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Title: Measurement

Aim: To determine measurements of some random objects

Apparatus/Materials:
 Vernier caliper ,
 Micrometer screw gauge
 Ruler
 Digital scale
 Triple beam balance
 Random objects

Diagram:

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Principle/Theory:

 Measurement is a process of detecting an unknown physical quantity by using

standard quantity.
 Accuracy is the closeness of agreement between a measured value and a true or
accepted value. Measurement error is the amount of inaccuracy.

 Precision is a measure of how well a result can be determined (without reference

to a theoretical or true value). It is the degree of consistency and agreement
among independent measurements of the same quantity; also the reliability or
reproducibility of the result.

 The uncertainty estimate associated with a measurement should account for both
the accuracy and precision of the measurement.

 Calculating uncertainty
-Measurements
Uncertainty = resolution
-Readings
Uncertainty = ½ resolution
-Percentage uncertainty
uncertainty
percentage uncertainty = actual reading × 100%

Procedure:

1. The five random objects chosen to take the measurement of were a penny,
a heavenly water bottle cap, a glue stick, a highlighter and an oxford
geometry set.
2. The vernier caliper was used to record the lengths of the five random
objects.
3. The weight, measurement, and readings were taken for the random
objects.
4. The measurements were tabulated.

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Observations/Results:
Vernier Micrometer Ruler Digital Triple
Objects caliper(mm) screw (mm) scale beam
gauge(mm) (g) balance
(g)
19.05 - - 2.4 2.5
Penny
Oxford - - 72.04 125 124.9
geometry set

Highlighter 12.02 - - 14.3 14.2

- 30.28 - 2.6 2.5

Water bottle
cap
Glue stick 19.37 16.32 - 15.7 15.6

TABLE SHOWING OBJECTS AND THEIR CORRESPONDING

MEASUREMENTS.

Calculations:
Uncertainty of lengths measured.
Measurements
Uncertainty = resolution
Readings
Uncertainty = ½ resolution

Ruler
-Geometry set 72 .04 mm ±1mm

Vernier caliper
-Penny : 19.05 mm ± 0.05mm
Highlighter: 12.02 mm ± 0.05mm
Glue stick: 19.37mm ± 0.05mm
Micrometer screw gauge
Water bottle cap: 30.28mm ± 0.01mm

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𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 = × 100%
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
 Penny
0.05
0.26 % = 19.05 × 100%

 Geometry set
1
1.4% = 72.04 × 100%

 Highlighter
0.05
0.42% = × 100%
12.02

 Glue stick

0.05
0.26% = × 100%
19.37

 Water bottle cap

0.01
0.03% = × 100%
30.28

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝑣 = 𝜋𝑟 2 h
Volume of glue stick

Diameter: 1.632 cm
Radius: 0.816
Height: 9.9cm
20.7 𝑐𝑚3 = 𝜋(0.816)2 9.9cm

Density of the glue stick

Mass: 15.6g

15.6𝑔
0.754 𝑔𝑐𝑚3 =
20.7

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Finding the uncertainty

0.05 0.001 0.001
[ + 2( )+ ] × 0.754 = 0.004
15.6𝑔 0.816 9.9

Density of glue stick with uncertainty: 0.754±0.004 gcm3

Volume of geometry
𝑉 =𝐿×𝑊×𝐻
Length: 177.8mm
Width: 72.04 mm
Height: 50.8mm

𝑉 = 177.8𝑚𝑚 × 72.04𝑚𝑚 × 50.8𝑚𝑚

V=650,682.6 mm / 65,068.26cm3
3

Density of geometry
Mass: 124.9 ± 0.05 g

124.9 ±0.05𝑔
0.002 ± 0.35 gcm3 = 65,068.26 ±0.3𝑐𝑚3

Volume of penny
𝑣 = 𝜋𝑟 2 h
Diameter: 19.05mm
Radius: 9.5mm
Height: 1.52mm
430.96 𝑚𝑚3 = 𝜋(9.5𝑚𝑚)2 1.52mm
V= 430.96mm3

Density of penny
Mass: 2.4g
2.4 𝑔
0.0058 gmm3430.96𝑚𝑚3

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Finding uncertainty
0.05 0.01 0.01
[ + 2( )+ ] × 0.0058 = 0.00017
2.4𝑔 9.5 1.52

Density of penny with uncertainty: 0.0058gmm3 ± 0.0002

Discussion:
The precision of the instruments used are as follows:
- Vernier caliper: 0.05mm
- Micrometer screw gauge : 0.01mm
- Ruler : 1mm
- Digital scale : 0.01g
- Triple beam balance : 0.05g
The instrument used that was the most precise was the micrometer screw gauge. The
instruments that were used to take readings are the digital scale and the triple beam
balance. The instruments that were used to take measurements were the vernier caliper
and micrometer screw gauge.
Conclusion:
It can be concluded that the measurement as well as uncertainty of five random objects
can found.

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