18

r INTRODUCTION
In this chapter,the analysis methods learned in Chap-
ters 16 and 17 are extendedto the coverageof circuits
with combinationsof resistive,inductive,and capaci-
tive elements.Series and parallel RZC circuits, plus
series-parallelcombinations, are studied.
Circuits with both inductance and capacitance
can exhibit the property of resonance,which is impor-

RLCCIRCUITS tant in many types of applications. Resonanceis the

basis for frequency selectivity in communication sys-

AND RESONANCE tems. For example, the ability of a radio or television

receiver to select a certain frequency that is transmit-
ted by a particular station and, at the same time, to
eliminate frequenciesfrom other stations is basedon
PART1: SERIES REACTIVE CIRCUITS the principle of resonance.The conditionsin RIC cir-
1B-1 lmpedanceof SeriesRIC cuits that produce resonanceand the characteristicsof
resonantcircuits are covered in this chapter.
Circuits
In the TECH TIP assignmentin Section 18-10,
1B-2 Analysisof SeriesRIC Circuits you will work with the resonanttuning circuit in the
18-3 SeriesResonance RF amplifier of an AM radio receiver. The tuning cir-
cuit is used to select any desired frequency within the
PART2: PARALLEL REACTIVE CIRCUITS AM band so that a desiredstationcan be tuned in.
18-4 lmpedanceof ParallelRIC
Circuits r COVERAGE
OPTIONS
1B-5 Analysisof ParallelRLCCircuits If you choseto cover all of Chapter 16 and all of
18-6 ParallelResonance Chapter 17, then all of this chapter should be covered
next.
PART3: SERI ES-PARALLELREACTIVE If you choseto cover reactivecircuits in Chap-
ters 16 and ll on the basisof the four major parts,
C I R C U IT S then the appropriatepart of this chapter should be
1B-7 Analysisof Series-Parallel
RtC covered next, followed by the next part in Chapter 16,
Circuits if applicable.

PART4: SP E C IATLOP IC S
18-B Bandwidthof Resonant Circuits
1B-9 Applications
1 B- 1 0 Technology Theoryinto Practice

Electronics
Workbench(EWB)and
PSpiceTutorialsat
prenhall.com/f
http://www. loyd
r TECHnology
I
Theory
Into
Practice

OBfECTIVES
r CHAPTER
PART1; SERIES REACTIVE CIRCUITS PART 3: SERIES.PARALLEL REACTIVE
E Determinethe impedanceof a seriesRIC circuit CIRCUITS
D A n a l y z es e r i e sR L C c i r c u i l s D Analyze series-parallel
RIC circuits
D Analyzea circuit for resonance
PART 4: SPECIAL TOPICS
PART2: PARALLEL REACTIVE CIRCUITS tr Determinethe bandwidthof resonantcircuits
E Determinethe impedanceof a parallel resonant tr Discusssomeapplicationsof resonantcircuits
circuit
D A n a l y z ep a r a l l eR
l L Cc i r c u i t s
D Analvze a circuit for parallel resonance
1 8 - 1 r I M PE D A N COF
E S E R IER
S IC CIRCUITS
A series RLC circuit contains both inductunce and capacitance. Since inductive reac-
tance and capacitive reectance have opposite efficts on the circuit phase angle, the
total reactance is less than either individual resctance.

After completing this section, you should be uble to

I Determine the impedance of a series RLC circuit
. Calculate total reactance
. Determine whether a circuit is predominatelv inductive or capacitive

A seriesRIC circuit is shown in Fisure 18-1. It contains resistance.inductance.and

caoacitance.

F I G U R E1 B - 1 R L C
Serics RLC circuit.
@Fr
-6 1
l_
: :_L

As you know, inductive reactance(X;) causesthe total current to lag the applied
voltage. Capacitivereactance(X6') has the opposite effect: It causesthe current to lead the
voltage. Thus X. and X, tend to offset each other. When they are equal, they cancel, and
the total reactanceis zero. In any case,the magnitude of the total reactancein the series
circuit is

X,o,=lX"-X"l (18-1)
710
 EF S E R I ERSI C C I R C U I T SI
I M P E D A N CO 711

The term IXL - Xcl meansthe absolutevalue of the difference of the two reactances.That
is, the sign of the result is consideredpositive no matter which reactanceis greater.For
example, 3 - 1 = -4, but the absolute value is

lz-ll-+
When X; > X6, the circuit is predominantly inductive, and when Xs > XL, the circuit is
predominantly capacitive.
The total impedancefor the seriesRIC circuit is statedin rectangularform in Equa-
tion (18-2) and in polar form in Equation (18-3).

Z=R+jXr-jXc (18-2)

z = VR' + (xr- Nztun-t(\\ (18-3)

\ R /
^ f I(X,,,/R) is the phaseangle
ln Equation(18-3), VR'+ (&,-X)' is the magnitudeand tan
between the total cunent and the applied voltage.

EXAMPLE 1B-1 Determinethe total impedancein Figure 18-2. Expressit in both rectangularand polar
forms.

F I G U R E1 B - 2 R

C 470pF

I
Solution First, find X6 and X7.

x-' = -L = 3.39ko
pF)
2nfC 2nt100kHzx470
Xr= 2nfL= 2n(I00kHzXlOmH)= 6.28kA
In this case,Xl is greater than X6, and thus the circuit is more inductive than capaci-
tive. The magnitude of the total reactanceis
X,o,=lX|-xsl= l 6 . z st o - 3 . 3 9 k a l = 2 . 8 9k a inductive

The impedancein rectangular form is

z = R + (iXr- jxd= 5 . 6k Q + ( j 6 . 2 8 k O - j 3 . 3 9 k O ) = s . 6 k O + j 2 . 8 9 k O

The impedance in polar form is

Z = \F * x:,zrun'(h \
\ R /
=@ (28 J9\ = e.nzzt.3"ko
ztan-'
\s.6ko/
The calculator sequencefor conversionfrom the rectangularto the polar form is to first
selectpolar on the MODE screen,then

m @a @@ @e @I @@@ @e GFtr]
Related Prohlem Determine Z in polar form if /is increasedto 200 kHz.
712 I R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E

As you have seen,when the inductive reactanceis greater than the capacitivereac-
tance, the circuit appears inductive; so the current lags the applied voltage. when the
capacitive reactanceis greater, the circuit appears capacitive, and the cument leads the
appliedvoltage.

SECTION1B-1 1. In a given seriesRZC circuit, x6. is 150 Q and,xp is 80 o. what is the total reac-
REVIEW tancein ohms?ls it inductiveor capacitive?
2. Determinethe impedancein polar form for the circuit in euestion I when R =
47 Q. what is the magnitude of the impedance?what is the phaseangle?Is the cur-
renl leadingor laggingthe appliedvoltage?

,IB_2I ANALYSIS
OF SERIES
RI.CCIRCUITS
Recall that capacitive reuctance varies inversely with frequency and that inductive
reactance varies directly with frequency. In this section, the combined effects of the
reactances as afunction offrequency are examined.

After completing this section, you shoul.dbe uble to

I Analyze series RZC circuits
. Determine current in a seriesRIC circuit
. Determinethe voltagesin a seriesRIC circuit
. Determinethe phaseangle

Figure l8-3 showsthat for a typical seriesRIC circuit the total reactancebehavesasfol-
lows: starling at a very low frequency,X. is high, and X1 is low, and the circuit is pre-
dominantly capacitive.As the frequency is increased,X. decreasesand Xlincreases until
a value is reachedwhere X. = Xr. andthe two reactancescancel, making the circuit purely
resistive.This condition is series resonanceand will be studiedin Section l8-3. As the
frequency is increased further, X1 becomes greater rhan Xc, and the circuit is predomi-
nantly inductive.Example 18-2 illustrateshow the impedanceand phaseangle changeas
the sourcefrequencyis varied.

Capacitive: Inductive:
xc> xr. Xr> xc

Xr.= Xc

t
Seriesresonance
 A N A L Y S IO SI C C I R C U I T Sr
S F S E R I ER 713

EXAMPLE
1B_2 For each of the following input frequencies,lind the impedance in polar form for the
circuit in Figure 18-4. Note the changein magnitudeand phaseangle with frequency.
(a)f=1v11t (b) f=2kHz (c) kHz (d)./=5 kHz
"f=3.5

F I C U R E1 B - 4

Solution
(a) At/= l kHz,

x, = =J- = i.96 kt)

2nfC 2 n l I k H z t t O . v Lp . t '
X L = 2 n J L = 2 n ( l k H z ) ( 1 0 0m H ) = 6 2 3 I
The circuil is clearly capacitive,and the impedanceis

z = V R\ t(ILet\
lxr- xr,)'z-tan
-
\ R /
=@ z - t a n ' ( J i 1 ! 9 \ = a . o + z - e s k. 8o.
\3.3kO/
(b) At/= 2kHz,

X 'r = =3.98kl)
2rc(2kHz)t0.02 pF)
Xr= 2n(2 kHz)(100mH) = 1.26kO

The circuit is still capacitive,and the impedanceis

,tl2.t2 ka\
z = V G 3 k o ) 2+ 1 1 . 2 k6a - 3 . 9 8k Q ) 2 z - t a n
\33ko/
= 4.281-39.5' kO

(c) At/= 3.5 kHz,

X '. = =l.l7ka
2 n ( 3 . 5k H z X 0 . 0 2s F )
Xt= 2n(3.5kHz)(100mH) = 2.20 kQ
The circuit is very close to being purely resistivebecauseXg and X, are nearly
equal,but is still slightly capacitive.The impedanceis

z= ' z-tun-'l!!Z-!q1
\3.3ko/
= 3.31-1.22"kdl
(d) At/= 5 kH.

| =l.59ko
X' . -
2n(5kHzX0.02pF)
mH) = 3.14kO
Xt= 2n(5kHz)(100
714 T R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E

The circuit is now predominantly inductive. The impedance is

= 3.65225.2' kdl

Notice how the circuit changed from capacitive to inductive as the frequency
increased.The phasecondition changedfrom the current leading to the current lagging
as indicated by the sign of the angle. It is interesting to note that the impedancemag-
nitude decreasedto a minimum approximately equal to the resistanceand then began
increasing again.

Related Problem Determine Z in poTarform for / = 7 Wlz and sketch a graph of

impedancevs. frequency using the values in this example.

In a series RLC circuit, the capacitor voltage and the inductor voltage are always
180' out of phase with each other. For this reason, Vs and V; subtract from eachother,
and thus the voltage acrossl, and C combined is always less than the larger individual
voltage acrosseither element, as illustrated in Figure 18-5 and in the waveform diagran
of Figure 18-6.

F I G U R E1 B - 5
The voltage across the series combination
of C arul L is always less than the larger
indivi.dual voltage.

F I G U R E1 8 - 6
Vg2 is the algebraic sum of V1 and Vs.
Because of the phase relationship, Va and.
V6 effectively subtract.

In the next example, Ohm's law is used to find the current and voltases in the series
RIC circuit.
 A N A L Y S IO
S F S E R I ERST CC I R C U I T S

EXAMPLE
1B_3 Find the cunent and the voltages across each element in Figure 18-7. Express each
quantity in polar form, and draw a complete voltage phasor diagram.

FIGURE1B-7 R

v, LJ.
t0t0" v 2501

60c|

Solution First, find the total impedance.

Z = R + j X r - j X c = 7 5 Q + j 2 5 O - j 6 0 t 2 = ' 7 5O - j 3 5 O

Convert to polar form for conveniencein applying Ohm's law.

z=lP 1P
a y z ,, . - r u n - t ( x ' ' ' \
\ R /

= \,fts oF(3sltF z-an-'(J9\ = "-'"-

82.8t-25"
-- e
\ 7so I
Apply Ohm's law to flnd the current.

r=! = l9tolu . =r2tz25.o"

mA
z 82.81*25" Q
Now, apply Ohm's law to find the voltages acrossR, L, and C.

Vn = IR = (121225.0" mA)(j520" Q) = 9.08125.0' V

Vr = IXr = 021225.0' mA)(25290o Cl) = 3.0321L5" V
Vc = IXc = 021225.0" mA)(601-90' Q) = 7.262-65.0" Y

The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 18-8. The magnitudesrepresentrms val-

ues. Notice that V1 is leading Vp by 90', and V6 is lagging Va by 90'. Also, there is
a 180' phase difference between Vr and Vc. If the current phasor were shown, it
would be at the same angle as Va. The current is leading V", the source voltage, by
25", indicating a capacitive circuit (Xc > X). The phasor diagram is rotated 25" from
its usual position becausethe reference is the source voltage, V", which is oriented
along the x-axis.

F I G U R E1 B - 8 3.03V VR
VL 9.08V

10v
V,

vc
7.26V

Related Problem What will happento the current if the frequency in Figure l8-7 is
increased?
716 r R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E

SECTION1B_2 1. The following voltages occur in a certain seriesRIC circuit. Determine the
REVIEW voltage:Y n = 24130" V. V. - l5ll20" V, and V6 = 451-60" Y.
2. When R = 1.0 kQ, Xc = 1.8 kQ, andXl= 1.2 kf2, does the current lead or lag
applied voltage?
3. Determine the total reactancein Question 2.

1 8 - 3 r S E R IERESONANCE
S
In a series RLC circuit, series resonunce occurs when X6 = Xr. The frequency at
which resonance occars is culled the resonant frequency and is designatedf,.

After completing this section, you shoald he able to

I Analyze a circuit for resonance
. Define resonance
. Determine the impedanceat resonance
. Explain why the reactancescancel at resonance
. Determine the seriesresonantfrequency
. Calculate the current, voltages, and phase angle at resonance

Figure 18-9 illustratesthe seriesresonantcondition.

XC XL

F I C U R E1 B - 9
Seriesresonance,Xs and Xa canceleach other resulting in a purely resistivecircuit.

Resonance is a condition in a seriesRLC circuit in which the capacitive and i

tive reactancesare equal in magnitude; thus, they cancel each other and result in a
resistive impedance. In a series RLC circtit, the total impedance was given in
(18-2) as

Z,=R+JXL_JXC
At resonance,Xr = Xc and the / terms cancel; thus, the impedanceis purely
These resonantconditions are statedin the following equations:

Xt= Xc

Zr= R
 SE S O N A N C E.
S E R I ER 717

EXAMPLE
1B-4 For the seriesRIC circuit in Fieure 18-10. determine X. and Z at resonance.

FIGURE
1B-10

Solution Xr=Xc at the resonantfrequency.Thus, X6 - Xr= 500 O. The impedance

at resonanceis

Z , = R + j X L - j x c = 1 0 0Q + j 5 0 0 O - j 5 0 0 Q = 1 0 0 2 0 ' O

The impedanceis equal to the resistancebecausethe reactancesare equal in magnitude

and therefore cancel.

Related Problem Just below the resonantfrequency,is the circuit more inductive or
more capacitive?

X7 and X. EffectivelyCancel at Resonance

At the series resonant frequency, the voltages across C and L are equal in magnitude
becausethe reactancesare equal and becausethe same current is through both since they
are in series(IXr= 7yr1.Also, V; andV6 are always 180" out of phasewith each other.
During any given cycle, the polarities of the voltages across C and L are opposite,
as shown in parts (a) and (b) of Figure l8*1 l. The equal and oppositevoltagesacrossC
and L cancel,leaving zero volts from pointA to point B as shown.Since there is no volt-
age drop from A to B but there is still current, the total reactancemust be zero, as indi-
cated in part (c). Also, the voltage phasor diagram in part (d) shows that Vg and V1 are
equal in magnitudeand 180' out of phasewith eachother.

H C U R E1 B - 1 1 vc, vt. vc vr
At the resonant frequency, f,, the voltages
acrossC and L are equal in magnitude. VR tu# VR fuv^
Sincethey are 180" out of phase with eqch
other,they cancel, leaving 0 V across the
LC combination (point A to point B). The
ir= f4 {-lF-"unn-i
sectionof the circuit from A to B
v J, v, )"r
ffictively laoks like a short ai resonance.

vL
v^
Atl 1: 4o,=0 B^ f
l< 90'
----0v---- tl--*v"
\
*lf, t /n,"
Y
v
vn=v, VC
(c., (d)
7"IB I R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E

SeriesResonantFrequency
For a given seriesRtC circuit, resonancehappens at only one specific frequency.A for-
mula for this resonantfrequency is developedas follows:
Xt= Xc

Substitute the reactanceformulas.

1
2nf,L=
2nf,c
Then,
s2- r
t,-
4n2LC

Take the squareroot of both sides.The formula for seriesresonantfrequency is

1
t- - (18-6)
2n\/ LC

EXAMPLE 1B-5 Find the seriesresonantfrequencyfor the circuit in Figure 18-12.

F I G U R E1 B - 1 2

Solution The resonantfrequencyis

f,=;h=t;5ffi=318kHz
Related Problem If C = 0.01 prFin Figure l8-I2, what is the resonantfrequency?

SeriesRIC lmpedance
At frequenciesbelow/|, Xc> Xri thus, the circuit is capacitive.At the resonantfrequency,
Xc = Xr, so the circuit is purely resistive.At frequencies above/;, XL > Xc', thus, the cir-
cuit is inductive.
The impedancemagnitude is minimum at resonance(Z = R) and increasestn
above and below the resonantpoint. The graph in Figure 18-13 illustrates how i
changeswith frequency.At zero frequency, both X6' and Z are infinitely large and X;
zero becausethe capacitor looks like an open at 0 Hz and the inductor looks like a short.
As the frequency increases,X6 decreasesand X7 increases.Since X6 is larger thanX1
frequencies below f,, Z deqeases along with Xc. At f,, Xc = Xr and Z = R. At fl
abovefi X; becomesincreasingly larger than Xg, causing Z to increase.
 SE S O N A N C E.
S E R I ER 719

F I G U R E1 8 - 1 3 z(o)
Serics RLC impedanceas a function of
frequency.

EXAMPTE
18_6 For the circuit in Figure 18-14, determine the impedance magnitude at the following
frequencies:
(a) f, (b) 1000 Hzbelow f, (c) 1000 Hz abovef,

FIGURE
1B-14

Solution
(a) At f,, the impedanceis equalto R.
Z = R = 1 0d L
To determinethe impedanceaboveandbelowJ, first calculatethe resonantfrequency.

1=;+-- = 5.03
kHz
zr|v LL 2nV1100mH.1(0.01pF)
(b) At 1000Hz belowf,, the frequencyandreactances
areasfollows:
f =f,- lkHz= 5.03kHz - 1 kHz =4.03kH2
Xr= -L = 3.95kf,
2nfC 2nt4.03kHzx0.0l rrF)
Xr=2nfL=2n(4.03kHz)(100mH) = 2.fikA
Therefore,the impedanceaLf, - 1 kHz is
z=f R'+(xr-xr)=
, @ =L42ka
(c) At f 000 Hz above
f,.
f = 5.03kHz + I kHz = 6.03kllz
X'c = ;
.;=;] - =2.61ktt
2n16.03 kHzXO.0lpF;
Xr= 2n(6.03kHz)(100mH) = 3.79kA
Therefore,the impedanceatf, + 1 kHz is
z =Y 00 Q)2+ (3.79ka - 2.64ko)2 = 1.15kO
720 r AND RESONANCE
RIC CIRCUITS

In part (b) Z is capacitive, and in part (c) Z is inductive.

Related Problem What happensto the impedancemagnitude iflis decreased

4.03 kJlz? Above 6.03 kHz?

Currentand Voltagesin a SeriesRIC Circuit

At the seriesresonantfrequency,the current is maximum (I** = %/R). Above and
resonance, the current decreasesbecause the impedance increases.A response
showing the plot of current versus frequency is shown in Figure 18-15(a).

(b) Resistor voltage

(c) Capacitor voltage (d) Inductor voltage

F I G U R E1 B - 1 5
Current and voltage magnitudesas a function of frequency in a seriesRLC circuit. Vs
Va ca.nbe much larger than the sourcevoltage.

The resistor voltage, Va, follows the current and is maximum (equal to %) at
nanceand zeroatf = 0 and atl= F, as shown in Figure 18-15(b). The general
the V6 and Vl curves are indicated in Figure 18-15(c) and (d). Notice that V, = l/,
f = 0, because the capacitor appears open. Also notice that V1 approachesV"
approachesinfinity, becausethe inductor appearsopen.
The voltages are maximum at resonancebut drop off above and belowf,. The
ages acrossL and C at resonanceare exactly equal in magnitude but 180o out of
so they cancel. Thus, the total voltage acrossboth L and C is zero, and Va = V, al
nance,as indicatedin Figure l8-16. Individually, VTandV6car be much greater
source voltage, as you will see later. Keep in mind that V7 and V6 are always
polarity regardlessof the frequency,but only at resonanceare their magnitudes
 SE S O N A N C E.
S E R I ER 721

F I G U R E1 B - 1 6
SeriesRLC circuit at
resona,nce.

Vn= vt

EXAMPLE
1B-7 Find 1, Vp, V6 and Vc'at resonancein Figure 18-17. The resonantvaluesof X1 andX6
are shown.

F I G U R E1 B - 1 7

Solution At resonance,1is maximum and equal to V,IR

5ov,=22.7mA
t=L=
R 2.2k4

Apply Ohm's law to obtain the following voltage magnitudes:

Vn = IR = (22,7 mA)(22 kQ) = 59 Y

Vt= IXr= (22.7mAX1.0 kQ) = 22.7Y
Vc= IXc= (22;7mA)(l.0 kfJ) =22,'7 Y

Notice that all of the source voltage is dropped acrossthe resistor.Also, of course, V;
andVs are equal in magnitude but opposite in phase.This causesthesevoltagesto can-
cel, making the total reactive voltage zero.

Related Problem What is the current at resonancein Figure 18-17 if Xy = f,, =

1.0ko?

The PhaseAngleof a SeriesRIC Circuit

At frequencies below resonance,Xc ) Xt, and the current leads the source voltage, as
indicated in Figure 18-18(a). The phase angle decreasesas the frequency approachesthe
resonantvalue and is 0o at resonance,as indicated in part (b). At frequencies above reso-
nance,Xy> Xg, ard the current lags the sourcevoltage, as indicated in part (c). As the fre-
quency goes higher, the phase angle approaches90o. A plot of phase angle versus fre-
quency is shown in part (d) of the figure.
722 T RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE

(a) Below/), 1leads I{. (b) Att, 1is in phasewith I{ (c) Above/),1lags I{

90" (Ilags I{)

-90' (1 leads V")

xc> Xr Xt> xc
Capacitive: Inductive:
1 leadsI{ 1 lagsI{
(d) Phaseangle versus frequency.

FIGURE 1B-18
The phase angle as a function offrequency in a seriesRLC circuit.

SECTION 18-3 1. Whatis theconditionfor seriesresonance?

REVIEW 2. Why is thecurrentmaximumar rheresonantfrequency?
3. Calculaterheresonantfrequency for C = 1000pF andL = 1000pH.
4. In Question3, is thecircuitinductiveor capacitive
at 50 kHz?

I Coverage ofparallel reactive circuits begins in Chapter 16, part 2, on page 611,
18-4T IMPEDANCE
OF PARALLET
RI.CCIRCUITS
In this section, you will learn how to determine the impedance and phase angle of a
parallel RLC circuit, Also, conduct&nce,sasceptance,and admittunce of a parallel
RLC circait ure covered.

After completing this section, you should be able to

I Determine the impedance of a parallel resonant circuit
. Calculate the conductance,susceptance,and admittance
. Determine whether a circuit is predominately inductive or capacitive

Figure 18-19 shows a parallel RLC cncuit. The total impedance can be calculated
using the reciprocal of the sum-of-reciprocals method, just as was done for circuits
with resistors in oarallel.
i 1 1 1
T - T -
z Rzj' xLzgjo xcl-90"

z- 1 1 1
(18-7)
- T
T -
Rlj" xLz90" xcl-90'

FIGURE 18-19
Paralkl RLC circuit.

723
724 T RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE

EXAMPLE 18-B Find Z in polar form in Figure 18-20.

F I C U R E1 B - 2 0

Solution Usethe sum-of-reciprocals

formula.
l = 1 I 1 1 1
* *- - '- *,
z Rzo'' xLzgT. xrz-W 10020.
o 100290.
o n^
Apply the rule for divisionof polar numbers.
I
1020" mS + 10.Z-90omS + 20290' mS
i=
Recallthat the signof the denominatoranglechangeswhendividing.
Next, converteachterm to its rectangularequivalentand combine.

j = tO mS-710 mS +720mS= 10mS+/10 mS

z
Take the reciprocal to obtain Z and then convert to polar form.

|
Z=
10mS+ jlO mS
\410,ns)jl (10-$zztun-'l19 t! )
\l0mS/
= --+ ^ = 7 0 , 7 1 - 4 5A
'
14.14245"
mS
The negative angle shows that the circuit is capacitive. This may surprise you, since
xz > xc.However, in a parallel circuit, the smaller quantity has the greater effect on
the total current. Similar to the case of resistancesin parallel, the smaller reactance
draws more current and has the greater effect on the total Z.
In this circuit, the total current leads the total voltage by a phase angle of 45o,
Related Problem If the ftequency in Figure 18-20 increases,does the impedance
increaseor decrease?

Conductance,Susceptance/
and Admittance
The conceptsofconductance (G), capacitive susceptance(86,),inductive susceptance
and admittance (Y) were discussed in chapters 16 and 17, The phasor formulas
restatedhere.

c; !'.eio'
n2oe
 EF P A R A L L ERLt C C I R C U I T SI
I M P E D A N CO 725

I
Br' = ;;--;- = Bt l-90" = -jBt (18-10)
xLl90'

1
(18-11)
"=zfr=Yl+o=G+jBc-jBr
As you know, the unit of each of these quantities is the siemens (S).

1B-e
EXAMPLE totar
susceptance'
and
lff'#n:n"rffifi',#;ii?flliffi,ll'li#ill;#*::l'"
F I G U R E1 B - 2 . I

Solution = = 1ooZo.mS
" # ** n=
B,= = mS
r0z+0"a= 100290"
nh

"r= nh=* "=Zooz-eo'ms

Y,o,= G + jBc - jBL = 100 mS +7100 mS - j200 mS
-
= 100 mS 1100mS = 141.41-45o mS

From Y,or, you can determine2,o,.

2.,= -l_ = , ., .: - =7.072-45'o

Y,o, r4l.4Z-45"mS
Related Problem Is the circuit in Figure 18-21 predominately inductive or predom-
inatelv caoacitive?

SECTION1B-4 1. In a certain parallel RLC circfit, the capacitive reactanceis 60 Q, and the inductive
REVIEW reactanceis 100 O. Is the circuit predominantly capacitive or inductive?
) Determine the admittanceof a parallel circuit in which R = 1.0 k{r, Xc = 500 Q, and
Xr= l.2k{1.
3. In Question 2, what is the impedance?
726 I R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E

18-5 r ANALYSIS
OF PARAIIELRIC CIRCUITS
As you have seen, the smaller reactunce in a parallel circuit dominqtes becuuseit
results in the larger brunch current. In this section, you will exqmine current rela-
tionships in parallel circuits,

After completing this section, you should be able to

I Analyze parallel RLC circuits
. Explain how the cuffents are related in terms of phase
. Calculate impedance,currents, and voltages

Recall that capacitive reactancevaries inversely with frequency and that inductive reac-
tance varies directly with frequency. In a parallel RZC circuit at low frequencies,the
inductive reactanceis less than the capacitive reactance;therefore, the circuit is inductive,
As the frequency is increased,X1 increases and Xs decreasesuntil a value is reached
where Xz = Xc. This is the point of parallel resonance.As the frequency is increased
ther, Xg becomes smaller than X7, and the circuit becomescapacitive.

CurrentRelationships
In a parallel RIC circuit, the current in the capacitivebranch and the current in the induc-
tive branch are always 180' out of phasewith each other (neglecting any coil resistance),
BecauseIs and 11 add algebraically, the total current is actually the difference in their
magnitudes.Thus, the total current into the parallel branches of L and C is alwaysless
than the largest individual branch current, as illustrated in Figure 18-22 and in the wave-
form diagram ofFigure 18-23. Ofcourse, the current in the resistive branch is always900
out of phase with both reactive cuffents, as shown in the current phasor diagram of Fig-
ure 18-24.

F I G U R E1 B - 2 2
The total current into the parallel
combinatinn of C and L is the dffirence
of the two branch currents.

F I G U R E1 B - 2 3
Ig and Ia effectivelysubtract.
 RTCCIRCUITST 727
OF PARALLEL
ANALYSIS

F I C U R E1 B - 2 4
Typicalcurrent phasor diagramfor a
parallel RLC circuit.

The total current can be expressedas

4o,=f lto+ gr: Irf zatt(*) (18-12)

where Is; is 16 - [, the total current into the L and C branches.

EXAMPLE 1B-10 Find eachbranch cuffent and the total current in Figure

F I C U R E1 B - 2 5

AC

so

Solution Use Ohm's law to find each branch current in phasor form.

^ -= lt
'r^ - 5lo' v = 2.27zo"A.
R 2.2lo"e
5zo"v =ll9tJ"A
f - =- V ' -
" x- 5z-90" t)
V. - slo'v = o . S Z - 9 0 "A
l ," =
xL 10290"t)
The total cuffentis the phasorsumof the branchcurrents.By Kirchhoff's law,
lror=ln+I.+I.
= 2.2'7 /0' A + ll90' A + 0.52.-90"A
= 2 . 2 1A + 7 1 A - j 0 . 5 A = 2 . 2 1A + j 0 . 5 A
Converlingto polar form yields

1', = { I'o* \1, - I "rl' z,un t( \\

\1ol
= \,'? 2 7At'+ ( 0i Af zr an' ( 9iI\=2.32tr 2.4"A
\ 2 . 2 1A J
The total cunent is2.324 leading V,by 12.4".Figure l8-26 is the currentphasordia-
sram for the circuit.
728 I RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE

F I G U R E1 B - 2 6
Ic Ir

Related Prohlem Will total current increase or decreaseif the frequency in Figure
18-25 is increased?

sEcTtoN
1B-s 1. In a three-branchparallel circuit. R = 150 f). X. = 100 Q, and X1= 50 O.
REVIEW mine the current in eachbranchwhen V" = l2Y.
2, The impedanceof a parallel RIC circuit is 2.81*38.9" kQ. Is the circuit capaci
or inductive?

18-6 T PARALLEL
RESONANCE
In this section, we will first look at the resonant condition in an ideal parallel LC
cuit, Then, we will examine the more reslistit cuse where the resistunce of the coil
tqken into account.

ffter completing this section, you should be able to

I Analyze a circuit for parallel resonance
. Describe parallel resonancein an ideal circuit
. Describe parallel resonancein a nonideal circuit
. Explain how impedancevaries with frequency
. Determine current and phase angle at resonance
. Determine parallel resonantfrequency

Conditionfor ldealParallelResonance
Ideally, parallel resonanceoccurs when Xc = Xr.The frequency at which
occurs is called the resonantfrequency, }ust as in the seriescase.When X6 - X7, the
branch currents, 16 and 17, are eqtaTin magnitude, and, of course, they are always1
out of phase with each other. Thus, the two currents cancel and the total current is
as shown in Figure 18-27.
Since the total current is zero, the impedance of the parallel lC circuit is
targe (*). These ideal resonantconditions are stated as follows:

XL= Xc
Zr= *

The ldealParallelResonantFrequency
For an ideal (no resistance)parallel resonant circuit, the frequency at which
occurs is determined by the same formula as in seriesresonantcircuits; that is,

{_ r
t'-
2n\,Ec
 RESONANCE.
PARALLEL 729

IC

.
I
f---+v
I
IL

(a) Parallelcircuit at resonance (b) Current phasors (c) Current waveforms

(xc=xL,z=-)

TIGURE 1B-27
Ani.ilealparallel LC circuit at resonance.

TankCircuit
The parallel resonantLC circuit is often called a tank circuit. The term tank circuit rcfers
to the fact that the parallel resonantcircuit stores energy in the magnetic fleld of the coil
and in the electric field of the capacitor. The stored energy is transfemedback and forth
between the capacitor and the coil on alternate half-cycles as the current goes first one
way and then the other when the inductor deenergizesand the capacitor charges,and vice
versa.This conceptis illustratedin Figure 18*28.

(a) The coil deenergizesas (b) The capacitor discharges

the capacitor charges. as the coil energizes.

F I G U R E1 B - 2 8
Energy storage in an ideal parallel resonant tank circuit.

Variationof the lmpedancewith Frequency

Ideally, the impedanceof a parallel resonantcircuit is infinite. In practice, the impedance
is maximum at the resonantfrequency and decreasesat lower and higher frequencies,as
indicated by the curve in Figure 18-29.
At very low frequencres,X7 is very small and X6 is very high, so the total imped-
ance is essentially equal to that of the inductive branch. As the frequency goes up, the
impedance also increases,and the inductive reactancedominates (becauseit is less than
X6') until the resonantfrequency is reached.At this point, of course,X1= Xg (for O > 10)
and the impedanceis at its maximum. As the frequency goes aboveresonance,the capac-
itive reactancedominates (becauseit is less than X) and the impedance decreases.
730 . RLCCIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE

Xr<Xc + fl- Xc<Xr -

F I G U R E1 B - 2 9
Generalizedimpedancecumefor a parallel resonantcircuit, The circuit is inductivebelowfn
resistiveat f, and capacitiveabovef,.

Currentand PhaseAngleat Resonance

In the ideal tank circuit, the total current from the source at resonanceis zero becausethe
impedanceis infinite. In the nonideal casewhen the coil resistanceis considered,thereis
some total current at the resonantfrequency,and it is determinedby the impedanceat res-
onance.

Ltr=2 (18-13)

The phase angle of the parallel resonant circuit is 0o because the impedanceis
purely resistive at the resonantfrequency.

Effectof Coil Resistance

on the ParallelResonantFrequency
when the coil resistanceis considered,the resonantcondition can be expressedas

znr.r(Q't- | \= I
\ O. J 2nf,C
where Q is the quality factor of the coil, Xy'Rw.Solving for f,in terms of e yields

f'=#tf (1B-14)

When Q > 10, the term with the Q factors is approximately 1

Therefore, the parallel resonant frequency is approximately the same as the seriesreso-
nant frequency as long as Q is equal to or greater than 10.

f,=# forQ)10
 RESONANCEI
PARALLEL 731

A precise expressionforf, in terms of the circuit component values is

-
" \/T @TctL)
ft=----------- (1B-1s)
2nYLC

This preciseformula is seldomnecessaryand the simpler equationf, = lDnf rc is

sufficientfor most practical situations.A derivationof Equation(18-15) is given in
AppendixC.

EXAMPLE 1B-1 1 Find the precise frequency and the value of Q at resonancefor the circuit in Figure
I 8-30.

F I C U R E1 B - 3 0

v, L

10v 0.05pF

Solution Use Equation (18-15) to flnd the frequency.

" lT-TiloL, @..

- - - - - - . - J n t t z

zt/rC znf e3S pF)(0.1H)

To calculatethe quality factor,Q, first find X1.
H) = 1.41kO
Xy=2nf,L=2n(2.25kHz)(0.1

0 =Rw
+ = 4100
€ o= t 4 . t
Note that since Q > 10, the approximate formula, /| = ll2tFfC, can be used.

Related Prohlem For a smaller R1a,will/| be less than or greater than 2.25 kIIz?

sEcTtoN18-6 1. Is the impedanceminimum or maximum at parallel resonance?

REVIEW 2. Is the cuffent minimum or maximum at parallel resonance?
3. For ideal parallel resonance,assumeXr = 1500 fl. What is X6?
4. A parallel tank circuit has the following values:Rw = 4 {1, L = 50 mH, and C =
l0 pF. Calculate/).
5. If Q = 25, L = 50 rnH, and C = 1000 pF, what isf,?
6. ln Question5. if Q = 2.5, what is f,?

I Coverageof series-parallel resctive circuits begins in Chapter 16, Part 3, on page 620.
"18.7I ANATYSIS
OF SERIES.PARALLEL
RI.CCIRCUITS
In this section, series and parallel combinations of R, L, and C elements are analyzed
in specific examples.Also, conversion of a series-parallel circuit to an eqaivalent par-
allel circuit is covered and resonance in u nonideal parallel circuit is considered.

After completing this section, you should be uble to

I Analyze series-parallel RLC circuits
. Determine currents and voltages
. Convert a series-parallelcircuit to an equivalent parallel form
. Analyze nonideal (with coil resistance)parallel circuits for parallel resonance
. Examine the effect of a resistive load on a tank circuit

The following two examples illustrate an approach to the analysis of circuits with both
series and parallel combinations of resistance,inductance, and capacitance.

In Figure 18-31, find the voltage acrossthe capacitor in polar form. Is this circuit pre-
dominantly inductive or capacitive?

732
 ANALYSIS RtC CIRCUITSI
OF SERIES-PARALLEL 733

Solution Use the voltage-divider formula in this analysis. The impedance of the
seriescombination of R1 and Xt is called Zy In rcctangular form,
Zt = Rt-r jXr= 1000O + j500 O

Converting to polar form yields

zr=f4xlztun-'(*\
"
\R'/
=@ z L a n - t ( - Q - 9 _ ) = l l l s / 2 6 . 6 "Q
\ r uuu
rrl
The impedanceof the parallel combination of R2 and X6' is called 22. In polar form,

Z', = ( - \z-,unt/&\
\ V n 3 +x ? ) \xcl
= [@17-,u,,-r/looo a\= 44it-63.4"
!)
LVtroooQ)2+ (sooQ)2| \ sooa /
Converting to rectangular form yields
Zz.=Zzcos0+jZ2sin0
= 447 cos(-63.4") + j447 sin(*63.4") = 200 f) - j400 O

The total impedance Z,o, in recrangularform is

Z,o,= Zr * 22= (1000O + j500 O) + (200 O -i400 Q) = 1200O +7100 Q

Converting to polar form yields

z,o,= ffi ( l!4!\ = no+z+

ztun-' t o"a
\1200o/
Now apply the voltage-divider formula to get V6.

Z, { L \ - ^ . ^ ^- - =
v '- = ( W.- = ( 4 4 7 2 - 6 3 ' 4 Y 18'61-68'2'V
\z,o,l \120414.76. A)5010"
Therefore,V6'is 18.6V and lags V,by 68.2".
The { term in 2,o,, or the positive angle in its polar form, indicates that the cir-
cuit is more inductive than capacitive. However, it is just slightly more inductive,
becausethe angle is small. This result may surpriseyou, becauseXc=XL = 500 Q.
However, the capacitor is in parallel with a resistor, so the capacitor actually has less
effect on the total impedance than does the inductor. Figure 18-32 shows the phasor
relationship of V6, and V". Although Xc = Xr, this circuit is not at resonance,because
theTterm of the total impedanceis not zero due to the parallel combination of R2 andXs.
You can see this by noting that the phase angle associatedwith Z,o, is 4.76' and not
zeto.

F I C U R E1 B - 3 2

Related Problem Determine the voltage across the capacitor in polar form if R1 is
increasedto 2.2 kQ.
734 I RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE

EXAMPLE
1B-13 For the reactive circuit in Figure 18-33, find the voltage at point B with respect to
ground.

F I C U R E1 B - 3 3 ^c2

\ I Output
3020" y
l

Solution The voltage (Vu) at point B is the voltage acrossthe open output terminals.
Use the voltage-divider approach.To do so, you must know the voltage (Va) at point A
first; so you need to find the impedancefrom pointA to ground as a starting point.
The parallel combination of Xa and R2 is in serieswith X62. This combination is
in parallel with R,. Call this impedance from point A to ground, Zo. To find Za,
take the following steps.The impedance of the parallel combination of R2 and X1 is
called 21.

Z ,= (

=(

Next, combine 21 in serieswith Xn to get an impedance22.

Zz=Xcz]- Zr
= lZ-90" Q + 4.24258oC)= -/l e + 2.25 e +73.6 e
= 2.25 {l + j2.6 A

Converting to polar form yields

zr=f e.z5et\ e5 ttt't ^-'(249-\= 3.44249.t"

t>
\ 2 . 2 5Q I
Finally,combine22 andR1 in parallelto getZ*

"^=#t 34.4149.1" 344249f

= _ )z'
= 7 \t .rz-r
/ 7 . 7t 'tt o sz
o
lLr5 + ps lLszlLo'
The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 18-34.

F I G U R E1 B - 3 4

V,
3020" v
2.'.75t37.r.
A
 ANALYSIS RtC CIRCUITS I
OF SERIES-PARALLEL 735

Next, use the voltage-divider principle to find the voltage (Va) at point A in Fig-
ure 18-33. The total impedanceis

Z r o r = X 6 1I Z 4
= 2 2 - 9 0 " Q + 2 . 1 5 2 3 1 . 1 'f ) = - i 2 Q + 2 . 1 9A + i 1 . 6 6f 2
= 2 . 1 9O - j 0 . 3 4 0 O

Converting to polar form yields

z,o,= @ 0'3a0o
ztan-r/ 1= 2.221-8.82"
e
\ z . r sr , l - " " "
The voltageat point A is

v^^ = ( !o\v,=(''l:<'l l: ?\;ozo'

- - ' y = 3i.2t45.e"
y
\2,^ I O
\2.22t-8.82" /-
Next, flnd the voltage (Vu) at point B by dividing Va down, as indicated in Figure
18-35. V6 is the open terminal output voltage.

( 4'24ts8' Q \1'j
v ,- = ( Z t \ v ^ -= ' 2 / 4 5 ' e " Y = 4 5 ' 9 2 5 4 ' 8 "Y
\2,1 \zt+z+or a)37
Surprisingly, V1 is greater than V", and Vs is greater than Va! This result is possible
becauseof the out-of-phase relationship of the reactive voltages. Remember that X6
and Xy tend to cancel each other.

FIGURE
1B-35
^c2
z2

Related Problem What is the voltage in polar form across C, in Figure 18-33?

Conversionof Series-Parallel
to Parallel
The particular series-parallelconliguration shown in Figure 18-36 is important becauseit
representsa circuit having parallel L and C branches,with the winding resistanceof the
coil taken into account as a seriesresistancein the l, branch.
It is helpful to view the series-parallel circuit in Figure 18-36 in an equivalent
parallel form, as indicatedin Figure 18-37.

FIGURE 18_36 F I G U R E1 B - 3 7
A series-parallelRLC circuit Parallel equivalentform of the
(Q = XJRil. circuit in Figure 18-36,
736 I R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E

The equivalent inductance, L.r, and the equivalent parallel resistance,Rp1"qy,

0r0
given by the following formulas:

1."=L(+) (18-16)

Rp("q)=R*(Qz+1) ('tB-17)

where Q is the quality factor of the coil, XLlRw. Derivations of these formulas are quite
involved and thus are not given here. Notice in the equationsthat for a Q > 10, the value
of Z"n is approximately the same as the original value of Z. For example, if L = 10 mH,
then

L"o= 10*n(4_*1)= l0 mH(l.01)= 19.1-"

\ 1 0 ' t
The equivalencyof the two circuits meansthat at a given frequency,when the same
value of voltage is applied to both circuits, the same total current is in both circuits and
the phaseanglesare the same.Basically, an equivalentcircuit simply makes circuit analy-
sis more convenient.

EXAMPLE 18-14 Convert the series-parallelcircuit in Figure 18-38 to an equivalent parallel form at the
given frequency.

F I G U R E1 B - 3 8

Solution Determine the inductive reactance.

X r = 2 n J L = 2 n ( 1 5 . 9 k H z ) ( 5m H ) = 5 g g I
The Q of the coil is

o^ =x ;, : =5 0f0foi = 2 0
SinceQ > 10, thenL.r= L= 5 mH.
The equivalent parallel resistanceis

Rp("q)= Rw(Q2+ l) = (25 f))(202 + 1) = 1g.g L9

This equivalent resistanceappearsin parallel with R1 as shown in Figure l8-39(a).
When combined, they give a total parallel resistance(Rprtott)of 3.2 ko-, as indicatedin
Figure 18-39(b).
 RI.CCIRCUITSI
OF SERIES-PARALLEL
ANALYSIS 737

,Parallel equivalent
7 ofinductive branch
/ in Figure 18-38

0.02pF C
0.02pF

(a) Parallel equivalent of the circuit in Figure 18-38 (b) Ro,ru=R1ll Roleqy
= 3.2kc)

FIGURE1B-39

Related Problem Find the equivalent parallel if Rw = 10 Q in Figure

Conditionsin a NonidealCircuit
ParallelResonant
The resonanceof an ideal parallel LC circlit was examined in Section 18-6. Now, let's
consider resonancein a tank circuit with the resistanceof the coil taken into account. Fig-
ure 18-40 shows a nonideal tank circuit and its parallel RIC equivalent.

1a)Nonideal tank circuit (b) Para1lelRZC equivalent

F I G U R E1 B - 4 0
A practical treatmentof parallel resonantcircuits must include the coil resistance,

Recall that the quality facror, Q, of the circuit at resonanceis simply the Q of the
coil.

o=xt
Rw

The expressionsfor the equivalent inductance and the equivalent parallel resistancewere
givenin Equations(18-16) and (18-17) as

'",='(%))
R p ( " q ) =R * ( Q 2 + l )

F o r Q > 1 0 ,L . r = L .
738 I RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE

At parallel resonarce,

Xzt"q)= Xc
In the parallel equivalent circuit, Ro1"4is in parallel with an ideal coil and a capaci
tor, so the 1- and C branches act as an ideal tank circuit which has an infinite imped-
ance at resonance as shown in Figure 18-41. Therefore, the total impedance of the
nonideal tank circuit at resonance can be expressedas simply the equivalent parallel
resistance.

Z,= Rw(Qz+ L) (1B-18)

A derivationof Equation(18-18) is given in Appendix C.

r+ Rw(Qz+ 1)

F I G U R E1 B - 4 1
At resonance,the parallel LC portion appearsopen and the sourceseesonly Ropo;,.

1B-15 Determine the impedance of the circuit in Figure 1842 at the resonant frequency
EXAMPLE
(f, = 17,794 Hz).

F I G U R E1 B - 4 2

C
0 . 0 1p F

Solution Beforeyou cancalculatethe impedanceusingEquation(18-18),you must

find the quality factor.To getQ, first find the inductivereactance.
Xr=2nf,L=2n(I'1,794Hz)(8mH) = 894O

0 =R+w= t5l0=Oo=l n . e
+ 1) = 59 Q(I7.92+ 1) = 16.1191
Z,= Rw(Q2
RelatedProblem DetermineZ,for R* = 10 fl.
 RIC CIRCUITST 739
OF SERIES_PARALLEL
ANALYSIS

Affectsa TankCircuit
An ExternalParallelLoadResistance
There are many practical situations in which an external load resistanceappearsin paral-
lel with a tank circuit as shown in Figure 18-43(a). Obviously, the external resistor (R1)
will dissipatea portion of the power delivered by the source and thus will lower the over-
all Q of the circuit. The external resistor effectively appearsin parallel with the equiva-
lent parallel resistanceof the coil, Rp1e4,and both are combined to determine a total par-
allel resistance,Rp1nt1, as indicatedin Figure 18-43(b).
Rpgot)= Rr ll Rp("q)

R.*

FIGURE 1B-43
Tankcircuit with a parallel load resistor and its equivalent circuit.

The overall Q, designatedQo, lor a parallelRLC circuit is expresseddifferentlv

from the Q of a seriescircuit.

R',-,,
Qo= =7 (18-1e)
xLeqr

As you can see,the effect of loading the tank circuit is to reduce its overall O (which is
equal to the coil Q when unloaded).

SECT|ON18-7 1. A certain resonantcircuit has a i0 pH inductor with a 20 Q winding resistancein

REVIEW parallel with a 0.22 prFcapacitor.If Q = 3, detetmine the parallel equivalent of this
circuit.
) Find the equivalentparallel inductanceand resistancefor a 20 mH coil with a wind-
ing resistanceof 10 Q at a frequency of 1 kHz.

I Coverageof special topics begins in Chapter 16, Part 4, on page 626.

739
18_BT BANDWIDTHOF RESONANT
CIRCUITS
As you have learned, the current in a seriesRLC is muximum at the resonantfrequency
becuusethe resctences cancel and the current in a parallel RLC is minimum at the res-
onantfrequency becausethe inductive and capacitive currents cuncel. In this section,
you will seehow this circuit behavior relates to u churacteristic called bundwidth.

\fter completing this section, you should be qble to

I Determine the bandwidth of resonant circuits
. Discuss the bandwidth of seriesand parallel resonantcircuits
. State the formula for bandwidth
. Define half-power
frequency
. Define selectivity
. Explain how the Q affects the bandwidth

SeriesResonant
Circuits
The current in a seriesRIC circuit is maximum at the resonantfrequency(alsoknown ascen-
terfrequency) and drops off on either side of this frequency.Bandwidth, sometimesabbrevi-
atedBW is an important characteristicof a resonantcircuit. The bandwidth is the rangeof
frequenciesfor which the current is equal to or greaterthan70.7% of its resonantvalue.
Figure 18-44 illustrates bandwidth on the responsecurye of a series RLC circuit.
Notice that the frequencyfi belowf, is the point at which the current is 0.7011** and.is

FIGURE18-44 I
Bandwi.dthon seriesresonantresponsecurvefor L I^o,
o.7o'71_*

hf,fz
Bandwidth

740
 T I R C U I T S.
B A N D W I D T HO F R E S O N A NC 741

commonly called the lower critical frequency. The frequencyf2 abovef,, where the cur-
rent is again 0.7071*o,, is the upper critical frequency. Other names for f1 and f2 are
-3 dB frequencies, cutofffrequencies, and half-power frequencies.The signiflcanceof the
latter term is discussedlater in the chapter.

EXAMPTE 1B-1 6 A certain seriesresonantcircuit has a maximum current of 100 mA at the resonantfre-
quency.What is the value of the current at the critical frequencies?

Solution Current at the critical frequenciesis 10.7% of maximum.

11= I7z= 0.7071*o,= 0'707(100mA) = 70'7 mA

Related Problem A certain seriesresonantcircuit has a current of 25 mA at the crit-

ical frequencies.What is the current at resonance?

ParallelResonant
Circuits
For a parallel resonant circuit, the impedance is maximum at the resonant frequency;
so the total current is minimum. The bandwidth can be defined in relation to the
impedance curve in the same manner that the current curr'/ewas used in the series cir-
cuit. Of course,/f is the frequency at which Z is maximum; i is the lower critical fre-
quency at which Z = 0.10'72**; and /2 is the upper critical frequency at which again
Z = 0.'7012-*. The bandwidth is the range of frequenciesbetweenfi andl2, as shown
in Figure 18-45.

Z,o,
Z^o"
0.70'72*o"

fi .f, fz

F I G U R E1 B - 4 5
Bandwidthof the parallel resonantresponsecurvefor 2,o,,

Formulafor Bandwidth
The bandwidth for either series or parallel resonant circuits is the range of frequencies
between the critical frequenciesfor which the responsecurve (1 or Q is 0.'701of the max-
imum value. Thus, the bandwidth is actually the difference betweenf2 andf1.

B W= f z * f t (1B-20)

Ideally,/) is the centerfrequencyandcanbe calculatedasfollows:

t t t
| _JtTJ2
Jr -
(1B-21)
2
742 I RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE

EXAMPTE 18-17 A resonant circuit has a lower critical frequency of 8 kHz and an upper critical fre-
quency of 12 kHz. Determine the bandwidth and center (resonant)frequency.

Solution BW=fz-fi= 12 kHz - 8 kHz= 4kHz

J, = frlL - 12wrzj 8 krrz = lo kHz

2 2
Related Problem If the bandwidth of a resonantcircuit is 2.5 kHz and its center fre-
quency is 8 kHz, what are the lower and upper critical frequencies?

Half-PowerFrequencies
As previously mentioned, the upper and lower critical frequencies are sometimescalled
the half-power frequencies. This term is derived from the fact that the power from the
source at these frequenciesis one-half the power delivered at the resonantfrequency.The
following steps show that this is true for a seriescircuit. The same end result also applies
to a parallel circuit. At resonance,

P^*= I2^*R
The power at f1 or f2 is
p = I 2nR= (03 0i I **)z R = (0.'7Oi I2** R = 0.5I2*",R = 0.5p
1 )2 **

Selectivity
The responsecurves in Figures 1844 and 18-45 are also called selectivity curves. Selec-
tivity deflnes how well a resonant circuit responds to a certain frequency and discrimi-
nates against all others. The narrower the bandwidth, the greater the selectivity.
We normally assume that a resonant circuit accepts frequencies within its band-
width and completely eliminates frequenciesoutside the bandwidth. Such is not actually
the case, however, becausesignals with frequencies outside the bandwidth are not com-
pletely eliminated. Their magnitudes, however, are greatly reduced. The further the fre-
quencies are from the critical frequencies, the greater is the reduction, as illustrated in
Figure 18-46(a).An ideal selectivitycurve is shown in Figure 18-46(b).

Amplitude

Frequenciesbetween/, and/,
are passedthrough the filter with
amplitudesno lessthan 10.7Voof
maximum.

Frequenciesoutside passband
are reduced to less than7}.1%o
of ma-rimum and are considered
to be rejected.

;;F Passband
(a) Actual (b) Ideal

.I
FIGURE 8_46
Generalizedselectivitycurve of a band-passfilten
 CIRCUITS.
BANDWIDTHOF RESONANT 743

As you can see in Figure 1846, another factor that influences selectivity is the
sharpnessof the slopes of the curve. The faster the curve drops off at the critical fre-
quencies, the more selective the circuit is because it responds only to the frequencies
within the bandwidth. Figure 18-47 shows a general comparison of three responsecurves
with varying degreesof selectivity.

Amplitude

Medium seloctivity

Least selectivity

BW3

F I G U R E1 B _ 4 7
Comparativeselectivitycumes,

Q AffectsBandwidth
A higher value of circuit Q results in a narrower bandwidth. A lower value of Q causesa
wider bandwidth. A formula for the bandwidth of a resonantcircuit in terms of Q is stated
in the following equation:

t*=* (18-22)

EXAMPLE1B-18 Whatis thebandwidthof eachcircuitin Figure18-48?

F I C U R E1 8 - 4 8

0.005,uF
744 I R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E

Solution For the circuit in Figure 18-4S(a), the bandwidth is found as follows:

I
= 1.59MHz
2nY LC 2nY (200pHX50pF)
o
= = LR= 2 lkooo= 2 o o
l ' 5 9 M H z- ^ - ' l
nw=L = 7'95kHz
a= zoo
For the circuit in Figure 18-48(b),
-@c/L)
" fT = 225 kllz
zns/rc znfz?o-nXooos,O
x,- 1.41ko
Y- R - rooo
rl -

Bw=+="#= r.6o
kHz
Relatedproit"- ChangeC in Figure18-48(a)to 1000pF anddererminethe band-
width.

SECTION1B-B 1. What is the bandwidthwhen/2 = 2.2MHz andf, = 1.8 MHz?

REVIEW 2. For a resonantcircuit with the critical frequenciesin Question 1, what is the center
frequency?
3. The power at resonanceis 1.8 W. What is the power at the upper critical frequency?
4. Does a larger Q meat a narrower or a wider bandwidth?

18-9 r APPLICATIONS
Resonqnt circuits are used in u wi.devariety of applications, particularly in commu-
nication systems.In this section, we will look briefly at a few common communicq-
tion systemsapplications. The purpose in this section is not to explain how the sys-
tems work, but to illustrute the importance of resonant circuits in electronic
communication.

\fter completing this section, you should be able to

I Discuss some applications of resonant circuits
. Describe a tuned amplifier application
. Describe antennacoupling
. Describe tuned amplifiers
. Describe signal separationin a receiver
. Describea radio receiver

TunedAmplifiers
A tuned amplifier is a circuit that amplifies signals within a specifled band. Typicalty, a
parallel resonantcircuit is used in conjunction with an amplifier to achievethe selectivity.
In terms of the general operation, input signals with frequencies that range over a wide
 APPLICATIONSr 745

band are acceptedon the amplifler's input and are amplified. The function of the resonant
circuit is to allow only a relatively narrow band of those frequenciesto be passedon. The
variable capacitor allows tuning over the range of input frequenciesso that a desired fre-
quencycan be selected,as indicatedin Figure 18_/:9.

FIGURE 1B-49
A basictuned band-passampffier.

Antennalnput to a Receiver
Radio signals are sent out from a transmitter via electromagnetic waves that propagate
through the atmosphere. When the electromagnetic waves cut across the receiving
antenna, small voltages are induced. Out of all the wide range of electromagnetic fre-
quencies,only one frequency or a limited band of frequencies must be extracted. Figure
18-50 shows a typical arrangementof an antennacoupled to the receiver input by a trans-
former. A variable capacitor is connectedacrossthe transformer secondaryto form a par-
allel resonantcircuit.

Antenna

tl
Coupling
transformer

F I C U R E1 B - 5 0
Resonantcouplingfrom an antenna.

Double-Tuned
Transformer
Couplingin a Receiver
In some types of communication receivers, tuned amplifiers are transformer-coupled
together to increase the amplification. Capacitors can be placed in parallel with the pri-
mary and secondarywindings of the transformer, effectively creating two parallel reso-
nant band-pass filters that are coupled together. This technique, illustrated in Figure
18-51, can result in a wider bandwidth and steeperslopeson the responsecurve, thus
increasing the selectivity for a desired band of frequencies.
746 T R L CC I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E

-1--l
/ l
l , o(J

t
q
atl tlIJ
F '1-
T-
:
T-
=
F I G U R E1 B - 5 1
Double-tunedampffiers,

SignalReceptionand Separationin a TV Receiver

A television receiver must handle both video (picture) signals and audio (sound) signals,
Each TV transmitting station is allotted a 6 MHz bandwidth. Channel 2 is allotted a band
from 54 MHz through 59 MHz, channel 3 is allotted a band from 60 MHz through
65 MH4 on up to channel 13 which has a band from 210 MHz through 215 MHz. You
can tune the front end of the TV receiver to select any one of these channels by using
tuned amplifiers. The signal output of the front end of the receiver has a bandwidth from
4l MHz through 46 MHz, regardlessof the channel that is tuned in. This band, called the
intermediatefrequency (IF) band, contains both video and audio. Amplifiers tuned to the
IF band boost the signal and feed it to the video amplifier.
Before the output of the video amplifier is applied to the picture tube, the audio sig-
nal is removed by a 4.5 MHz band-stop filter (called a wave trap), as shown in Figure
18-52. This trap keeps the sound signal from interfering with the picture. The video
amplifier output is also applied to band-passcircuits that are tuned to the sound canier
frequency of 4.5 MHz. The sound signal is then processedand applied to the speakeras
indicatedin Figure 18-52.

Audio IF Audio

Audio IF amplifier FM Speaker

detector
a\

Sound
{ ) ) '//
)
Audio amolifier
sano-pass
f,=4.5MHz

Video + audio

From video
IF section

Video Band-stop
amPlifier f,= 4.5MHz
(wave trap) Cathode-ray tube

FICURE,IB-52
A simpffiedportion of a TV receivershowingfilter usage.

Receiver
Superheterodyne
Another good example of filter applications is in the common AM (amplitude modula-
tion) receiver.The AM broadcastband ranges from 535 kHz to 1605 kHz. Each AM sta-
tion is assigneda ceftain narrow bandwidth within that range.A simplified block diagram
of a superheterodvneAM receiver is shown in Fisure 18-53.
 APPLICATIONSr 747

Amplitude-modulated 455kHz AM
600 kHz carrier
'{lfuilqll,t'y
caffier
6lt.
TEnvelope
z^'A7,',/
Audio signal

IF
ampl
/
))'*'.
1 _ /<< l.E-

600kHz 1055kHz
I
I LO
600kHz I Locai
oscillator
i
I
I
I
- - T - - - _ _ L _ l = 1 O 5 5L H z

I
xrx -
F 1 runlng
!.-y' .onttol

F I G U R1EB - 5 3
A simpffied iliagram of a superheterodyneAM radia broadcastreceiver showing an example
of the applicationof tuned resonantcircuits.

In this system, there are basically three parallel resonant band-pass fllters in the
front end of the receiver. Each of these filters is gang-tuned by capacitors; that is, the
capacitors are mechanically or electronically linked together so that they change
together as the tuning knob is turned. The front end is tuned to receive a desired station.
for example, one that transmits at 600 kHz. The input filter from the antenna and the RF
(radio frequency) amplifier filter select only a frequency of 600 kHz out of all the fre-
quenciescrossing the antenna.The actual audio (sound) signal is carried by the 600 kHz
carrier frequency by modulating the amplitude of the carrier so that it follows the audio
signal as indicated. The variation in the amplitude of the caffier corresponding to
the audio signal is called the envelope.The 600 kHz is then applied to a circuit called
the mixer The local oscillator (LO) is tuned to a frequency that is 455 kHz above the
selectedfrequency (1055 kHz, in this case).By a process called heterodyningor beat-
ing, the AM signal and the local oscillator signal are mixed together, and the 600 kHz
AM signal is converted to a 455 kHz AM signal (1055 kHz - 600 kHz = 455 kHz). The
455 kHz is the intermediate frequency (IF) for standardAM receivers. No matter which
station within the broadcast band is selected, its frequency is always converted to the
455 kHz IF. The amplitude-modulatedIF is applied ro an audio detector which removes
the IF, leaving only the envelopeor audio signal. The audio signal is then amplified and
applied to the speaker.

sEcTtoN1B-9 1.Generally, why is a tuned filter necessarywhen a signal is coupled from an antenna
REVIEW to the input of a receiver?
, What is a wave trap?
3. What is meant by ganged tuning?
7 4 8 T R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E

18-10 r TECHnologyTheory Into Practice

In the chapter 11 TECH TIP, you worked with u receiver system to learn basic uc
measurements.In this chapter, the receiver is again used to illustrate one application
of resonant circuits. we will focus on a part of the 'front end" of the receiver system
that contains resonant circuits. Generally, the front end includes the RF ampffier, the
local oscillutor, and the mixer. In this TECH TIP, the RF ampffier is the focus. A
knowledge of ampffier circuits is not necessaryat this time.

A basic block diagram of an AM radio receiver is shown in Figure 18-54. In this partic-
ular system, the "front end" includes the circuitry used for tuning in a desired broadcas!
ing station by frequency selection and then converting that selectedfrequency ro a smn-
dard intermediatefrequency (IF). AM radio stationstransmit in the frequency range from
535 kHz to 1605 kHz. The purpose of the RF amplifier, which is the focus of this TECH
TIR is to take the signals picked up by the antenna, reject all but the signal from the
desired station, and amplify it to a higher level.

Antenna

Voiume control

RF amplifier IF amplifier

F I G U R E1 B - 5 4
Simpffied block diagram of a basic radio receiven

A schematic of the RF amplifier is shown in Figure 18-55. The parallel resonant

tuning circuit consists of L, C1 and C2. This particular RF amplifler does not have a res-
onant circuit on the output. C1is a varactor,which is a semiconductordevice that you will
learn more about in a later course.A1l that you need to know at this point is that the var-
actor is basically a variable capacitor whose capacitanceis varied by changing the dc
voltage acrossit. In this circuit, the dc voltage comes from the wiper of the potentiome-
ter used for tuning the receiver.
The voltage from the potentiometer can be varied from +1 V to +9 V. The particu-
lar varactor used in this circuit can be varied from 200 pF at 1 V to 5 pF at 9 v. The capac-
itor C2 is a trimmer capacitor that is used for initially adjusting the resonantcircuit. Once
it is preset, it is left at that value. C1 and C2 are in parallel and their capacitancesadd to
produce the total capacitancefor the resonantcircuit. C3 has a minimal effect on the res-
onant circuit and can be ignored. The purpose of C3 is to allow the dc voltage to be
applied to the varaator while providing an ac ground.
In this TECH TIP, you will work with the RF amplifier circuit board in Figure
18-56. Although all of the amplifier componentsare on the board, the part that you aret0
focus on is the resonantcircuit indicated by the highlighted area.
 THEORYINTO PRACTICE.
TECHNOLOCY 749

+9Vdc

_r_ c.
"l
ImH -

Tuning potentiometer
located on front panel

F I G U R E1 B - 5 5
Partinl schematicof the RF ampffier showingthe resonanttuning circuit,

F I C U R E1 8 - 5 6
RF ampffier circuit board.

To mixer

Capacitance
in the Resonant
Circuit
r Calculate a capacitancesetting for C2 that will ensure a complete coverageof the AM
frequency band as the varactor is varied over its capacitancercnge. C3 can be ignored.
The full range ofresonant frequenciesfor the tuning circuit should more than cover the
AM band, so that at the maximum va.ractorcapacitance,the resonant frequency will
be less than 535 kHz and at the minimum varactor capacitance,the resonantfrequency
will be greater than 1605 kHz.
r Using the value of C2 that you have calculated, determine the values of the varactor
capacitancethat will produce a resonantfrequency of 535 kHz and 1605 kHz, respec-
tively.

Testingthe Resonant
Circuit
I Suggest a procedure for testing the resonant circuit using the instruments in the Test
Bench setupof Figure 18-57. Develop a test setupby creatinga point-to-pointhook-
up of the board and the instruments.
r Using the graph in Figure 18-58 that shows the variation in varactor capacitancever-
sus varactor voltage, determine the resonantfrequency for each indicated setting from
the B outputs of the dc power supply (rightmost output terminals). The B output of the
power supply is used to simulate the potentiometer voltage.
 750 T RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE

10 15
5
"\tu
v

Setting 1 Setting 2

PowerSupply
OutputB

(@*a@l

FlcuRE18-57
Testbenchsetup,
 CLOSSARY. 751

FlcuRE18-58 c (pF)
Varactor capacitance versus voltage,
200
180
160
140
t20
100
80
60
40
20

18-10 l.
sEcTloN What is the AM frequencyrange?
REVIEW 2. State the purpose of the RF amplifier.
3. How is a particular frequency in the AM band selected?

I SUMMARY . Xr and Xlhave opposing effects in an RIC circuit.

I In a seriesRLC ctcfiL the larger reactancedeterminesthe net reactanceof the circuit.
r At seriesresonance,the inductive and capacitive reactancesare equal.
I The impedance of a seriesRLC circtit is purely resistive at resonance.
I In a seriesRIC circuit, the current is maximum at resonance.
r The reactive voltages VaandVs cancel at resonance in a series RLC circttit because they are
equal in magnitude and 180o out ofphase.
r In a parallel RLC cicuit, the smaller reactancedetermines the net reactanceof the circuit.
r In a parallel resonant circuit, the impedance is maximum at the resonant frequency.
I A parallel resonant circuit is commonly called a tank circuit.
I The impedance of a parallel RLC circrit is purely resistive at resonance.
r The bandwidth of a series resonant circuit is the range of frequencies for which the current is
0.7071-* or greater.
I The bandwidth of a parallel resonant circuit is the range offrequencies for which the impedance
is 0.7072^* or greater.
The critical frequencies are the frequencies above and below resonance where the circuit
responseis 70.77aof the maximum response.
A higher Q produces a narrower bandwidth.

I GLOSSARY Theseterms are also in the end-of-book glossary.

Half-power frequency The frequency at which the output power of a filter is 50Voof the maxi-
mum (the output voltage is 70.7Voof maximum); another name for critical or cutofffrequency.
Parallel resonance A condition in a parallel RLC ctrcuit in which the reactancesideally cancel
and the impedanceis maximum.
Quality factor (Q) The ratio of true power to reactive power in a resonant circuit or the ratio of
inductive reactanceto windins resistancein a coil.
752 T RIC CIRCUITS
AND RESONANCE

Resonance A condition in a series RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive
are equal in magnitude; thus, they cancel each other and result in a purely resistive impedance.
Resonant frequency The frequency at which resonance occurs; also known as the center
ouenct,
Selectivity A measureof how effectively a filter passescertain desired frequencies and rejects
others. Generally, the narrower the bandwidth, the greater the selectivity.
Series resonance A condition in a series RLC circtit in which the reactancescancel and
impedanceis minimum.
Tank circuit A parallel resonant circuit.

r FORMULAS SeriesRLCCircuits
(18-1) Xr'=lXy- Xsl
(18-2) Z=R+jXr-jXc

(1s-3) z=f Pz* rYr-*Yt ^-t(+)

SeriesResonance
(18-4) Xr= Xc
(18-5) Z,=R

68-6) f,= --!-

2nY LC
ParallelRIC Circuits

(18-7) z-
1
- T
1 1
T -
RZjo xLz90' xcz-goo

(ls-s) ,=#=GZ|o

(1s-9) Br= = srl)Qo =iBg

nh
(18-10) *"=#=BrZ-90o =-jBt

(1s-11) t=*=Ylt|=G+iBc-iBL

(18-12) l,o,={I'^+gl$Zaft(ft)

ParallelResonance

(13-13) t,,,=2

(1s-14)
f,=;i7ffi
(18-1s) " Yr-(N'/c/L)
JT
t=_-4-:_

2fiVLC

(18-16) 1",=L(aF)
(18-17) Rp("q)=Rr,r(Qz+1)
 PROBLEMS. 753

(18-18) Z,= Rw(Qz+ I)

R-,,_,,
(18-1e) Q o =^Ll:eq)
#
(18-20) BW=fz- ft
fi+fz
(18-21) rT"r = -
2

(18-22) BW=L
o

SEtF.TEST 1. The total reactanceof a seriesRLC circuit at resonancels

(a) zero (b) equal to the resistance (c) infinity (d) capacitive
t The phase angle between the source voltage and current of a seriesRZC circuit at resonanceis
(a) -90" (b) +90' (c) 0' (d) dependenton the reactance
3. The impedance at the resonant frequency of a series RZC circuit with t = 15 mH, C =
0.015 pF. and Rry= 80 Q is
(a)15k4 (b)80O (c)304 (d)0O
4. In a seriesRIC circuit that is operating below the resonant frequency, the current
(a) is in phase with the applied voltage (b) lags the applied voltage
(c) leads the applied voltage
If the value of C in a seriesRLC circrlit is increased,the resonant frequency
(a) is not affected (b) increases (c) remains the same (d) decreases
6. In a certain series resonant circuit, Vc = 150 V, VL = 150 Y and Vn = 50 V. The value of the
source voltage is
(a) l50V (b) 300V (c) 50V (d) 350V
7. A certain seriesresonant circuit has a bandwidth of 1 kHz. If the existing coil is replaced with
one having a lower value of Q, the bandwidth will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) remain the same (d) be more selective
8. At frequenciesbelow resonancein a parallel RLC circuit, the current
(a) leads the source voltages (b) lags the source voltage
(c) is in phase with the source voltage
9. The total current into the I and C branchesof a parallel circuit at resonanceis ideally
(a) maximum (b) low (c) high (d) zero
10. To tune a parallel resonant circuit to a lower frequency, the capacitanceshould be
(a) increased (b) decreased (c) left alone (d) replaced with inductance
1 1 . The resonant frequency of a parallel circuit is approximately the same as a seriescircuit when
(a) the Q is very low (b) the p is very high
(c) there is no resistance (d) either answer (b) or (c)
12. If the resistancein parallel with a parallel resonant circuit is reduced, the bandwidth
(a) disappears (b) decreases (c) becomes sharper (d) increases

r PROBLEMS More dfficult problems are indicated by an asterisk.

PART 1: SERIESREACTIVE CIRCUITS

SECTION18-1 lmpedanceof SeriesRLCCircuits

1. A certainseriesRLCcircuithas the following values:R = 10 Q, C= 0.05 pfl andZ,= 5 rnH.
Determine the impedance in polar form. What is the net reactance?The source frequency is
5 kHz.
754 T R I C C I R C U I TA
SN D R E S O N A N C E

2. Find the impedance in Figure 18-59, and expressit in polar form.

3. If the frequency of the sourcevoltage in Figure 18-59 is doubled from the value that produces
the indicated reactances,how does the magnitude of the impedance change?

F I G U R E1 B - 5 9

V,
420'V

4. For the circuit of Figure 18-59, determine the net reactancethat will make the impedance
magnitude equal to 100 f).

SECTION1B-2 Analysisof SeriesRIC Circuits

5. For the circuit in Figure 18-59, find I,o,, Vo, Vr, and V6 in polar form.
6. Sketch the voltage phasor diagram for the circuit in Figure 18-59.
7 . Analyze the circuit in Figure 18-60 for the following (f = 25 lcHz):
(a) 1., (b) P,*" (c) P, (d) P"

F I G U R E1 8 - 6 0

390O 0.5mH 1 mH c2
v,
1220"v
laoorr

SECTION18-3 SeriesResonance
8. Find Xt, Xc, Z and I at the resonant frequency in Figure 18-61.
9. A certain series resonant circuit has a maximum cuffent of 50 mA and a V, of 100 V. The
applied voltage is 10 V. What is Z? What areX1 and Xs?

FrcuRE18-61

10. For the RLC circuit in Figure 18-62, determine the resonant frequency.

FtcuRE18-62

v,
7.07v
 PROBLEMS . 755

11. What is the value of the cunent at the half-power points in Figure 18-62?
12. Determine the phase angle between the applied voltage and the current at the critical fre-
quencies in Figure 18-62. What is the phase angle at resonance?
*13. Design a circuit in which the following seriesresonant frequencies are switch-selectable:
(a) 500 kHz (b) 1000 kHz (c) 1500kHz (d) 2000 kHz

PART 2: PARALLEL REACTIVE CIRCUITS

SECTION1B-4 lmpedanceof ParallelRLCCircuits

14. Express the impedance of the circuit in Figure 18-63 in polar form.

T I G U R E1 B - 6 3

v"
520" V C
f = I2kHz 0.022 1tF

15. Is the circuit in Figure 18-63 capacitive or inductive? Explain.

16. At what frequency does the circuit in Figure 18-63 change its reactive characteristic (from
inductive to capacitive or vice versa)?

SECTION1B-5 Analysisof ParallelRIC Circuits

17. For the circuit in Figure 18-63, find all the currents and voltages in polar form.
18. Find the total impedance of the circuit in Figure 18-63 at 50 kHz.
19. Change the frequency to 100 kHz in Figure 18-63 and repeat Problem 17.

SECTION18-6 ParallelResonance
20. What is the impedance of an ideal parallei resonant circuit (no resistancein either branch)?
21. Find Z at resonanceand f for the tank circuit in Fieure 18-64.

F I G U R E1 8 _ 6 4

)', How much current is drawn from the source in Figure 18-64 at resonance?What are the
inductive current and the capacitive cunent at the resonant frequency?
23. Find Pou", P,, and P, in the circuit of Figure 18-64 at resonance.
756 I SN D R E S O N A N C E
R I C C I R C U I TA

PART 3: SERIES-PARALLELREACTIVE CIRCUITS

SECTION1B-7 Analysisof Series-Parallel

RLCCircuits
24. Find the total impedance for each circuit in Figure 18-65.

F I G U R E1 8 - 6 5

na
^c
R
220{L ^L
8f,)

(b)

)< For each circuit in Figure 18-65, determine the phase angle between the source voltageand
the total cunent.
26. Determine the voltage acrosseach element in Figure 18-66, and expresseach in polar form.
,1 Convert the circuit in Figure 18-66 to an equivalent series form.

F I C U R E1 8 _ 6 6 Rl

33kO R2
22kA
v"
1220"v
C
f = 2kIlz 0005/,F
T-

28. What is the curent through R2 in Figure 18-67?

F I G U R E1 8 - 6 7 .

L
v, 390mH I R2
r I 5 Z 0 "V tr2 ll
100c)
T _ AAU- to\ l v
l
100c)

29. In Figure 18-67, what is the phase angle between 12and the source voltage?
*30. Determine the total resistanceand the total reactancein Fieure 18-68.

FIGURE 18-68 - xct

-T- R2
5 ko 10ko 10ko

*31. Find the current through each component in Figure 18-68. Find the voltage acrosseachcom.
ponent.
 ANSWERSTO SECTION REVIEWS . 757

32. Determine if there is a value of C that will make Vou= 0 V in Figure 18-69. If not, explain.
*33. If the value of C is 0.2 pfl what is the current through a 100 Q resistor connectedfrom a to
D in Fisure 18-69?

FIGURE1B.69

L
v"
1210"v
f = 3kHz
L2
8mH

*34. How many resonant frquencies are there in the circuit of Figure 18-70? Why?
*35. Determine the resonant frquencies and the output voltage at each frequency in Figure 18-70.

F I G U R E1 8 _ 7 0

*36. Design a parallel-resonant network using a single coil and switch-selectable capacitors to
produce the following resonant frequencies: 8 MHz, 9 MHz, 10 MHz, and 11 MHz. Assume
a 10 pH coil with a winding resistanceof 5 Q.

PART4: SPECIALTOPICS

SECTION18*8 Bandwidthof Resonant

Circuits
37. At resonance,Xr = 2 kQ and Rry = 25 Q in a parallel RLC circuit. The resonant frequency
is 5 kHz. Determine the bandwidth.
38. If the lower critical frequency is 2400 Hz and the upper critical frequency is 2800 Hz, what
is the bandwidth? What is the resonant frequency?
39. In a certainRLC circuit. the power at resonanceis 2.75 W. What is the power at the lower crit-
ical frequency?
*40. What values of L and C should be used in a tank circuit to obtain a resonant frequency
of 8 kHz? The bandwidth must be 800 Hz. The winding resistanceof the coil is 10 Q.
41. A parallel resonant circuit has a Q of 50 and a BW of 400 Hz. If Q is doubled, what is the
bandwidth for the same f?
758 T AND RESONANCE
RIC CIRCUITS

and Analysis
EWBTroubleshooting
Theseproblems require your EWB compact disk.
42. Open file PRO18-42.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, flnd the fault.
43. Open file PRO18-43.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, find the fault.
44, Open flle PRO18-44.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, find the fault.
45. Open file PRO18-45.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, flnd the fault.
46. Open file PRO18-46.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, find the fault.
47. Open file PRO18-47.EWB and determine if there is a fault. If so, flnd the fault.
48. Open file PROl8-48.EWB and determine the resonant frequency of the circuit.
49. Open file PRO18-49.EWB and detelmine the resonant frequency of the circuit.

r ANSWERS Section18-1
TO SECTION l. X*,= 70 C);capacitive
REVIEWS 2. Z = 84.32-56.1'Q; Z = 84.3Q; 0 = -56'1'; cunentis leadingV,

Section 1B-2
1. V, = 38.42-21.3'v
2. Currentleadsthe voltage.
3. X,,tr=6 92

Section 1B-3
XL= Xc.
1. For seriesresonance,
2. The currentis maximumbecausethe impedanceis minimum.
3. f,= 159kIIz
4. The circuit is capacitive.

Section 1B-4
1. The circuit is capacitive.
2.Y=1.54249.4"mS
3 . Z = 6 5 1 2 - 4 9 . 4 "d t

Section 18-5
1. 1o= 36 mA, Ic = 120mA, Ir= 240mA
2. The circuit is capacitive.

Section 18-6
L. Impedanceis maximumat parallelresonance.
2. The currentis minimum.
3. Xc = 1500O
4. f,= 225kllz
5.f,=22.5kH2
6. f,= 20'9kHz

Section 1B-7
= 1300O, L"q= 10.16p.H,C = 0.22pF
1. Rp<.qr
2. L@q1=20.1mH, Rp(.q)=1'59kO

Section 1B-8
l. BW=fz-fi=4OOkHz
2 .f , = 2 M H z
3. Pr2= 0.9W
4. LargerQ meansnarrowerBIl.
 ANSWERS . 759
TO SELF.TEST

Section1B-9
1. A tuned filter is used to select a narrow band of frequencies.
2. A wave trap is a band-stop filter.
3. Ganged tuning is done with several capacitors (or inductors) whose values can be varied simul-
taneously with a common control.

Section1B-10
1. The AM frequency range is 535 kHz to 1605 kHz.
2. The RF amplifier rejects all signals but the one from the desired station. It then amplifies the
selectedsignal.
3. A particular AM frequency is selectedby varying the varactor capacitancewith a dc voltage.

r ANSWERS 18-1 Z = 12.7282.3" kQ

TO RELATED l8-2 Z = 4.64244.7" kQ. SeeFieure18-71.
PROBLEMS
FOR
EXAMPLES zka)

J $Hz)
t 2

F I G U R E1 B _ 7 1

18-3 Current will increasewith frequency to a certain point and then it will decrease,
18-4 The circuit is more capacitive.
78-S f, = 22.5 klLz
18-6 Z increases;Z increases.
t8-7 I=22.7mA
l8-8 Z decreases.
18-9 Inductive
18-10 Inincreases.
18-11 Greater
18-12Vc = 9.302-65.8" Y
=
18-13Vcr 27.lZ-81.1"Y
18-14 Rp("q)= 25 kA, l"q = 5 mH; C = 0.02p.F
L8-15Z,=79.9kQ
18-161= 35.4mA
18-17 fi = 6.75 kl{z; fz = 9.25kHz
18-18 Bl4z= 7.96kHz

r ANSWERSTO r. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4.(c) s. (d) 6. (c) 7.(a) 8. (b)

SELF.TEST e. (d) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (d)