary
relaxation
relaxation
has has
thenthen
beenbeen
performed
performed
afterafter
adding
adding
an additional
an additional
The The
meshmesh
dualdual
is obtained
is obtained
and and
decomposed
decomposed
into into
a data
a data
structure
structure
of of
layerlayer
of outer
of outer
triangles
triangles
in the
in plane
the plane
to encapsulate
to encapsulate
the valence
the valence7 7
individual
individual
vertices
vertices
and and
theirtheir
threethree
connecting
connecting
edges.
edges.
A new
A new
vertex
vertex
is is conditions
conditions
(right).
(right).
thenthen
placed
placed
at the
at centre
the centre
of each
of each
connecting
connecting
edgeedge
and and
these
these
threethree
newnew
vertices
vertices
connected
connected
with with
a closed
a closed
polyline.
polyline.
This This
operation
operation
essentially
essentially
truncates
truncates
the original
the original
vertex,
vertex,
creating
creating
a new
a new
facetfacet
that that
represents
represents
the tri-
the tri-
angular
angular
element
element in kagome
in the the kagome
lattice.
lattice.
The The
operation
operation
is equivalent
is equivalent
to the
to the
medial
medial
construction
construction
method
method
described
described
by Mallos
by Mallos
[15]. [15].
At this
At this
point,point,
the the
weave
weave
pattern
pattern
is purely
is purely
visual
visual
and and
contains
contains
no information
no information
about
about
weaver
weaver
continuity;
continuity;
all higher
all higher
edgeedge
faces
faces
of the
of lattice
the lattice
are visually
are visually
inferred
inferred
fromfrom
theirtheir
surrounding
surrounding
triangles.
triangles.
The The
list of
listtruncated
of truncated
faceface
polylines
polylines
is now
is now
converted
converted
into into
a data
a data
structure
structure
that that
represents
represents
individual
individual
weavers.
weavers.
The The
polylines
polylines
are exploded
are exploded Figure
Figure
10: The
10: The
mesh mesh
dualdual
is obtained
is obtained
(left)(left)
and and
eacheach
vertex
vertex
“truncated”
“truncated”
into into
individual
individual
linear
linear
elements
elements
and and
thenthen
“walked”
“walked”
to find
to find
connected
connected
seg-seg- to generate
to generate
a visual
a visual
kagome
kagome
pattern
pattern
(right).
(right).
This This
pattern
pattern
doesdoes
not yet
not yet
ments
ments
that that
meetmeet
a criteria
a criteria
of minimum
of minimum
angular
angular
deviation.
deviation.
OnceOnce
weavers
weavers describe
describe
individual
individual
weavers.
weavers.
havehave
beenbeen
identified,
identified,
theythey
are locally
are locally
displaced
displaced
in aninalternating
an alternating
pattern
pattern
(up/down)
(up/down)
along
along
the surface
the surface
normal
normal
vector
vector
at crossing
at crossing
points
points
to model
to model
interlacing.
interlacing.
OnceOnce
interlaced,
interlaced,
eacheach
weaver
weaver
is converted
is converted
into into
a triangular
a triangular
mesh
mesh
approximating
approximating
the material
the material
stripstrip
widthwidth
usingusing
the method
the method
described
described
by Vestartas
by Vestartas
et al.et[9].
al.At
[9].this
At this
stage,
stage,
meshes
meshes
may may
exhibit
exhibit
areas
areas
of interse-
of interse-
ctionction
as can
as can
be seen
be seen
in Figure
in Figure
11 (right).
11 (right).

4.3 4.3
Relaxation
Relaxation
to final
to final
geometry
geometry
The The
weaver
weaver
meshes
meshes
are relaxed
are relaxed
using
using
the constraint-based
the constraint-based
solver
solver
Kangaroo2
Kangaroo2
for Grasshopper.
for Grasshopper.
Additional
Additional
constraints
constraints
are added
are added
to ensure
to ensure Figure
Figure
11: The
11: The
edges edges
of the of kagome
the kagomepattern
pattern
are “walked”
are “walked”
to construct
to construct
weavers
weavers
relaxrelax
into into
developable
developable
geometries
geometries
approximating
approximating
straight
straight
strips,
strips, individual
individual
weavers
weavers
(left).(left).
Weavers
Weavers
are then
are then
displaced
displaced
normal
normal
to the
to the
and and
to prevent
to prevent
collisions
collisions
and and
intersections
intersections
between
between
weavers
weavers
– thus
– thus surface
surface
to model
to model
interlacing,
interlacing,
and and
thenthen
meshed
meshed
according
according
to material
to material
geometry
geometry
(right).
(right).
preserving
preserving
the structure
the structure
of interlacing.
of interlacing.
Having
Having
found
found
the final
the final
geometry
geometry

84 84
AAG2018
AAG2018 85 85
 5.1 Case
5.1 Case
1: Stadium
1: Stadium
of revolution
of revolution
through
through
relaxation,
relaxation,
fabrication
fabrication
information
information
can now
can now
be extracted
be extracted 12). 12).
(Fig.(Fig.
Weaver
Weaver
lengths
lengths
are easily
are easily
determined,
determined,
and and
being
being
developable,
developable,
projected
projected In this
In first
this first
case,case,
we aim
we to
aimconstruct
to construct
a physical
a physical
weaveweave
fromfrom
computationally
computationally
as unrolled
as unrolled
strips
strips
and and
marked
marked
with with
crossing
crossing
points
points
indexed
indexed
with with
otherother generated
generated
fabrication
fabrication
information.
information.
A stadium
A stadium
of revolution,
of revolution,
or ‘‘capsule’’
or ‘‘capsule’’
geo-geo-
weavers
weavers
or self-intersections.
or self-intersections.
Physical
Physical
limitslimits
on material
on material
length
length
can can metry,
metry,
is defined
is defined
as the
asdesign
the design
target.
target.
This This
geometry
geometry
comprises
comprises
a cylinder
a cylinder
inform
inform
weaver
weaver
discretisation,
discretisation,
ensuring
ensuring
sufficient
sufficient
material
material
cross-over
cross-over
for for with with
single
single
curvature
curvature
and two
and hemispherical
two hemispherical
caps.caps.
Drawing
Drawing
uponupon
the princip-
the princip-
splicing.
splicing. les governing
les governing
double
double
curvature in kagome
curvature in kagome
lattices,
lattices,
we expect
we expect
the hemisp-
the hemisp-
herical
herical
portion
portion
to contain
to contain
pentagonal
pentagonal
‘‘defects’’
‘‘defects’’
to achieve
to achieve
locallocal
synclastic
synclastic
curvature.
curvature.
EachEach
pentagon
pentagon
included
included
in theinmesh
the mesh
increases
increases
the aggregate
the aggregate
5. Two
5. Two
cases
cases angular
angular
deficiency
deficiency
by π/3,
by π/3,
therefore
therefore
a triaxial
a triaxial
meshmesh
with with
6 pentagons
6 pentagons
will will
In this
In this
section
section
we briefly
we briefly
present
present
two two
casecase
studies
studies
that that
examine
examine makemake
a hemisphere.
a hemisphere.
The The
rest rest
of the
oflattice
the lattice
can be
canachieved
be achieved
usingusing
a regular
a regular
relationships
relationships
between
between
a computational
a computational
representation
representation
and and
a physical
a physical
artefact
artefact
– one
– one
constructed
constructed
ex-ante
ex-ante
and and
the other
the other
ex-post
ex-post
modelling.
modelling.
The The
first first
studystudy
demonstrates
demonstrates
the use
the use
of our
of approach
our approach
in the
in context
the context
of a of a
simple
simple
fabrication
fabrication
exercise.
exercise.
The The
second
second
studystudy
demonstrates
demonstrates
the use
the use
of of
our approach
our approach
in the
in context
the context
of computational
of computational
design
design
exploration.
exploration.

Figure
Figure
12: The
12: The
modelled
modelled
weavers
weavers
are relaxed
are relaxed
to ensure
to ensure
theythey
corres-
corres-
pondpond
to straight
to straight
elements
elements
and and
the final
the final
weave weave
geometry
geometry
is form-found.
is form-found.
Fabrication
Fabrication
information
information
is then
is then
extracted
extracted
and and
includes
includes
lengthlength
of strips,
of strips,
stripstrip
ID’s ID’s
and and
stripstrip
crossing
crossing
ID’s.ID’s.
This This
information
information
is applied
is applied
to the
to weave
the weave
Figure
Figure
13: Extraction
13: Extraction
of fabrication
of fabrication
information
information
to produce
to produce
a woven
a woven
representation
representation
(left)(left)
and and
as material
as material
layout
layout
(right).
(right).
stadium
stadium
of revolution.
of revolution.

86 86
AAG2018
AAG2018 87 87
 hexagonal
hexagonal
tiling.tiling.
We follow
We follow
the modelling
the modelling
stepssteps
described
described
in section
in section
4 to 4 to
6. Towards
6. Towards
architectural
architectural
and
and
structural
structural
determine
determine
how how
manymany
weavers,
weavers,
theirtheir
respective
respective
lengths,
lengths,
crossings
crossings
with with
otherother applications
applications
weavers
weavers
and self-crossings.
and self-crossings.
We see
We from
see from
this analysis
this analysis
that that
the woven
the woven
figure
figure the instrumentalisation
the instrumentalisation
of a of
principled
a principled
computational
computational
approach to kagome
approach to kagome
comprises
comprises
6 simple
6 simple
ringsrings
of length
of length
cca. cca.
the circumference
the circumference
of the
ofcylinder,
the cylinder, pattern
pattern
generation
generation
and and
representation
representation
has broad
has broad
applicability.
applicability.
Within
Within
and two
and longer
two longer
weavers
weavers
with with
multiple
multiple
self-crossing
self-crossing
points.
points.
This This
is verified
is verified architecture,
architecture,
hexagonal
hexagonal
tilingtiling
patterns
patterns
havehave
beenbeen
exploited
exploited
to stunning
to stunning
with with
the physically
the physically
weaving
weaving
shownshown
in Figure
in Figure
13 (bottom
13 (bottom
right).right). spatial
spatial
effect
effect
by Shigeru
by Shigeru
Ban Ban
in projects
in projects
suchsuch
as the
as Pompidou
the Pompidou
MetzMetz
and and
NineNine
Bridges
Bridges
golf golf
club.club.
However,
However,
in these
in these
cases,
cases,
double
double
curvature
curvature
is is
5.2 5.2
CaseCase
2: The
2: The
distorted
distorted
helix
helix achieved
achieved
through
through
a distortion
a distortion
of the
of regular
the regular
hexagonal
hexagonal
tiling.tiling.
The The
resulting
resulting
In this
In second
this second the kagome
case,case, the kagome
helixhelix
is woven
is woven
priorprior
to any
to computational
any computational geometry
geometry
is realised
is realised
through
through
complex
complex
shaping
shaping
of stiff
of stiff
curved
curved
laminated
laminated
modelling.
modelling.
Rather
Rather
thanthan
aiming
aiming
towards
towards
verisimilitude
verisimilitude
of the
of model,
the model,
we we members.
members.
In such
In such
a context,
a context,
the application of kagome
the application of kagome
topology
topology
principles
principles
demonstrate
demonstrate
howhow
the relaxation
the relaxation
stepstep
can can
provide
provide
exploratory
exploratory
insights
insights for achieving
for achieving
complex
complex
geometry
geometry
couldcould
offeroffer
a more
a more
rational
rational
approach
approach
to to
through
through
simulating
simulating
the interplay
the interplay
of material
of material
behaviour
behaviour
and and
topology.
topology.
The The geometry
geometry
with with
the implication
the implication
of greater
of greater
efficiency
efficiency
in fabrication.
in fabrication.
helixhelix
is modelled
is modelled
and and
the mesh
the mesh
refined,
refined,
but in
butthis
in this
casecase
disclinations
disclinations
are are In the
In context
the context
of elastically
of elastically
bentbent
structures,
structures,
the attributes
the attributes
of mecha-
of mecha-
randomly
randomly
placed
placed
within
within
the mesh.
the mesh.
As the
As relaxation
the relaxation
proceeds
proceeds
and and
weaver
weaver nicalnical
performance
performance
arising
arising
fromfrom
interlaced
interlaced
material
material
and and
efficient
efficient
spanning
spanning
geometries
geometries
straighten
straighten
according
according
to our
to fabrication
our fabrication
constraints,
constraints,
and and
locallocal of space
of space
with with
straight
straight
strips
strips
of material
of material
havehave
beenbeen
demonstrated
demonstrated
in in
sitessites
of curvature
of curvature
emerge
emerge
where
where
hexagons
hexagons
havehave
beenbeen
substituted
substituted
with with the CODA
the CODA
Jukbuin
Jukbuin
Pavilion.
Pavilion.
In this
In this
case,case,
the weave
the weave
principle
principle
of mate-
of mate-
synclastic
synclastic
curvature
curvature
inducing
inducing
pentagons,
pentagons,
or anticlastic
or anticlastic
curvature
curvature
indu-indu- rial interlacing
rial interlacing
is maintained
is maintained
but double
but double
curvature
curvature
is achieved
is achieved
through
through
cingcing
heptagons.
heptagons.
In this
In this
case,case,
we demonstrate
we demonstrate
howhow
computation
computation
provides
provides material
material
bending
bending
behaviour
behaviour
rather
rather
thanthan
steered
steered
by topology
by topology
– the– design
the design
an accessible
an accessible
and and
fast fast
(compared
(compared
to physical
to physical
weaving)
weaving)
exploratory
exploratory
tool tool topology
topology
is a regular
is a regular
hexagonal
hexagonal
tiling.tiling.
This This
results
results
in global
in global
curvature
curvature
to assist
to assist
the designer
the designer
in searching
in searching
the inexhaustible
the inexhaustible
spacespace
of possible
of possible effects
effects
but denies
but denies
the possibility
the possibility
of highly
of highly
localised
localised
double
double
curvature.
curvature.
disclination
disclination
combinations,
combinations,
and and
potentially
potentially
discovering
discovering
novelnovel
aesthetic
aesthetic Nevertheless,
Nevertheless,
this this
workwork
is ofisparticular
of particular
interest
interest
as itas
demonstrates
it demonstrates
the the
expressions.
expressions. transfer
transfer
of interlacing
of interlacing
principles
principles
at architectural
at architectural
scale.
scale.
In framing
In framing
a direction
a direction
for future
for future
work,work,
our emerging
our emerging
hypothesis
hypothesis
is is
that that
architectural
architectural
scalescale
structures
structures
can can
be realised
be realised
with with
full adherence
full adherence
to to
kagome
kagome
weaving
weaving
principles,
principles,
including
including
material
material
interlacing.
interlacing.
This This
hypothe-
hypothe-
sis issis
supported
is supported
by aby
comparative
a comparative
analysis
analysis
of two
of two
hypothetical
hypothetical
gridshells
gridshells
which
which
shows
shows a kagome
that that a kagome
gridshell
gridshell
outperforms
outperforms
a quadrilateral
a quadrilateral
grids-
grids-
hell for
hellafor
very
a very
similar
similar
construction
construction
costcost
[17]. [17].
Our Our
outlook
outlook
is towards
is towards
the use
the use
of elastically
of elastically
bentbent
members
members
rather
rather
thanthan
stiff stiff
curvedcurved
laminated
laminated
members.
members.
However,
However,
as we
asdiscuss
we discuss
above,
above,
we see kagome
we see kagome
principles
principles
being
being
applicable
applicable
in both
in both
contexts
contexts
- in the
- in the
former,
former,
towards
towards
bending-active
bending-active
structures
structures
that that
adhere
adhere
moremore
closely
closely
to to
theirtheir
basket
basket
antecedents;
antecedents;
in the
in latter,
the latter,
towards
towards
rationalised
rationalised
approaches
approaches
Figure
Figure
14: A 14:physically
A physically
wovenwoven
helixhelix
with with
mesh mesh
disclinations
disclinations
placed
placed
to to to geometry
to geometry
and and
fabrication.
fabrication.
In the
In context
the context
of elastically
of elastically
bentbent
structures,
structures,
realise
realise
a regular
a regular
geometry
geometry
(left)(left)
compared
comparedto a to
simulation
a simulation
where where
discli-
discli- principle
principle
challenges
challenges
revolve
revolve
around
around
structural
structural
capacity.
capacity.
Yet despite
Yet despite
this this
nations
nations
havehave
beenbeen
randomly
randomly
located
located
(right).
(right).
This This
showsshows
the necessity
the necessity
for for
challenge,
challenge,
the opportunities
the opportunities
for material
for material
efficiency,
efficiency,
a rationalised
a rationalised
app-app-
the relaxation
the relaxation
step,step,
but also
but also
suggests
suggests
interesting
interesting
geometric
geometric
articulations
articulations
and and
‘‘organic’’
‘‘organic’’
expressions
expressions
of a ofcorrupted
a corrupted
ideal.ideal. roach
roach
to free-form
to free-form
geometry
geometry
and and
efficient
efficient
fabrication
fabrication
minimising
minimising
the use
the use
of connectors
of connectors
makemake
this this
a compelling
a compelling
territory
territory
for further
for further
study.
study.

88 88
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 6.1 Limits
6.1 Limits
andand
future
future
work
work Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Where
Where
the work
the work
presented
presented
in this
in this
paperpaper
has has
limited
limited
itselfitself
to exploring
to exploring This This
workwork
was was
partially
partially
supported
supported
by the
by European
the European
Union’s
Union’s
Horizon
Horizon
20202020
the task of kagome
the task of kagome
representation
representation
and and
simulation
simulation
with with
consideration
consideration research
research
and and
innovation
innovation
program
program
under
under
the project
the project
“flora“flora
robotica”,
robotica”,
FETFET
to fabrication
to fabrication
constraints,
constraints,
analysis
analysis
of structural
of structural
performance
performance
marks
marks
a a grantgrant
agreement
agreement
no. 640959.
no. 640959.
The The
authors
authors
gratefully
gratefully
acknowledge
acknowledge
the the
necessary
necessary
nextnext
stepstep
– especially
– especially
if seeking
if seeking
to explore
to explore
architectural
architectural participation
participation
of the
of 2017/18
the 2017/18
master
master
students
students
enrolled
enrolled
at the
at Master
the Master
of of
applications.
applications.
Preliminary
Preliminary
investigations
investigations
of model
of model
transfer
transfer
to the
to structu-
the structu- Architecture
Architecture
programme
programme
CITAstudio:
CITAstudio:
Computation
Computation
in Architecture,
in Architecture,
KADKKADK
ral analysis
ral analysis
platform
platform
Autodesk
Autodesk
Robot
Robot
indicate
indicate
that that
representational
representational in the
in “Triaxial
the “Triaxial
Weaving
Weaving
& Bio-receptivity”
& Bio-receptivity”
workshop
workshop
conducted
conducted
overover
one one
outcomes
outcomes
generated
generated
by the
by approach
the approach
described
described
are poised
are poised
to betotaken
be taken weekweek
in September
in September
2017.2017.
Five Five
largelarge
scalescale
wovenwoven
structures
structures
werewere
produ-
produ-
forward
forward
into into
this this
domain
domain
of analysis.
of analysis.
In addition,
In addition,
the ability
the ability
to computa-
to computa- ced, ced,
two two
of which
of which
are shown
are shown
in Figure
in Figure
2. The
2. The
authors
authors
also also
wishwish
to thank
to thank
tionally
tionally
represent
represent
arbitrary kagome
arbitrary kagome
geometries
geometries
and and
interrogate
interrogate
these
these the anonymous
the anonymous
peerpeer
reviewers
reviewers
for their
for their
comments
comments
and and
suggestions
suggestions
to to
fromfrom
a fabrication
a fabrication
perspective,
perspective,
presents
presents
the compelling
the compelling
opportunity
opportunity
of of improve
improve
the quality
the quality
of the
of paper.
the paper.
investigating
investigating
robotic
robotic
production.
production.

7. Conclusion
7. Conclusion
This This
paperpaper
has has
presented
presented
a principled
a principled
computational
computational
approach
approach
to the
to the
of kagome
tasktask of kagome
representation
representation
in arbitrary
in arbitrary
triangular
triangular
meshes.
meshes.
Following
Following
the literature,
the literature,
we have
we have
demonstrated
demonstrated
the strong
the strong
affinity
affinity
between
between
the the
principles
principles
governing kagome
governing kagome
patterns
patterns
and and
intrinsic
intrinsic
topological
topological
featu-
featu-
res of
rescomputational
of computational
meshes
meshes
and and
geometric
geometric
features
features
of their
of their
duals.
duals.
We have
We have
shown
shown
howhow
design
design
meshes
meshes
can can
be manipulated
be manipulated
to adjust
to adjust
the the
baseline
baseline
valence
valence
6 structure
6 structure
that that
governs
governs
planar kagome
planar kagome
tiling,tiling,
upwards
upwards
and and
downwards
downwards
to create
to create
sitessites
of local
of local
double
double
curvature.
curvature.
We have
We have
also also
shown
shown the kagome
howhow the kagome
pattern
pattern
itselfitself
is derived
is derived
fromfrom
the mesh
the mesh
dualdual
by by
vertex
vertex
truncation
truncation
to the
to mid-points
the mid-points
of connected
of connected
edges
edges
– following
– following
the the
medial
medial
construction
construction
method.
method.
We have
We have
extended
extended
the state-of-the-art
the state-of-the-art
by intersecting
by intersecting
this method
this method
with with
physics
physics
basedbased
relaxation
relaxation
to allow
to allow
simulation
simulation
of the
of interplay
the interplay
between
between
topology
topology
and and
notional
notional
mechanical
mechanical
properties
properties
of weaver
of weaver
material,
material,
thereby
thereby
constraining
constraining
results
results
within
within
the bounds
the bounds
of fabrication
of fabrication
criteria
criteria
– specifically
– specifically
that that
patterns
patterns
can be
canmade
be made
fromfrom
straight
straight
stripsstrips
of material.
of material.
This This
constraint
constraint
is seen
is seen
to betoabe
benefit
a benefit
for enticing
for enticing
transferability
transferability
and and
use within
use within
domains
domains
where
where
material
material
saving
saving
can be
canabe
keya issue,
key issue,
suchsuch
as architecture.
as architecture.
FInally,
FInally,
the approach
the approach
presented
presented
herehere
contributes
contributes
a method
a method
that that
can can
be computationally
be computationally
leveraged
leveraged
to explore
to explore
and and
search
search
the inexhaustible
the inexhaustible
domain
domain
of possible kagome
of possible kagome
patterns,
patterns,
and and
opening
opening
the possibility
the possibility
of this
of this
search
search
to betoconducted
be conducted
by both
by both
the novice
the novice
and and
the expert.
the expert.

90 90
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 References
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