Chapter 1

The Problem and a Review of Related Literature

1.1 Introduction

Through the continuous innovation of technology, life on Earth is on a fast

phase motion and no one can deny that we are now on a new era. In spite of the good
effects of modernization, the impact of negligence on keeping the environment’s state
of balance is still at stake.

Environmentalists are currently facing different kinds of problems regarding

pollution. From air, down to solid waste and water contamination. The trending topic
today in the Philippines is about saving the biodiversity of water. The Government
Administration, together with the help of different Local Government Units have been
raising efforts in reviving the life of different water bodies in the country. According
to Secretary Roy Cimatu of Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the
Government have been stricter in implementing the different laws set by the
Administration to prevent the continuous destruction of nature.

Water is essential for the sustainability of human and animal needs. It is also
vital in the growth of industry and agricultural sectors. It has many forms, it could be
groundwater, freshwater, or surface water. According to Igor Shiklomanov’s chapter
“World’s Fresh Water Resources”, the earth’s water is mainly composed of ocean and
only 2.5% of it is freshwater. Out of the small percentage, he also stated that 30.1% of
it is groundwater while 1.2% is composed of surface water which serves most of life’s
needs. Based on his study, 20.9% of surface water is composed of lakes while 0.49%
of the water are rivers.
 Earth's Water
3
0.26
0.49
2.5
2.6
0.9 1.2 3.8
30.1 20.9
96.5 69
68.7

er e
r
e
r
at at at
w w w
al e sh e
sh
b fr
o Fr
gl e
r
l
ta th
To o
d
an
r
e
at
w
a ce
rf
Su

Figure 1.1 Earth’s Water

Source: Igor Shiklomanov’s chapter: “World’s fresh water resources”

In the Philippines, freshwater is used for agricultural, domestic, and industrial

purposes. According to the River Basin Coordinating Office (RBCO) of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Philippines
freshwater is composed of 421 principal rivers, 79 natural lakes and groundwater
aquifers of about 50,000 square kilometers.
 According to report, Central Luzon has atleast 12 million cubic meter of
potential water supply which is needed to sustain the domestic and industrial demand
of the region. Even though the groundwater resources are constantly re-charged, the
US Agency for International Development (Usaid) said that by 2025 water shortage
will be experienced in different parts of the country especially in Pampanga since the
province is overly dependent on groundwater supply.

Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University, located in Cabambangan

Bacolor, Pampanga, is one of the leading state university in Central Luzon and a
producer of ethical individuals who contribute with the development of the society.
Last January 3, 2019, upon the approval of President Rodrigo Duterte, the act
presented

by the House of Representatives known as Republic Act 11169, the university will
now be officially addressed as Don Honorio Ventura State University. It is now
expected that the university will expand its expertise by offering new curriculum in
the fields of Liberal Arts, Legal Management, Law, Medicine, Allied Sciences, and
Health- related programs in the future.

Figure 1.2 DHVTSU’s Facade

1.1.2 Student Population

 For the current semester, DHVTSU main campus has a population of 22984. It
is undeniably true that the university is continuously expanding since the school is
now on free tuition basis. For this coming semester, it is projected more than 25 000
students will enroll in the Main Campus. The recently finished Three Storey Prince
Building is expected to open this coming semester. While the other proposed
structures are set to complete before the year 2022 will end.

Academic Year 1ST SEM 2ND SEM SUMMER

2016- 2017 18432 18067 3590
2017- 2018 17681 16429 4171
2018- 2019 23561 22984

Table 1. Student Population

Source: University Registrar

1.1.3 DHVTSU Employees

As of 2018, the university has a maximum of 832 teaching and non-

teaching personnel. It is expected that there will be an increase in employment in the
future since more courses will be offered for incoming students.

Month No. of
Employee
s
January 685
February 686
March 686
April 595
May 593
June 771
July 805
August 817
September 818
October 818
November 824
December 832
 Table 2. Number of Employees
Source: Administration Office

1.1.4 Water Supply

The main source of water supply of the university is the Bacolor Water
Disctrict. It has been serving the water demand of the campus for a long time. The
table below shows the monthly consumption of the university. DHVTSU has been
using its water supply for gardening, water demand of canteens, for building
structures, and for sanitary purposes.

Month Monthly Consumption

January 7545 cum/month
February 7352 cum/month
March 8024 cum/month
April 7066 cum/month
May 4868 cum/month
June 5428 cum/month
July 13560 cum/month
August 14512 cum/month
September 10443 cum/month
October 13024 cum/month
November 8758 cum/month
December 10237 cum/month

Table 3. DHVTSU Monthly Water Consumption

 Source:Finance Office
1.1.5 Wastewater

According to the “Law of Conservation of Mass”, “mass is neither created nor

destroyed”. So after the water is used, it does not just disappear in the system. It has
to go somewhere. After the water has been used, it will return to the system as
wastewater. It generally have two types namely, Domestic Wastewater and Industrial
Wastewater. Under domestic wastewater the sewage are coming from institutional,
commercial, and residential areas while the industrial wastewater is composed of
sewage with high amount of toxics. Thus, these are usually disposed of via pipe or
sewer system.

1.1.6 Septic Tanks

There are different systems used in treating sewage. Septic tanks system is the
most common method since it is low cost and easy to install. It is a watertight tank
usually rectangular in shape that provides primary treatment especially for the
wastewater coming from domestic household. The standard design of septic tanks are
two- chambered tanks and the leachate are usually located on the second chamber. In
Davao, Philippines, a City Ordinance No. 0363-10 Series of 2010 also known as
Septage and Sewerage Management Ordinance of Davao City, requires all their
households and establishments to install a three- chambered septic tanks with a
completely sealed bottom replacing the gravel bed design which contaminates the
groundwater table. Thus, according to Joseph Felizarta, an Assistant City Building
Official lawyer, said that the focus of the ordinance was really about the sewerage
system and treatment facility because whether they use that two-chamber or three-
chamber septic tanks, they will still have to treat the wastewater for the process in the
septic tanks only has 40% of treatment.

According to Presidential Decree Number 856, also known as Sanitation Code

of The Philippines, under Chapter XVII (Sewage Collection and disposal, excreta
disposal, and drainage, Section 75) where public sewerage system is not available,
sewer outfalls from residences, schools, and other buildings shall be discharged into a
septic tank. Since there is no centralized sewer system in Bacolor, Pampanga,
DHVTSU has been using septic tank system in treating its sewage.

Figure 1: Figure 2:
Septic Tank at University Hostel Septic Tank at College of Computing Studies

Figure 3: Figure 4:
Three- chambered Septic Tank Buried Septic Tank

DHVTSU has been implementing three- chambered septic tanks in treating its
sewage. However, it still depends on the agreed contract as to what type of septic tank
system will be installed. The university has an approximately 80 septic tanks in total.
Due to unavailability of data, and depending upon the agreed contract, it cannot be
known if all the septic tanks in the university is in compliant with the requirement of
the Plumbing Code of the Philippines to have a completely sealed slab to prevent
groundwater contamination. In addition, there is also a septic tank buried on the
ground. Based on Sec. 76. Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent of Sanitation Code of the
Philippines states that the effluent from septic tank shall be discharged into a
subsurface soil, absorption field where applicable or shall be treated with some type
of a purification device.
According to the Implementing Rules and Regulations of Chapter XVII
“Sewage Collection and Disposal, Excreta Disposal and Drainage” of the Code on
Sanitation of the Philippines under Section 3.2.3 Disposal of Sewage states that
untreated sewage and effluent of septic tank or other putrescible or offensive wastes
shall not be discharged onto the surface of the ground or into any street, road, alley,
open excavation, storm water sewer, land drain ditch, adjoining property, watercourse
or body of water.
Based on actual observation, there are septic tanks which has an overflow
connected in the nearest storm drains. In addition, the sewage pipes from the
lavatories and canteens do not have fixed connection because some of the pipes are
directly connected on the storm drainage while others are directly connected to the
septic tanks.

1.1.7 Septic Tank Maintenance

In order to keep the septic tank working, proper maintenance is required.
Desludging of septic tanks is required for every 3-5 years to prevent septic backups or
toilet flushing issues. However, siphoning could be frequent depending on the usage
of people.

In terms of quality of treatment, new technologies are rising regarding the

treatment of wastewater. These technologies are commonly termed as “Sewage
Treatment Plant”.

1.1.8 Sewage Treatment Plants

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and

household sewage, both runoff and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and
biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its
objective is to produce a treated effluent and a solid waste or sludge suitable for
discharge or reuse back into the environment. This material is often inadvertently
contaminated with many toxic organic and inorganic compounds.
 Concessionaires like Manila Water and Maynilad were just some of the agencies
who are making efforts for the improvement of sanitation in National Capital Region.
According to Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, Manila Water holds 37
Sewage Treatment Plants including Magallanes Wastewater Treatment Plant and UP
Wastewater Treatment Plant in Quezon City. The latter estimated to have installed 260
km of sewer network and as of December 2013, the coverage of facilities connected
to the Sewerage system is only 12%. As for the Maynilad, 11 Sewage Treatment Plant
are working for the Manila Central Sewerage System, Dagat- Dagatan, Alabang,
Makati Isolated System QC Communal Systems, San Juan catchment STPs. As of
December 2013, Maynilad has 11% Sewerage Coverage. For the year 2037, those
companies are targeting to have a fully centralized treatment facility for sewage.

In Pampanga, establishing of a sewerage system is also a concern by officials. In

Clark Pampanga, the community was connected into a centralized sewage treatment
facility that treats different kind of wastewater before discharging it to a receiving
body. The method used by the designers was the Activated Sludge Method which is
consist of series of ponds to treat wastewater and a chlorination tank to further have a
safe discharge of effluent. For the transportation of sewage into the facility, the
designers used lift stations and gravity sewer system.

For the feasibility of constructing a sewerage treatment facility in a university,

articles have shown that campuses like De La Salle University- Dasmariñas,
University of the Philippines and Adamson University have their own sewage
treatment plant inside the campus. Considering DHVTSU’s growing population, it
would not be impossible for the university to have construct its own sewage treatment
facility.

Based on Sec. 76. Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent. States that the effluent from
septic tank shall be discharged into a subsurface soil, absorption field where
applicable or shall be treated with some type of a purification device. The treated
effluent may be discharged into a stream or body of water if it conforms to the quality
standards prescribed by the National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission.
Upon observation, some of the wastewater including raw sewage from canteens and
bathroom sinks were discharged on the drainage system including the outflow of the
septic tanks and then mixed with storm water. According to the Implementing Rules
and Regulations of Chapter XVII “Sewage Collection and Disposal, Excreta Disposal
and Drainage” of the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines under Section 3.2.3
Disposal of Sewage states that untreated sewage and effluent of septic tank or other
putrescible or offensive wastes shall not be discharged onto the surface of the ground
or into any street, road, alley, open excavation, storm water sewer, land drain ditch,
adjoining property, watercourse or body of water.

Figure According to the on

1.4 Raw sewage discharging study of1.5UNICEF and WHO, Figure
5% 1.5ofRawthe population
sewage discharging onare
Figure Outlet of septic tank
canals canals
connected to sewer network. And 10% of wastewater is treated while 58% of
groundwater is contaminated. Since sludge treatment and disposal are rare, domestic
wastewater is discharged without treatment.

In 2025, water availability was estimated to be marginal in 8 of the 19 major

river basins in the Philippines. Waterborne diseases remain a severe public health
concern in the country and 4200 people die each year due to drinking water
contamination.

In spite of the alarming issues, some places in the country are taking steps to
save the nature on water pollution. Some are using technologies that could treat
different types of wastewater.
 Concessionaires like Manila Water and Maynilad were just some of the
agencies who are making efforts for the improvement of sanitation in National Capital
Region. According to Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, Manila Water
holds 37 Sewage Treatment Plants including Magallanes Wastewater Treatment Plant
and UP Wastewater Treatment Plant in Quezon City. The latter estimated to have
installed 260 km of sewer network and as of December 2013, the coverage of
facilities connected to the Sewerage system is only 12%. As for the Maynilad, 11
Sewage Treatment Plant are working for the Manila Central Sewerage System, Dagat-
Dagatan, Alabang, Makati Isolated System QC Communal Systems, San Juan
catchment STPs. As of December 2013, Maynilad has 11% Sewerage Coverage. For
the year 2037, those companies are targeting to have a fully centralized treatment
facility for sewage.

In Pampanga, establishing of a sewerage system is also a concern by officials.

In Clark Pampanga, the community was connected into a centralized sewage
treatment facility that treats different kind of wastewater before discharging it to a
receiving body. The method used by the designers was the Activated Sludge Method
which is consist of series of ponds to treat wastewater and a chlorination tank to
further have a safe discharge of effluent. For the transportation of sewage into the
facility, the designers used lift stations and gravity sewer system.

1.7 Technologies used in treating wastewater

Below are the different technologies used in treating sewage in the Philippines

Design Advantages Disadvantages

Conventional Activated
Sludge Process (CASP)
 Common and proven
process
 Adaptable to many types
of wastewater
 Uncomplicated design
 Susceptible to
filamentous sludge
bulking
 Foaming can be a
concern
  May need additional
facilities for BNR
 Need for return sludge
 Simplified process  Process control are more
 Final clarifiers and RAS complicated
pumping are not  High peak flows can
required disrupt operation unless
Sequencing Batch
 Compact design accounted for in design
Reactor (SBR)
 Operation is flexible,
nutrient removal can be
accomplished by
operational changes
 There is no return  Can have problems with
activated sludge (RAS) media carryover on
and sludge production is system start-up, with
minimized reports of intermittent
 Compatible with a small bed motility and system
footprint crashes
 Comes with a budget-  Media density changes
friendly operating and over time with biofilm
Moving Bed Biofilm
maintenance expenses accumulation,
Reactor (MBBR)
 Flexible design that necessitating a bed
allows for increased growth management
capacity strategy
 Can require relatively
expensive plumbing to
ensure that media is not
back-siphoned on pump
shut-down or power
failure
  Higher volumetric  High capital cost
loading rates, thus  Limited data on
shorter HRT membrane life
 Longer SRT resulting in  Potential high cost of
Membrane Bioreactor
lesser sludge production periodic membrane
(MBR)
 Produces high quality replacement
effluent  Higher energy cost
 Compact design  Need to control
membrane fouling

For the feasibility of constructing a sewerage treatment facility in a university,

articles have shown that campuses like De La Salle University- Dasmariñas,
University of the Philippines and Adamson University have their own sewage
treatment plant inside the campus. Considering DHVTSU’s growing population, it
would not be impossible for the university to have construct its own sewage treatment
facility.

The school has an average water consumption of 9235 cum/ month and by
taking into consideration its growing population it was decided that the school might
consider to construct its own stp to comply with dao and to avoid frequent siphoning.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University is using the septic tank
system in the treatment of wastewater consumed by the students, employees, and
canteens. The school has an approximately 80 septic tanks in total. Some of the
existing septic tanks do not have a concrete covered slab resulting from a possible
groundwater contamination and their design was based on the usual practice where
the second chamber becomes the leachate of the system. Based on research, the septic
tank only has a 40% treatment capacity. Upon investigation, it was found out that
some septic tanks in the school have overflows connected on catch basins and
drainages to prevent the tanks from quickly getting full. In addition, some of the
canteens in the university, directly discharge their raw sewage on the canals resulting
from foul odor. Under the Presidential Decree No. 856, “No sewage shall be
discharge on the canal untreated”. The Department of Natural and Environmental
Resources also sets its limits on the quality of effluent to be released in the receiving
bodies of water. The order was known as DENR Admistrative Order 2016- 08.

1.4 Objectives

The main objective of this study is to design the sewage treatment plant of
Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University (Main Campus).

The specific objectives of the study are:

- To determine the wastewater characterization of the effluent released by

the school if it complies with the parameters of DENR DAO 2016-08.

- To design the tanks that will contain and treat the domestic sewage of the
university.

- To design the main sewer network that will transfer the raw sewage to the
proposed treatment plant.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study is significant for DHVTSU for the improvement of its sewage
disposal as well as to avoid the school on frequent siphoning of septic tanks.
 The study will give other state universities an idea on constructing its own
sewage treatment facility for improving the treatment of its wastewater.

The study will help the school to comply with the standards of DAO 2016-08
on the quality of effluent release in the water bodies.

The study is also significant for future researchers to further improve the
technology used for the treatment of wastewater.

1.6 Scope and Delimitation

1.6.1 Scope of the study

The researchers conducted their wastewater sampling on the drainage outfalls

of the university before it reaches the receiving body of water.

The researchers also looked for an expert in the field of sewage treatment
plants that could evaluate the different technologies to know the best option to use for
the design.

The researchers also looked for a location where they could construct the
proposed treatment plant.

The proponents considered three options in estimating the sewage generation

that will be used by the researchers for the design criteria.

The researchers designed the tanks that will be used in the treatment of
sewage.

The researchers also included the pumps needed by the tanks for the supply of
oxygen in the treatment.

The study also considered the design of the main sewer network where the
laterals will be connected.

The study also used lift station for the pumping of sewage to the sewage
treatment plant.
 Delimitations of the Study

The study does not include the wastewater sampling from the second chamber
of the septic tanks because the researchers focused on the quality of wastewater
discharged before it is mixed on the streams.

The researchers used the typical domestic wastewater values for the design of
sewage treatment plant. It requires series of wastewater sampling and the university
does not have laboratories that could facilitate the test. Furthermore, financial budget
is the major constraint because wastewater testing is costly.

The researchers delimits the kinetic modelling process of the Sewage

Treatment Plant as it is beyond the knowledge of the researchers.

The detailed design of electrical and mechanical works of the plant was also
delimited.

The detailed design of the laterals of the sewer network was not included in
the study.

1.7 Conceptual Framework

 GATHER DATA

WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

DESIGN OF SEWERAGE PIPE SYSTEM

COST ESTIMATION

1.8 Definition of Terms

Aeration – it is the process of injecting air or oxygen into water to remove dissolved
gases.

Aerobic Digestion – it is a treatment process that uses bacteria and oxygen to break
down organic and biological wastes.

Anaerobic Digestion – it is a treatment process that uses bacteria and oxygen to

break down organic and biological wastes.

Blackwater - is any wastewater that comes from bathrooms and toilets.

BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) – it the amount of dissolved oxygen needed to

oxidize organic matter in a water sample.

Centralized Systems – this system uses a series of sewer pipes and pumps to collect
sewage and to transport it to treatment plants.

Chlorination - the application of chlorine to water to disinfect it.

COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) – the amount of oxygen used in chemical

oxidation of the water sample to breakdown the wastes.

Combined Sewer – it is a pipe system that carries both sewage and storm water run-
off.

Effluent – it is the final output flow after the completion of any performed treatment
process.

Gravity Sewer - is an underground piping system which is sloping downwards that

brings water from the source to the destination.

Greywater – wastewater coming from lavatories or sinks, laundry and bathing.

Grit Chamber - a chamber or tank wherein the influent is being slowed down so that
the heavy solids can be removed.

Influent – it is the untreated wastewater or raw sewage coming into a sewage

treatment plant.
Manholes - are masonry chambers constructed at advisable intervals along the sewer
lines so man can have an access to them.

Separate System – it is a system with two different pipes used. One for the sanitary
flow or the sewage and another pipe for the rainwater.

Septage - is an infectious material that includes liquids, solids, oils and grease that
accumulate in a septic tank.
Septic Tank – a type of settlement tank where sludge is retained for digestion and
allow liquid to be discharged to a leaching field or directly to treatment facility.

Sewage – refers to any wastewater containing human, animal or vegetable wastes.

Sewage Treatment Plant - a facility where sewage is being treated and purifies
contaminated substances.

Sewer – it is the general term for the system of pipes which carries sewage and
rainwaters.

Sewerage - it is the removal of waste materials through sewer system that includes
collecting, transporting and pumping of sewage.

Sludge – refers to the solid waste material produced which settles out in the process
of sewage treatment.

Water Table – it is the depth or the level below the ground where the soil is saturated
with water.

Phosphate – it can speed up the reduction in dissolved oxygen in water bodies caused
by an increase of mineral and organic nutrients
 CHAPTER II
METHODS

Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University has an average water

consumption of 9235 cum/ month. The water consumed by the students, canteens
and employees, returned as sewage and goes to septic tanks for primary treatment
while some part of it is directly discharged on bodies of water untreated. To
further improve the treatment of domestic wastewater, designing a Sewage
Treatment Plant is a great help as it treats the sewage up to Tertiary Treatment.

2.1 Nature and Sources of Information

Before the proponents were able to design the proposed project, they
had visited treatment plants like the Coca- Cola Bottlers Philippines Wastewater
Treatment Plant in San Fernando, Pampanga and Clark Wastewater Treatment
Plant in Clark, Pampanga to gather information on how the facility works. They
had also interviewed people who had ideas on Sewage Treatment Plant. The
researchers visited the offices inside the university such as the University
Registrar, Office of the Physical Plant and General Services, Administrative and
Finance office to collect the data needed for the proposed project Through
continuous research, the proponents were able to determine that the sampling of
wastewater is needed as well as selection of the technology to be used in the
design. Moreover, the design for sanitary sewer network should also be considered
as it will serve as the collection system of the proposed project.

2.2 Wastewater Characterization

Wastewater characterization is important because it determines if the

establishment or institutions is in compliant with the standards of DAO 2016- 08.
The researchers used the Water Quality Monitoring Manual Volume II as basis in
collecting wastewater sample. The Manual addresses the requirements of the
Clean Water Act on compliance monitoring and self- monitoring of the industries.

The samples were taken from the drainage outfalls of the university instead
from the second chamber of septic tanks because the researchers are mainly
concern on the wastewater quality before it is mixed with the receiving water
body.

Factors considered by the researchers in conducting wastewater sampling:

1. Determine the objectives of the monitoring.

The researchers conducted water sampling to verify if the university is in
compliant with the Effluent Standards of DAO 2016 - 08 for Class C Water
Body on the discharge of wastewater.

2. Determine the number and location of the discharge point.

The researchers conducted the wastewater sampling on the three drainage
outfalls of the university. One sample was taken from each discharge point.
The first sample was conducted Near the Main Gate of the school. Sample 2
was collected under the CB Extension Building and the final sample was
 obtained from the creek where the canteens in the university directly discharge
their untreated sewage on the creek.

Figure : Location of sampling points

3. Determine the number of samples to be collected and the parameters to be

analyzed.
Due to financial constraints, only one sample were taken for every discharge
point of the university. The drains near Gate 1 was not included in the sample due
to difficulty in collecting sample because the canal covers were too heavy to lift.
The researchers used grab sampling in collecting the samples.
The parameters considered were based on the guidelines of DAO 2016 – 08
under PSIC Code no. 85

4. Determine the sampling containers.

The sampling containers used by the researchers were provided by the
laboratory testing center. Three containers were given by the laboratory personnel
per sampling point. For the test of fecal coliform, a small bottle with a capacity of
100ml will be filled with influent, while the oil and grease is also in separate
container capacitating 1liter of sewage. And last is the plastic container with 4
liters capacity for other parameters to be analyzed.

After the factors were determined, the researchers proceeded with the
sampling. The sample was taken at 1:00 pm in the afternoon. The collection of
wastewater lasted for 15 minutes. After the samples were collected, the
researchers went to EChem Laboratory Testing in San Fernando, Pampanga to test
the wastewater because the laboratory equipment are not available in the
university. Furthermore, the Laboratory was notified first before the sample was
conducted to verify if the considered parameters were available for testing.
2.3 Multi Criteria Decision Analysis

Technology Selection

There are different kinds of sewage treatment technology in the Philippines.

The researchers used Multi Criteria Decision Analysis in selecting the type of
technology to be used. This analysis is used to explore the decisions that matter as
it involves various solutions to an issue or challenge against multiple criteria. The
technologies considered by the researchers were the Sequencing Batch Reactor,
Moving Bed Bioreactor, Conventional Activated Sludge, and Membrane Bio
Reactor since they are the common technologies available in the market. The
factors evaluated were the Capital expense, Operating expense, Quality, and Cost
of each technologies.
For the process, the researchers looked for an engineer who is an expert in the
field of sewage treatment plants to evaluate the different factors considered in the
selection. The weighing factor was carefully decided by the proponents. It was
rated from top to lowest to know which factors are more significant. The factors
were graded from 2 as the best up to -2 as the lowest. The technology with the
highest rating will be used for the design. Once the selection has been done, the
researchers will now be able to proceed in the design process of sewage treatment
plant.

2.4 Design of Sewage Treatment Plant

a. Location of the Proposed Project

 Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University is located in Bacolor,
Pampanga. Based on the Site Development Plan of the university, there is no
available lot for the proposed project inside the campus. The researchers looked for a
land where they could construct the proposal. The proponents chose the lot behind the

University Gymnasium since it is near to the discharge point and it is still

uninhabited.

Figure : Proposed Location of STP

Source: DHVTSU Site Development Plan

Figure : Proposed Location of STP

Source: Google Earth
b. Design Period
The researchers considered a 20 year design period on the treatment
plant. It is an important consideration for the design process as it maximizes the
future capacity of the STP. Furthermore, it is uneconomical to resize the facility at
future date because the treatment units are costly.

c. Sewage Generation Volume

The wastewater generation is the most important factor in the design of any
sewage treatment plant because it will determine the capacity and footprint of the
design. To determine the sewage generated, the water usage must be determined
first then it will multiply by a return factor ranging from 60% to 80% because not
all the water consumed return as sewage.
The proponents considered three options in estimating the sewage generation
of the university.

Area Method
The researchers computed the area of classrooms, laboratories, and offices of all
the facilities in the university. The total number of facilities were gathered from
the Office of Physical Plant and General Services. Due to limited data, the
dimension of the classrooms, laboratories, and offices were manually measured
and due to time constraints, the researchers assume that the area of each facilities
were all the same for each buildings. The researchers included the proposed
structures in the university to maximize the result. However, the proposed
Business Leisure Building was excluded because the design was not yet finalized.
The canteens were also included in the calculation since they are also under the
management of the campus.
Once the total area is determined, it will be divided by the area occupied by one
person to obtain the population estimates. Lastly to determine the estimated
sewage generation, the number of population is multiplied by the sewage
flowrates.

Area / person
Population=
unit area

Sewage Generation=Population x Sewage Flow x Return Factor

Population Projection
The second method is by estimating the population projection by using the
given data from the University Registrar. It was assumed that the university
population is constantly increasing because of continuous improvements of the
school.

The researchers used the arithmetic method for the 20 year projection.
Formula for population projection: Pf =Po+kt
Where:
Pf= Future Population
Po= Present Population
K= Constant rate
T= Time

Sewage Generation = Population x Sewage Flow x Return Factor

Water Consumption
The estimated sewage generation could also be done by determining the
actual water consumption. It is an accurate data because it is the actual water
demand of the university

Sewage Generation = Water Consumption x Return Factor

d. Design Basis

The Treatment Plant was designed to achieve the limits on DAO 2016- 08 for
Class C Water Body. The treated effluent will be reuse by the university and the
excess effluent will be discharged on the Gugu Creek. The researchers did not
used the value on the test results because it does not represent the whole
characteristics of wastewater to be treated. Thus, the researchers used the typical
domestic wastewater loading.

2.5 Sequencing Batch Reactor

Sequencing Batch Reactor is based on a fill and draw process. It typically
consist of two tanks which are operating per cycle. It has a five consecutive
process starting from filling, reaction, settling, decantation, and idle. Compared to
other technologies, the treatment process happens on a single basin.

Figure : Process flow diagram for SBR

Procedure in designing Sequencing Batch Reactor

Preliminary Treatment
Preliminary treatment is consist of blocking materials like rags,
papers, and woods to enter the treatment units that could cause failure on the
mechanical aspects of the facility. Under the preliminary treatment, 15% to 30%
of BOD and oil and grease was removed on the raw sewage.

a. Design of Receiving Chamber

Receiving chamber is an underground rectangular shape tank used to collect
the raw sewage from the main sewer pipe before it reaches the screen channel.

Volume of receiving chamber (V) = flow x detention time

b. Design of Bar Screen Chanel

The parameters used in designing the bar screen is based on the book
Metcalf and Eddy Wastewater Treatment and Reuse.

Determine the vertical projected area of screen:

Q
Aproj =
V
Determine the vertical projected gross area of screen:
S+t
Agross= A proj
S

Where :
S= spacing
 t= Thickness

Determine the horizontal gross sectional area of the screen:

A gross
Horizontal gross sectional area of screen =
sin ∅

Determine the width of the screen

= (no. of bars x thickness) + (no. of opening x spacing)

Primary Treatment

The design does not include skimming tank because the proponents
suggested that canteens should use oil and grease trap to further avoid the
clogging of pipes and to lessen the cost of treatment.

c. Equalization Tank
The Equalization tank reduce variation of flowrate so that when sewage
enters the biological treatment unit, it will not shocked the bacterial growth inside
the basin. According to the Water and Wastewater Calculations Manual, 30% of
BOD remained on Equalization tanks.

V EQT =(average hourly flowrate) x ( peak flow )

Secondary Treatment
The researchers used the book Wastewater Treatment, Disposal, and
Reuse by Metcalf and Eddy for the design process of the biological treatment unit
of the Sequential Batch Reactor. Under the secondary treatment, the biological
degradation of wastewater happen under aerobic condition where oxygen is added
in the system to improve the treatment of sewage.

d. Design process of the biological treatment units of Sequencing Batch Reactor:

1. Develop wastewater characteristics needed for process design.

iTSS = TSS₀ - VSS₀

Where:
iTSS = Inert Total Suspended Solid

TSS₀ = Influent Total Suspended Solids

VSS₀ = Influent Volatile Suspended Solid

2. Determine SBR operating cycle

tC = tF + tA + tS + tD

Where:
tC = total cycle time
tF = total fill time
tA = total aeration time
tS = total settle time
tD = total decant time

3. Determine fill fraction per cycle (Vf/VT)

Vf Vs
+ =1.0
Vt Vt
Where:
 Vf
=ratio of Fill Volume ¿ the Total Volume
Vt

Vs
= ratio of Settled Volume to the Total Volume
Vt
4. Determine the overall hydraulic retention time Hydraulic Retention Time

¿ tanks( Vt )(time)
Overall HRT =
Q ave

Where:
Vt = Total Volume
Qave= Average Discharge
HRT= Hydraulic Retention Time

5. Determine the Sludge Retention Time

QY ( S ₀−S ) SRT QYn( NOx )SRT (fd )(kd )(Q)(Y ) ( S ₀−S

( Px , TSS ) SRT = +Q ( nbVSS ) ( SRT )+ +
[ 1+ ( Kd ) SRT ] ( 0.85 ) [ 1+ ( Kd ) SRT ] ( 0.85 ) [ 1+ ( Kd ) SRT ] (0.8
6. Determine F/M and BOD volumetric loading
F kg BOD QS ₀
= =
M kg MLVSS∗d XV
7. Determine the Oxygen Requirement for each SBR Tank

For every kg of BOD of wastewater, 1.2 kg. of oxygen is required and for
kilogram of total Kjedahl Nitrogen in the wastewater, 4.6 kg. of oxygen is needed
to attain a complete reaction.
 Tertiary Treatment

e. Chlorine Contact Tank

In the chlorine contact tank, the disinfection occurred before the effluent is
discharged on the receiving body. Sodium is the cheapest and commonly used
disinfectant compared to ultra violet and chlorine gas. For the disinfection to
occur, atleast 20- 30 minutes contact time is needed.

V CCT =SBR decantable volume

f. Sludge Digester Tank

The Sludge Digester Tank holds the excess sludge from the biological
treatment unit. To avoid frequent hauling, the tank should be designed to hold
enough sludge.

days
(
V SDT =( P X , TSS ) ( density of watery sludge ) 365.25
year )
( 1 year )

Design of Sewer Network

Determination in Elevations by Surveying (Differential Leveling)

Procedures in Field Work

1. Designate the initial or reference point of the level route as BM-1 and
the final or terminal point as BM-2.

2. Set-up and level the instrument at a convenient location along the

general designated route between the two-points.

3. Take and record a back sight on BM-1.

4. Direct the rodman to move forward along the level route (not
necessarily in a straight line between BM-1 and the next point) and
establish TP-1.

5. Take are record a foresight in TP-1.

6. Transfer and set up the level at another suitable location beyond TP-1
and take and record a back sight on TP-1.

7. Direct the rodman to move a convenient distance ahead of the

instruments and establish TP-2.

8. Take and record a foresight on TP-2.

9. Repeat the procedure until a foresight is finally taken on BM-2.

10. Tabulate the observed field data.

2.3.3.1.2. Formulas

For computing Height of Instrument (HI) and Elevation:

In differential leveling, the following two equations are repeatedly used:

1. HI=ELEV+BS

2. ELEV= HI − FS

Where:

= height of instrument above a reference datum

= back sight reading on the rod (or plus sights)

= foresight reading on the rod (or minus sights)

= elevation above a reference datum of a point sight

Design of Pipe Sewer

After the researchers get the elevation from point to point. They locate the lowest
elevation and they place there the lift station. After that, they designed the main
gravity sewer with a slope of 1%. After the lift station collected all the wastewater.
The lift station will pump the wastewater to the Proposed STP.

In designing sewer pipes, The researchers used High Density Polyethelene Pipe. The
researchers assumed that the diameter of the pipe would be 150mm. It is the
minimum cross sectional area for sewer pipes according to Sanitary Sewer Design
Manual with a standard Vmax of 3m/s and a Vmin of 0.6m/s.

Design of capacity of the Pipes

The researchers used the area method in getting the population per building. First,
The researchers get all the total are of each building, then multiply it by 1.8 to get the
population per building. The population per building is multiplied by the standard
wastewater per individual 20L/day to get the actual discharge per building.

Compare the actual discharge to the maximum capacity discharge of the pipe to know
if the section of the pipe is adequate.

To get the invert elevation of the pipe, The researchers used the formula:

ELEV1-(0.01xDistance)=Invert Elevation
S