Pourjavadi et al.

(2012) reported by addition of nano silica, there are negative effect of super
absorbent polymer that reduced compressive strength, but it is not the same as in the tensile strength. An
increase of about 23–38% and 7–14% at 7 days and 28 days, respectively, in compressive strength of
nano-silica concrete was reported, whereas low increase of 9.4% (average) was reported for flexural
strength.

Pourjavadi, A., Fakoorpoor, S. M., Khaloo, A., & Hosseini, P. (2012). "Improving the performance of
cement-based composites containing superabsorbent polymers by utilization of nano-
SiO2 particles".

Zhang and Islam (2012) studied the behaviour of high-volume fly ash and slag concretes with
nano-silica addition and reported that the addition of nano-silica reduced the length of dormant period
during hydration and also accelerated the hydration. Chloride ion penetration was also reduced with the
addition of nano-silica into fly ash and slag concrete.

Zhang, M. H., & Islam, J. (2012). "Use of nano-silica to reduce setting time and increase early
strength of concretes with high volumes of fly ash or slag."

Zhang and Li (2011) stated that pore size distribution in concrete was refined and porosity
lowered even at short time, curing on addition of 4% nano-silica by experiment. Also, Zhang et al. (2012)
reported that the porosity decreased with the increased dosage of nanosilica.

Zhang, M. H., & Li, H. (2011). "Pore structure and chloride permeability of concrete containing
nano-particles for pavement."

Zhang, M. H., Islam, J., & Peethamparan, S. (2012). "Use of nano-silica to increase early strength and
reduce setting time of concretes with high volumes of slag."

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311916.2015.1078018

Du et al. (2014) investigated the durability of concrete that contains nano-silica at percentage of
volume of concrete by 0.3% and 0.9%, respectively. Due to the nano-filler effect and the pozzolanic
reaction, the microstructure became more homogeneous and less porous, especially at the interfacial
transition zone (ITZ), which led to reduced permeability. Tests had proven the benefits of having
nanosilica on concrete mix.

Du, Hongjian, Du, Suhuan, & Liu, Xuemei (2014) "Durability performances of concrete with nano-
silica." https://eprints.qut.edu.au/78135/

Hongxia Yang (2012) stated that through tests, the compressive strength, bending tensile
strength and shrinkage property of nano silica powder cement concrete is determined. The test results
show that in ordinary cement concrete mixed with an appropriate amount of nanosilica powder, and
bending tensile strength has increased, but the shrinkage increased significantly. When the nanosilica
powder mixing content is 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%, compared with ordinary cement concrete, 28 days
bending tensile strength were increased by 3.2%, 7.5%, 4.0%, the shrinkage rate of 28 days, respectively,
an increase of 75.5%, 127.1 %, 163.0%.
Hongxia Yang (2012), "Strength and Shrinkage Property of Nano Silica Powder Concrete"
 Sayed Abd El-Bakya et al., (2013) studied the influence of adding nano-silica particles, on the
properties of fresh and hardened cement mortar through measurements of workability, compressive
and flexure strengths in addition to measuring by SEM analysis. Nano-silica particles with size of 19 nm
have been used as a cement addition by 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 % by weight of cement content. The
percentage of 7 % of nanosilica is recorded as best percentage in compressive and flexure strength
measured for cement mortar mixed with the nano-silica. The compressive and flexural strength
increased by 55.7 % and 46.9 % respectively, compared with the normal concrete, especially at early
ages.

Sayed Abd El-Bakya et al., (2013), "INFLUENCE OF NANO-SILICA ADDITION ON PROPERTIES OF FRESH
AND HARDENED CEMENT MORTAR", http://konsys-t.tanger.cz/files/proceedings/14/reports/1896.pdf

In Mohd Mufasshir Alam Shah et al., (2016) study, flexural strength test is done. Specimens are
tested in universal testing. The comparison of average flexural strength of the specimen with nano-silica
and conventional concrete with 3, 7 & 14 days with different nano-silica to concrete ratio. There is an
increase of 44.41 %, 48.22 % and 52.91 % in flexural strength for 3, 7 & 28 days respectively.

Mohd Mufasshir Alam Shah et al., (2016),"Experimental study on mechanical properties of high
strength concrete using Nano-Silica", https://www.irjet.net/archives/V3/i4/IRJET-V3I491.pdf