Chapter three

(Experimental Work& material balance)

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3.1Introduction

The proposed research required the collection of hard water, obtained

from a well-saline groundwater well water (TDS) in Iraq, Tikrit. This well
water was selected on the basis of previous laboratory analyzes showing
that its chemical components were comparable with those found in
brackish water. As previously mentioned, samples were collected for the
two systems (14 samples for a system that treated well water and 14
samples for the river system). Where the necessary analysis will be carried
out to: Comparing the results with each other in terms of efficiency and
others, comparing them with Iraqi water specifications (APPENDIX A) and
comparing them with the international health standards (APPENDIX B).

3.2 Laboratory results:

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1- calcium:

Ca concentration) ppm) of the well Ca concentration) ppm) of the river

system system

No.simple Ro Feed Ro product Removal (%) RO feed Ro Product Removal (%)

1 562.5 8.75 98.4 90.6 64.3 28.9

2 750 15 98 84.3 67.5 20

3 812.5 130.65 98.3 78.7 65.6 16.5

4 400 10.625 97.3 89.3 65.6 26.5

5 500 15 97 75.6 66.2 12.4

6 375 13.125 96.5 84.3 75 11.1

7 437.5 18.125 95.8 99.3 77.5 22

Table (3-1). Concentration of calcium in systems unit (mg/L).

2- magnesium:

Mg concentration) ppm) of the well Mg concentration) ppm) of the river

system system

No.simple Ro Feed Ro product Removal (% RO feed Ro Product Removal (%)

1 295 8.5 97.1 133 125 6

2 381 13 96.5 138 130 5.7

3 316 9.5 96.9 146 136 6.8

4 335 11 96.7 136 127 6.6

5 324 10 96.9 135 128 5.1

6 323 10 96.9 174 141 18.9

7 340 11 96.7 135 129 4.5

Table (3-2). Concentration of magnesium in systems unit (mg/L).

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3- potassium:

K concentration) ppm) of the well K concentration) ppm) of the river

system system

No.simple Ro Feed Ro product Removal (%) RO feed Ro Product Removal (%)

1 100 <1 99 80 73 9

2 83 <1 99 55 33 34

3 103 <1 99 33 26 21

4 116 <1 99 73 65 11

5 96 <1 99 96 79 17

6 86 <1 99 74 65 12

7 115 <1 99 84 67 02

Table (3-3). Concentration of potassium in systems unit (mg/L).

4- sodium:

Na concentration) ppm) of the well Na concentration) ppm) of the

system river system

No.simple Ro Feed Ro product Removal (% RO feed Ro Product Removal

(%)
1 1143 293 74 1643 1500 9

2 964 300 69 1600 1535 4

3 1053 315 70 1607 1392 13

4 875 279 68 1571 1385 14

5 970 315 67 1615 1475 9

6 1040 345 66 1935 1564 19

7 863 294 65.9 1842 1393 26

Table (3-4). Concentration of sodium in systems unit (mg/L).

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5-iron:

Fe concentration) ppm) of the well Fe concentration) ppm) of the river system

system

No.simple Ro Feed Ro product Removal (%) RO feed Ro Product Removal (%)

1 1.8 0 100 8 1.7 79

2 0 0 _ 0 0 _

3 0 0 _ 0 0 _

4 0 0 _ 4.5 1.8 60

5 0 0 _ 11 3 73

6 0 0 _ 3.6 1.2 67

7 2.5 <0.1 99 0 0 _

Table (3-5). Concentration of iron in systems unit (mg/L).

6- Conductivity:

Conductivity (MC) of the well

system Conductivity (MC) of the river system

No.simple Ro Feed Ro product Removal (%) RO feed Ro Product Removal (%)

1 2120 30 _ 320 460 _
2 1750 40 _ 400 480 _
3 2280 20 _ 240 470 _
4 2470 40 _ 370 440 _
5 2380 40 _ 420 440 _
6 2500 39 _ 460 470 _
7 2490 40 _ 530 540 _
Table (3-6). Conductivity in systems unit (MC).

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7-PH:

PH of the well system

PH of the river system

No.simple Ro Feed Ro product Removal (%) RO feed Ro Product Removal (%)

1 8.4 6.9 _ 7.4 7.5 _
2 7.9 6.8 _ 7.3 7.4 _
3 7.75 6.6 _ 7.2 7.4 _
4 7.8 6.7 _ 7.3 7.4 _
5 7.9 6.8 _ 7.4 7.5 _
6 7.91 6.7 _ 7.4 7.5 _
7 7.8 6.7 _ 7.2 7.3 _

Table (3-7). PH in systems,

8-Chloride:

𝐶𝐿− concentration) ppm) of the well 𝐶𝐿− concentration) ppm) of the river
system system

No.simple Ro Feed Ro product Removal (%) RO feed Ro Product Removal (%)

1 192 4.8 97.5 25 24 4

2 86 3.1 96.395 33 29 12.12

3 186 5.9 96.827 37 28 24.32

4 142 5.18 96.352 32 29 9.375

5 139 5.1 96.330 31 31 0

6 128 4.75 96.289 28 28 0

7 148 5.52 96.270 42 35 16.66

Table (3-9). Concentration of Chloride in systems unit (mg/L)

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9- Turbidity:

N.T.U concentration) ppm) of the well N.T.U concentration) ppm) of the

system river system

No.simple Ro Feed Ro product Removal (%) RO feed Ro Product Removal (%)

1 171 3.1 98.187 15 4.3 71.33

2 161 3 98.136 5.82 4.82 17.18

3 150 3 98 8.5 4.8 43.52

4 180 3.7 97.944 4.7 4 14.89

5 182 3.9 97.857 16.5 4.2 74.54

6 183 3.95 97.841 17 4.1 75.88

7 178 3.9 97.808 17.2 4.2 75.58

Table (3-9). Concentration of Turbidity in systems unit (mg/L).

10- Total dissolved solids:

TDS concentration) ppm) of the well TDS concentration) ppm) of the river
system system

No.simple Ro Feed Ro product Removal (% RO feed Ro Product Removal (%)

1 1510 10 99.337 220 110 50

2 872 6 99.311 230 210 8.69

3 1130 8 99.292 227 165 27.31

4 1239 15 98.789 224 172 23.2

5 1184 19 98.395 209 199 4.7

6 1262 21 98.335 236 220 6.77

7 1237 19 98.46 264 230 12.87

Table (3-10). Concentration of Total dissolved solids in systems unit (mg/L).

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11-Sulfate:

𝑆𝑂4−2concentration) ppm) of the 𝑆𝑂4−2concentration) ppm) of the

well system river system

No.simple Ro Feed Ro product Removal (%) RO feed Ro Product Removal (%)

1 84 20 76.19 25 14 12.5

2 26 1.8 93.07 33 14 12.5

3 41 0.9 97.805 37 8 11.11

4 31 12 61.29 32 12 14.28

5 32 11 65.625 31 5 44.4

6 27 0.7 97.407 28 7 12.5

7 22 0.36 98.363 42 35 4.8

Table (3-11). Sulfate of Chloride in systems unit (mg/L)

It is worth mentioning that the concentration of the elements

(CO,Cr,Zn,Ni,Cu,Cd,Pb) was measured in the water and found that the
concentration is equal to zero. For several reasons:
1- For the RO system that uses river water:
It is known that the water of the Tigris River does not exist, such
as such elements and especially after the cessation of most of the
factories and factories that were intended to waste in the Tigris River, so
it is natural that Langued in the water elements above, and this is good
2- For the RO system that uses will water:
The type of soil and rocks in Tikrit - Iraq, which passes through
the groundwater before the withdrawal and treatment does not contain
such elements and the other good.

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4.2 Mass balance

A Mass Balance equation is used to help determine if your flow and

quality instrumentation is reading properly or requires calibration. If your
instrumentation is not reading correctly, then the performance data
trending that you are collecting is useless. You will need to collect the
following data from an RO system to perform a Mass balance
calculation:
1. Feed Flow (gpm)
2. Permeate Flow (gpm)
3. Concentrate Flow (gpm)
4. Feed Conductivity (μS)
5. Permeate Conductivity (μS)
6. Concentrate Conductivity (μS)

(Feed flow x Feed Conductivity) = (Permeate Flow x Permeate

Conductivity) + (Concentrate Flow*Concentrate Conductivity)
Feed Flow equals Permeate Flow + Concentrate Flow

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