GROUP 6 Patrick C. Bernabe Wyenard Leevirg DC.

Villanueva
Jean Arriane C. Medina Elydia Aubrey Mari Sinchioco Justine Ruth T. Tomas

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
(Lower animals vs higher animals)

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- system that transports nutrients, respiratory gases, and metabolic products throughout a living organism, permitting
integration among the various tissues
3 MAIN FEATURES
o FLUID (blood or hemolymph) that transports materials
o System of BLOOD VESSELS
o A HEART to pump the fluid through the vessels

TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

 OPEN SYSTEM
- fluid is circulated through an open body chamber
- no separation between blood & hemolymph (interstitial fluid)
- there is neither a true heart or capillaries
- Instead of a heart, there are blood vessels that act as pumps to force the blood along.
- Instead of capillaries, blood vessels join directly with open sinuses.

 CLOSED SYSTEM
- fluid is circulated through blood vessels
- All vertebrates has a closed circulatory system
 Single Circulation
- simple loop in which blood flows: Heart → Gills → Body → Heart
 Double Circulation
- double loop in which blood flows: Heart → Lungs → Heart → Body → Heart

ANIMALS WITHOUT CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (Invertebrates)

 Porifera (Sponges) – transports materials through the many porous openings in their body
 Cnideria (Jellyfish) – absorbs oxygen when needed through their thin bodies
 Platyhelminthes (Flatworms/Tapeworms) – obtain oxygen and waste to their body cells through diffusion
 Nematoda (Roundworms) – minerals are transferred throughout the body via fluid in the Pseudocoelom

ANIMALS WITH OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (Invertebrates)

 Mollusca – blood is collected from the gills, pumped through the heart, & released directly into spaces in the tissues
 Echinodermata – cilia circulating the fluids through each arm
 Arthropoda – the leftover space is filled with blood which covers the other organs, keeping them bathed in blood

ANIMALS WITH CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (Invertebrates)

 Annelida – two longitudinal blood vessels are connected by larger vessels that contract rhythmically, thus serving as "hearts".

VERTEBRATE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

 closed circulatory system
  chambered heart  blood vessels
 atrium – receives blood  arteries – carry blood away from heart
 ventricle – pumps blood out  veins – return blood to heart
 capillaries – point of exchange, thin wall

ANIMALS WITH CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1. FISHES
 have a two-chambered heart (1 atrium; 1 ventricle)
 have single circuit for blood flow (single circulation)
 Gill Circulation
The atrium collects blood that has returned from the body, while the ventricle pumps the blood to the gills
where gas exchange occurs and the blood is re-oxygenated.
 Systemic Circulation
The blood then continues through the rest of the body before arriving back at the atrium.

2. AMPHIBIANS
 have a three-chambered heart (2 atria; 1 ventricle)
 double circulation
 The two atria receive blood from two different circuits (the lungs and the systems)
 There is some mixing of the blood in the heart's ventricle, which reduces the efficiency of oxygenation. The
advantage to this arrangement is that high pressure in the vessels pushes blood to the lungs and body.

3. REPTILES
 have a three-chambered heart (2 atria; 1 ventricle) that directs blood to the pulmonary and systemic circuits
 double circulation
 PARTIAL SEPTUM
- divides the ventricle, which results in less mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
 One adaptation includes two main arteries that leave the same part of the heart: one takes blood to the lungs
and the other provides an alternate route to the stomach and other parts of the body.

4. MAMMALS & BIRDS

 have a four-chambered heart (2 atria;
2 ventricles)
 double circulation
WHAT IS THE ADAPTIVE VALUE OF A
FOUR-CHAMBERED HEART?
 four-chambered heart is double
pump
- separates oxygen-rich & oxygen-
poor blood
- maintains high pressure

SOURCES:
https://www.britannica.com/animal/insect/Circulatory-system
https://slideplayer.com/slide/7968469/
http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/explorations/lizards/libraryarticle
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
https://alevelnotes.com/notes/biology/exchange-and-transport/transport-
biology/chapter/overview-of-the-circulatory-system/
in-animals/circulatory-systems