Pressure Vessel Hand Book Magesey 10th Edition Eugene F Megyesy PDF

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P V
H
T E e d ni t t i oh
withforeword by
P B
Professor of Chemical Engineering
University of Tulsa
Tulsa, Oklahoma
E M
PRESSURE VESSEL PUBLISHING, INC.

P.O. Box 35365 “ Tulsa, OK 74153
FOREWORD
Engineers who design equipment for the chemical process industry

are sooner or later confronted with the design of pressure vessels and
mounting requirements for them. This is very often a frustrating
experience for anyone who has not kept up with current literature
in the field of code requirements and design equations.
First he must familiarize himself with the latest version of the

applicable code. Then he must search the literature for techniques
used in design to meet these codes. Finally he must select material
properties and dimensional data from various handbooks and company
catalogs for use in the design equations.
Mr. Megyesy has recognized this problem. For several years he

has been accumulating data on code requirements and calculational
methods. He has been presenting this information first in the form
of his “Calculation Form Sheets” and now has put it all together in
one place in the Pressure Vessel Handbook.
I believe that this fills a real need in the pressure vessel industry
and that readers will find it extremely useful.
Paul Buthod
PREFACE
This reference book is prepared for the purpose of making formulas,

technicaldata, designand construction methods readily available for the
designer, detailer, Iayoutmen and others dealing with pressure vessels.
Practical men in this industry often have difficulty finding the required
data and solutions, these being scattered throughout extensive literature
or advanced studies. The author’s aim was to bring together all of the
above material under one cover and present it in a convenient form.
The design procedures and formulas of the ASME Code for Pressure
Vessels, Section VIII Division I have been utilized as well as those
generally accepted sources which are not covered by this Code. From
among the alternative construction methods described by the Code the
author has selected those which are most frequently used in practice.
In order to provide the greatest serviceability with this Handbook,

rarely occurring loadings, special construction methods or materials have
been excluded from its scope. Due to the same reason this Handbook
deals only with vessels constructed from ferrous material by welding,
since the vast majority of the pressure vessels are in this category.
A large part of this book was taken from the works of others, with some
of the material placed in different arrangement, and some unchanged.
The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor

S4ndor Kalinszky, J&os Bodor, Lasz16F61egyhiizyand J6zsef Gyorii for
their material and valuable suggestions, to the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers and to the publishers, who generously permitted
the author to include material from their publications.
The authorwishesalso to thank all those who helpedto improvethis

new edition by their suggestions and corrections.
Suggestions and criticism concerning some errors which may remain
in spite of all precautions shall be greatly appreciated. They contribute to
the further improvement of this Handbook.
Eugene F. Megyesy
9
CONTENTS
PART I Design and Construction of Pressure Vessels .................................... 11
PART II Geometry and Layout of Pressure Vessels ...................................... 25’7
PART III Measures and Weights .................................................................... 321
PART IV Design of Steel Structures .............................................................. 447
PARTV Miscellaneous ................................................................................. 465

PART L
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSEL
1. VesselsUnderinternalPressure_~__~~_~~~~~~~..~.~~~~ti~ti~~~~. 15
StressesinCylindricalShel~Definitions,Formulas,Pressureof
Fluid, Pressure-TemperatureRatings of American Standard
,CarbonSteelPipe Flanges.
2. Vessels Under External Pressure .......................................................... 31
Definitions, Formulas, Minimum Required TicknessofCylin-
dricalSheH,ChafiforDeteminingThicknessofCylindrical and
SphericalVesselsunderExternal PressurewhenConstructedof
Carbon Steel,
3. Design ofTall Towers .......................................................................... 52
Wind Load, Weight of Vessel, Seismic Load, Vibration, Eccen-
tric Load, Elastic Stability, Deflection, Combination of Stresses,
Design of Skirt Support, Design of Anchor Bolts (approximate
method), Design of Base Ring (approximate method), Design of
Anchor Bold and Base Ring, Anchor Bolt Chair for Tall Towers.
4. Vessel Suppotis ..................................................................................... 86
Stresses in Large Horizontal Vessels Supported by Two Saddles,
Stresses in Vessels on Leg Support, Stresses in Vessels Due to
Lug support.
5. Openings ............................................................................................... 122
Inspection Openings, Openings without Reinforcing Pad, Open-
ing with Reinforcing Pad, Extension of Openings, Reinforce-
ment of Openings, Strength of Attachments, Joining Openings to
Vessels, Length of Couplings and Pipes for Openings.
6. Nozzle Loads ........................................................................................ 153
7. Reinforcement at the Junction of Cone to Cylinder .............................. 159
8. Welding of Pressure Vessels ................................................................. 170
Welded Joints, But Welded Joint of Plates of Unequal Thick-
nesses, Application of Welding Symbols.
9. Regulations, Specifications ................................................................... 181
Code Rules Related to Various Services, Code Rules Related to
Various Plate Thicknesses of Vessel, Tanks and Vessels Con-
taining Flammable and Combustible Liquids, Properties of
Materials, Description of Materials, Specification for The De-
sign and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels, Fabrication Toler-
ances.
10. Materials of Foreign Countries ............................................................. 194
11. Welded Tanks ....................................................................................... 204
13. Rectangular Tanks ................................................................................ 212
14. Corrosion .............................................................................................. 221
15. Miscellaneous ... ... .... .. . . . ..~...o..o...u,mv..u.mv..~..u...ti..~..~..~..u..~ 232
Fabricating Capacities, Pipe and Tube Bending, Pipe Engage-
merit, Drill Sizes for Pipe Taps, Bend Allowances, Lengthof
Stud Bolts, Pressure Vessel Detailing, Preferred Locations,
CommonErrors,LiRingAttachments, SafeLoadsforRopesand
Chains, Transportation ofVessels.
16. Painting Steel Surfaces ..~...o..o...~....a...~. U.V......O... 247
1NREFERENCESTHROUGHOUTTHISBOOK"CODE"sTANDSF0RASME
(AMERICAN S O O
C MI E EC HT AEYNN I GC I FA N
BL E O
E AR I S ) L N
E R D
P R E VS SE CU S RS SO
E E EVC DRLT II FU EO C OLNI N S OET RI US C T IR O N
O P R E VS ES SUD SRI F EE
V1—
LI A SSA , I M O E N S R T I A C N AND NA R D .
1 E
S P V
Pressure vessels are subject to various loadings, which exert stresses of
different intensities in the vessel components. The category and intensity of
stresses are the function of the nature of loadings, the geometry and construc-
tion of the vessel components.
LOADINGS (Code UG-22)

a, Internal or external pressure
b. Weight of the vessel and contents
c. Static reactions from attached equipment, piping, lining, insulation, internals,
supports
d. Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations
e. Wind pressure and seismic forces
f. Impact reactions due to fluid shock
g“ Temperature gradients and differential thermal expansion
MAXIMUM
STRESSES (Code UG-23) ALLOWABLE STRESS
a. Tensile stress Sa
b. Longitudinal compressive stress The smaller of S. or the value of
factor B determined by the procedure
described in Code UG 23 (b) (2)
c. General primary membrane stress S
induced by any combination of
loadings. Primary membrane 1.5 Sa
stress plus primary bending stress
induced by combination of load-
ings, except as provided in d. be-
low.
d. General primary membrane stress 1.2 times the stress permitted in a., b.,
induced by combination of earth- or c. This rule applicable to stresses
quake or wind pressure with other exerted by internal or external pres-
loadings (See definitions pages sure or axial compressive load on a
beginn-ing473.) cylinder.
Seismic force and wind pressure need not be considered to act simulta-
neously.
S.= Maximum allowable stress in tension for carbon and low alloy steel
Code Table UCS-23; for high alloy steel Code Table UHA-23., psi. (See
properties of materials page 180- 184,)
/ ,
STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL
Uniforminternalorexternalpressureinducesinthelongitudinalseamtwotimeslargerunit
stress than in the circumferentialseam becauseof the geometryof the cylinder.
A vessel under external pressure, when other forces (wind, earthquake, etc. ) are not
factors, must be designed to resist the circumferential buckling o Tn C l oh y .d
p r ot m
v
i e od dh t e e tsh ms o tie rdge e qhn uf ei’ rW ei o mo t e hlns t t o . aaeh d ei n n r r g s
present, these combined loadings m g o a a hv y vl be
e e p an rw n ir a i eed q rt ul ei r l e
t t ph w l ah wh a s a ni t t i esact fer a chte t co sisrr yc ui mh f sbe ro ue t n oct ie ak l nl i ln gy
T c o m p sh r edt s t se r i xev epetu r es a e r t ss n e sse a onudntl trs i r e in pe lt ud r ese e r ss n se a ou l r

s b dh e t a eb tr lfm oi nlr em eh d u l a y se :
F O R M U L A S
t
. . C I R C U M F E R E N T I A LL O N G I T U D I N A L
+ J O I N JT O I N T
D
$ ‘ s,
3 .$ s~ = ~
N O T A T I O N
D= M d ie ao vm a eei ts n e s cr e h l f ,e s
S2 P= I n ot e e x r pt n r e ae pr sl n s a ur l r s e , i
‘ s, = Longitudinal
1 stress, psi
s, ‘/ s* = Circumferential (hoop) stress, psi
[ = Thickness of shell, corrosion allowance
,R ~ excluded, inches
EXAMPLE
;iven D = 96 inches PD 15 X 96
P= 15 psi s, = ~ = ~ = 1440 psi
f = 0.25 inches
15 X 96
s* = $ = = 2 p 8 8s
2 X 0.25
F t ou iw
o n n pe t d r er a er rewss nl s r at iunc l or r h eni haeat d iwdi b c cd ghaoe lhmi v pt cr e e h s
s s gti o rc vvb ea ep sp rera osnb x t is fm ao nt ree hdm u I y ae :
H=% w Hh= C er h i r oet t i ei foc ga w l h e t t r f , .

3 2 (
I P N R
1. OPERATING PRESSURE
The pressure which is required for the process, served by the vessel, at which
the vessel is normally operated.
2. DESIGN PRESSURE
The pressure used in the design ofa vessel. It is recommended to design a vessel
and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. A design pressure
higher than the operating pressure with 30 psi or 10 percent, whichever is the
greater, will satis@this requirement, The pressure of the fluid and other contents
of the vessel should also be taken into consideration. See tables on page 29 for
pressure of fluid.
3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE
The internal pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the
ultimate permissible point, when the vessel is assumed to be:
(a) in corroded condition
(b) under the effect ofa designated temperature
(c) in normal operating position at the top
(d) undertheeffectof otherloadings(wind load, external pressure, hydro-
static pressure, etc.) which are additive to the internal pressure.
When calculations are not made, the design pressure may be used as the
maximum allowable working pressure (MA WP) code 3-2.
A common practice followed by many users and manufacturers of pressure
vessels is to limit the maximum allowable working pressure by the head or shell,
not by small elements as flanges, openings, etc.
See tables on page 28 for maximum allowable pressure for flanges.
See tables on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes.
The term, maximum allowable pressure, new and cold, is used very oflen, It
means the pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the
ultimate permissible point, when the vessel:
(a) is not corroded (new)
(b) t n i h t ( te
and the other conditions (c and d above) also need not to be taken into
consideration.
4. HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE
O and one-halfntimes the maximum e allowable working pressure or the design
pressure to be marked on the vessel when calculations are not made to determine
the maximum allowable working pressure.
If the stress value of the vessel material at the design temperature is less than at
the test temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure should be increased propor-
tionally.
H y d r t o ss t bea hc t oi cnas a d aul ftc a tl b le re hdil bec a c t roi e am
ol np le e ts e n d .
I t c t h at pressure
s i e hshall
en be:
s s , e t
StressValueS Temperature
1 )( M A . W.Press.
al l xx o5 w. .
(Or DesignPress.) StressValueS At DesignTemperature
V e w s tsh me e al xhasr li l emwo uweo m ap r br k l el ei si nbs m t gu i r t e eh d

f l s a bn ht g eae aa p ss r l, tse lsei h tse dt u o rat ew hb nl ne e :
+
P r S i e m r av r i yc e
900 lb
H y d r t o os mt uea l t t ii -c svc h ea m
Cs t b sU
ef r eo ( Gl s d- : e9 e 9 )
A Pneumatic test may be used in lieu of a hydrostatic test per Code UG-100
P tr t e oe s s ot m a t afb lxa s i li sol mhwo uwo m pa r br k l ew ei s t ns h gu r ehe n

s t ro ae pn go t t an v h ec r fh sayb c tsn o f en me w lpo s ua t it t i ese f dt a c t oh r y
a s s o us r a ap frn e ce si eCct r Uy i f obG
, e - d d1 0 n e1 .
5. MAXIMUMALLOWABLESTRESS VALUES
The maximuma l l t o ews an vt b s l apr ie e lel r f m uesd i i est f mt sfo ea e dt r e e r nr i t a l s
a g i it r ova p 1eb eaT n l m 8 n ga e xa9hn l ie l m c o. o uwm
e amp s rb e l ts es ri v e s
t b u i t sd eo ce hys o l e i sd n gdnsh er u in ebc t ajlf l l e o clt at p s ed rhd i o n doa g u ct e
l o n g ic t o u md pi snr ea itls t s ris v se h b hshd ee s t a elna re cl ml c i t ol n ree d i n g
C p U
o abC cd & d -r e 2 . 3 , , .
6. JOINT EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of different types of welded joints are given in table on page
172. The efficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 176.
T f o l phl o c aw o i fgen o g t eru am t s icu s nlo at m esr p e uqdw h tu o ei a r ee ld
t h i ac kt nm e an s xhsa li l mdw o uweo m ap r br kl ef ei st n sm gu o r ho e ar e
f r e qu u t e nso y st l a yeph h eTe de f n s lo a rfo hcl m
d y d lu i. sl n aeda hr s i c e a f lr l l
g f i t l .v o ~o ge hs i t usn ed iur ni aeas tl nugm ao hc ,vl eel i r y n s .
T s it t h rg se i whs e ger s oiot na ew

v hlnte mch ir r l lc un m eh f j ey r en no t ie a il n
e f f ii lc i t e oen chn y te s l- ao hsn sga hinj lt u fe do f i f n eiia ocl wi ne n cht y , e r
besides the internal pressure additional loadings(wind load, reaction of
s a ad cd al l euor ns s g ) i ib t une ed o gin t n dae l inT snr i g ef o ih ani r . s o o e n r
t t sh at rhrai t i eg s t ss i ie phsn er gper o s t nau eq i h niumo n and oe r -c e h ah l s f
t s it t hlr o ne g ihs s t e u sed i nn aea l m .
T f o rf htm g u s l io aeh c serc o r t rda ei nh g ml y :

PR 2SEt
t P=
= 24SE+ 0.4P R – 0.4t
Seenotation on page 22.
I P N R
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSJDEDIMENSIONS
NOTATION
E = J e of f ip i c 1i en a n c t y 7g. e 2
P = D pe r s o e m i s a sg l aul n or R = wex I a bnrr . l as ei d i n i dc u eh s e, s
w o p r r pke is sn u gs rD = e I ndi i s a i m i n e d t c ee hr , e s
S= S vt o rma ea pl t ps e u ssr at i e= a if t l g h i ,i c e k n n ec s hs , e s
C = C o rAa r l ol ois wi .n ao nnc c eh . e s
A
CYLINDRICAL SHELL ( LS EO A N M G )
t PR SE t
P
R f= SE– O.6P = m-m
e
1. U s t su i at t ll hr s l e i yog h seo ev Sns e arn en gi m
ne g s .
p r ep c e a d i g n g e .
2 W [ w h t h aiehe c x ok. lhcnn o ete isl ae n s nd slhs ie f
r oa P e d x 0 i c S u. et f es 3 o drgE r 8 hsm
i i u5 l v , a e se
t C A po h 1p s e db nah dep - ei ap x l l i 2e l de .
B SPHERE HEMISPHERICAL HEAD
PR p= 2SE t
‘= 2SE–0,2P R +0.2t
r
1. F h w e i aos at t Ih r d loua r t aisu e gnft fhg si thce i , e n e c
R f o t h t s ej h hi i ol a et f it e eeld hfno f l si thac if { es n c
1- -1 -–
o t s i e[ h h a e m h fa e s d n e .
2 W t w h t h aiehe c x 0k. l cnnR o. ePe e sl e 3xs d c 5s e 6e
0 S . t f 6 o gE r 6 hmi ti uC 5 lvA, a epo hse p e nd n n de ei
I s b -ah p ap3 l li , e l d e .
.
. 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
PD
b I P= -Dy;jt
‘= 2SE– O.2P
0 1. F e l l ih po sw
e o t ia hrd rado leta smh r t , a ehi j e o o
“ a m a i i on nxt t 2 1 os hihC
d r A e aspo espr e nd n : , de ei
1 - 4 ( c ) .
/1 = 1>/4
E X
D ED S AI G
T NA : E = 1 j . e of 0f oi is c0 ei n ea , n m tc l y e s f
h e a d s
P = p d pe r s e is sg ui R n=r 4 ie ni rnc a hs d ie i8 ds u es *
S= 1 p 7s vt5 o rsSa 0 e l 0 s Dtiu= s9 i e ni f A dnc i hsa mie e6 dst e e r *
5 1p @5 6l . 5a 7 0t 0 ”e= r I F e wq [ u h i ai irc ken ln d ec s lhs , e
E = 0 e . f f oi8 s cp oi 5t e - ne x, c a ym i n ef i d .
C = 0 . nc A 1o c ra 2r hl. ol e5so iws o u n n c e
j oo s ia hh n eHe t tnm sl e i f l * s dac .o crd oi r o ngo d d vi e nt a di ot n e r
s h e l l w t c i o r a rhlt ol so ihw o ea n n c e
SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE
I)c[crmincIhc rcquird lhicknms, SEE DESIGN[),N”f’A

AIK)VE
01”o shell
fhwrmine the maximum:Ill(nv;IbleIf(whingpressure, P
I(K) x 48.1?5 I’br().5()() in thi~k kh{.11wtlrn Ihc tIS<,Il i, in IICW
,= = ().325 in.
I7500 x 0.85 -- 0.6 x 100 currditi(m.
+ C.A. () 125 in. 17500 x ().X5 x ().5(M)

P = - 154psi
48 + x
in.
fJse: ().50() in, pkrfc
—.
SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE
The head furnishedwithmrtslraigh[ Ilwrge.

SEE DESIGNL)A’rAABOVE
Detcrrnirrethe required thickness. I d’ ii hemispherical
head. Determine IIw maximumallowuhlcvrn-kingpressure. P
I’or().3125 in [hi(k head. when it is in IICNctmdili(m
]00 x 48, Izfi
/= = ().16? in.
2 x I7500 x 0.85 -- 0.2 x I00 p ,..
,? x I7500 x 0.X5x 0.3 I25
+ IOJ p~i
W + 0.2 x (),3I25
+ C.A. 0.125 in.
0.287 in.
Use: ().3125 in MIN. HEAD
SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE
Dctcrrninethe requiredthicknessot’a SCJMICSS

ellipsoidal
head SEE DESIGNDA’I’AABOVE
100 X 96.25 Determinethe maximumdlmv:iblc U[wkingprcwurc. P

— = 0,275 in. for 0,275 in. thick. seamless head \!’heni! is in corroded
‘ - 2 x 17500 x 1.0 – 0.2 x 100 condition.
+ C.A. 0.125 in, 2 X 17500 X 1,0 X 0.275
= 10(1psi
in, 96.?5 + 0.2 x 0.275—
Use: o 437s in, MIN. THK. HEAD

I P N
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENS1ONS
NOTATION D = I dn i s ai mi n e d tc e e hr , e
P = D pe r s o e m i s a sg l aul n or a we=x Oa hbr o. l t ei an n (c lhI a eu p fd fe
w o p r r pke si sn u gs r ea dni eg g l r e e ,e s
S= . Sv to m a r a ;pl t ps e u ssr aLi e= Ia if l grn oa,s d e dii i din suec sh
r = I kn n sr u ai i c dd nk i e cl u e h s
E = J e of f ip i c 1i en a n c t y g7,r = W t e h 2ai i c k n ln ec s l sh , e
R = I rn a is d ni i dc u he s e,= C s o r a r l ol ois wi n ao nnc c eh ,
1 CONE CONICAL SECTION
2SEt c a o
‘ c a (SE–= O.6P)
o ‘= 2D + 1.2t
s a
1 T h a a a h apnn g lg re. t el e3 fo e axh ,t e0a t

A % ~ 2 W i‘Dgh r t e 3e s nah pa. t a ne e0ia racs re l i q ny au ;s
( A C p 1po e- dn 5 d (e i ex ) )
E A F SL A M D
N GI H EN
ES D H
E ED A
( T O R I S P HH E R I EC A L A D
W ‘ =h 1 6e / 2 n fr
0.885PL SEt
P=
f= SE– o. 1 ‘ 0.885 L+0.lt P
~
< When Vr l t 1e h s a s n
\
PLM 2SEt
‘= 2SE– O.2P ‘= LM+oo2t
V A O LF UA “ EC ST OM F R ”
1 1. .0 50 0
‘ J r
M
3
2 ●
1 3 . 0
M 1
* : L = D + 2t (see note 2 on f pa ca i
21
E X
DESIGN DATA: R = 48inchesinsideradius*
P = lOOpsidesignpressure D = 96inchesinsidediameter*
S = 17500psistressvalueof ~ = required wallthickness,inches
SA515-70plate@650°F L = 30°0nehalfoftheapexangle
E = 0.85,efficiency
ofspot-examined t = Resuiredwallthickness
inches
joints C.A = 0,125inchescon-osionallowance
E = 1.00,jointefficiencyofsearnless * incorrodedcondition
greaterwith
thecorrosionallowance
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
Cos30° = 0.866
Determine the maximum allowable
Determine the required thickness, r working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick
of a cone cone, when the vessel is in new
100x 96.25 condition.
‘2X 0.866(17500X 2x xO.85xO.500x0.866= 133psi
96+ 1.2XOo500Xo.866
+C.A. 0,125in.
0.500in.
Use0,500in.plate

L/r = 16$ Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for 0.6875 in. thick
Determine the required thickness, t of a seamless head, when the vessel is in
seamless ASME flanged and dished new condition.
head.
0.885X100x96.I25 p. 17500x1,0x0,6875
f= =0.486 in. = 141psi
17500x 1.0-0.1x 100 0.885x96+ 0,1 x0,6875
+C.A. 0.125in.
0.611in.
Use0.625in.plate
SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE
Knuckle radius r = 6 in. L/r= ~= (j %
61 Knuckle radius r = 6 in. L/r= ~ = 16
~= 1.75 from table. A4= 1.75 from table
Determine the required thickness t of a
seamless ASME flanged and dished Determine the maximum allowable
head. working pressure, P for a 0.481 in. thick
100x96,125X1.75 seamless head when the vessel is in
t= ‘0.481 in. corroded condition.
2 x 17500 100
2 x 17500X1.0xO.481 = 100psi
+C.A. 0.125in. p= 96.125X 1.75+0,2 xO.481
0.606in.
Use0.625in.min.thickhead
NOTE: When the r o La i g t r t i/e 1 a nho to6f nreca so- r n3 Cs tn otr uv,d c te aoi o hnl ) u
A b4 c a ml bc t ua f l oay tir ehe%
md +ul k L l y ae (l /: = r 3 )
22
I P N
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS
NOTATION
E = Joint efficiency,page 1 7
P=D pe r s o e m i s a sgl aul n or w =ex O a ubr radius,
. l t einches
s i d e
w op r r pke si sn u gs r: eO u id ti asi m i n e d= tc ee hr ,
S= S vt o rm
a ae pl t ps e u ssr ai e= W a if t l g h ai , i c e k n ln ec s l sh , e
1 8 9 C.A: = Comosionallowance,inches
A
CYLINDRICAL SHELL ( LS EO A N
+ PR
P = R y;4t
R * = SE + 0.4P .
b
G3) ~ 1 U s t su iat t l hr sl .e i yogh seo e v snS e arn en g

p 1 a g e 4
2 W t w h t h aiehe c x ok. lhcnn o eet isl ae ns nd slhs
r oa P e d x 0i c S u. et fse 3 o dr gEr 8shim v u5 e
t C A po h 1p s e db nah dep - ei ap x l l i 2 e l
B
SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD
PR
P - ~ y; B*
f = 2SE + 0.8P .
@
f 1 F h w e i ao s at t fh r d .loua r t asiu e gnft fhgsi thce
R o t h t s ej h hi i oi la e t fi te leed hnf o fl is t hca f
d’ o t s i et hh a e m h f ae s d n e .
R P
S t E h , e
1-3,shallbe applied.
c
2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
PD
h P=D~l—
‘= 2S45+1,8P .
- +
1 F e l l hi po wes o t ai hr d. odra t eal m s h art ,a hei j
u m a ii o tnx t 2 so hC hi :Ar e paso e1ps1 r e- nd n 4 ,
h = D14
23
E X
DESIGN DATA:
P = IOOpsidesignpressure E = 1.OOjointefficiency
ofseamlessheads
S = 17500psistressva1ueof l? =48inchesoutsideriidius
SA515-70plate@650°F D= 96 inchesoutsidediameter
E= O.8&efliciencyofspot-examined t =Requiredwallthickness,
inches
joints ofshellandhemis.headtoshell C.A.= 0.125inchescorosionallowance
E = 1.00,jointefficiencyofseamless

Determine the required thickness, t Determine the maximum allowable
of a shell working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick
shell when the vessel is in new condi-
100X48 tion.
‘= 17500x0.85-0.4x 100 ‘0”322 ‘n”
17500xO.85xO.500
P= 48-0.4 x0,500 = 155psi
+C.A. 0.125in.
0.447in.
Use:0.500in.thickplate
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
Head furnished without straight flange.
Determine the required thickness, t of a working pressure, P for 0.3125 in. thick
hemispherical head. head, when the vessel is in new
condition.
t=
2x17500 %;t0.8x100 ‘0-161 ‘r- 2x 17500xO.85x().3125
ip. =194psi
48-0.8 x0,3125
+ C 0. i .A 1. n 2 5 .
0.286in.
Use:0.3215in.min.thickhead
Determine the required thickness t of a working pressure, P for 0.273 in. thick
seamless ellipsoidal head. head, when it is in new condition.
100x96
8 p. + 2X
x 17500x1.0X
t=
2 x 17500 X 1 1 . . 0
96-1.8 xO.273 = 100psi
+C.A. 0,125in.
0.398in.
I P N
FORMULASIN TERMSOF OUTSIDEDIMENSIONS
N ~ A T I O N
Outsidediameter.inches
P = Designpressureor max. allowable ~ = one half of the included(apex)
w o p r r psi
ke si sn u g r ea dn eg g l r e e ,e s
S= S v & o m a e a pl ts p e u ssr aLi e= O
a fi l gu r t , oa dse dii i din esuc sh
r = I kn n sr u ai i c dd nk i e lc u e h
E = J e of f ip i c 1i en a n c t y g7, = W t e h 2ai ic k n ln ec s l sh , e
R=O ur t a i s d ni i dc u e hC.A:
s =e, C os r a r l ol ois wi n ao nnc c eh
)
CONE CONICAL SECTION
PD p= 2bsEfCos CY
‘=2 Cos CY(SE+ O.4P) D –0.8t a
d
1 T h a a a h apnn g gl re.t el e3 of eaxh t, e0a t
@L 2 W
“ i hg rt e 3e snah p.a0t a ne eai rasc r°e l i qny au , s
( A C p 1po e- dn 5 d ( e i ex ) )
E A F sL A MD N GI H EN
ES D HE ED
( T O R I S P HHE R I EC A L A D
W h = 1e n 6 L 2/ r /
0.885PL SEt
P=
2=SE + 0.8P 0.885L– O.8t
f W Lh T ee1 h 6 sn a2 s
.
i
PL M 2SEt
f= 2SE+P(M– O.2)’ ‘= ML –t(ikf-O.2)
VALUES OF FACTOR M
2 2. 3 .0 3. 5 0 4 .0 0 5. 50 6 .5 0
‘ 1 / 1. 2 .r2 2. 7 5 3. 2 5 4 .7 5 5. 2 5 6 .0 5 . 00
M 1 1. 1. 0 .0 0 16 0
% ‘
7
●
: L-t = D 2
.
25
E X
3ESIGN DATA:
P = IOOpsidesignpressure D = 96inchesoutside
dimeter
S = 17500psistressvalueof ~ = 3@onehalfoftheapexmgle
SA 515-70plate@650°F L = 96inchesoutsideradiusofdish
E = 0.85,efficiency
ofspot-examinedjoints t = Requiredwallthickness,
inches
E = 1.00,jointefficiencyofseamlessheads C.A = 0.125inchescomosionallowmce
R = 48inchesoutsideradius
:0s 30° = 0.866 Determine the maximum allowable
Determine the required thickness, t working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick
of a cone cone.
00 96
‘=2 x0.866X(l\50; X0.85+Oc4X100) =
=0.372 in. ~= 2X 17500XC).85X
().5()()X().866= 134psi
96- (0.8xO.500xO.866)
+-CA. 0.125in.
0.497in.
Use:0.500in.thickplate

L/r = 16$
Determine the required thickness, t of a working pressure, P for 0.625 in. thick
seamless ASME flanged and dished seamless head, when the vessel is in
head. corroded condition.
0,885x 100x96
=0.483 in.
‘= 17500x1.0+0.8x 100 17500x 1.0xO.625
P= 0.885
+C.A. 0.125in.
0.608in.
U 0 in.min.thickhead
s. 6e 2 : 5
%
Knuckle radius r= 6 i M ~ =1 K r p= 6 in. L/r= ~ =16
M 1.75 from table.
~= 1.75 from table.
Determine the required thickness t of a
seamless ASME flanged and dished Determine the maximum allowable
head. working pressure, P for a 0.478 in. thick
100X96X1.75 seamless head when the vessel is in
t= =0.478 in. corroded condition.
2x 17500x1.0x 100(1.75-0.2)
2X17500x1.OX().478 .
+-CA. 0.125in. ‘= 1.75X96-0478(1.75-0.2)=100ps*
0.603in.
NOTE: W t r h o La i ehg t r t n i/e 1 ea, h(o nt f ore a6c ns or -n sC nt tor u:vd c et aoi o hnl )
Mm ca a l y bc t u fbl oa etA
r eh%
md +u~ l ly ae ( : = 3 )
&u
Y
I E P
F
NOTATION
P = Internal or external design pressure psi E=joint efficiency
d =Inside diameter ofshell, in.
S =Maximumaflowable stiessvalue ofmaterial, psi
t = Minimum required thickness of head, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.
t~ = Actual thickness of head exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.
tr = Minimumrequired thicknessof seamless shell for pressure, in.
t~ = Actual thickness of shell, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.
27
I E P
E
DESIGNDATA
P = 300 psi design pressure E=joint efficiency
d =24in. inside diameter ofshell
s =15,0001psi maximum allowable stress value of SA-515-60 plate
tr =0.243 i required thickness
n of seamless
. shell for pressure.
t~ =0.3125 in. actual thickness ofshell.
DETERMINE THE MINIMUM REQUIRED THICKNESS, t
t=d ~ 0.13 PISE = 24 ~ 0.13x300/15,000 x 1 = 1.223 in.

Use l.250in. head
t~ 1.250
Checking the limitationof — = — = 0.052,
d 24
Theratio ofhead thickness to the diameter of the shell is satisfactory
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
0.243
c = 0.33 ; = 0,33 — = 0.26
s 0.3125
t = d = = 24 0.26 x 300/1 ~,000 x 1 == 1.731 in.
Use 1.75 in. plate
Using thicker plate for shell, alesser thickness wfil be satisfactory for the head
t~ = 0.375 i n .
0.243
c = 0.33 + = 0.33 — = 0.214
0.375
0.214 x 300/15,000 x 1 = 1.57 in.

t= d & = 24 J
Use 1.625 in. plate
The shell thickness shall be maintained along a distance 2 dt, from the
inside face of the head J
2 m = 6 in”
- .. . . . .... . .
“
28
PRESSURE – TEMPERATURE RATINGS

F S P O FLANGES
T E I E AND
R P FLANGED
L E FITTINGS
American National Standard ANSI B16.5-1981
150lb. 300 l 4 l 6 b lb.

0 900
b l 0 .1 0l . 25b 0 l 50b
HYDROSTATIC
TEST
PRESSURE,PSIG
450 1125 1500 2225 3350 5575 9275
TEMPERATURE,
F MAXIMUMALLOWABLENON-SHOCKpRESSURE PSIG.
-20 to 100 285 740 990 1480 2220 3705 6170 -

200 260 675 900 1350 2025 3375 5625
300 230 655 875 1315 1970 3280 5470
400 200 635 845 1270 1900 3170 5280
500 170 600 800 1200 1795 2995 4990

600 140 550 730 1095 1640 2735 4560
650 125 535 715 1075 1610 2685 4475
700 110 535 710 1065 1600 2665 4440
750 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 4200

800 80 410 550 325 1235 2060 3430
850 65 270 355 535 805 1340 2230
900 50 170 230 345 515 860 1430
950 35 105 140 205 310 515 860

1000 20 50 70 105 155 260 430
Ratings apply to materials:

SA-1051’2 SA-515-702 SA-516-702 SA-181-70]’2 SA-350-LF2
SA-537-C1.13 SA-216-WCB2
NOTES:
1. For service temperatures above 850 F it is recommended that killed steels
containing not less than 0.10070residual silicon be used.
2. Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800 F, the carbide phase of
carbon steel may be converted to graphite.
3. T m a s t h ne hb r u i ai eat o shll i a cl e k21/2
bt ni e ed o s n s v n e
Flangesof ANSIB16.5shall not be used for higher ratings exceptwhereit is

justified by the design methods of the Code.
Ratings are maximum allowable non-shock working pressures expressedas gage

pressure, at the tabulated temperatures and may be interpolated between
temperatures shown,
Temperatures are those on the inside of the pressure-containing shell of the

f l I ga en i ni g t e se r a. a t a lhon t, hc m ot s ne m
a hte aa st i t en f r ee i d a l
2-
P F
STATIC HEAD
The fluid in the vessel exerts pressure on the vessel wall. The intensity of the
pressure when the fluid is at rest is equal in all directions on the sides or
bottom of the vessel and i d t t h u eo t h i f s gae l o ht be up t o iof he v di
a w t h p ri ie ch cso nst hs u i dre e e r e ds .
T s ht hwa e a t ph pi ae sl ci eb c had a bnt ad lt e d dl ep le rh s eoe dt i s osg e u n hr
v e s s e l .
T t ab h bs e lt l rh e e o lsb oha w
e t t it wpo w rne eaes h hes sn eo ut n i re eg h
w a t e r .
T f t pi r fe hnas os o udf ot ren lt e h wu hretai y v tdr a ag es hil irnt u , v e e eh
t as bb hm ul la ew t i tl sp s li lpi gee hdt rc o tia fhf v i e icl co htn su yi d e i rf ae t di
P r ie P s osp uSu r qIn e efud Dnn asi f rH rfoc eeo eWr he a nar t d t se
H e a d ,
F o e 1 e2 3t 4 5 6 7 8 9
b
w
a a F at h e r e e .q n rp h u et4p oia r t p elu3s s s iqns 3 uue nd r a e c
T f t p i r pe shns qsi o ufdeu aren fae h r ocnr e n eg e i h tie rt ao y va ta dbhe bt o n
m u t l f t h i b ep.h e l 4y e a 3e t d3 y .
H o eW ai aF dC t o er sr ee s f tper oC n nde P
it nr rg t e as si o un r
i P o p Su qnI eud nn as r rc e h
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
i t
30
T
f q c u o om i po ra cr e i r qps k out nl hi ir aace weight
fk d t n forevarious
ne s smaterialsdand
at different degree of radiographic examination.
A Stress values at tem~.

. -20 to 650° F.
S 5 3 A B
S A
C - 2 S 58 15 5 -S 5 6 A1 0 5
S 5 1 6 -S 5 6 A1 0 6
85V0J. E. 11730 12750 14875
100Yo J. E. 13800 15000 17500

B Ratios of Stress Values
11730 12750 13800 14875 15000 17500
11730 — 1.09 1.18 1.27 1.28 1.49
12750 0.92 — 1.08 1.17 1.18 1.37
13800 0.85 0.92 — 1.08 1.09 1.27
14875 0.79 0.86 0.93 — 1.01 1.18
15000 0.78 0.85 0.92 0.99 — 1.17
17500 0.67 0.73 0.79 “ 0.85 0.86 —
Table A shows the stress value of the most frequently used shell and head materials.
Table B shows the ratios of these stress values.
EXAMPLE:
1. Foravesselusing SA 5 15-70 plate, whenspotradiographed, therequiredthickness
0.4426 inches and the weight of the vessel 12600 lbs.
2. What plate thickness will be required and what will the weight of the vessel be,
using SA 285-C plate and fill radiographic examination:
In case 1. The stress value of the material 14875
In case 2. The stress value of the material 13800
The ratio of the two stress values tlom Table B = 1.08. In this proportion will be
increased the required plate thickness and the weight of the vessel.
0.4426 x 1.08 = 0.4780 in.
12600 X 1.08= 13608 lb.
31
E P X
D eP rs e is gs un r e
V e i sn st f ese n el u d sr o ee nv dx i wdt c ero eper r r n kre oa si1 l sp n ou lg r e e ss

w a h t b is t r c wa thm C i pe s oe eohyt dd m
e dhnc b oeo moet pwi l tni a gi n c
r fo e xl tp o eer er s ssn sb arh ud l r e a e sf , ila m g lna oeexa d li l m o r uw
e x pt er ero 1S ns p sa o u2l pr ces m fete oti m rnh 5 ar r xptah ioe m s n su e
e x pt r e e wr s hn s i aiucs l r h m ee Ca, v lLe -lro (e r sdJ . 2 f e G 8 )
A v ew si hd s e i sae icc l og n hn s n tet sCr d u r c e t oqd e u d i fr dei m noe net to es

p r ae w s s i hru n er i qte b u cd di e rh sf e ai s ed g x n ptoo e ere d oer 1 snp r sa n ul r
o l n ne be d se eost rCi s grd nof t u et e ed dl x optoe here cers o sn rn saed uli tr
H o w
n e e xv pt e rer rer, snam saob t usl ri whae n t oC gi s wy t ohtea un m d hp ei
l C re e oq u is fr dee m xse pnet tores aer msn Csa r uU le r r o ( Ge nt d- eo . f2 et
T s nh h b a ai p i o tpl vs l l iei o t hespe dea s a tr eef aem tlp bee sr dm

a e t u itlr e n
2 F a t d ep n rhs ie d0i se dtsg ee ub rnt rmC ei U n e -oshd ( ( dCo yC6 e ce 2 o S
U - ( t Ha 5t v bn e Ao c o 1hie i )s mots d i p ete ya s c f tt .
V e w s l s ji e o lC iat s Un o- th2 ( sp Nd : c y egl i ovGn de 8jr is) a cn sac l e k

C U -o 2 ( d ei G 8 )
T P re e s s s u tr e
S i n g vl e e - d ws e a s ls f l ei v gl a n so ocep d ua v ru ar to m c i s n ua rb hlul ma y
s u b t j a e i c n t ht e y ed d r r t on oso ant w ael t a ih hcys d r teo t si trn ane t i c
p r a c t ai pc na be l t ue m ,U e-a (t soi c t9 f . G 9 )
E it ot t y h s ebe phm r a as ae ap flr t ned l ls ets e u1e o1 tr h t e s t i a t/ m

s
d i f f b e er ent n woc a eet r m e om spn par h eeal r s t i scm u in r ndh e i e m d s u e
i n at eb prs rno e Ual s -ul s ( t u e r e9 . f G 9 )
P n e tu m
C e a U t - soi c t 1d : 0e G 0
T d em h se o t it f goh e l pnolh ocd a w o i tngnA ne fg eC o S f sr P o mMr e doos E s

V e S s e V s c De tI 1l iT IIs co nIoh Vp h a. 4 at .r 4 .gta e he s ex cn rf ser r 2 pru t 7
t C ho di e s .
32
E PRESSUREX
FORMULAS
N O T A T I O N
P= External design pressure, psig.
P = Maxunumallowableworking pressure, psig.
d.= Outside diameter, in.
L = the length, in. ofvessel section between:
1. circumferential line on a head at one-third the depth of the
head-tangent line,
2. stiffening rings
3. jacket closure
4. cone-toqdinderjunction or knuckle-to-cylinderjunction of
a toriconicalhead or section,
5. tube sheets (see pa e 39)
t = Minimum requiredwa fithickness, in.
A. m CYLINDRICAL SHELL
2
Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt Joints
When D./l equal to or greater than 10
the maximum allowable pressure:
D. 4B
1~ , A Pa =
3(D0It )
t. — T value of B hshall be determined
e by the fol-
lowing procedure:
1. Assume a value for t; See pages 49-511)
t i Determine L/DQ a b oI n d
A 2 E Fn U G t i O ( e - g42)
.2P rat8 the.a. value
O g
m of L/DO. E a n5 w t L/Dpheis greater r e t 0
! z than 50, and at 0.05 when L/D. is l e
0.05.
3. M h oo r i z t vo t n tl a e rl el ipyh r e s ne o
~ F O t p r/ o oi t noh t ie. rm m s nev ce ot t i eo
B . t l t dc e a t t el v r l m o ayf i h n aAol e c u te
4 E t n a p t p lhme i ac. crat be (e lh r e p i a aa
4 3a t v- o4 aA M h7 l v ) e o ur tt tet iev c fa
a p p t he cm ap l eb r l i a e t nu r e *
A 5 F t ir n t e orhm s e h. cm o to r i ieo zan ov n t a
r t v e o aB ha l du e e f .
u C o t m m p a u ax h t l i el m wo uw o e p amr b kr l
z
2 s Pa.u r e ,
u If the maximum allowable working pressure is
z t A smaller than the design pressure, the design
E procedure must be repeated increasing the ves-
M
Lal
L sel thickness or decreasing L b s t i rf f ei n
F * v F ao A l f o ua t tl er l l s o i t efnh g
a p p tl ei mc pa leb r lt a ie vt u nof
r a ePOh e l
c b c a l a bc t u fl ao tn r eeh md u l y ae
t ~ A
1 Pa =
s 1
!-$? 3 /t) ( D 0
2 W t hv oaD eh il l no tu e 1e /e th fs t
g i i t Cv U eGoh - 2 n s8 d ( n Che )
W S TI I F RF T E b aG N p
N II H N p Gl i e de .
33
E X
D E DATA
S I G N
P = IS e x dt e epressure
r sn ai l g n
D. = 96 in. outside diatmeter of the shell
Length o t v fe ths ra sl n t ef ot ge i al e l nmn 4n igf t O ie n=e 5n o i ett n : 7 8
H 2 e e l a l i :pd s o s i d 1 a l
M a o t s e S rh- i C eap 2 l ll f8 la A 5t e
T e m p 5e r Fa t 0 u r e 0 °
E = M o of delasticity
u ol m u a s t2 e7 ,r 0i p 0a @05l f , ,“s 0 ( 0 c0 i0 s Jh . ae? 0
o p 4 ) a g n e 3
D e t te rr em qis hnut ehhi i r ce eek dn i e s l s .

A s a s s t huh i mcet =k0e n l i e ( s. l ps : 4s 5n a e 0 9g . e e )
L eL = 592
n in. (length
g t of shell
h 576 in. and one third of the depth of
heads 16 i n . )
L/DO= 592/96 = 6.17 Do/t = 96/0.5= 192
A=O.00007 from chart (page 42)determined by the procedure described on
the facing page.
Since the value of A is falling to the left of the applicable temperature-line
in Fig. UCS-28.2 (page 43),
P* = 2A E/3( DOlt) = 2 x 0.00007x 27,000,000/3x 192= 6.56 psi.
Since tlie maximum allowable pressure is smaller than the design pressure
P stiffening rings shall be provided.
Using 2 stiffening rings equally spaced between the tangent lines of the heads,
Length of one vessel section, L = 200 in.(length of shell 192 in. plus one third
of depth of head 8 in.)
L/DO= = = =
* = from chart (page
a
s 3000 f c r( h 4 po a a rm 3 g t e )
G d e t e b r t m p i r n oe dhcd ee sd o cuy r er i e b e
: ‘ f ap c a i g0 n eg .
+
‘ = 4 xQ 3000/3 x 192= 20.8 psi.
“ Pa =o 4B/3(DOlr)
●
‘k GG
* Since the maximum allowable pressure P. is
‘; greater than the design pressure P, the assumed
thickness of shell using two stiffening rings,
is satisfactory.
i “00
*Z
See page 40 for design of stiffening rings.
34
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS
NOTATION
P = External design pressure psig.
Pa = Maximum allowable working pressure psig.
DO = Outside diameter of the head, in.
RO = Outside radius of sphere or hemispherical head, 0.9D0 for ellipsoidal
heads, inside crown radius of flanged and dished heads, in.
= Minimum required wall thickness, inches.
; = Modulus of elasticity of material, psi. (page 43)
SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD
The maximum B
allowable pressure: ‘“ = (RO/t)
The value of B shall be determined by the followingpro-
cedure:
1. Assume the value for t and calculate the value of
A using the f o r m u / ( l) (seea page49)
:
2 E t n a p t p ml h ei a c c. t ar e(b hel r p4e i a a3aa l rg-
t v o a A. h Move
l vertically
u e to ethe applicable f
temperature line.*
3. From the intersection move horizontally and read
t
R. R. t v o aB h l u e e f .
DO *For values of A falling to the left of the appli-
t- - cable temperature line, the value of POcan be cal-
~~–•°à–•Tá–•Xæ–•
culated by the formula:Pc = 0.0625V~R0/ t ):
If the maximum allowable working pressure f’. com-
puted by the formula above, is smaller than the design
pressure, a greater value for [ must be selected and
the design procedure repeated.
2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
The required thickness shall be the greater of the
following thicknesses.
I (1) The thickness as computed by the formulas
R. given for internal pressure using a design pres-
sure 1.67 times the external pressure and joint
t +% efficiency E= 1.00.
DO
(2) The thickness proofed by formula Fa=BARo/1)
where&=O.9 00, and B to be determined as for
sphere.
ASMEFLANGED
ANDDISHED
HEAD
( T O R I S P HH E R I EC A L A D
R.
The required thickness and maximum allowable pres-
( sure shall be computed by the procedures given for
+ f, ellipsoidal
W heads. (See above)ROmaximum=D,,
35
E X
DESIGN DATA:
P = 15psigexternal design pressure
Do= 96 inches outside diameter of head
Material of the head SA-285C plate
500°F design temperature
Determine the required head thickness.

SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
Assume a head thickness: t,=0.25 i R = 4 n i 8 . .n . ~ .
A = 0 . 1 2 5 / ( 4 8 . =0 0 / 0 . 2 5 0) 0 0 6 5
F F rU Ci oS( - g4 2p m 8= 8 a.3 d2 eg5 t) e eb r 0t m
B p i r n 0 oe hcd e d uy er
d e s o c t r f i bap e hc da i g nn e eg .
Pa = 8 5 0 0 / ( 4 8 . 0= 04 / 0 .p245 ) ,s 2 i 7 .
S t i m an xa h cl i l mweo uwo e pamr rb k Pa

le isiesexceedingly
ns ug greater
r e than
the design pressure f’, a lesser thickness would be satisfactory.
For a second trial, assume a head thickness: t = 0.1875 in.
RO= 4 i 8 . n0 0 .
A = 0 . 1 2 5 / ( 4 8 . 0 0 /=0 0. 1 8 7. 5 ) 0 0 0 5
B = 6 f 7 c (r0 hp a0 Pa oag = B/(RJt)
e, r 4m =3 6700/256
t ) , = 26.2 psi.
The assumed thickness: t = 0.1875 in. is satisfactory.
SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE. Procedure(2.)

A sah s t uh e i mc f =k 0ae n e. i s d 3s =: n1 x 2 = . 5 in. .
A = 0.1 25/(86.4/0.3125)= 0.00045
B = 6100 from chart (page 43 ), Pa = B/( RO\r)I= 6100/276= 22.1 psi.
Since the maximum allowable pressure Pa i g r t e t adh t ep e rhass r e i s n sg e

P t a s t s hh u i i m
cs ak et eni sd e f as c s t o r ys .
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2.)

Assume a head thickness: t = 0.3125 in., RO=,DO= 96 in.
A = 0.125/(96/0.3125)= 0.0004
B a5 f 2c r ( h 0 4 p o Pa
a =0aB/(
3 rmRO/t)
g t=) 5200/307
e , = 16.93 psi.
Since the m a xa l i l mpo ruw Peam i sbg ls r etu e rt adeh t ep ae rha s r e i s n sg e
~ t a s t s hh u i i m
cs ak et eni sd e f as c s t o r ys .
36
E P X
FORMULAS
CONE A CONICAL
N SE(XION D
L WHEN a IS EQUALTOORLESSTHAN60<
‘a and Dl\r, > 10
AX The m a ax l i l pmo r wu e am
s bs l u e r
4
D ,
L ‘ = 3(D,/f,.) “
1 A s a v s forauthickness,
ml ~., e u e
s The valuesof B s b determined
h a by thel
l% followingprocedure:
, n .L/Dl
2 D e t t eL., r andmthe iratios e and ,
te D1/te
a L 3. Enter chart UGO-28(page42) at the wdue
I of LJDI (.L/D&)( a 5 wn L/Dl
E t h e
is greater than 5 M h o or0 i tz tov n t
a line representing~it. From the point of
DI intersection move vefically to determine
factor A,
‘1 4. Enter the applicable material chart at
the value of A* and move verticallyto the
line of applicable temperature. From the
NOTATION intersection move horizontally and read
A = factordeterminedfrom the value of B.
fig.UGO-21L0(page , 5 C4 o t m m p2 a u ax h tl i . l ewmo owu e arm
B = fhctordetermined from pressure,Pa.
charts (pages 4 3 4 7 )
a = o h o t ian n
c lh l I eu Pa fdis s f e e mdt at dl h l ep f er has etr si sn
( aa pdn eeg
g xl r d )e e e t ,e ds s i pe gr hs o nmust
ci ,be
e repeated
gd e u n r
Dl = outside diameter at the increasing the thickness or decreasingL b
large end, in. using of stiffeningrings.
D s= outside diameter at the
small e i n n
●F v
d .
oa A f ol at ut l l e ol r t sia e h n fp g
E = modulusof elasticityof
cable line, the value of P can be calculated
material (page 43)
L = length of cone, in. (see by the formula:
page 39) Pa = 2A E/3(D,/t,.)
Le = equivalent length of For cones havingD A ratio smallerthan 10,
conicalsection, see Code UG-33(~(b)
in.(L/’2)(l+D~/Df)
P = external
. design pressure, W HI G ER ETN A 6 a TH E S RA 0
Pa = flbum allowable The thicknessof the conesshallbe the sameas
workingpressure, psi the required t h i f c a kf nh e o lt se s
t = minimumrequired o w e h qt i l u a co a r hfu hl g t
t h i ic k n e sn s d , i oa t. mc e ot he nr ef e .
te = effectivethickness,in. P r a o d v er eiq i dun o f ate o ctr coe i n n h
= t Cos a c y j l u i nSn cp d t 1 eu ar e e . g5
37
E X
DESIGN DATA
F’ = 15 psi external design pressure
Material of the cone SA 285-C plate
500 F design temperature
CONICAL HEAD
D( = 9 i a =2n d e2 6 g. D, =r. O e e5 s
Determine the required thickness, t L
Length, f. =( D1/2)hncx=48/.4142= 115.8,say 116in (1
1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.3125 in.
2. fe = t cosa=O.3125x .9239 = 0.288; A7
L, =L/2 ( / )l= 1 X+D(1 + 0/96)
6 D = 581/ 2 1
L, /~, =58/96 =0.6 L), Ite = 96/,288 = 333 w
3. A =0.00037 ( cf ph r 4 a oa r mt 2g , e )
4 ~ = (5 c, f 2ph r 04 a. 0oa r mt g3 , e )
4B 4 X 5,200 = 20.8 psi.
5 p,, = .
3(D,/t@) =
3(333)
Since the maximum allowable pressure is greater than the design pressure, the
assumed plate thickness is satisfactory.
CONICAL SECTION (See design data above)
DI = 144 in. D, =96 in. a =30 d e g .

D e t t e r r em tqi h nu i eic rk ne e e d s s ,
L e L n= [ (gD r D
t J )h / 2=], / 2t a n4 a= / . i 45 7 17 4n . 6 .
a 0 i . 3 n7
2 t =tC O s ~ ) . . 8 3. 6 , 76 =5 0 . 3 2 4
X( O
m Le=(L/2)(1 + D~\Dl)=41.6\2 X
1 + 9 6 = /3 1 4 4 4. ) 6 7
I L Le/D[ = 3 4 . 6 7 / 1 4 4 = 0 . 2 4 1
D1/te= 1 4 4 / 4 0 . 3 2 44 = 4
$ w ’
3. A =0.00065 (from chart, page42J
4 B= 8( , c f 6 ph r 04 a. oa0 r mt 3g ,
2 - 1 4 4 - 94 6
4 X8 6 0
2 5. pa = 4B =
1 4 4 3(DJr J 3 X (144/0.324)
= 25.8 p s i .
S t i m an xah cl i l mpeo ruw e P.
eam is sbgreater
ls ethan
u the
r de ep rs e i s sg u
P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory.
EXAMPLES &
39
E P X
FORMULAS
7
L
J
o
Use L in calculation as shown when
the strength of joints of cone to cylin-
L der does not meet the requirements
T
described on pages 163-169 It will
result the thickness for the cone not
less than the minimumrequired thick-
R ness for the joining qdindrical shell.
Use L in calculationas shownwhen

the strength of joints of cone to cylin-
der meets the requirements described
on pages 163-169
r
L.
1
-a
40
E P X
DESIGN OF STIFFENING RINGS
NOTATION
A : Factor determined from the chart (page 42) for the material used in the
stiffening ring.
A, = Cross sectional area of the stiffening ring, sq. in.
DO= Outside Diameter of shell, in.
E = Modulus of elasticity of material (see chart on page 43)
1, = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring about its neutral axis parallel
to the axis of the shell, in.4.
f’,, = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring combined with the shell
section which is taken as contributing to the moment of inertia. The width of
the shell section 1.10 @ in.4.
L, = The sum ofone-halfofthe distances on both sides of the stiffening ring from
the center line of the ring to the (1) next stiffening ring, (2) to the head line at
depth, (3) to a jacket connection, or (4) to cone-to-cylinderjunction, in.
P = External design pressure, psi.
t = Minimum required wall thickness of shell, in.
I. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine its cross sectional area A
II. Assume the required number of rings and distribute them equally between
jacketed section, cone-to-shell junction, or head line at % of its depth and
determine dimension, L,.
111.Calculate the moment of inertia of the selected ring or the moment of inertia of
the ring combined with the shell section (see page 95).
IV. The available moment of inertia ofa circumferential stiffening ring shall not be
less than determined by one of the following formulas:
~, = Do’L,(t+A]L)A D02L,(t+A~L)A
.s 10.9 {,= ~
The value of A shall be determined by the following procedure:
1. Calculate factor B using the formula:
“’[*J
2. Enter the applicable material chart (pages 43 -47) at the value of B and move
horizontally to the curve of design temperature. When the value of B is less than
2500, A can be calculated by the formula: A = 2B/E.
3. From the intersection point move vertically tothebottom of the chart andreadthe
value of A.
4. Calculate the required moment of inertia using the formulas above.
If the moment of inertia of the ring or the ring combined with the shell section is greater
than the required moment of inertia, the stiffening of the sheH is satisfactory. Otherwise
stiffening ring with larger moment of inertia must be selected, or the number of rings
shall be increased.
Stiffening ring for jacketed vessel: Code UG-29 (f)
41
E X
D E DATA:
S I G N
P= 1 p ,e xs dt e epi r r s5ne . asi sl g u rn e .
D.= 9 i o u nd t i sao. t m i s 6 de , ht e ehe r l fl e .
L eo t nv gfe ths ra h st n t ef ot ge i al e l nmn 4n igf t O ie n=e 5n o i et n : 7
H 2 e e l a l i :pd s o s i d 1 a l
M a o t t es tr i i rf haf S el - in i f ne ng 3 g A 6
T e m p 5e r Fa t 0 u r e 0 °
E= M o o de l u a ols m t u ai sct2 ie7 t ,rf y0i p 0a@05l f , ‘,s 0 ( 0 c 0 i0 s h . ae
o p 4 a 3g n e )
1 = 0 i . t h 5 i o csn 0 k nh 0 e se. s l f l
I A a o n6 x 4 g - s l .e5n l e /e cf 1 t
z = s3 i 4 . 0q n , 3 . .
II. U 2 s s t ii fr fn e i ngq i n nu g ag
s pb ea o t cn wet e -de td e eh ni hp r
o h ( e f i as gLj =du1 e in.
rf s e e) 9 ,
III. T m o oh m i ne o e tne r t t i
selected angle: 11.4in.
1. T v o aF h a lc t uo e r e1 3f
B= 3/4[PDOjct =
3/4 ~5 X 96/(0.5 + 3.03 ~1961
= 2095
2 S t i v no a B hi c l l . e u e e e
t 2 h 5 a0 0 n ,
A = 2BiE. =
2 X 2095/27,000,000= 0.00015
IV. The required moment of inertia:
[1102L$(r+ A,\Q4] 962X 196X (0.5+ 3.03/ 196)X 0.00015 = g 97 in ~

I , = = = . .
14 14
S t i r e n qm h cu o io eim
r ene e( de ni 9 r ) it ts . im fnt 9a a t l7 h l ” e ahs
m o o i m n oe te ns r et t al hi ef( na1c i t fg) ete vd l. nei ae h s 1 4 s ” de
e q su t a i t f ef el n y e d .
S t i r f fm ei b ns in unt algbg a bj sut e cyTe c kes r tl hiab con lo g ni . us i l ds ed
i a d t d t ir te im q ho u no on i i mr n o e ee d rn t t i a f .
S p a g fe es ~ t 9 i 5r f - cof 9ae e l7i cn ui l narn tg i o ng s .
4 2
Cacml owl 001 . 0 1
THE VALUES OF FACTOR A

U I FS O REM
F UV DL E ANO
U
SS S NE E X R
D
L T SPEE R
R E
N
R SA SL U
-
e Uolwj
n r
I I I I I I I i
z
45
# , w
II 111111 I I
I I 1 I I \ \ w l
8
Pa
E
46
e Ho13vd
..
t t 1 1 1 , , u)
I 1 I Y-RII\] .
\
I 1 1 ,,
\ I
,
I .
I I
I I \ I
Ua
E
.
I t
I I I
1 I I I I ! 1 I I I I 1 I !
I
4
48
E P X
CONSTRUCTION OF STIFFENING RINGS
LOCATION
Stiffening rings may be placed on the inside or outside of a vessel.
SHAPEOF RINGS
T r m i b h o nr e ac g t oea a ns og y u s let eafn rc h t i e ro y n r s .
CONSTRUCTION
I i p r e ft ue rp a ilb tc l ssoae n st t a rcoe ou emc pst o is innt ge -s s et c ti ri of n f i e n
r at ut hs hs t easai tnr r nd us n ac hg trT ua dr r p ae f le th a sl ns. h oo oi ei ni n oe r
t d i f f oih rc u o l h t l i eseel ts ri aus n c fh vtgb ua a ry pba leel uo sct n,as ue t shoc
s t a i td r j t t t u ich yus or not vht ase t g Fhu o l reh e ed a li o avfrl eme t . ge s rt s ee
m a xp e i r m o i uos rsm io b uul c ne r d n ei eat 1a s–f 2 si u g l bnn te t nac w
t s a h t h r e T ni c lh benhe l l idg aimie t i . vn s ae tnmr eeh tde o i t m cr f aibe l ie h r
c o o t pu ui ls he act T tt s ti f eeo ccen hbtsnf .i col a i ne ansu o rs mn t ot e ee l a
a t b u h tn t -t weo e igld pd en e ltd h a e c r e n .
DRAIN AND VENT
S t i r f pf i e li ntn aei r gc no h ehsso rd i is z nd hhoe nea het aaof l gl oa l tv s l ae
b o f dt r t a oo ia t nm t a nf gr v eh Poe r do a nct o et hi pt c o r aa 3.lani l y ln
d i ah ma t e ob t oe a l rh1%
t i t ed noitn e ahm ma ct ed ot t i hse a l rht i o s fe a tc e
a d n a on tf s oef ct deo hrns cd tFei tt iisA eo gns s u. r e .
F t m ao xah oi s m r l uhreu mn ees u pblc pf efo lor c tg te ai d s u t is a f ef e
r s iC Fn oei Ug Gg d., u’ e 2 re 9 .e 2 .
WELDING
According to the ASME Code (UG 30): Stiffener rings may be attached “to the
shell by continuous or intermittent welding. The total length of intermittent
welding on each side of the stiffener ring shall be:
1 f r o i t oo n u nt ghl. s r t i s ode no hehe t, s o aan tu c s it hrln cs ue mi ff ed er ee
o t v e sh s e fle ;
2 f r o i t oi n no t ghs.v r esi n nlshd et s e o ee o t fh l e o h,st nac t i i s rn rh ce
f e o tr v e e n s hc s e e f l e .
W c h o r ea r l o rl si o t i ebw op a nr n o ct v es i t di rfes ho fdse e , bin ah i t ne antg a lc g
t the shell with continuous filleto or seal weld.ASME. Code (UG.30.)
M S pa a cx i n. g
1 tf i n rt oe ri n2 a rn l
8t f e x rt o1e ri n ar n l
1
F iA g u r e F iB g u r e
E X A M R P LO : T 1 G
I E UN Sx 3 Il Sf D %wE
i o lg6 ec l ” te” l . t r d
R II NN S? Gx 2I l SDf 4wE
i o lg6 ec l ” te“ l . tr d
T f w t l h e ei s g b -e nhl esl tit a dzt e osel h m ols at hae fl t o l s l en1l hiose wt i n /f ge
t t h i o cvh k w e n o es seta s sia t f e jlf f le o n l hie r r n tt e .
49
CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR

VESSELS SUBJECTED T F V
U t s c ih t ah n rw r digt i i asef a f, l set trss h e uih nc mckt nbe ea ds vs aeo s i d

T c h bh a d ree a v t iee a esl c oc s pown er tdd da i n emcn ehtse o Ait h gh S e no
C S o e V dc D tI e i i 1v I ,o i nsI i ,o n .
~“ 1 30 040“ 50 602 70 ”80 090 100 110 120 130140 150 160170 180 190200
SPHERICAL, ELLIPSOIDAL, FLANGED AND DISHED HEADS
(Specified yield strength 30,000 to 38,000 p i n sc l u is i v ,e )
T f t r i e hq hnut hi e oi r d1c Deke aedn t e Res2d rEs m: t inc n . aet th vh e a , a. r hr
o R 3 M v e o r t t t i ev cfm ,ap .llee lr4 yaM
i t uh nroo oer i e za ovr n, tt a. ele nl y a
I
t = R e qh u t ih e ir ci e k ad n e s dn s , .
R = F h e m i so ph h e etr i i c ar a nlr d has i s d i , i d eu n e s , .
F 2 e l l o i h:p s 0 oe i .r d a1 a9 l dx Ds 0
F f l a a od n ih g n s et r i hda ncedd hsrdrs ai i,o RmW=Do
dd e w
i e u nn s ,
D. = Outside diameter of the head, in.
50

VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM
323. 525.
5m. 502
475. 475
a m 6a
-Q5 e
Qo. a
37s 375
35a 350.
s 225
3m. 2m.
27s 27s.
Zm. m
225 2Z-3.
2ca a
175 r?s.
Isa (5a
1= 123.
Im Ice.
!Ea L I D ! 5
14 l
Isa 1 3
laa 1 2
I la ,
Ioa I
m 90.
m. m
70. n).
30. a
3a 30.
Q. a
2a m
m. m.
la !0.
3 d 5 67*9 2 3 * 5 0 7 a o ,..
1.
C Y L I N DS R I C
H A LE L L
( S
facing page f e xe p l a o en a t i o nr )
51

VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM
10 Is ,Xl .25 .32 .sS .4 .5s .50 .% .(M .05 .70 75 .s0 .03 .90 .95 !.00
525” S5
Soo. X0.
4?5. 415
492. 441
-Q5 45.
-QO. -no.
3n 3T5
330. 330.
325 325
\
o ~. X
n
2 7 ’ 5 . 2?s
—’2EQ. ?3a
2?5. 2ZS
ma 290.
ITS. 17S
,3. Isa
125 !25
ICo. ICC..
.10 . 15 .20 .2s .= ,35 .Q .65 .542 .55 .m .63 .m .75 .m .55 .90 .s5 ,.m
t =
C Y L I N DS R I H
C A LE L L
( S p ye c s i i tf ir3e e e d0 t nl 3 , g d8t0p hi , 0n 0sc 0 l 0u ois 0 i v ,e )
T f t r i e sq hn ut hhi o i rdce e ke dn l e s l s :
1 E l n c o t ( h wf e p a. e ar act r vr i g ont aL ehg l ) u t e e
2 M h o or i z t ocv n t ur .a eel prl ry evDs e e n ot si n g .
M v e o r t t t i ev c m a p lle l r ya ti u ro e n e
4 M h o or i z a ov rn t D.a el e nl y o a /d d t
5 E c n a h t a bt a ev o . or raD vh t l eo u t e / e f t
6 M h o or i z t ocv n t D.au el l ry v o e
7 M v e o r dt i va c roa . lt e l v ewyn o at han l d du e e f
t =
= o s ih e ln l f , .
L = L eo t vn oeg v hst s e ehs st c efasteat li l e okra o l nt r ehf , og l n e l h oss e w t i
1 D i bs et t att nwa !c e.nohe t ieg h ne np e on e hte t al o ths d nfu eio es hrs pe
t h r a in u e ni s r go e sn de t , .
2 T g r d e ih ab s t et ae at. t se naw t ck e snej etw a i nr fc fi ei ye nonn ti ng n g s
3 T d i f s ht t c ar noe t. ceohfn es tti mi her f er tf rt e hisnf tei nt ane hg n gag
l p o i thirdl of t n h n u d eeie h s ep l t n e h d , .
T h e
P J “ Bo N a. A s C eSe.A , dod M . . d.nC wde FE hn V eid aTe a hn rsi ” c d s kt n es e
H Y D R O CP AR RO BC O E5N SN S 5 IM N 1G , po 2 9a 51 7. , y7 6 . .
L P
o J “ g S ia m A.np pl , i tp f. . r..i P, oeA r daVe c H seh sD s ueeo Hsr s Yeie Da g Rl nO d,C ”A
N o v1 ep 2 m 9 b 6e 7 r 5 6 . .
C o p y r i g h t e d
52
D T T
WIND LOAD
The computationof wind load is based on Standard ANSIiASCE7-93, approved 1994.

The basic wind speed shall be taken from the map on the following page.
The basic wind speed is 80 mph. in Hawaii and 95 mph. in Puerto Rico.
The minimum design wind pressure shall be not less than 10 lb.hq. ft.
When records and experience indicates that the wind speeds are higher than those
reflected in the map, the higher values of wind speed shall be applied.
The wind pressureon the projected area of a cylindrical tower shall be calculated by the
following formula.
F=qz G CjA~ (Table 4) ANSI/ASCE 7-93 STANDARD

(References made to the tables of this standard)
Projected area of tower, sq. ft. = @x H)
Shape factor = 0.8 for cylindrical tower (Table 12)
Gust response factor = (G~& GZ)*
When the tower located:
in urban, suburban areas, Exposure B;
in open terrain with scattered obstruction, Exposure C;
in flat. unobstructed areas, Exposure D.
(Table 8)
= Velocity pressure,
0.00256 K, (1~2
IESIGN WIND Wind speed, mph.
‘ R E Sl S U R kEb , Importance
. factor, 1.0 (structures that
m projected represent low hazard to human life
in event of failure).
a o t
I
I Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient*
Exposures B, C & D (Table 6)
*See tables below for values of q
and for combined values of
Gh, G,& K,
VELOCITY PRESSURE, q
Basic wind speed, mph, Y 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Velocity Pressure p 0.00256 V2,q 13 17 21 26 31 37 44
53
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS

WIND LOAD
(Continue~
COEFFICIENT G (Gust r f c w E C
Abo?eE~~~~d,il. EXPOSUREB EXPOSUREC EXPOSURED
0-15 0.6 1.1 1.4
20 0.7 1.2 1.5
40 0.8 1.3 1.6
60 0.9 1.4 1.7
80 1.0 1.5 1.8
100 1.1 1.6 1.9
140 1.2 1.7 2.0
200 1.4 1.9 2.1
300 1.6 2.0 2.2
500 1.9 2.3 2.4
The area of caged ladder maybe approximated as 1 sq. ft. per lineal il. Area of
platform 8 sq. Il.
Users of vessels usually specifi for manufacturers the wind pressure without
reference to the height zones or map areas. For example: 30 lb. per sq. fl. This
specified pressure shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel.
The total wind pressure on a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the
projected area ofthetower. With good arrangement of the equipment the exposed
area of the wind can be reduced considerably. For example, by locating the ladder
90 degrees from the vapor line.
EXAMPLE:
Determine the wind load, F
DESIGN DATA:
t w b s V = 1 m
v d D = 6 fi~
vessel height, H = 80 ft.
Diameter of tower, D = 6 ft.
Height of the tower, H = 80 ft.
The tower located in flat,
unobstructed area, exposure .. D
The wind load, F=q x G x (9.8xA
qf t r a= psf
ob l2m e 6
G from table = 1.8
Shape factor = 0.8
Area, A = DH = 6 x 80 = 480 sq. ft.
F =26X 1.8X 0.8X 480= 17,971 Ibs.
MAP W S
(miles per hour)
. r-v
u
—
(q 90
i
i
j----- ---
---- =- i m
“r ~-i_.. _.T‘-.’
i----
. .. . .. . ... ...
my
,-—---- —--
/
‘&—— I i .- \kl
,, ~ A L A
‘ S K ’, A 2
.
M W S
(miles per hour)
NOTES:1 V a a f a l s ts ue r asp3 et t -a.e ms g i ebel fre edl o ox cs p uva tooCa

3 t n. sae ea ud sg r s ro neo r c yi
w a a ipn r ono bt0 au b . iah l n i0l t y 2 f .
2 L i i n t ne br peeow l tasa t. cwiri poo eni an ecn t c n oee pud t dra bs l e s .
3 C ai t u o wt s i hc oisp o. in m n e nont eu oerne f tudeoa Adri g nsi laoi udnaos v ns i s ks ef
4 W s f iHp i a8ena fw o Pe . daRu di n9i em or ii r s 0p tdc r o h o s 5 .
5 W l hr o eo et c cei r o nr h.a r de r 5 idi la 0wcgs is-a rhnptyi seee b uhearnh dr s a esd e, l
6 W s m i pb a sent b sac e . uo db nm d e cs ye to te adawat sn noe te eit el ncainnh nor l en e at ds oe
56
D T T
WIND LOAD
Computationof w l a i a o l tmn e a erb dn to ads ht st es ASA

ao nA58.1-1955.This
ed d da rn d
standardis o b b s s o u l ti es u s tic e oa loe f t om
ldc d ron enu e e n i ts rg di ne s .
T w p rih ae 3 s fn ls e ua de r g tbe v r f o tteo0 U v. u l nSo en h i ti ds t a ohr e t e doe
t m o t fh a ap hc a e i p g nn e eg .
T t b a hg e b t i lw l epvo re i h eew
f s v nss au he r ode e ai si o g bg u rhf os t ot vs u o
a i r n d be i t c ma a t s eah d p y e .
W P RI E p SWN S TU H H
DR O ER EIH Z O w●NN T EA L
C SR E OSC QTSO IU
R SEO C
A TN AR N * G
E U L R
A R
H E I G H
M AT R A E A P S
l 2 3 3 4 4 o 5 5 0 5 0 5 0
I 2 2 0 5
30 to 49 I 20
[ 50 to 99 I 25 I 30 I 40 I 45 I 50 I 55 I 60
I 100 to 499 I 30 I 40 I 45 I 55 I 60 I 70 I 75
EXAMPLE
F t wi p rinh P
e fs nd sm eur d r a e o w
p m .
T v ie i h ns tt s oe enpe i dO
le ekr s dl aw
a ht oi ohie tm wian , p c ri h m e h s n ss n e
a m r a 3 I r t e km 0aeh a t d w rai p . rnihe es f sp v ns a au he rr od ez i s ioa o ug r n rs h
I t h ez hli t o g 3e nfh hen 2t s l ape ts s f n b 0e .q t 5 . r . .
I t h ez hfi o3g t r 4nh fen 3t o l pe s mt f 0b oe 9 q . t 0 . r . .
F c y l i ton d t or i v ch wra as l e ebl hm suur al eebt si ls p f lh l i a0 ee a td c t .p t h y oe 6
w p ri ie d s ni s f z uf d rewo reb 1e n ain n 1t e l lp ssn f l r bee se 5p qde tc 8 t .i vr e .
I m e q a u i a p na m t e f tnty trta st c hi o i eahe dw v t iieo sen a rtc bs r tl s eeh a h
f a( a cc ct t oB r ro d o uir wnt n0g e f l c . loy )l i v8on dpe ro si5 c sra l e l .
U o sv e eu s s rss u pe sfa elmlf acs nl ui fyo aft c tw
y u rp e r rri hs w
e s in rs t eu h d re o
e r t t e h n ez c h i oo emg ano h e rF et ae e xs a a3 or m l sp p p .s l f reTb : e q h t0
s p e p c r i se f sib hecs odu na r st eibl du e ln r oeei t d f w o v ohr hee m o s snl ee
Relationbetweenwindpressureand windvelocitywhenthe horizontalcrosssection
is circular,is givenby the formula:
Pw= 0.0025 X VW* w Ph = we p r i l e pe s s n fs W u b dre qe t
Vw = w v e i ml o n c i p dt y
E X A M P L E
W o 1i m v n e 0 el p d o xa pcf 0er i eht r s y st u s r e :
Pw= 0 .x Vwz=
0 2 p0 op2 e r s uq5u a r ne f o o dt po r5ne ts hs ue rpe r o j e oc ft ea dc a yr el ai n d r
v ae a h s oe 3s f i ea g gle b h r t oot e uf v0 nt ed .
T t w o hp tri eo a s tne s l i ou t d r p we r o oehtn du r pu sr cneh ea t st i s f ue n
p r o a j oe t cr t t eoW ed hgw ai ea r or f r aet no . gto ee hmq edu n t hit ep mx e pf h ne o
a o t rw c eb ihr e anca do f neu s di cd F en eer ea dxb l aby ol .m o p tc l l a er ta , i hd n
9 d e f g t rvr e l a e o0h i s p nm o e e r .
57
M W P
.
58
D E O ST IT AGO NWL EF LR S
WIND LOAD
~ =
v= t=R2nSE
hr(V- P.D, h,)
N O T A T I O N
W o ti v
= wde i hnst si e suh f l etfta e t l ic hot
E E f f o it cw i jee no hl c iy d n e f t e d s
=
r L a ef
= rv e tm r , .
D i f s b t t ras naeu cocc eons tn s mii df d eoe roean
=
H,HIHZ= L oe v noe v g ss e te sfs ch e st f il e ot r l n
M =M a mx o(i t mbm uf el a ma hn s t t be t
h, MT =M oa h mhe f el i n g ~t t h b t t ,
~z = - ~
t
R =M r oea v dei a si s u n en s l f ,
T s =S vt o m ra a eo lat s es cu rsp t t i e rau fs l e a
v =T s olh te ab rl , .
J_ - - f =R e dt q h ui c ci o kr ren e rxe docsi sl ,iu od nen
D2
E X A M P L E :
t G i =v 4 e ’= n - : = 0 ”=
= 4 ’= p- 0 s”
D e tt ew rm m ioih n m e n e e nd t
Y~ = HI + (HZ12)
= H1[2= 28’-0” = 78’-0”
Pw X D X H = V X h = M
I L o w e r
I S e 3 cX 4 X
t 5 i= 6 o X 2n =7 1 08 2 8 6 , 0 1
D] U p p e r
1 i S e 30’cX 3 X
t 44 i= 3,960o Xn78 = 308,880
h2 1a 0 l M,4 69 f l 78 , 0 0
T o t v =
HI
M oa t bm to e a hlt n n t t gi o te e mnn t e
h, MT = M – – 0 = . 5
– 4 - X X4 X =
t ! :) 1
3 ’ - E X
6 A ”M P L E :
- D, G Ni D1 =v 3 ft. 6ein. H n= 100ft. : Oin. hT = 4 ft. Oin.
, P ~l a t f 4 o = r pm s f
x 2 D e tt ew r m m ioih n m e n e e nd t
k 5 1 = H12= 50 f Oi t n . .
4u
Pw x D] X H = V X h, = M
z V e 30 x s 3.5 xs 100 e = 1l 0X 5 ,= 5 5 2 0 5
> % L a 3 xd 9 l d f e i= r2 t =n ,04 = 819 . 4. 4 4
4 Platform
F 30 x 8 lin. ft. = 2 x 9 = 24 3
! ‘ T o t oa V = 1l 3 M ,= 6 6 9 82
I O I g
M o a t mb eot anht l ntt g oi t e m n n f t I e
z - k = M – hT (V g
f – 0 PwD, h=) ~ =. 5
II 6 9 – 24 ( , 1 1– 30 0 X, 3 0 X
6 3 8.X 4 0= 6 . 3 5 8
= ~ ‘ <0 ’ - ’ f l
~ s !‘ - J ’ m . S- tE X = A “ EFl M CP OL M EO L S
B I O N P REA 6DA D
59
WEIGHT OF THE VESSEL
The weight of the vessel results compressive stress only when eccentricity does not
exist and the resultant force c o i wn ct ia i d o et xshtv e U ih sh s et s u s e a f le l
c o m p dr et st s wi ou eni i hni s i gge an ohi i ef n i t cc ao nnsn t t or o l ld i sn t g .
T w es h bi hc ga l a hcfe ut lt l v a lat co eeroh d ni do oti r ttu ei soao fn h so w l l ef oe
A E r w
e c e wt i i i gh on . hnct i twl c,u eo dt hh i e sg h h e et f :
1 s h e l . l E q u i p m e n t s :
2 h e a d . s
3 i n pt ew l r n ao a . lt r e k 1 i n s u 3 l a t i o. n
4 t s ur p p a o r . yt s 1 f i r e p4 r o o f i .n g
5 i n s ru l ai t i n o . n g s 1 p l a 5t f o r. m
6 o p e n i n g . s 1 l a 6d d e . r
7 s k i r . t 1 p i 7p i n . g
8 b r a i s n . e g 1 m i s c e 8 l l a n e o .u s
9 a nr c ih o n. r g
1 a nl 0c uh o .g r s
1 m i s c e 1 l l a n e o .u s
1 + 6 o t 2w 9 eo i h i . 1t tg % h feh 1er f t mo uf s g o h 1 r
o v e ro w t ep i gal hwhat eat n i bfed e g s d h d et d y
t w e l h d i n ge s
E r w
e c e tt i si g o i hn h t1 utt : h e 1r e m
o uf s 8g h .
B O p e weight,which
r a t i includesthe
n . g weight of the:
1 v ie e sr ce s oc en t .d il i o tn ni o n
2 t r a y . s
3 o p e f r ai t q i n u. g i d
C T w e w i i ghs n h ct i. twl c,u eo dt hh i e sg h h e et f :

1 v ie e sr ce s oc en t .d il i o tn ni o n
2 t w e a ts e. t r
T c o m p hs r e dts st rit ev we u egs h ibs i g e v oh e y e t n :
= w
where S = u s t pn r e i ss st , i
Ct W= w oe v i ae g t s b s h s e out ec hc fvnotl n si eid dlo ee rena t i ro
c = c i r c u mo sf e or seh n oc teke m idl i ef hrali mr tae nt e e
t = t h i o tc sk no she his k es i l f r en l t r , .
T w eo d h ii f vg f eeh e rl st eea ngsmf t ei e it n rl bat v es b g eo i lpe n n 3en nai s n g g7

60
V I B RAT I ON
A a r eo w s t ut i losa d ntwe vl vfei d be r r Tl l a s pot i peoo t hnr v. ii b ohre

s hb l o i sm
u li li tn ad ena pd ert ce, ou vgr er i i beaco r ll ad t t fs ie aa of f tn a a i i ngl
T a l l p oh weh ab r b c el i oeea mo f p det u mr ts ane pxodh e i r mm d i eus ef sml i e b c
T s c ha h a l r v lmi beoei rnon dad i ti c is i ocot nu H s a hs s nest dd t i bi t o n nosr

a u s a u p aa p t l l s l h isu ny ep e pdr t oi e ad r v rrt o e tsi h np s rt hi o n eb ig l e
F O R M U L A S
P eo V r i b i Tr sec.
ao t id o nf , T= ~ z
( D )F T
M a Ax li l m
Po wu e am rb l i e o d
=0 ~ . 8
o V i b r a s t i o e nf , c . r
N O T A T I O N
D = O ud ti o asv mi ef ed s t e s e ert l f , .
H = L oe v ni e n g scs tl f sku h de i i f l nr t g t ,
g = 3 f p s2 s q tea. eu c ca e c2r l e.e r da. t , i o n
t = T h io s c ak t knb e i isa s h r s fn t e t e , .
v = T s olh t se bp a 6 ra.l e , g, e e 1
w = W oe t ilo gw h eb t r f , .
w = W oe t ip of go h wh oele te i ofg r hbr t t f ,
E X A M P L E
G i v e n D : e tt ea r a cmm iht an a uxe nl ila eom l w u da mb

p oe v i r b i r a o t id o f n
D = 3 f Oi
. 1 t 2n 5 . .
H = 1 f Oi 0 t n 0 . .
g = 3 f t2 l s. e c2 2
t = 0 . 7‘ o ~5 ’ ’ ’ ( $ z =j e = ‘ “ ’
v = 1 l 4 b4 0 .
w = l b .
i o p ce or an td i i nt n gi o xn 1 = ~ ~ S 0 e 0
w = =
d 1440 X 32.2 “ “
T a v c i htdb rn u ea o tatx ei locoe n e h se t d

a l lv oi wb ar ab tl ie o n
R e f eF r re C nE
e cVee i : s b o er. V a , e t P ri . r ot : Veni sc eA sa f sPul S rs1 a e e M p9 l
61

S LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)
The loading condition of a tower under seismic forces is similar to that of a

cantilever beam when the load increases uniformly toward the free end.
The design method below is based on Uniform Building Code, 1991 (UBC).
FORMULAS
SHEAR MOMENT
F~~ &l = [F, x H + (V – F,) x (2H/3)]
41 4
t
H13
v—=
Z[c ~ IWX= [F, x X for X S ‘is
V— x Rw MX = [F, X X + (V -~j X (X – H/3)]
H for X > H13
B S a h se ae r
T b s aih ht t esh oo e har esit zre osa sin e at shl a ml e i
t b o a t a h oT t swr i ee al he n ro fgp au. a lad eat ir t n e
t s o ht th a s o dph h wei duee ae to
e that
fg e aloading
r ar m
4 ‘
are shown in Fig. (a) and (b). A portion Ft of total
S eL i o D s a i m d a hi i go c nr r si g az e ofm in Vt sois aassumed
ml r ito becappliedeat
the top of the tower. The remainder of the base shear is
distributed throughout the length of the tower, includ-
ing the top.
T
O v e r t Mu r on i mn g e n t
The overturning moment at any level is the algebraic
sum of the moments of all the forces above that level.
NOTATION
1
C = Numericalcoefficient =
7?/3
(need not exceed 2.75)
= Outside diameterof vessel ft

= Efficiencyof weldedjoints
;=NumeticalcOef ficient ‘:””:
(b)Seismic
ShearDiagram F, = Total horizontal seismic force at top of the
vessel, lb. determined from the following
formula:
BaseS h e a r
F, = 0.07 TV (F,,need not exceed 0.25V)
= O, for T <0.7
H = Length of vessel includingskirt, ft.
62
SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)
NOTATION
I = Occupancy importance coefficient (use 1.0 for

vessels)
M = Maximum moment (at the base), ft-lb.
MX= Moment at distance X, ft-lb.
R =Meanradius of vessel, in.
Rw = Numerical coefficient (use 4 for vessels)
S =Sitecoefficient for soil characteristics
-0
Asoilprofilewitheither:
r
(a) A rock-likematerialcharacterized
bya sheu-wavevelocitygreaterthan2,500feetper
secondor byothersuitablemeansof classification.
(b)Stiffor densesoilconditionwherethesoildepthis lessthan200feet.S = 1
A soilprofilewithdenseor stiffsoilconditions, t s depthexceeds o200feet.
h i
s = 1.2
A soilprofile40 feetor morein depthandcontaining morethan20feetofsoftto
mediumstiffclaybutn~ morethan40feetof softclay.S =
A soilprofilecontainingmorethan40 feetof softclay.S = 2.0
x
St = Allowable tensile stress of vessel plate material,
H psi
L. L
IV
T = Fundamental period of vibration, seconds
t
= c, X
= Required corroded vessel thickness, in.
= 12 M
T R2Sr E
or 12 M,.
TR2Sr E
= Total seismic shear at base, lb.
W = Total weight of tower, lb.
Distance from top tangent line to the level under
consideration, ft.
Seismic zone factor,
0.075 for zone 1, 0.15 for zone 2A,
0.2 for zone 2B, 0.3 for zone 3,
0.4 for zone 4,
(see map on the following pages for zoning)
63
SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)
EXAMPLE‘
Given:
Seismiczone: 2B z = 0.2
D = 37.5 in. = 3.125 ft. X = 96 ft. O in.
H = 100 ft., O in. W = 35,400 lb.
Determine: The overturning moment due to earthquake at the base and
at a distance X from top tangent line
First, fundamental period of vibration shall be calculated
T = C, Xf13/4 = 0.035X 1003/4= 1.1 sec.
and
I = 1, s = 1.5 Rw = 4,
1.25S 1.25 X 1.5

c T213
=
1.1213
= 1.76 <2.75 =
ZIC Xw 0.2 X 1 X 1.76
v= = X 35,400 = 3115 lb.
Rw 4
~,= 0.07 TV= 0.07 X 1.1 X 3115 = 2401b.

M = [EH + (V - F’t)(2H/3) ] =
=[240 X 100 + 3115- 240)(2X 100/3)]= 216,625ft. lb.
H
x> — thus
3
M = [Rx + (v– F) (X – H/3)] =
= [240X 100+ 3115- 240) (96 - 100/3)]= 205,125ft. -lb.

64
SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES
66
ECCENTRIC LOAD
Towersand their i n et qe u r ai n pu ams lse uyrn m at m ale t lrert iyvoc ae ul r h nt

a a tx t whni eo t hu is v dg se s uhh sec eot s m pfe sret e l ots s s E ri n vpq e u l is p y
a t tt ta vc hoe te h s od su c othec e s lu ani san yd eum emd esi t snr ti ecr o ai t lb u t i
l o d a t td w i u ena rhgi ie gbe n soeh es un t t Td l dr ui nt e snh yns m
g msa ie rt. r ri cs aa
m o s e e m q nu ai p p t mal i efo nl ppt e,mn enb ni sen ga gd bl set cb t yee u denh , d
s t er ex b seh s r eee t q s uea ai d ap v dm yd eyti rnt t bti o e ns neaht l dr r e ie s ons eu sgl
f w ro s i e ol i n os m m da i r cd .
F O R M U L A S
e
R E Q U I
M O M ES NT T R T E H IS C SK N
c 5
M=
~= 1 1 We 2
nR 2t t =R z n SE
1 * ‘
—
I N O T A T I O N
e = E c c e t n dt r i i f cs i t htt t y ra, a ont c choe xwoe mne
e c lc ef on t ar i t cd , .
w = E f f o iw c jie e o ln ic d y n e t f d s .
\ ; = M oo e m c lc e ef lonn t t ar i t f bcd ,
R = M r oea v dei a si s u n en s l f , .
* -P s = S vt o m ra a e o tl a es b cur s ie st ae n tpl uf d, r ai e r n
t = T h io vc kee nxs ecc ss lo su ear dlr l lifo i ,ons wgi a o
w = E c lc el on t ar ib cd , .
E X A M P L E
G i e v= 4 ft.e O m: n Determinemoment,M,
: and stress, S.
R = 15 in, M o Mm = Wee= 1000
n Xt 4 = , f l t
t = 0 i . n2 5 .
w = 1 l 0 I = 0b W
1 0_ x 1000
12 . x 4J = 2 e
= 2 p 7
~ 3 X 1 .X 0 1 5, 4 2 2
W t h i hm tee oo r ehn c r e c l anes etn o m

t n r ao ei sm
ch d b e hs un, mate m sa l r i
t at r k e si o hua n el ct g ac l nel ont t a r f i ld c s .
67
Design of Tall Towers
ELASTIC STABILITY
A tower u an c xod m pi em r e fasr is ti l oaaw n b iw

ae oy ci nl ya s n t uo a bss i el i
1 B b u oc t k w l iv. h nhy(e go Esb luf su ec eekl l el i n r g )
2 B l b o u c c k . la iy ln g
I t h i n v- w e a( ls l twesn td e hh li o hcest k s nn i e hl es ht s e oe nh lf e eos - l at se s
t i n r s ha l i d bd oi u e eu cmc ” sko al) a ic a auln lcg l n u t oy t er i rh a t e h s t q a d u asi
t c f a a o uti wl s uvoh ehre T oes o solf r ee ho e luu on. t d sen iet ah vsf h s e e
s i g n f i f ai i tc c ar net t s i ohun sl r t t a Tinb enfi l go i trf hy m i. n uv e l s o etao i sg a t i
e l s at a as b@t i iil t i cr Ht e ayh n d e ebi n vo bneo W slk o, ia p Nel de s w n o m y an
E l e o mt ev n ewt h ss ah sp ifr e ei urcm] af hr so i elp t yeou hr ( pd e to r s r r
s u p d p o o w r nb t c smoa , m b cer or na s sa i a)d s e lyt r i ee af dsf g eb an u oe i c rs nks ls
i c l s o p sL ao e n c g l i efs ty tu d di iif. n f na el tc n rr e ier ofsga the
h is tower
de more i te y
effectively than circumferential stiffeners. If the rings are not continuous around
the shell, its stiffening effect shall be calculated with the restrictions outlined i
t C U oh( C d- c e2 e ) 9 .
E X A M P L E
G i R v= 1 ie n D : e n t t e a r I 8m l .c i oho n w
m e pas r b e (t les se r i v ee S s
t = 0 i . n
2 5 .
1 , 5 x 0 f =0 1 , , 0 5 0x 00 0 0 , 0. 0 0 2
s = = 2 0p , 8
R 1 8
Given: Ay = 1 sq. in.
dy = 2 i n 4 .
D e t t e a r l m l c i oho n wm e pa s r b e (tles u se r i vs ee S is
s
L o n g si t t u id if n f a el t ir
n e rf fi e nn e rg s
i n u t s oh e e d s tn , s :1 ’ 5~ : ’ 0 =0 0 =
tx= t = 0.25 in.
—1
1= , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0
‘y = t + 24 ~ x0 0 =. 2 . 22P .25 4 S93
1 8
= 0 + 0 . = 0 . 2 . 0 5 2 4 9
R e f eW r ei Wn lMc ase N : o e n . wNn, Mt Tn . Sa, drt . kro hT e Cn . y gh: l iet n h di r

S ah C eo lEl u E l m Sn sn Ux s s Itg, nb p 2 ila.u 1 . v5l l.9 . l 35 . . 3 , .
68
1
rowers s hb d o e ust d i l eg n d nm
f elte d e6o i hc onp tr 100
c afeet
o heof height.
e ne s
r d e f ldh e t c t t wi ueol n mih bo ce n a o laae cb d u ld t a s yft eeoi df r h n m
m i f l o o cr am
a n lbtd yi lee e dv a e r m ”
A M F O R M U L A
N O T A T I O N S
AM = M a dx e i f ( m l t e tu c itm oi a oh np n )
D1 = W o ti t d w o i thn wsi hue l ef fat e t t ri ohn
E =M o o ed l ua psl t ui c s i ts yf ,
H L eo v n e i g sn = scts lf ekh u l idf , er td t
r. = R t m o o 3 i m n f et e cnnr y ,hl t o is ni fd i ah r
( R>lot)
w h e n
R = M r ea
o t td a o
i i hwu
n se n rf e ,
t = T h i o cs k i k n e i s s
r n t f , .
Pw = wind p r ep s s u rs e , f
E X A M P L E
G i v e Dn e : t t e m r am dxi he n i f e lA
me cu et mi o n :
= 2 f 6i t n. , .
E
H
I
= 30,000,000
= 48 ft., Oin.
= ~
AM=
PJI,H (12H)3
8EI I
= 30 p s 30 fx 2.5 x 48 (12 X 48)3 = 1 i .
R = 1 i ‘ = 8 x 3 20 . , 0x 01 0x M3, 0 x 00 2 .0
n . 31 31
t = 0 .i 3 1 n 2 5 .
T m a o e wuf e6lai meb ncp l t1e ci f oo hhn e ee0

axh l i l d m ti s g r h0 .t f :
48 X 6
f 4 8= ~ ’ o . = 2 ( i ) r . ” n8 8 .
t d e t s h i i og tc ns k eine kde
S t ia dcn e htf cdl uen ece aot e xit l ol ocen ih e m
s e it i d t s ,
s a t i s f a c t o r y .
A m e f ct a hl c douo e l fad l twei cnr t tg t hi ho ni o,ech t kt n n i eo n esh c sw

s gt ba i S Sn Tv .O
t “ e v, SC1ea n Mh m y e9ob.f “ uCnter a 6rhl t c Touo t8l Dado te i f wnr l. gAe
H y d r oP c r a or kcb oe ns s i n g
69
COMBINATION OF STRESSES
T s t i r h ne bsd t s up e r c es evdh i de o s ul cyso rel shallbe

aiy bd investigatedin
ei dn g s
combinationto establishthe governingstresses.
C o m b oi nw a lt i i(o neo a nr t aol hf dqoi u dn aa pressure
tkr dee and
r ) weight
n , a of l
t v e sh s e le :
Stress Condition
A w i ns d w i a rt d Ae l e s e w i a r td d e
+ S dt t rw e ui s s n e —o S d dt t rw e u is s n e o
+ S dt t ri p e ur n s e s s t es + o S. . .dt t ri p e u nr s e s t se os
– S dt t rw ee u si sg eh —o S t dt t rw ee u si sg eh o
C o m b oi nw a lt i i(o neo a n r t aol hf dqoe u dx aa ptkr deer aer ) w
sn , sa eo ul n i r
t v e sh s e le :
S Condition
t r e s s
A windward side t At leeward side
+ Stress due to wind – Stress due to wind
– Stress due to ext. press. – Stress due to ext. press.
– Stress due to weight – Stress due to weight
T p o s s h id i t e t i g evn a en ot sn ts ei ne sgo h adn i t ecid go vnme penor T e st s s i e

s u m om t a s t ti ior hne w ds ish f tceee aes t o t nch eo s m
e ip r ir oge osn sv i e or r n
I i a s t s wu ham ei et a s a dr tnnl h tqd o udn a o dak es ci dmo u lc ts a nt uoe o t u sr h
t t so h h bw d o e e u sef ierl g diw n otoe e e di ha r et rnl h r qw uhod a i ki rc e ah
g r e a t e r .
B e sn tdc i ra b n eu cg css e nsse t r bdih sc ui y tam y m wla rt i l siz et dr th e
r e s f u wl rto ei i an or g t l nh m
q o u d a ak r e d .
T s t s r h be hc s a s l a cae tu sl fl ao l tl leelh odo c wa it t nie og n s :
1. At the bottom of the tower
2. At the joint of the skirt to the head
3. A t b oh ht t t te s otj eha mho e d i lo en l t
4 A c h o ad ni aog . t m eh t e is ot c t ekfv rn ee shrs s s fe e l
T s t f r uh er t s hs se br e hem s ox ra a ei tm l f i o n l l ce leh o do n wd ii n t ne i go n
1. D ue r r oe id c i nst mi ga o n tn l i nr g
2 D ut r ei n. s g t
3 D uo p r e ir a n . t ig o n
U tn d h di f ce ef o en s rrd t ie wet n i toeo n t h si v , g ae chh eso nt ss en qfte ue e ln
s ct o r n dae i a t s di oi s l rfn Bfs e es r ds e e inuoe dt r.r e eo sid c ,i nts mi gta o n nt
v ie n us is n noe otd e le x er s pt t n rer ae r ls n s a ur l r e .
F a n a ot l ys zt i r ohrn et g nt g ao eut h vnl e a f ld r rl o iseab odt r ui
w ns
H a n t d mb oa o xs hk i ,tt m hrhas
u ebeen
e m applied.
os rs y
70
C O S (cont.) O
The b e mn od d imt wn e ig dun i e ct rf ne et a bosr di ont s toght t ot tm o h e om

t ot t w p h e t l h r hui ca,c a k sbt n d e el eae s c as r cs ec oan r sod ei e n d g l y .
T A aa F b i B aln gc oe u n var de t ne f i i te edn i t di ds hn t fs a oot nd r ce w e
t o t t o f o wh wa hc p o eef it e rh r cit i craa hkd i ne neq su sa t e s .
*
0.5 0 . 0 1 1 6 . .1 1 (. 1 9 . 1 ) . 1 1 . 1 2 . 3
m 1 . 0
1 1 2 .2 . 2 . 2 8. 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 2 . 3 4 . 4 6 . 4 8 . 5 0 . 3 .
m 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.41 ().39 ().37 ()<35 0.33 0.32
T AA V BA O LL F UEA m
EC , S T O F R
S t i
l o n g his ct u dt d eti rin e an el put sre ier so snh e s ao o u l anr
A \ t c i rc u m h f se r et on t rhie a eol t sarn se w
q, l h tu e h i afi r cf e ek
f i n pt ore ier a sn v saart uril lr te ae b b s el sf ien h o dsot o i t r n
w F i T nr A a u d o fb s . am lcmi cb fe n t t, o aogd i ur X s h nt n
x d f ot tr tw a ohl nnow g mi w i e e tt nhp nt ht h i ii ce ch cn ka n hl
l fai nt pt o eer ers ad sn t isar s aulf atr cr etl o et r w y s i ih
H p r e s s u r e .
x = H x m
tp = T r e t q h u i f i ci r kn eenp t deroe se r s s n s a r u l r
( TH e i on s oi o np n ) .
t = T r e tq h u i f i w cw r k peen r dieoae ts sbs n s oh ur hdtr ee
t j =t so ih i e n l n tl o , .
E X A M P L = 0E : i . r = 02n i .3 . = 63 n, 4 W = 4 .
k = 100 ft.
F T rm =a 0 oab X .= lmH m = 0.43n4e X 1 3= 43d f 0
z
5
g
b
5
E
Q
Q
x
1
0 . 1 F B i g .
R oa p tt l h i i ar c oek t qna f teu e si s r e h d t e
b o ( t + tt t t rot h m/w i r c e2k qn e)u soi s r e d
a t c o n shh i ed e i tr ege d h t .
71
EXAMPLE - A
Required thicknessof cylindricalshell under internal pressureand wind load.

~,- ~,,
D E C O
S N I D I G T I NO N S
~ D = 2 ft. Oin. insidediameterof vessel
A D1 = 2 ft. 6 in. width of towerwith insulation,etc.
E = 0.85 e f f oi wc i je e nol c dyi en f dt s
H = 4 f Oi l eo tt n o g 8 .wt . h e f r
: hT = 4 f O i d i ft s ntt b ar t nt . bac oh. e o smht et
o
h t s ej h oa e i dl no l t
“
v d
: 4 P m= 2 p i n p5t rse e r s n 0 s a i u l r e
II
o Pw = 3 p w p ri s e s n s 0 uf dr e
z -e
m R = 1 i i rn aons v di e id2 s . ue s s e f l
: I s = 1 p 3s I v7
t o rsSa5 2 e Cl0 s i u s 8 e f A
o
. m a a t2 e t 0re mi 0pa e l r ” a t t uF r e
= v =T s o l h t e a b a l r .
* \
N a l l f o c wo ar nr o oco se i o nr .
M i r n e itq m
h u i fu i ci m
r kn epn t dreoe cse ro ssnn sst ai rsu dl ter orret i h1en sgn goe h t e a h n m
PR 250 X 12 3000
t =- =0.260 i n
= SE – 0.6P = 13,750 X 0.85 – 0.6 x 250 11,538
Minimumrequiredthicknessfor internalpressureconsideringthe strengthof the girthseams:
PR 250 X 12 3,000
t =0.128 in.
= 2SE + 0.4P = 2 X 1 3X 0 , + 0 7 . x 25 = 820 . 3 5 5 , 44 07
R e t q h u i f i cl rok ne ng dbeio t seu dsd nti wnd ra p li ru i neM sg onsa t ue m
b or d( ee .a M
hn t _s
PW x D1 X H = v X h] = M
3 x 2 x 4 = 3 . x ,2 =0 86 5 6f 0l 8 , 04 t 04b 0 . .
M oa t mb eos n(ht ett ~ o t ae m = m )
MT = M – IIT(V – 0.5 Pw D, h=j= 86,400- 4(3,600 – 0.5 x 30 X 2.5 x 4)
= 86,400 – 13,800 = 72,600 ft. lb. = 72,600 x 12 = 871,200in. lb.
Requiredthickness:
MT 8 7 1 , 2 8 0 7 0 1 , 2 0 0
t = R T S = 1 x 3 x 12 . 23x 0E ,1 = 25 7 4 , 4 25 = 8080 7 i , . 55 21 3 n 6
T r e t q hh u i c i ca r kl wecne utde ls s ia t s t or et hetdb n og gh sht t ei ht e r o f ae tm m h
F w p ri o e s0 n s i .ur dr 1 e n6 5 .
F i p r n oe s 0 ts i u . r r . 1e n2 8 .
T i g h r t et ti ah h t i c s cehaa skl r wcn une l se ia s t
T O T0 A. t L2s t 9o r t hle o3 nn gg sih t et u hhde ei t nrf eae al f h o r m
m i t n h i i 0 mc i ku. s n mbe2 uh s ns9 sa 3 el .
to
I L
EXAMPLE B
R e t q h u i o icc yr k l enis dne u d sh rc s in oce am

l fd l obl o aiei lndn prei t r dne ew gr s a sns i ua f r
w oe t i o g w h e t r f .
— .
D ED S I
A G TN A
3 f Oi i dn t i sna m
i e .d t . ee r
P l a t =f 3 fo 6 i r w m o vit w
D] ne di ns sit . aus .ll h eal ft tof il wo han
/ p ie p it n gc , .
E = 0 e f .f o iw c 8ise e lne 5c d y a e m
f d s
h~ = 4 f Oi d i f st t nt b rat t n b a. cho .ho e t ssht m e t e h e
j o i n t .
1 f Oi l 0oe t t nn o g 0 w .t . he f r
P = 1 p i n p ot5 r se e r s n s0 a iu l r e
‘ p r e s s u r e
‘m P. =
R . 1 ; i n s i Qdo n ve - r e a d si8 u. ss e f l
‘ s . 1 p 3s o v t 7 o Sras 5 Ae ml -0 sa a2u2i t s 8 e e0 5r f iC0
-m t e m po e r a t u r e
v . T s o l hI te ab rl , .
I
H 2e s e a e a l :m dl il p: e t s 1i sc a l
< cm = C i r c u ’oms f eo rt he mn cd ee i e hai l m f ael tn nee
1.. ( c o a r l r l no ors w ei oqa nnuo ci re e d t )
Minimumrequiredthicknessfor internalpressurec o n st i s d te orr t i hle n o gnn gg ih tt e

s o shdi.
e a m f
PR 150 X 18 0 i . U 0 2 i pn 3. s l 3 n2 a .
t = SE – 0.6P = 13,750 X 0 – 0 .x 1 = 8 . 55 6 0
M i r n e itq mh u i fu i ci m
r kn pent rdeoe c es ro ssnn sst ai srud l t er orr te i hce n i gnr c g u h mte
t s o i s e h a ae ll m l f .
PR 150 X 18 0 i . 1 n1 =
I M
t = —
B + 0
i
‘ 2 X. 1 3X4 0 E, + 0 P 7 . x 15
r n e i t q mh u i uf i ch mr k en edeo s
80 . 55 4
sa
0
r d
PD 150 X 36 = 0.231 i n
t = BE – 0.2P = 2 X 13,750 X 0.85 – 0.2 x 150
I
W L i PW o X D,n XH a d = dv x h]
V e s 30 x s 3.5 x e 100 l
= 1 0X5 , = 55 2O 5 O , 0 0 4
2 X9 = 42 3 , 0 0 6 4
P l a t 30 fx 8 olin. ft.
r m =
L a d 3 x d9 l e f r i= 2,940 t nX0 49 8= 144,060
. .
Totalshear V= 13,680 M = 692,100f l m oa t bm
b a s
I M oa t mb eoh snht (ett e J o t ae ’ ma l d Tm )
MT = M – h~ (V – 0.5 P#,hJ =
692,100 – 4 ( 1 – 03 X (3 Xj 3 .X
8 4 =0 6 . 3 5f 8l 0 , 52 t 2)b 0
1 X 6 3 2 8 –, —7 2 , 226 .50 0 8 , . 6 4 6 0
1 M,
t = R2 = SE = X X X –
F i p r n oe s0 ts .u r r . 1 e
i p f lt l n a c o o o ht wu . e r e r s e er sE i n
73
EXAMPLE B (CONT.)
The preliminary calculation of the required wall thick-

ness shows that at the bottom approximately 0.75 in.
A 4 plate is required,to withstandthe windload and internal
pressure, while at the top the wind load is not factor
:o - and for internal pressure(hoop tension) only 0.25 plate
“m is satisfactory.F e c o n or o em i iai ac srad l ov t i n s sa
“ N& u d i ~f p sf te lh r i e ca aenk v nt t ea hs rse ee oi s ti o g u ht
t o w e r .
T t h i r hc e k fqn h ue etsi sroe o( e n di o0s s i r.en po r 2n
t r ae t s wl i l stihs oa cot ne od raei dtds atd a io n
: : f t tr o
o h m
p e .
o, 0, :~ 0
- ~ F t di ~ i h (s n ft i at dnr A X acP
s e7ob a ) l m g e
-o o
t = w0 . 2 / 3 3= 2t/ 0t . p X 6 =40h .4 x H =.e4 f 7 4n
~ F d r i Ba P o g 7 r ac ma b fm g t oa ,r e eu 0q h nun
: t h i a c l.k ne o e t n ns i ns gt e rthdsm hes dh e i f ac e te t e i
o b
t “ U 8 sf w mi p iln t av g dt se e hb. s hecs os , n a se et rl l u
-m ~ o f r e o. m :
: 1 ( 0 t .58 hf w 2i c o)i ct 5u kdr f s . e s t
o
( 0 t .48 hf w 5i c o)i ct 0u 3kdr f s . e s t
t - ( 0 t e .38 hf w 7i c o)i ct 5u 2kdr f s . e s t
# T om t a l
W E O IT TG HO H T W FE E R
( t Sba e b g o e ipl n 3 en e ai s n7 g g 4 n e )
S 4 hx 9 e l 3l 0 87Skirt 4 8x 195 0 7 8
3 X 1 9 6 2 2 5B r 4 a i 0 s n7 e g 2
2 x 2 9 7 4 0 4A nr 5 c i 6h o 2n r g 6
H t 0 e .n o3a o1 d1 2 m p 5 A .6 nl c uh0 o 1g r s 2
b 0 .en 8 ot 1 3 2 .m 5 9. 3 1 8
I p wnl ao t t r .8 e k 0 + 6 0 1 %
1
T s ur p p a o r yt1 s 1 0
I n s ru l ia t in o n2g s 2 0 1 9
O p e n i n g9 0 S 0 a 2 l 0 y
I 7n s 5u l a9 t i o n 4 6
1 9
+ 6 1 1%P l a8 t f 4 o r1 m 1
L a d d e2 r 8
2 l 0 P 9 i b4 p 3i .n 1 g 4
S a 2 1 y, 0 0 0
9960
S 1a 0l , y 0
T C E YR IE W’C ET
A 3I L OG3l N H, T0 :b 0 0 .
T r a y s 6 0 0
O p el r ai t qi nu g 2i d 4 0 0
3 l 0 0b 0 .
+E r W
e c t i to n .
3 3l , 0 b0 0 .
T OO P TE R WEIGHT:
AA T LI 36.000
N G lb.
Test water 42,000 lb.
+ Erection Wt. 33,000 lb.
TOTAL TEST WEIGHT: 75,000 lb.
—
For weight of water content, see rage 416
74
E B(
Checkingthe stresseswith the preliminarycalculatedplate thicknesses:

Stress in the shellat the bottomhead to shelljoint:
P t lh
i 0 ac i k t.n e e s nP 7 s 1 5X 3 . 65 .D 70 5
S dt t ir n ep tu r se eSr s=s ~n es=a ou l r e = 1 p 8 3s
4 x
X 6 3 8 , 2 2 0
S dt t wr e ui s s sn e o d = = 9 p , 6
Rz n t = 1 8 x 3. 3x 0 7. 5 . 12 7 4
w 3 1 , 0 0 0
S dt t wr ee u i s g s s h e t= o , — = 3= p 5 s
1 x 10 5 ! . 7 5 5
i e r c e o c n t d i i ot n ni o n
w 3 4 , 0 0 0
i o p ec ro an t d i i ns=—= tn g i o n = 3 p 9 s
C 1 xm10 5 . t. 7 5 5
C O M B I N OA ST IT O RN E S S EF S
W I N DS W A I R D D LE E ES W AI R DD
I E M
( E RP E CCT TON I N
YO DN I ) T I O N
S dt t rw e u i s+ 9 s n , e So 6d dt 4t r w 0e u is– 9 s n , e o 6d
Stress due to weight – 3 Stress5 due to weight 8 – 3
+ 9 p, 2 s8 2 i– 9 p, 9
( i p r nN de s ue ts r ruoe ric. et n i og n )
I O P E R CA OT NI D NN IG T I O N
S dt t ri pe u nr s+ e1s t se, So s .8 dt . t 3r w e 7 u is – 9 s n , e o 6d
S dt t rw e u i s+ 9 s n e, Stress
o d6 due to4 weight 0 – 3
+ 1 1 , 4 7 7 - - 1 0 ,
Stress due to weight – 3 S 9dt t ri pe 2u nr s+ 1 es t s, e os 8
+ 1 1p , 0 s8 5 –i 8 p, 1
I
T t e s nh 1t s r1pi i e,leo pe0s e sc 8sr o a 5n to d it i i nwn t g i i nos h dng wo i a vn re
T a l l s oh wft ta r pb elem elo ash wta s 0e jtrr i ei e. eo af t f l ii8 1c hi 1n ep5 6n t c8
T t sh e 0l uh ei tc . st p h ee 7an dlt i b a5c o o . thkt v te ie sot ahes t mi ss f afe
S it t sr a e7h f h sd e sf ol nt t e t r l o wt t 2oho. p on wt ml h e ie 0acpr i kf t.n. e
S dt t wr e iu s n s de o .
A x
A 1 7 PW x D] , x X = V x ; = Mx
!
‘o i
-m Shell 3 x 3 x 7 = 7 . x , 3 =0 52 5 7 6 22 0,
e ‘ ‘ P l a o 3 t x f8 l o io r n=m240 . x - 68 =f 0 1t . 6 ,
I ‘ ‘m L Ia 0 3d X 7 d l mie = n2 r . x , 3- =0f 1 7 t 0 .30 , 0
* b T M o o MXt m ae =nl 3 t 6 f 1 t ,
1 M 1 X 3 6 21 r , 9 28 0
s = =
1 v T R v t 1 8X 3 . X 0 2 z. = 5 8. 12 ‘ ’ 5 4 3
S dt t ir n e p tu rse e r s s n es a ou l r e
( c a l pc Ar u e l v a i t o es u ds l y ) 1 , 8
T o1 0pt , a
T c a l c hou s l at tar it eeo b ns o sh het hf ss te otht e ata m os h t d wor thsae n s
w i n s d i ow i p a e rc r do a n tg d i e iona n t gt vi e o e n fon tr hfw n e ei id hc i e n tg
n i f T i h c e wa r nei ft f t . ou hc r ra oe l t cu i uhc tl bea s t r i t o at en t h e s e t nnh at es
1 0p d , n 1e o s 4x t a2oec l lei s osh e w1tt ad1 r b p, eleT6 e 8tss s7h s e. 0il5 hu e c
i t p h i nsl ia t ia cs f .at kc t oe r ys .
75
EXAMPLE B (CONT.)
Stressin the shellat 40 ft. down from the top of the tower. Platethickness0.25 in.
S dt t w
r e iu s n s de o .
PW x D1 X X = v X : = Mx
S h 30 x e 3.5 X 40 l = 4,200
l X 20 = 8 4 , 0
P l a ?0t x f8 lin.o ft. r = m240 x 36 = 8 , 6
L a 30d x 38d lint ft.e = 1,140
r x 19 = 2 1 , 6
T M o ol t m v a e . =nl 1 ft 1 f X4 t , .
1 M 1 x 1 1 24 , , 3 20 0
s = = 5 p , 3
RI n t = 1 8 x .3 1x 0 2. 5 . 1 2 4
S dt t ir n ep tu r se e r s s n es a ou l r e
( c a l pc Ar u e l v a i t o esu ds l y ) 1 p , 8
T o 7 pt , a 1
T 0 i t .h p h 2nf l i se a5 c h4 o. f t k de ie l sf r t t t l a ro t nt 0 tc . ooe i o h m w
s a t i s Nf af c ut co ra yl t. c i uhr l e ea o toq r it uos ni r r aeehms d ea m n asnt ei bo eo non
76
DESIGN OF SKIRT SUPPORT
A skirt is the most frequently u a ts m s ena oth i ssd f saud cf ept v ot pre y or o t r
v e I si a s t e tb l ca s o c .n h t w iet sne d tu lt o hduy s ai uenh s g t uanr o ea e qld h u l d
s o t iw eh dz l e tdi e et i r tfmn sh i gi no hcet kss n ke esh i s r ft e .
F i A ga uB s r t en hm s c ooho d t m w os smy e t okth pna i t e t aer cI fha t m eo
c a l c ou t l ra t e i qow hnu s i te ri vf ee lzaod j h l e edo uf f, eig e c sbi ni te fn vt c y
C ( o1 mU bd u ’2 ase W e ) yd e .
E X A M P L E
G t is vv a ceh eo sn mins E
s i edxee eB a r l em d p l n e .
S = 18,000*stress value
D = 37.5 in.
E“ = 0.60 for butt joint of SA-285-Cplate
W = 3 1l , 0 b 0 0 .
MT = 6 3 f 8l , 2 t 2b 0 . .
* s t pFm uc rt o up r o ar s l e .
R = 18.75 in.
D e t t e r r e m sq i ht un hk ei i rc i ke e ndr e s ts .
F w 1 = i o 1 MT n r d 1 x 6 23 8 , 0 2 i 2.
= 0 6 n4
R2 ~ SE =1 8x 3 . X 1 7 . 8)5 0 ,12 0 4 0. 0 (
w 3 1 ,
F W ef = o i g h r t =0 0 0i . 0 0 n2
D X 3 x SE=. 3 X 13 7 X 1 4, .8X 0 ,1 5 0 4 0. 0 6
T ( Y =f 0 A i . L 6 n6
U ‘ t ! p sh f 4 sl i 6k a ec oi ” t kr e t r .
R E F E R TE N
h Ce E rS : m i i l
8 2
77
I
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT
V e vr et s si csta eat a l o cm
s nw , bk f ues a t s ce
rst d sthe nt f e e d o
s o o k s t t ir huf c dbetr m u r r ra oa e al m an b e cna o yt h s b l o ( fn btr ah e as rs d i
r i n g .
The number of anchor bolts. The anchor bolts m b inumultiple ofs four andt e
for tall towers it is preferred to use minimum eight bolts.
Spacing of anchor bolts. The strength of too closely spaced anchor bolts is not
fully developed in concrete foundation. It is advisable to set the anchor bolts not
closer than about 18 inches. To hold this minimum spacing, in the case of small
diameter vessel the enlarging of the bolt circle may be necessary by using conical
skirt or wider base ring with gussets.
Diameter of anchor bolts. Computing the required size of bolts the area within
the root of the threads only can be taken into consideration. The root areas of
bolts are shown below in Table A. For corrosion allowance one eighth of an inch
should be added to the calculated diameter of anchor bolts.
For anchor bolts and base design on the following pages are described:
1. An approximate method which may be satisfactory in a number of cases.
2. A method which offers closer investigation when the loading conditions and
other circumstances make it necessary.
?
13 12 TABLE B
NUMBER OF ANCHOR BOLTS
TABLE A I Diameter of
Q Minimum Maximum
Bolt circle in.
Bolt Bolt * Dimensionin.
24 to 36 4 4
Size RootArea-
s i 1 q n1 . . t 5 2 3 8 8o 4
6 t 7 1 01 o 8
Y 0 . 7 1 5 22 / 6 8 t/ 1 8 8
3 08 /
1
4 0 41 o 2 2
5 0 . /I 2 21 t 1 0 1 2 82 o 6
3 0 . 1 3 - 1 1 0A1 21 / 3 t 1 8 3
/ 6
20 4 2 24 o 4
x 1 5 /
1 1 -1 -3 1 / / 8 1 6
l 0 . 1 6 -1 %
9 1- 3 /1 2/ 8
l 0 . 1 8 -1 9x 3 - 0 /1 4/T 4 AC B L E
1 1 .3 1 0 -1 5A 7 - M 4 /A3 XA8 / IL LM8 O USW M TA B R FLE E S S E O
l 1 .2 2 1 9 -
% 4B 1 OU/ AL 2S A T N EB C S H DO O S RL
1 1 .5 2 5 -1 1A1 - S 5p / 5e c i 8 f/ i c a8 t i o nM a al l x
1 3 D 4i b ai em S re t ne r
1 .2 / 7 1 44- - 4N 3 u 1 / 4m pt r se
1 2 . 72 0 -1 4A3 - 9 /7 8/ 8
2 2 . 2 3 -2 0 1 S 0 3/ 2 A d 2 i a mlA 1e5 t 5 e rl, s 0
z 3 . 2 0 -2 2%3 - SA0 193
/ 1 B 74 / 2 a 4 u n n1 d8 %e, d 0
2 3 . 3 7- ; 1 1% - /S 5 1 1: B 6 ; 2 a 9 ; u 1 nA n1 3 d 68 %e, d 0
2 4 . 3 6 - - 1%3 SA8 193 / B 78 O v t ei r 1
n2 o Y c 2,
6 l 0
3 5 . 3 6 -2 2 5 - S 1 1/ 7 B 8 / O 9 v8 t 1 ie A r1n3 o265 c %, l 7
4
* F b w o s o t li at nht t rdr s ea hra dd s .
D O A B
( M A
A simple method for the design of anchor bolts is to assume the bolts replaced by a
continuous ring whose diameter is equal to the bolt circle.
The required area of bolts shall be calculated for empty condition of tower.
FORMULAS
~= —.—
12iu w
Maximum A8 Ce
Tension lb./lin. in. T
Required Area of B,= ;+
One Bolt Sq. - in.
TC8
S it Anchor
r e s s n sg -—
- b. N
B p o s l i t .
N ~ A T I O N
AB = A w rt i b t c e hi so h i r i a c nl l q e ne t , . .
C* = C i r c u mo fb e cr e ni io c e r l c n fl t e .
M= M oa t mb d e t awnh o te usia rt et f enhl qe uo dk t e rb , . .
N= N u o a m nb b c oe h r l o f t r s
SB = M a ax l i l s mo vw t u ao m r ba b mel l ea osp t u se l sr e i f at i l .
w= W oe t vi dge huehs r rts el cief et nli obg n , .
E X A M P L E
G b i c v=io 3 i r e t l c nnhD l te eet .t e s nr 0a m; n :i h nuo re nm

ze qbe ue e di
a nb co hl ot rs .
A~ = 7 s i 0 q
17 X. 8 . n 6 6 ,
CB = 9 i n. – —
T= 4 = , 14 02 00
l , b i .4 i
9
M-= 8 f 6l 4 t 0b 0 7 . . 0 7
w= 6 l d 0 ue r b0r e ci t 01n i . ox g 9 n4 . 0 2 4
SB = 1 p 5 t m 0s a 0x hB i i= 0= m . u e =m 2.196 sq. in.~ -4
9
a l l s o vw t ao r a b el l e s u s e f
t a nb mhc a o ht Fe o r T le i r rAa aP tl 7- obt ar al m o gc eh r . eO
N= 4 n uof bolts.
m b 2 eb ir 2 os . i l3 q“0 nt s 0 .
(See TableB on the A d0 id . forcorrosion,
i 1 n nuse: 2g 5 .
PrecedingPage) (4)2Y’”bolts.
C h se ci t a k r inb ne c go s h ls o nt
1,402X 94 – 14,324p s
SB= 2 x .4 3 0 0
S t im a n ax h l ci l s mo e i w
tu e a m
r b el
1 5p t , s se0 n l 0 heui a 0cs m t , ebe i nd e
o b a os a t il s rf at c tf so r ey .
79
D O B R
b l e a n t r d o i gsu t e rge i hb
l u n o i of t oa c r om dfnl ho yc u r na ed nt ate nt e it h eno n xt ou a c l d le s oh et w o
b e l a o tr o f i o nu an gh d a dt i fo en .
T t h i o hc t kb n r e seash rsi h tes bfna se e e s li n hg it ds l n ri tb d w
n ee u og s c i se
e a r t h q u a k e .
F O R M U L A S
M a Cx oim mp r ue s m s ~i . o 1 n y 2 M
- 7 l b i . / 1 1 in ,n . c . A, C,
m i n .
1 A p p r 1oW x i o m i a td e t P h f
- B Ring in.
a s e “t
Is 12 _Di
t* Approximate Thickness t8=
of Base Ring in.
B e S a pt r ri ne sg s & s. ~ i
. 9
+ D B e oS n pt d ir ne sg s S = s3 x s, 1;i
t52
N ~ A T I O N
AR = Areao b r = a 0 i . ( s –7 nD Df 8se i g5z Z 4 q i O n ) . .
As = A w rti s t s ke ih hi i a r qn n t e , . .
= C i r c u mo fO e ro es n . ci ke iD r nn . t f , .
; = S b ea l a o c rfo os i np nceSa rgT se E dt oa ePne i , b h .l e eg , n e
= Cantileverinsideor outside, whicheveris greater,in.
l: 13= Dimensions,as shownon sketch above. (For minimumdimensionssee Table
A on page77)
M = Momentat the base due t w o e ai r t f hnl q u oa d k t erb , . .
W = W oe v i de g uos hp rs eot trie al f nlet i g os nb t r , .
E X A M P L E
G i v e n D: e t t e m r im wni h nai iet m h dui e cnm t k n h e
= 8 6f l , 4 to 0bb r0 f a o. i .p ecs ron anf etd iig tn r i g o n .
; = 500 psi from 12 x 86,400 7,500
TableE Page 80 Pc = + = 2 l ,b . / 2 l i n7 . -
4 7 7 6 7
W = 7,500lb. operating
1 8l t , 0 e b 0 2 s0 , . t 2 7 5
A nb (co 2 hi l 1 = 5(3(3
o t 4 r! s n : = 4 ) A .i b . f n T 5 rA uap. 75obt a, tl m
O o s . 2 k 4i D i . 6r. n f2 t 5 . m i d n i i m f m e l =nu s m i oo
T As = h4 s i e 7 qn n 6 . . 2 i a f 1 y = 2V4
n nm.t o A .
C = 7 i n $ 7 . u 6 i w ’ bs r i n / a i de 2ns
r~ = 0.32 x 5 = 1.60 in.
U 1 i t bs h r n ia i e c%ns . k g e .
C h se tc r k e i s n s g e s :
S = 2,273 X 77 = 305 psi S – 3 x 305 X 52 = 10,167 psi
1 5 B e s7 a t r r i 4 ne g s1 s B. e s n5 t d ri 2 ne
C
80
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING
When a tower is under wind or earthquakeload, on the windwardside tensional

stressarisesin the steel and on the oppositesidecompressivestressin the concrete
foundation. It is obviousthen that the area of the boltingand the areaof the base
ring are related. As the anchor bolt area increased,the base ring area can be
decreased. With the designmethod givenhere, the minimumrequiredanchorbolt
area for a practical size of base ring can be found. me strength Ofthe steel and
the concrete is different, therefore, the neutral axis does not coincide with the
centerlineof the skirt.
1 D e t t ev r omka i h n l. e u e e
C a lt c r u e l sq a h aut nei i r u o ee nzmd
a nb Sco p hl 7 T ota e B ars g .b e le
D e t t ei r nm i hs n ei d e e
4 C th s te i r t h ce a s. knbs heace o s h l
f o u n d a t i o n
I t d e vb hi e a t tt a i wfl oe l ean oh e w na
a cs tt ar u te las sarlr e o ert s pg e
c a l c u l a t i o n
C a lt cb ur lt aah i ti ec s kn ne ee gs
U g u p s s l a as n t ce ec ht o sh a , o
Sa c o m p r r ie i s i isn i eo cnfn eb s esg afot
s d t i s r t ir tei b us r t oi sasoh in k s nn
T DA B L E
V oa C ol n u s te a sn t f s F
a F u no Kc t i o n s s f
k I1 z a X Y
U s .. , e
O::s:
0 . 6 0 0 1 M 1
M x
: : :
/ b
O.000 - O .i s o
0 . b0 0 – 0 7 . 8 4 / 2 ,
0.500 0.0293&b’ - o .1 3
0.667 0.0558f. b2 –0 . 2 2
1.000 o.0972f, b2 - 0f. Ii . 1
1 . 0.123fcb2
5 0 -0.12450 b
2 . 0.131f.bz
0 0 - 0 0 .b 1
3 . 0 0 J .b 0 -1 00 b3 . 13
0 0 f,b2
. -10 0 . b3 1 32
T EA B L
I
E
2 II 2 0 I
I
s II 0 0 0 0
f p
8
s1
1000 0
c Ii
0
1
fb 1 I 1
n 8
81
F O R M U L A S
9 9 /(.= I
* —— 1 k 1+
~
4 Bt - 1
+I
& ‘~b~
i v
I
t I Lb ‘f, z:::/
. 1
-
T el on a so nb i Fcloal ehl d~o(t. M
n b rs , t .
T es ni t a s r nb i eSlco p es hl s ots a n rs i , , .
a
b -. t h t,=e~
B W
Fc,
t CirCk. @. “b= (/4 + ;,)
S n . f
t B
tB= il
~
1
E ~B r t ah i iw c gs k n uin ee s gs t ss eh t
p tl i a t B ne , ,‘ . B =
N O T A T I O N
b = The distancebetweengusset plates, measuredon arc of bolt circle in.
= T a or e rt f q a ua e nbi slr oc i ea o hd o q lr n r t . .
C = CC o n, s s TtC a D ona , t te ps b ,r e pl ch e e ea d i ng ne g e .
d = D i oa a m nbe ct c ei io h r r o c l f rl n e t , .
= D i oa a m nbe ct c ei fo h r r o c l f rl t et , .
: = C o m p s r e i t st s cr i vo eea n t h soc re s ue o nht t e dbt e r e pgta hei r nses
= C o m p s r e it st s cr i vo eean t h sbc cr s ei ponh t er e c sl l t e e ti ,
j = C o ns sT t D aoa tne p tb r, e pl ch e e ea d i ng ne g e .
1 = 1– t i = w o ti n4 b dr i a ht,i . hns nf eg e , .
M = M oa t mb d e t awnh o t e usia rt etf elnh qe uo da t k br e .
M = o w h i i cg hr Se e Tv ra eF ot ar t ee p br rs . e p l ch e e ae d i ng ne g
n = R o m a o ot ed l iu a o sls o t ua i ftc sc oi eE t nf yn cSse T r f/ elE aEtd ee cb
= R ao b dc iiio r u c ls l n f e t , .
: = T e s n i t a s r nib . el pco es hl s ot n rs i , .
s = M a ax l i l s mo vw t u aom
r ba b pel l e pals u as s et fe ei , .
w = W oe t ti agot bhh wl ta he f se rb e t e , .
z = C o nS sT t Daoa tne pt b r. e pl ch e e ae d i ng ne g e .
82

EXAMPLE
DESIGNDATA: DETERMINE:
D = 5 f Oi d t i oa a n.m nbe c t,c ei o. h rr oTc l f s rl a e nt i h. uo nm
z
d = in. diameterof anchor bolt circle. anchor bolts;
n = 1 r o m
a 0o ot ed l ui a o ,sls ot u i ft sc i Tet fwy ea i t f h hl d i cn t k
a c o ( n n cT E Pr a 8e tbda e l 0g e o b. e r ) a i ns
f= =1 p , a l 2l c o s 0ows at m0 obr lpie e n r g . t h f
11 = 6)1
c o (n cT
E Pr a8e bta e l 0g e , e )
1
s = 1 5p a , l l 0s o s v0w t ao 0r ba b eli l e as u s s e f e
r i n g .
= 1 8p a , l l 0t o s e0w s na 0it b s lri oi e e l l es t s s n .
w = 3 6l w , oe 0t bti 0 og 0 hw h . te fr e .
M = 6 9 f 2l m , 1o a tt 0bmb 0 e a nh. . s t e t e .
S O L U T I O N :
A s 8 i sw s .npnse r eeat st gsb r id cv ee if.-
bu r i mn a a aeci d o m oh =
sr 1,Ooo
cs lpsi.l t e e t
T t c h o nf hse t ra nn
1 1 T D aa b r l e e
= 0.35 cc = 1.640
1 + Sa ‘ 1 18 , 0 + 0= 2 0 . 3 3
‘fctj 1 x 1 , 0j = 00 0 0. 7 8
z = 0 . 4 2
T i i shu f af i igc
f . fc —2 c . ~ 2N k 2 xb 0.35 X 60d = 1 , m 0 w t e0 a i s 8 n s h t u
2kd * 1 ‘ 2 x 0.35 X 60 X 8 v o fCb=
a 1 l p , u
R e aq ou a i r nbr e c eod h l ao f t r s
1 – W = ~2 ; 1 xz 6 M
9 – 23 d ) x 1068 20x “w 0! 4 ~2 7
B, = 2 n = 2 s 3i .
C, S. jd “ 2 X, 1 83x 0 , 3 x . 60 3 07 08 3
U 1 sa nbi tco nr hle g rqot ha2u rsf io o r,r b e eo d oe on t al r e t
2 3 =. 1 5 i 0 . / 19 2n 5 8 .
F T rA 1a i dob ?i bal mw
nm4 e ebo os t a8 et u. il rbs fal a t cd%dti ofud rec y oi r nr ot o g
use (12) -2 in. diameteranchorbolts.
Tensileload on the anchorbolts
M– W D = 6 9 – 23 , 6x 10 z, 0 x . 05 0= 1 04 ~ 0l 2 57 5 7
= 9
jD 0 X.5 7 8 3
T es n i t t s ar i nbel hces o hs l on e t r s
157,150
s. = ~:; = 0.125 X 3 x 2 = .1 73p , 3 09 3s 6 0 i
2 3 . 5 0
= = i n .
~d = 3.14 x 60
C o m p l r eo ts osc i o v ne aL hc= 1r– ted = t8n ’ ee– 0: = . 7. d i1. . 280 n57
F. 193,150
= r = ( 7+ 1 .x 0 8 .3 7x 11 5 =2 .4 p50 6 ) 43 0 s 0
EXAMPLE (CONT.)
Checkingvalueof k whichwascalculatedwithassumedvaluesof~,~= 1,000psiand

S. = 18,000
Thentheconstantsfrom
1 1 T D aa b r l e e
k= = 0.19
c = 10 . 1 8c
I +‘ S1 17 _ , 9 + 6
c = 2 . 6 8,
‘fCb x =
j
z = 0.461
M – 692,100 – 36,000 X 0 X. 5 4 6 1
= = 1 5 l 7 , 1 b 9
jD = x 5
F, 1 5 7 , 1 9 2
Sa = = 1 5p , 6 s 2 4 i
r~rCf = 0 X. 3 X 21 .2 65 8 0 3
= + W = 157,192 + 36,000 = 193,192lb,
FC 193,192
fcb = = 5 p 9 s
(14 + n fsjr CC= ( 7+ 1 .X 0 8 .3 7X 11 5 2. 50 1 ) 8 0 4
C o m p s r e i t st s ar i v nbee hcos hsl ont e rs :
S = n = 1 xf 5 = 5, p. , 9 b 9 0 s 66 0 i
C o m p s r e i t st s cr i ov eean t h sco res ue o nht t e dbt e r e tga ehi r nes f eg e

2 X 0.19 X 60 + 8
fc = fcb x 2 :M+ 1= 596 X = 8 p 0 s 5
2 X 0.19 X 60
R e t q h u i oi bc r kr e n fade= i6s i ss n f en g , ,
3 X 805
tB = 11~ = 6 = 2.406 i n .
d 1 5 , 0 0 0
T d e t c t r h e i o act h bks o rne eua hiseg s puns lsfs eg a es t , e ee t s .
U ( s g i2pu l tsn d4a s igt bse e) h et tts at g ,nwu c ese he s e e n t se ,
~d 6
b= — = 7.85” ; ~ = — = 0.764
24 b 7.85
f T rF a ob l m e :
= M = 0 fC1,2=
. 0.196
1 x 89 Y x & 6= 5 0i l 6 5 n8 b 0 .
1 .i U5 I 0i t n 7 sb hM6p n ial . e ac” s .t k ee .

: m ~ e =
84
ANCHOR BOLT CHAIR FOR TALL TOWERS
The chairsare designedfor the maximumload whichthe bolt can transmitto them.
The anchor b s a o b i p l ansz l b t hc as e a dla t cae du l eel as lot c t ee r fd i b o e hs
g po a i g n e gs .
A c o n te l a oc d t t pi gnl sl g ehba hw st eaw fe ecl los din t l fei net widu oT l ueh s l ’ l
l s o t i ef wi z sh l gbe lhoe hfe lae o t anlt d h lj li heo pne i fnt nl hf e eii acr n k ngt
-
DIMENSIONS inches
hchor B c D E F G
1 dim
bolt A
1 3 2 1 1
1 3 1
1 2 3 1 1 1 {
4 3 1
1 4 3 518 11/4 13/4 2
ls/~ 23f~ 4 3 5fa 11/4 1lj~ 21/8
13/4 2 5 3 1 2
5 3 13 11/ / 2z / 21 4 31 2
2 2 s5 3/ e
2 3 6 4 1 13 21 / 2 / 3 4
3lj~ 6 4 1 2 3
2 3 7 5 1 2 3 3
3 7 5 1 2 3 3
. !
T a tb h i at o f ba v eS kl erc h Aee e o Ssi n .m
C hm at AnDou n B r . cto a t hl st o
B R Sa i P zes t ni Rr enoe lgJgf e i.1 u num 9e r n6 , 3e .
86
STRESSESIN LARGE
H V
SUPPORTEDBY SADDLES
The design methods of supports for horizontal vessels are based on L. P. Zick’s
analysis presented in 1951. The ASME published Zick’s work (Pressure Vessel
and Piping Design) as recommended practice. The API Standard 2510 also refers
to the anaIysis of Zick. The British Standard 1515 adopted this method with
slight modification and further refinement. Zick’s work has also been used in
different studies published in books and various technical periodicals.
The design method of this Handbook is based on the revised analysis mentioned
above. (Pressure Vessel and Piping; Design and Analysis, ASME, 1972)
A horizontalvesselon saddle support acts as a beamwith the followingdeviations:
1. The loadingconditionsare different for a full or partiallyfilledvessel.
2. vesselvary accordingto the angleincludedby the saddles.
3. The load due to the weight of the vessel is combined with other loads.
LOADINGS:
1. a
a
2. Internal Pressure. Since the longitudinal stress in the vessel is only one half of
the circumferential stress, about one half of the actually used plate thickness
is available to resist the load of the weight.
3. External Pressure. If the vessel is not designed for full vacuum because vacuum
occurs incidentally only, a vacuum relief valve should be provided especially
when the vessel outlet is connected to a pump.
4. Wind load< Long vesselswith very small t/r values are subject to distortion
from wind pressure. According to Zick “experience indicates that a vessel
designedto 1 psi. external pressure can successfullyresist external loads en-
counteredin normaIservice.”
5.
87
LOCATIONOF SADDLES.
The use of only two saddles is preferred both statically and economicallyover
the multiple support system, this is true even if the use of stiffener rings is
necessary. The location of the saddles is sometimes determined by the location
of openings, sumps, etc., in the bottom of the vessel. If this is not the case,
then the saddles can be placed at the statically optimal point. Thin walled
vessels with a large diameter are best supported near the heads, so as to utilize
the stiffening effect of the heads. Long thick wa!led vessels are best supported
where the maximal longitudinal bending stress at the saddles is nearly equal to the
stress at the midspan. This point varies with the contact angle of the saddles. The
distance between the head tangent line and the saddle shall in no case be more than
0.2 times the length of the vessel. (L)
Contact Angle O
The minimum contact angle suggested by the ASME Code is 120°, except for
very small vessels. (Code Appendix G-6). For unstiffened cylinders under exter-
nal pressure the contact angle is mandatorily limited to 120° by the ASME Code.
(UG-29).
Vessels supported by saddles are subject to:
1. Longitudinal bending stress

2. Tangential shear stress
3. Circumferential stress
1
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES
o t~ =
=
~
A m
Q
C oa n o sn t daa g ced lt
. 1 A
Max. Allow.Stress
I S1 p t s l dt t n hru
i n pt r e ( e r Ps n sRs a n/u lh 2r
e xt a c l l es oh ew t adr b
:4 * n o Sf o pa e c t a ie en g n g e S1
~d
~ $
L
~ v -l
Z AT ]+2~ & 4A
YYo QL
Am MIDSPAN —-
Au (Tensio~at 4H - T
uJ~ ihe Bottom 4
z: Compression () 1 ‘z-
the *
0 r R2ts
e x0 t c t ie .
a l l s o vw
t ao r avb el m
el e s s
t e r i a l .
d S3 plus stress
n< IN -— K4 Q
S* – ~ts
w SHELL
=
0*Q
~ti K4Q .
q I/l!
IN
HEAD
=—
Ilth r n i on g
u<
m
UJ
A ADDl- K5Q
n TIONAL
a-$ STRESS S3. = ~
[N HEAD
M Q 3K6Q
-—
w &=-~t~(b+l.5@s) -
?(: S4 timesthe
2
zQ AT
,J HORN
!3 g SA%LE s4=– Q i2&QR
——
4 1t .~ Lt$
5( ~b +
s )
‘j 3 ma
: Et AT K7Q
“L~ BOTTOM s5=– ts(b+1.56@@
,= O
,=0 .= SHELL F
L 3
89
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES
~ NOTES: I
YY
JJ positive Values denote t e stresses
n and
s negative
i l values
e denote compression.
$
4
~ E z Modulus of elasticity of shell or stiffener ring materidpound per square inch
D
~
~ The maximum bending stress S1 may be either tension or compression.
z Computing the tension stress in the formula for S1, for factor K the values of
w K1 shall be used.
m
~ Computing the compression stress in the formula for S1, for factor K the values
4 of K8 shall be used.
~ When the shell is stiffened, the value of factor K = 3.14 in the formula for S1.
n
~ The compression stress is not factor in a steel vessel where t/R SO.005 and the
~ vesselis designed to be fully stressed under internal pressure.
uz Use stiffener ring if stress S1 exceeds the maximum allowable stress.
~
If wear plate is used, in formulas for S2 for the thickness ts may be taken the
& sum of the shell and wear plate thickness, provided the wear plate extends R/10
$ inches above the horn of the saddle near the head and extends between the
m saddle and an adjacent stiffener ring.
m
$ In Unstiffened shell the maximum shear occurs at the horn of the saddle. When
G the head stiffness is utilized by locating the saddle close to the heads, the
z tangential shear stress can cause an additional stress (S3) in the heads. This
w stress shall be added to the stress in the heads d t i n put r e e r s n se auo lr e
u
~ W s t h i r f aef i u e ntnns em r rgae xs hs d i o eh m , ca ute e cem aqu u hr a st o
e
I w p ei ul i asf o fet rfr m s l, oicknessts
S edf u the a n so may rbe 4taken r the
sum of the shelland wearplate thicknessand for ts!? maybe”takenthe shellthick-
ness squared plus the wear plate thickness squared, provided the wear plate
A extends R]l Oinchesabovethe horn of the saddle , and A< It12. The combined
~ circumferentialstress at the top edge of the wear plate should alsobe checked.
~ Whencheckingat this point: ts = shellthickness,
~ b = width of saddle
O = centralangleof the wearplate but not more
& than the includedangleof the saddleplus 12°
a If wear plate is u i sf o e rf m S d f u t l, t o ahn sio t chm k rb n5t er t esaa s k
L
~ s o t s u a h w h ue mten l hl f ie capl k r d nt ot re w vs e si o ,idt hwe d pd eth l e h
Q e qa l u b +e 1 a al. s s5 t t6 -
~ I t s i nh sh t e i tf o lm f f ee a nl sxehs tdi ot , m cra ut e ceh m ous t oshrs a s r d h t de
~ T s iht n br t ia e ot ds ts i s d n s preSSUK4reSS.
tt e h ee o rd n o ae l
Q I a s t i s f tf h em n aene xrhdi nl i g - mc lo mu epi rm ae ts s ib o n o o hs t ht s oet
U s t i r sf i f t ei c in r ece un m rh f be r gee n sft nei a etdl xir t cn em eg as e xh sd i s m
a l l so w t ar b e l se s .
90
STRESSESIN LARGEHORIZONTALVESSELSSUPPORTEDBYTWO
SADDLES
VALUESOF CONSTANTK
(Interpolate for IntermediateValues)
‘K, = 3.14 if the shellis stiffened by ring or head (A < R/2)
;ONTACT
ANGLE K2 K3 K5 K(5 K7
0
120 0.335 1.171 0.880 i 0.401, 0.760 0.603

122 0.345 1.139 0.846 0.393 0.753 0.618
124 0.355 1.108 0.813 0.385 0.746 0.634
126 0.366 1.078 0.781 0.377 0.739 0.651
128 0.376 1.050 0.751 0.369 0.732 0.669
130 0.387 1.022 0.722 0.362 0.726 0.689
132 0.398 0.996 0.694 0.355 0.720 0.705
134 0.409 0.971 0.667 0.347 0.714 0.722
136 0.420 0.946 0.641 0.340 0.708 0.740
138 0.432 0.923 0.616 0.334 0.702 0.759
140 0.443 0.900 0.319 0.592 0.327 0.697 0.780
142 0.455 0.879 For 0.569 0.320 See 0.692 0.796
144 0.467 0.858 Any 0.547 0.314 chart 0.687 0.813
146 0.480 0.837 Con- 0.526 0.308 on 0.682 0.831
148 0.492 0.818 Tact 0.505 0.301 facing 0.678 0.853
150 0.505 0.799 Angles 0.485 0.295 page 0.673 0.876
152 0.518 0.781 0 0.466 0.289 0.669 0.894
1 0.531 5 0.763 4 0.448 .0.283 ;.;;: 0.913
1 0.544 5 0.746 6 0.430 0.278 0.933
1 0.557 5 0.729 8 0.413 0.272 0:657 0.954
1 0 0 0 0 0.654 0
162 0.585 0.698 0.380 0.261 0.650 0.994
164 0.599 0.683 0.365 0.256 0.647 1.013
166 0.613 0.668 0.350 0.250 0.643 1.033
168 0.627 0.654 0.336 0.245 0.640 1.054
170 0.642 0.640 0.322 0.240 0.637 1.079
172 0.657 0.627 0.309 0.235 0.635 1.097
174 0.672 0.614 0.296 0.230 0.632 1.116
176 0.687 0.601 0.283 0.225 0.629 1.137
178 0.702 0.589 0.271 0.220 0.627 1.158
180 0.718 0.577 0.260 0.216 0.624 1.183
91
STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTALVESSELSSUPPORTEDBYTWO

SADDLES
VALUESOF CONSTANTK6
0.01
0 : 0 0 : 5
R A T I O
uA
92
STRESSESIN LARGEHORIZONTALVESSEIS SUPPORTEDBY‘IWO
SADDLES
EXAMPLECALCULATIONS
DesignData
L s 48 in. distancefrom tangentline
of head to the center of saddle
= 24 in. w o is ad d t d h l
I 21 in. depth of dish of head

960in. lengthof vesseltan.-tan.
= 250psi. internaldesignpressure
300,000lb. load on one saddle
60 in. outsideradiusof shell
1.00in. thicknessof shell
= 120deg.contact angle
SheI.1
material: SA515-70plate
o Allowablestress value 17,500 psi.
Yieldpoint 38,000 psi.
6“ Joint Efficiency: 0.85
LONGITUDINALBENDINGSTRESS (S,)
Stress at the saddles
~, ,A(.1-:jj:)3m,mx4(_l-~::;j~~)=522psi
K1R2t. = x 602x I
Stress at midspan
~:%(+:~j.2-%)3m*qxw(::~%)=4,,,psi
= =
nRzt, 3.14 x 602 x 1
S dt t i r
PR 2 xd
n pe t u r es e— r s s= ns— e ua o r l= 7e
5
p: S
0
s0
o
0 i
2t~ 2X1
Thes o t e nsu st 4959+
ir oe 75(XI
nsm =
as f12,459
le spsi :
It d n e o tx s coe v t eo hrta s eg et sl d i s 1 ehu srx7 . ae =,t 1f m
0e5 ph4 0: , 8 0 8 s 57
C o m ps r ei t ns fs r i soa en t oci sO t /sn1. os= 00t c Rr/ 0 . e 5>6 0 ; 10 7
93
STRESSESIN LARGEHORIZONTALVESSELSSUPPORTEDBYTWO
SADDLES
EXAMPLECALCULATIONS
(cont.)
TANGENTIALSHEARSTRESS(S,)
SinceA (48)>IV2(60/2),the applicableformula:
‘,=%L*H)= 1“’’;”:?*OOO ( :::3”.4:1 )=’$’mPsi

doesnot exceedthe s tv of
r ashellmaterialmultipliedby
e l s us e 0.8; 17,500x 0.8
= 14,000psi.
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS
Stress at the horn of saddle (S4)

Since L (960)> 8R(480), A(48) > R/2 (60/2), the applicable formula:
s4=- Q .—3K6Q
4 t
A/R =48160 = 0.8; K = 0.036 (from chart)
300,000 3 X0.036X 300,000
s, ‘– = –18,279 psi
4 X 1 (24 + 1.56 d-) – 2t
S4 does not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5; 17,500 x 1.5
=26,250 psi
Stress at bottom of shell (Ss)
K, Q
Ss =—
r~ +1 ~ . . 5 6
S =– x 300,000 5=–6,319 psi

1(24 + 1.56 <~’)
% doesnot exceedthe compressionyieldpoint multipliedby 0.5; 38,000x0.5
= 19,000psi
94
STIFFENER RING
FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY
SADDLES
N O T A T I O N .
/ A = C s r e ac o t i rso n s ae l
II II 1 =
II l!
K =
( Q L o o os aI ad n = db dl ne
2 8@ R = R oa d i u s
=
@ =
A 1
S t r
~
R I ni s ni d ge .
C o m p r e s sS i oK ~ n 6K ~ =9 Q– Q.
a t S h h e l t e Il /
1 . ~ 5 + G 1 o- v e r n s
.
~ O u tn s i dK ge K .~ 5
9 sm Q Q
S at t r e s h s ~ s ~ ~t e = &
,– +
S h e l l
< % 5
c R O ui t s n i d ge .
Stress at the S K9Q
~ 6. K, ~QR = Es –
~ Saddle - ,r 3 d o t h f l/d
e “: ~
and Ring
“
- S h e l l w
G
R I ni s ni d ge .
Ss h. aK “ $ Q6 T Q
! j ~
t ~ ~ t ● K ~ –e 9
U w , + - + ! I = /
d
- 3
s 6 = - K # - K ’ :j ~ R
‘ c ! 3 $ ~ : : e
<
m“
and Ring +
95
STIFFENER RING
FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY
SADDLES
VALUES OF CONSTANT,K
(Interpolate for Intermediate Values)
Contact
Angle e 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
K9 .34 .33 .32 .30 .29 .27 .25
K1o .053 .045 .037 .032 .026 .022 .017
NOTES:
1. In figures & fmrnulas A-F positive signs denote tensile stresses and negative
signs denote compression.
2. The first part of the formulas for S6 gives the direct stress and the second part
givesthe circumferential bending stress.
3. If the governing combined stress is tensional,. the stress due to internal
pressure, —PR shall be added.
$
CALCULATION OF MOMENTOF INERTIA (1)
1. Determine the width of shell that is effective to resist the circumferential
bending moment. The effective width = 1.56 ~~ ; 0.78 ~~
on both sides of the stiffener ring.
2. Divide the stiffener ring into rectangles and adculate the areas (a) of each
rectangles, including the area of shell section within the effective width. Add
the areas (a) total area = A,
3. Multiply the areas (a) with the distances (Y) from the shell to the center of
gravity of the rectangles. Summarize the results and denote it AY.
4. Determine the neutral axis of the stiffener ring,the distance (C) from the shell
to the neutral axis c = Amy
5. Determine the distances (h) from the neutral axis to the center of gravity of
each rectangle of the stiffener.
6. Multiply the square of distances (h2) by the areas (a) and summarize the
results to obtain AI-IZ
b d3
7. Calculate the moment of inertia Ig of each rectan~es Ig =~,where b =
the width and d = the depth of the rectangles.
8. The sum of AH2 and Z I gives the moment of inertia of the stiffener ring
and the effective area of the & en.
See example calculations on the following pages.
96
M O O MINERTIA(I)
E N OFTSTIFFENER~NGS
F
EXAMPLECALCULATIONS
A D I M EL I N I S IN O LN
C S H E N S
R=7 O U RT A
S O ISD D2 IH E U E S L F L
1= 0.78~x =
~ X =
11
X
i
1 -
A RI E A @
b2d: = 0.5 x 63 = ~.oo in. 4
1
1
b, = 9.86 d
+ ;
MARK I ‘AREA I
i R
a
E
Y
A
I
S
I
h I
I I
b
1
0 . . 9 1 2 13 . 5 .1 2 2. 3 7 35 0.10
. 1
0 4
@
= - =
A= –
~ I= 2 + = + = i 4 n
A — =
A
1=1.56 ~~ =
‘\
q ““”251-F%-’2’””25 x =
*
X
h,d; = in4
77-
=
12 1
MARK I AREA I b
a Y h a X h2
o
@
– =
A= – ‘
~ –- A – —
‘ O
=— 1 =” +l Y =
2 – s + = 4
A
MOMENTOF INERTIA (I) OF STIFFENER RINGS
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
ALLD1MENS1ONS ININCHES
R = 72 in. OUTSIDERADIUSOF SHELL
CJ 1 = 0.78 ~~
$ , 0.78 J72 X0.5 = 4.68
m
I I * A RI E A @
b, d: ~ o
12 “ “
* = x =g ~
12 “ ‘
— 4x0 . 5
12 = 12 =0 4 .
b
a h 2 —
Y
1
2
3
A= - = - = =
1
25.23
~ AY
‘—=
A
— = 2S4 I = AH 2 + Ig = 6 + 94l z 7 . i 34 0 . 3 n 1 .a 7
9 . 9 3
~ = 2— = 2~2 ” I. = A =9 2 + 7I =3 5 2+ 90 i 94 7 g 0 . 3 n 7 3
= 5 . .H 6
A 8 . 4 3
.“
D S
M A X
A R E
1 T s aa t hdl ods . hew

l m
e c eer t tuset ieh tso sr ni fi h z s( too Tn t et r~eaf l f c he ) c
c s r e o otc s t s ati r hosd te n dl s i lfhoei o te s oi oht at nv is er d hr as(R).
s e dsd efi
F=K1lQ,Where Q= the load on one saddle, lbs.
K,, = constantas tabulated.
Theaveragestressshallnot exceedtwothirdsofthe compressionyieldpoint ofthe
material.(See examplebelow.)
VALUES OF CONSTANT K,l
IntactA 120°
n g 130° l 140°
e 150° 160° 170° 180°
Kll .204 .222 .241 .259 .279 .298 .318
EXAMPLE:
Diameter of vessel= 8’- 6“
Weight of vessel= 375,000 lbs.
Q= 187,500 Ibs.
Saddle material: SA 285 C
Web plate thickness = 0.25 in.
Contact angle = 120°
Kl, = 0 f t a
R =5 =1 i
F F = K,, x 0.204 x Q187,500= 38,250
= lb.
To resist this force the effective area of web plate= lU3 x 0.25= 4.25 in.2
38,250/4.25 = 9,000 lbs. per square inch.
The allowable stress = ?4 x 30,000= 20,000 psi.
The thickness of the web plate is satisfactory for horizontal force (F).
2. The base plate and wear plate should be thick enough to resist longitudi-
nal bending over the web.
3. The web plate should be stiffened with ribs against the buckling.
99
E X P A AN C
S OI NO T
NNR A C T ID O N
O H O R I Z VO NE T SF
A LS E L S
A B
4
~ ~ BOLTS ~
2 2
– ~B O L T S QS A D D L E S
R
I
* - “ ++
EXPANDINGVESSEL CONTRACTING
VESSEL
For thermal expansion and contraction, one of the saddles, preferably the one
on the opposite side of the pipe connections, must be allowed to move. In this
saddle for the anchor bolts slots are to be used instead of holes. The length of
the slots shall be determined by the expected magnitude of the movement. The
coefficient of linear expansion for carbon steel per unit length and per degree
F = 0.0000067. The table below shows the minimum length of the slot. Dimen-
sion “a” calculated for the linear expansion of carbon steel material between 700F
and the indicated temperature. When the change in the distance between the saddles
is more than 3/8” inch long, a slide (bearing) plate should be used. When the
vessel is supported by concrete saddles, an elastic, waterproof sheet at least 1/4”
thick is to be applied between the shell and the saddle.
MINIMUM LENGTH OF SLOT (DIM. “a”)
a DISTANCE FOR TEMPERATURE oF

BETWEEN
H SAD-DLEs
Ft. -50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
@ 10 0 0 0 1/4 3/8 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 3/4

20 0 0 1/4 3/8 5/8 3/4 1 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-3/8
z 30 1/4 1/8 3/8 5/8 7/8 1-1/8 1-3/8 1-5/8 1-5/8 2
:‘u ~
~
$ ~ 40 1/4 1/8 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 1-7/8 2-1/8 2-3/8 2-1/2
50 3/8 1/4 1/2 1 1-3/8 1-5/8 2-1/4 2-5/8 3 3-3/8
& 3-1/8 3-5/8 4-1/8
60 3/8 1/4 5/8 1-1/4 1-5/8 12-1/8 2-3/4
le width of 70 1 1 3 1 / 1/ - / 2 - 3 23 - 74 / 3 -4 1 / 84 - 1 / 84 5 /12 - /8
h s e ql u o a el t s
8 1 3 3 1 / 2/ - 0 / 2 - 1 23 - 18 / 4 -4 7 / 24 - 5 / 8 5 - 1 / 8 -7 / 8
h d o i a m e . f
n bc + ho 90 o l 5[8 r318 7/8
t 1-3/4 2-3/8 3-1/4 4 4-5/8 5-3/8 6
l y 4 1 * 5 33 0 1 1 [ 21 -0 3 - 7 84 - 58 / 5 - 5 / 86 - 1 / 8 6 1 / 8 - 12
S
FOR SUPPORT OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS
r - j’” i ‘“;
B
H O ] L E I “
H
G T I
H
\
Ii MH I
k ~ & E Q
‘- SUB PA
;~ LA : - LSC Y E &D- C: C ‘: J
E E
L : -
The design based on:

1. the vessel supported by two saddles
2. toresisthorizontal force (“)duetothemaximumo peratingweightofvessel
as tabulated.
3. the maximum allowable stress is % of the compression yield point: % of
30,000 = 20,000 psi.
4. the maximum allowable load on concrete foundation 500 psi.
5. the minimum contact angle of shell and saddle 120°.
Weld: %“ continuous fillet weld all contacting plate edges.
Drill and tap %“ weep holes in wear plate.
At the sliding saddle the nuts of the anchor bolts shall be hand-tight and secured
by tack welding.
SEE FACING PAGE FOR DIMENS1OIW

101
SADDLE
{OMN.U MAXIMUM
lwAMEITR OF
)F\EY$EL
c D E
F G H K
0 4 4 o-3~z !/Z o % ‘% 42,000

1-2 l-x 1-1 4 4 0-4 Y? o ‘h % - 50,000
1-4 1-2 1-2 4 4 0-5 Yl o % % - 56,000
1-6 1-3!L 1-3 4 4 0-6 % o N % - 62,000
1-8 1-5!4 1-4 4 4 O-6YZ V2 o % % - 70,000
1-1o 1-7 1-5 4 6 0-7 % o % % - 76,000
2-o 1-9 I-6 4 6 0-7% K o % % - 84,000
2-2 1-1OY2 1-7 4 6 0-8 !4 o % ‘/4 ‘A 90,000
2-4 2-2Y2 1-8 4 6 0-8% ‘/2 o ‘/2 % ‘% 98,000
2-6 2“2 1-9 4 6 0-9 % o % % % 104,000
2-8 2-4 1-1o 4 6 0-9!4 % o !4 % % 112,000
2-1o 2-5 1-11 6 11 0-1o l/2 o Y2 ‘A ‘/4 128,000
3-o 2-6% 2-o 6 11 0-11 !4 o % % ‘h 134,000
3-2 2-9 2-1 6 11 1-0 3/4 o 5 ‘/4 ‘A 144,000
3-4 2-11 2-2 6 11 1-1 3A o !4 210,000
3-6 3-!4 2-3 6 11 1-2 % o % 220,000
4-o 3-6 2-6 6 11 1-4 % o % 252,000
4-6 3-11 3-o 6 11 1-6 ‘h o % 3/8 3/8 282,000
5-o 4 3 6- 1 -1 4% 1 3- 3/4 13/8 8 3/8 312,000
5-6 4-9!4 3-6 6 11 1-1o % 1 % 344,000
6-O 5-25 3-9 9 18 2 % 1 % ‘ / 402,000 8
6-6 5-8 4-o 9 18 2-2 3/4 1 3/4 ‘/2 3/8 436,000
7-o 6-1 4-3 9 18 2-4 1 1 3/4 Yl 3/8 470,000
7-6 6-6 4-6 9 18 2-6 1 1 1 Y’ 502,000
8-O 6-1IY2 4-9 9 18 2-8 1 1 1 Y2 3/8 536,000
8-6 7-4% 5-o 9 18 2-10 1 2 1 % ‘/2 760,000
9-o 7-9% 5-3 9 18 3-O 1 2 1 ‘/2 !L? 806,000
9-6 8-3% 5-6 9 24 3-2 1 2 1 ‘h ‘/2 852,000
1o-o 8-8 5-9 9 24 3-4 1% 2 1 3/4 ‘/2 896,000
10-6 9-1% 6-O 9 24 3-6 1% 2 1 3/4 Y2 940,000
11-0 9-6!A 6-3 9 24 3-8 IK 21 % Y2 986,000
11-6 1o-o 6-6 9 24 3-lo 1% 31 ‘A % 1,030,000
12-O 10-5 6-9 9 24 4-o 1% 31 ?4 % 1,076,000
102
r
S V
LEG SUPPORT
NOTATION:
w,
W = Weight of vessel, lbs.
n = number of legs
Q = ~ Load on one leg, Ibs.

R = Radius of head, inch
H = Leverarmof load, inch.
2A, 2B = Dimensionsof wear plate
S = Stress, pound per sq. inch
t = wall thicknessof head, inch
K = Factors,see charts
Q C = inch
*
C = radius of circular wear plate, in
@lI’ El
D=1,82S E
Rtf
n
o
LONGITUDINALSTRESS:
Q R
[
C K (Kl + 6 OK2) + ; f ~ S(K3 + 6 K.)
1
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS:
Q + 6 KG)+K H
cos a ( f (K7 +5 6 K8) ]
[ Rf
NOTES:
Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression.
Computing the maximum tensile stresses, in formulas for S1 and S2, K,, K3, K5 and
K, denote negative factors and K2, Kq, KGand K8 denote positive factors.
Computing the maximum compression stresses, in formulas for SI and S2, K,, K2,
K3, K4, K5, KG, K, and K8 denote negative factors.
The maximum tensile stresses S1 and S2, respectively,PIUSthe tensilestressdue to ~
internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable tensile stress value of head material.
The maximum compression stresses S1 and S2, respectively,plus the tensile
due to internalpressure shall not exceedthe allowablecompressionstressvalueof
head material.
4
103
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT
0.2OAO.6
0.81.01.2 1.5 2.0 3 4 .
D
& K5
020.40608101.2 1.5 2.0 4.0

D
VALUE OF Kz 8LKG
0.20
~
k
O
0
.0.2040.60.81.01.2 1 2 3.0 4.0
D
VALUE OF K3 8ZK,
0.60
0.50
k!?
-0.40
Q?
0.30
0.20
0.10
020.4060.81.012 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0

D
VALUE OF Kz 8ZKg
105

DESIGN DATA
800,000 lb, weight of vessel
n = 4, numberof legs
w 800,000
Q d = 200,000 lb, load on one leg
R = 100 inch, rr,diusof head
H= 5 inch, leverarmof load
2A = 30 inch, 2B = 30 inch, dimensionsof wear plate
? = 1.8 inch thicknessof head
Cos~ = 0.800
P = 100
SA — 515–70
Allowable stress value: 17,500 psi
Joint Efficiency: 0.85
Yield point: 38,000 psi.
Factors K (see charts):
c= ~ = == 15 inch
K1 = 0.065, Kz = 0.030, K3 = 0.065, Kq = 0.025,

K5 = 0.020, K6 0.010, K, = 0.022, Kg = 0.010.
LONGITUDINAL STRESS:
1.) Maximumtensile stress:
200,000 5 100
S1 = 0.800 (–0.065 + 6 x 0.030) + — r —
1 [ . 8 2 100 1.8
(-0.065 + 6 X 0.025) = + 7,634 psi

1
The stress due to internal pressure:
—— 100 x 100
PR
= + 2778 psi
2t – 2 X 1.8
The sum of tensional stresses:
7.634 + 2.778 = 10,412 psi
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:
17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi
106
2.) Maximum compressional stress:
Q R
S1 = ~
[
cos ~ ( – K, – 6KZ) + g V
R
T( – K3 – 6KQ)
1
200,000 5 100
S1 = 0.800 ( –0.065 – 6 X 0.030) + — r
1.82 [ 100 G

( –0.065 – 6 X 0.025)
1 = – 17,0:44psi
PR
—— 100 x 100
= + 2778 psi
2t – 2 x 1.8
The sum of stresses:
– 17,044 + 2,778 = – 14,266 psi
17,500 x 0,85 = 14,875 psi
C i r c u m f es r e tn t ir a l e s s :
1.) Maximum tensile stress:
= ~Q
R
[
cos ~ ( –K5 + 6K6) + ; V ~ (–K7 + 15K8)
1
200,000 5 100
S2 = 0.800 ( –0.020 + 6 X 0.010) + — v
1.82 [ 100 =
(–0.022 + 6 X 0.010)
1 =+ 2,849 psi
PR
—= 100 x 100
= + 2778 psi
2t 2 X 1.8
The sum of tensile stresses:

2,849 + 2,778 = 5,627 psi
17,500 x 0,85 = 14,875 psi
2.) Maximum compressional stress:
= ~Q R
[
cos m ( – K5 – 6 K6) + ~
R r
7( –K7 – 6K8)
1
STRESSESIN VESSELSON LEG SUPPORT
200,000 5 100
S2 = 0.800 ( –0.020 – 6 X 0.010) + — v —
1.8Z [ 100 1.8
(–0.022 -6 x 0.010)
1 = -5,837 psi
The due to internal pressure:
—— 100 x 100 = + 2778 psi

PR
2t – 2 X 1.8
The sum of stresses:

– 5837 + 2778 = – 3,059 psi.
17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi
. -
LEG SUPPORT
Notch out angles

to clear seam \
I
I
I
I \
I I
!
I ‘
I
I
I 8 +
“!!!!
I f; & ~“1 *
‘ A
1
SECTION A-A
V E S V S EE S L ANG.LE
S E L
D H I E M I GA SIZE
H
A T m XI a I x
2’-6”
3 X3 X3 f 84“ “ ° ,
5 ’ - 0 ”
10’-0” ~ X3 x .3 . 5/ 5 °68 ” ”
7 /
x x1 / 2 ”
x5 x 1 / 21 “ ” 0
7 ’ - 0 ”
6 X6 X5 1 81‘ “ “ ”- o
. —
109
— ... .
STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO

L S
U N S T I F F E N E D S T I F F E N E D
S H E L LS H E L L
N 2A, 2B = Dimensions of wear plate O

W = Weight of vessel, lb S = Stress, pound per sq. in
n = Number of lugs t = Wall thickness of shell, in
~=:. shape factor, see table
Load on one lug, lb Factors, see charts
K=
R = Radius of shell, in ~.d — 3 B
H = Lever arm of load. in R r A
LONGITUDINALSTRESS:
K2R D
,,. ~ E CIK1 + 6 — +
D R2t ( c2t 2 (1.17 + B/A) ‘~A )
N I t~ e S pnE t s s li : dt o tn hirun n e p1tu s rse ePe r s sns Res an o uhel / r x ae2 oc l t e

t s vt ohr as em lh as t etue s et i eerl f imff laoi hgcle i s ei s n e cer y a t fm
C I R C U M F E R E NS T I T
AL R E S S :
QH Kd R
‘2 = * DR2f
C3K3+ 6 —
( c4t )
NOTE: In tension S2 plus the stress due to internal pressure PR/t shall not exceed
the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5.
110
STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
0
0 0 0.10 0 0 0
n
VALUE OF K]
111
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
(
VALUE OF Kz
112
10
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
D
VALUE OF Kj
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0 0
VALUE OF K4 ( C
BIA R/t c, C2 C3 C’4
50 0.72 1.03 0.95 1.07

100 0.68 1.02 0.97 1.06
1/2
200 0.64 1.02 1.04 1.05
300 0.60 1.02 1.10 1.04
50 1 1 1 1
100 1 1 1 1
1
200 1 1 1 1
300 1 1 1 1
50 0.85 1.10 0.85 0.92
100 1.15 1.07 0.81 0.89
2
200 1.32 0.98 0.80 0.84
300 1,50 0.90 0.79 0.79
VALUE OF C
114

—.
D E D S IA G TN A
W = 1,200,000lb. weight of vessel
n = 4 number of lugs
Q = : = 1,200,000 = 300,000 lb. load on one lug
4
R = 90 in, radius of shell
H = 5 in, leverarrn of load
2A = 30 in, 2Z? = 30 in, dimensions of wear plate
t = 1.5 in, thickness of shell
p = 100 psi internal pressure
Shell material:SA -515-70

Allowablestress value 17,500psi
Yield point 38,000 psi
Joint Efficiency:0.85
Shape factors C, (see table):

RI, = $ = 60, B/A = 15/15) = 1,0
c1 = C2 = CJ = C4 = 1.0
The factors K, (see charts)
K1 = 2.8,
w=
K2 = 0.025, K3 = 6.8
“
Kd = 0.021
’ = % = 6 0
L o n g i St u t d i r n ae l s s :
D
UR .~ _
, = &
“
( C,K1 +
2
6, ~ +
2 (1.17 + B/A) ‘x ~A )
~ = 300,000 x 5 , X228+ ~ 0.025 x 90 +
1 0.167 x 902 x 1.5 1 x 1.5
(
0.167 902
+ x – 11,795 psi
2 (1.17 + 15/15) 5 x 15 ) –
Stress due to internal pressure:

PR = 100 x 90 The sum of tensional stresses:
= 3000 psi 11,795 + 3000 = 14,795psi
z 2 x 1.5

17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi
115
C i r c u m f Se r e t n t ri a le s s :
QH KJ?
s~ = & C3K3 + 6
DR2t ( c~i )
300,000 x 5 0.021 x 90
s~ = 1 X 6.8 + 6 = 10,616psi
0.167 X 902 X 1.5 ( 1 x 1.5 )
Stress due to internal pressure:
PR
—= 100 x 90 - The sum of tensional stresses:
= 6000”psi
t 1.5 10,616 + 6000 = 16,616psi
It does not exceedthe stress value of shell materialmultipliedby 1.5:

17,500 x 1.5 = 26,250
116
L S
FOR INSULATEDVESSELS
r I [-
!1
J
L u’
Lb,d
--l,&
h
t
T
hl h
6(Y
t
3 _ _ _
ug
T
} V
4 a Ax l i l m
o wu a m b lD eI M E N S I O N S W oe i
L o One
o ~ a ~ ~ d ~n ~ ~ ~ ~ “O L L un
w
L L u bI g s 1 , . 1 F
1,400 6!/2 5 5% 3Y4 4 ~8 5% % ‘/4 7

2,200 674 5VZ 6 5 5% 5/8 5% ‘/4 ‘/4 9
3,600 8~4 63/4 7y4 6Y4 7 Y4 6?4 ‘/4 ‘/4 16
5,600 10Y4 83A 9Y4 9% 9y8 1 8Y2 ‘/4 1/4 24
9,000 12y* 14Y414% 1 10Y2 ~8 3/8 58
14,000 13y4 llfi 12V4 17 17Y8 1 1l!A % 3/8 72
22,000 15y2 13 1374 lg% 1878 %
90,000 22Y4 18!/2 19k 31 lti 18 388

140,000 25% 2072 21Y23478 3578 2 20 482
All dimensionsare in inches

Stressesin vessel shall be checked.
Use wear plate if necessary
I
117
L S
FOR UNINSULATEDVESSELS
J-
l
4
t
T
hl h
60°
j ‘L–
l
—
T
w ~
~ Ai l ml o uw a m bD lI M E N S I O N S W oe i g
L o Oo ~ a ~n ~ d ~ n e~ ~ ~ ~ O L L un b
w
L L u b1 g s I , . I F
1,400 2!4 2 2% 4 4?46 YJ4 1% %6 full 1

2,200 3!4 2Y2 3 5% 5?46 2 full 2
3,600 4 3y4 3?4 6~4 (jl~b 2Y?2 %6 full 4
5,600 53/4 5y4 6y4 974 10 1 4 1/4 ‘/4 9
9,000 7Y4 7 774 14~ 14%6 1 5% %6 ‘/4 21
14,000 9y~ 8~z 9y4 17 17%6 1 6ti %6 ‘/4 28
22,000 10 9y’ 10M 18 18y8 lti 7 3/8 ‘/4 45
36,000 12 11!4 2Y2 22 22Y2 1% 9 ‘/2 3/8 80
56,000 15 15 6V4 28H 29 !46 1Y2 12 y16 3/8 148
90,000 161/2 1574 7 31 y? 32yg 174 13 5/8 3/8 218
140,000 18 17% 8Y4 34Y2 3578 2 14 5/8 3/8 260
A d i m e al n i si i on rnl cs h e n s
S t ir v e es s bs hce shs a ee nc l l k el de ,
U w p ies nl e aca e e st r s ae r f y
L
I
. . — — —
.&
I J
VESSEL D R H L WELD
WEIGHT (IN) (1:) (IN) (IN) (IN) (Min)
(LBS)
1 ~/~ 1v? 5 10 co
12,000 .-- _
&J~
~.=
20,000 1% 3/4 2 6 10 gL
30,000 1% 1 2Y8 6 10 &s
50,000 1% 1% 2YI 7 12 25
70,000 2% 1 3Y2 8 12
100,000 2Y? 172 4Y2 9 16 .5 ~
%-
b=
150,000 3 11/4 5 10 16 EL
4 2 6 12 18 as
200,000 =5
250,000 4% 2 6Yz 13 18 ~ “~
300,000 4fi 21/! 7 14 20
Notes:
1. All dimensionsare in inches
2. The design is based on conditions:
a. x = 45° “maximum
b. Minimumtensile strengthof lug material 70,000 psi.
c. Direction of force is in the plane of lugs.
3, U wear plate ifs necessary to eliminate
e buckling due to normal or sudden
loading.
LIFTINGATTACHMENTS
f-h
MINIMUMDIMENSIONSOF LIFTINGLUGSUSINGSHACKLE
Sh~~kle HoIe Sheared Rdl;d
~~;d Diam. Edge Arm of
Di~m. m Lug cut Mo~ent
D1 H A B
●
710 5/16
1060 3/8 I /,-” , .4U I .[> I I I u-l/
1600
1 1 1 ./
-%/
7/16
. J- 1 - ,-
- I1
.,117 Al
.U4 I
I
cl?
.OL 1
1
1/0 I
-1” 1
I
. . ,
I l I 5 / .69u / L .90 8 1-1/8 718 1.44

282(-)I
- SIR
- 21A
-I II -.94 1.22 1-1/4 1
. --
1.75
:
7/8 I 1.13 1.47 1-1/2 1-118 2.12
:
63’75 7/$? 11 1 la I 1 cc
‘ ‘“’A ‘m
11300 1-1/8 1-1/4 ] ..<” I 1.72 4-1\+ 1-3175 Z.Y4 -
13400 1-1/4 1-2IQ 1L - 2
-1
16500 1-3[8
A u 1 .U2 L
I a - /. ,
L
I .
I‘ 3.06
I J
1-1/2 1.75 2.28 2-5/8 1--‘-
!LB 13.62
20000 1-1/2 1-5/8 1.88 2.45 2-7/8 2 II4.06
23750 1-518 1 9 1A
1-d/+ A . ,- - —.
>-l/ 1 2 1 4 - . 3 6
32350 2 2 - 2 1 . 2/ 82 . 3 5- 9 2 3 -34 / 5 .4 /
4 22 5- 2 01 - 02/ 3 4 . 3/ 85 . 4 6- 3 31 35 / .8
5 42 0- 2 01 - 02/ 5 2 . 3/ 88 . 4 1
- 6 39 / -66 1 1 .6 /
6 72 3 6 2 0 / - 02 7 4. 31 . 89 . 5- 48 2 / 1A 12— 7. . Q 0
8 1 3 0 0
3-1;8 0 5-7/;6 ;:;f ‘:” I‘ 8:
. “ - - . l .
Y j
I
A d i m ei l ni s ni oc nl hs e s n .
I
120
LIFTINGATTACHMENTS
(cont.)
RECOMMENDED MATERIAL: A 515-70, A 302 or equivalent. The thickness,

and length of the lifting lug shall be determined by calculation.’
WELD: When fillet welds are used, it is recommended that throat areas be at
least 50 per cent greater than the cross sectional area of the lug.
To design the lugs the entire load should be assumed to act on one lug.
All possible directionsof loadingshould be considered(during shipment,storage,
erection, handling.) When two or more lugs are used for multileg sling, the am
gle between each leg of the slingand the horizontal should be assumedto be 30
degrees.
EYE - BOLT
Threaded fasteners smaller
than 5/8” diameter should
not be used for lifting
r
because of the danger of
overtorquingduringassembly.
w Commercial eyebolts are
supplied with a rated break-
ing strength in the X
direction.
For loadingsother than along
the axis of the eyebolt, the
following ratings are recomm-
ended. Theseare expressed
as percentage of the rating
in the axialdirection.
100%0 Y = 33%
z= 20% w = 10%
EXAMPLE:
An eyeboit of 1 in. diameter which is good for 4960 lb. load in tension(direction
x) can carryonly 4960x 0.33 = 1637lb. load if it acts in directiony.
The abovedimensionsandrecommendationsare takenfromC. V.Moore:Designing
Lifting Attachments,Machine Design, March 18, 1965.
●
Assuming shear load only thru the minimum section, the required thickneas
may be calculated by the formula:
R
I P where t = required thickness of lug, in.
t = 2S (R-DIP) P = load, Ibs.
S = allowable shear stress, psi.
6 see page for designofweldand lengthofW.
121
SAFELOADSFOR ROPESANDCHAINS
The stress in ropes and chains under load is increasing with the reduction of the
angle between the sling and the horizontal. Thus the maximum allowable safe
load shall be reduced proportionally to the increased stress.
If the ailowable load for a single vertical rope is divided by the cosecant of the
angle between one side of the rope and the horizontal, the result will indicate
the allowable load on one side of the inclined sling.
Example:
The allowable load for a rope in vertical position is 8000 lb. If the rope applied
to an angle of 30 degrees, in this position the allowable load on one side will be
8000/cosecant 30 deg. = 8000/2 = 40001b. Forthetwo-rope sling the total
allowable load 2 times 4000 = 8000 lb. The table shows the load-bearing capacity
of ropes and chains in different positions. Multiplying with the factors shovm in
the table the allowable load for a certain rope or chain, the product will indicate
the allowable load in inclined position.
FACTORSTO CALCULATESAFELOADSFOR ROPESANDCHAINS
L . A AA &
Angle of 9(30 600 450 300 1(-JO
Inclination
On One 0.50 0.17
1.00 0.85 0.70
End
On Two – 1.40 1.00 0.34

1.70
Ends
122
O P
externalpiping is connectedto the vessel,the scope of the Code includes:
(a) the weldingend comection for the first circumferentialjoint for welded
connections
(b) the first threadedjoint for screwedconnections
(c) the face of the first flangefor bolted, flangedconnections
(d) the first sealingsurface for proprietaryconnectionsor fittings
CodeU-l(e)(1)
SHAPEOF OPENINGS:
Openingsin pressure vessels shall preferablybe circular,ellipticalor obround.An
obroundopeningis onewhichis formedby twoparallelsidesand semicircularends.
Theopeningmadeby apipeor acircularnozzle,theaxisofwhichisnotperpendicular
tothevesselwallorhead,maybeconsideredanellipticalopeningfordesignpurposes.
Openingsmaybe of shapesotherthan the above. (See CodeUG-36.)
SIZEOF OPENINGS:
Properlyreinforcedopeningsare not limitedas to size,but, whenthe openingin the
head of a cylindershell is largerthan one half the inside diameterof the head, it is
recommendedto use in place of heads, shell reducer sectionsas shownin the Code
FigureUG-36,
NOZZLENECK THICKNESS(CodeUG-45)
For vesselsunder internalpressurethe wallthicknessof openingnecks shall not be
less than:
(1) the thickness computedfor the applicableloadingsin UG-22 on the neck
(pressure,reaction of piping, etc.), plus corrosionallowance.
(2) forotherthan accessandinspection openingsshallnotbe lessthanrequired
for the applicableloadingsand not less than the smallestof the following:
(a) the thickness of the shell or head (to which the opening is attached),
required for internal pressure (assuming E = 1), p c o l r a r oul s l i
a b nf w c evu e ol ei n d, cs tle s rt ad e 1e ihl s / ns o a e n1 s n
(b) t m i tn h h i i omcs kut e naw
m e np s dp sa ac i or lf lrd a pr l oul l so e w
i soa
The minimumthicknessof a pipe (ANSI/AB36.1OM)is the nominal
thicknessless 12.5percent allowabletolerance(see page 140).
1 —
123
I O
All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal
corrosion, erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable
manhole, handhole, or other inspection openings for examination and cleaning.
The required inspection openings shown in the table below are selected from the
alternatives allowed by the Code, UG46, as they are considered to be the most
economical.
INSPECTION OPENINGSARENOTREQUIRED:
INSIDE 1NSPECTION
DIAMETER OPENING 1. for vessels 12 in. or less inside diameter
OFVESSEL REQUIRED if there are at least two minimum %
in. pipe size removable connections.
2. for vessels over 12 in. but less than
16 in. inside diameter, that are to be
over 12 in. two - 1% in. installed so that they must be discon-
less than 18 in. pipe size threaded nected from an assembly to permit
I.D. opening inspection, if there are at least two
removable connections not less than
1% in. pipe size. UG46(e).
3. for vessels over 12 in. inside diameter
min. 15 in. I.D. under air pressure which also contain
18 in. manhole other substances which will prevent
to 36 in. or corrosion, providing the vessel non-
two -2 in. tains suitable openings through which
inclusive
pipe size threaded inspection can be made conveniently,
I.D. and providing such openings are equiv-
opening
alent in size and number to the require-
ment of the table. UG-46(C).
min. 15 in. I.D. 4. for vessels(not over 36 in. I.D.) which
over manhole are provided with teltale holes (one
or hole min. per 10 sq. ft.) complying
36 in. withthe provisionsof the CodeUG-25,
I.D. two -6 in.
pipe sizenozzle which are subject only to corrosion
and are not in compressedair service.
UG-46(b).
The preferablelocation of smallinspectionopeningsis in each head or near each
head.
In place of two smaller openingsa singleopening may be used, provided it is of
such size and location as to afford at least an equal view of the interior.
Compressed air as used here is not intended to include ~ which has had moisture
removed to the degree that it has an atmospheric dew point of -50 F or less. The
manufacturer’s Data Report shall include a statement “for non-corrosive service”
and Code paragraph number when inspectionopeningsare not provided.
NOZZLENECKTHICKNESS
The wall thickness of a nozzle neck or other connection used as access or
inspection opening only shall not be less than the thicknesscomputed for the
applicableloadingsplus corrosion allowance.
.1 2- 4.
O W R P
Below the most commonly used types of welded attachments are shown. For other
typessee Code, Fig. UW-16.I.
125
O W R
B the
e l o w
THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS
T F I BGH USE R T L E
HE
M SOC OOOHW M UM WS TO E N S OT
YLW Y EPE LE D D
C O N N E C
S T CI O FN SO
UE. WI F D-~ G 1E T E6HO .Y. 1EP R ER
N O T A T I O N
a=~ t o ( ) w .h i3i tc 7 sh , m
5e. r via , hel rl e sn s et , .
+ = 1 t
- t i s 1 mm o /at ht loe 41 li se se t n f , . r .
o = the smallestof t, t. or 0.375in.
r
b= no minimumsizerequirement
c = the smallest o to 1 i 1 n f r 2 .
d=t t h i o cSh k1 pn ew cse i i 6s a plf h n 0l e , .
e = the smallestof t o 3/4in.
t = t h i o vc k we n l es ac s sos e lr ae r l f lolls ois w , i aos nn cn e ,
t =n o t mh i io fc n ki wan. tl el ct sa o sie r a nrl l fol gs ois wil aos nn cn e
T w s d ehi e h fzla ti eem

e nd i es r rn ehd qi u im
e r e u me em n t s .
S N O ~EF A PE C E IAS N N GG E
. .
THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS
T F I BGH U$E R T L H
EE
M SOC OOO HW M UM WS TO E NS OTYLW Y EPE LE D D S E
C O N N E CS T CI O FN SO
UE. I1WF D O- GE T
1TE O 6 Y .H . PE R ER S
SEENOTATIONON FACINGPAGE:
GJ a
I I
318in.
min.
t t
7: %+
d
s 3i i z ne
Dm = o ud a it o asp m+i 3 exidi t e e pr/ n f e 4 .
— . . -
FITTINGS NOT EXCEEDING 3 IN. PIPE SIZE.
In somecasestheweldsare exemptfromsizerequirements,or fittingsandboltingpads
maybeattachedtothevesselsby filletwelddepositedfiomthe outsideonlywithcertain
limitations(CodeUW-16 (f) (2) and (3)) such as:
1. The maximumvesselthickness:3/8 in.
2. Themaximumsizeofthe openingis limitedtothe outsidediameterof the attached
pipe plus 3Ain.
3. Theweldthroatshall bethe greateroftheminimumnozzleneckthicknessrequired
by the CodeUG-45(a)or that necessaryto satisfythe requirementsof UW 18for
the applicableloadingsof UG 22.
4. Theweldingmayeffectthe threadsof couplings.It is advisabletokeep the threads
aboveweldingwith a minimumY’in. or cut the threads after welding.
5. Strengthcalculationof attachmentsis not requiredfor attachmentsshownin Figs.
A, C and E, and for openings:
3 in. pipe size fittingsattachedto vessel walls of 3/8 in. or less in thickness,2 in.
pipe size fittings attached to vessel walls over 3/8 in. in thickness. (Code UG-
36(c)(3)).
128
1
SUGGESTED MINIMUM
EXTENSION OF OPENINGS
The tables give the approximate minimum outside projection of openings. When
insulation or thick reinforcing pad are used it may be necessary to increase these
dimensions.
OUTSIDEPROJECTION,INCHESUSINGWELDINGNECKFLANGE
NOM. PRESSURERATINGOF FLANGELB
PIPE
150 300 600 900 I 1500 2500
SIZE
2 6 6 6 8 8 8
3 6 6 8 8 8 10
4 6 8 8 8 8 12
6 8 8 8 10 10 14
8 8 8 10 10 12 16
10 8 8 10 12 14 20
12 8 8 10 12 16 22
14 8 10 10 14 16
16 8 10 10 14 16
18 10 10 12 14 18
20 10 10 12 14 18
24 10 10 12 14 20
OUTSIDEPROJECTION,INCHESUSINGSLIPONFLANGE
NOM. PRESSURERATINGOF FLANGELB
PIPE 900 1500 2500
150 300 600
SIZE
2 6 6 6 8 8 8
3 6 6 8 8 8 10
4 6 8 8 8 10 10
6 8 8 8 10 12 12
8 8 8 10 10 12 12
10 8 8 10 12 12 14
12 8 10 10 12 12 1
14 10 10 10 12
16 1 1 1 12
18 10 10 12 12
20 10 10 12 12
24 10 12 12 12
INSIDE EXTENSION
a
& a c - S f d n -lc e uM o i sue n tx hi t m E

te tnxu stf meir eon i ns n pi of e ooo rn
P c t ti tupt hc u e r t vh of aew t eu o rle o e d o o i p n t r u g hr
129
R O E
D F I P
Single, welded openings not subject to rapid fluctuationin pressure do not require
reinforcing if they are not larger than:
3 inch pipe size - in vessel wall 3/8 in. or less.
2 inch pipe size in vessel wall over 3/8 in. (Code UG-36 (c) (3).
Largervesselopeningsthantheaboveshallbereinforced.Therules
for reinforcementof openingsare takenfromthe Code,UG-26 f
throughUG-44,andareintendedtoapplyprimarilytoopeningsnot
exceedingthefollowing:
Forvessels60in.indiameterandless:%thevesseldiameter,butnot
>
to exceed20 in.
Forvesselsover60in.indiameter:%thevesseldiameter,butnotto
exceed40 in. Largeropeningshouldbegivenspecialattentionas
Fig.A describedin CodeAppendix1-7.
Hereisgivena briefoutlineofreinforcement designforbetterunderstanding
oftheprocedure
describedin thefollowingpages.
Thebasicrequirementis thataroundtheopeningthevesselmustbereinforcedwithanequal
amountofmetalwhichhasbeencutout for the opening.The reinforcementmaybe an integral
part of the vessel and nozzle or may bean additionalreinforcingpad. (Fig. A.)
This simple rule, however,needs further refinementsas follows:
1. It is not necessaryto replacethe actuallyremovedamountof metal,but only the amount
which is requiredto resist the internalpressure.@). This requiredthicknessof the vessel
at the openingsis usually less than at other points of the shell or head.
2. The plate actually used and nozzle neck usually are thicker than would be required
accordingto calculation.The excessin the vesselwall (Al) and nozzlewall (AJ serveas
reinforcements.Likewisethe insideextensionofthe opening(Aj) andthe areaof the weld
metal (AJ) can also be taken into considerationas reinforcement.
3. The reinforcementmust be within a certain limit.
4. The areaof reinforcementmustbe proportionallyincreasedif its stressvalueis lowerthan
that of the vessel wall.
.5. The area requiredfor reinforcementmust be satisfiedfor all planesthroughthe center of
opening and normalto vessel surface.
The required cross sectionalarea of the reinforcementshall then be:
The required area for the sell or head to resist the internalpressure, (A).From this area
subtractedthe excessareaswithinthe limit(Ai.4zAj AJ). If the sumof the areasavailable
for reinforcement(AJ+A?+Aj +A,) is equalor greaterthan the area to be replaced, (A),
the opening is adequately reinforced. Otherwise t difference must h be supplied by e
reinforcingpad (AJ).
Somemanufacturersfollowa simplepracticeusingreinforcingpadswith a cross-sectionalarea
which is equal to the metal area actually removed for the opening.This practice results in
oversizedreinforcement, butwiththeeliminationof calculationstheyfind it moreeconomical.
130
1
REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS
DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
(continue@j
1. AREA OF REINFORCEMENT
For vesselsunder internalpressurethe total cross-sectional
area required for reinforcementof openingsshall
— not be
less than:
A = d XI,, where
u d
d= the insidediameterof openingin its corrodedcondition,
inches.
f
t, = the requiredthicknessof shell or head computedby the

applicableformulasusingE = 1.0whenthe openingis in
solidplateor in a categoryBjoint. Whenopeningpasses
throughanyotherweldedjoint, E= the efilciencyof that
joint. When the opening is in a vessel which is radio-
graphicallynot examined,E = 0.85 for type No. 1joint
and E = 0.80 for type No. 2 joint.
When the opening and its reinforcement are entirely
withinthe sphericalportionof a flangedanddishedhead,
D t, is the thickness required by the applicable formulas
usingAl= 1.
Whentheopeningis ina cone,t, isthe thicknessrequired
for a seamlesscone of diameter,D measuredwhere the
nozzle axis intersectswith the wall of the cone.
Whentheopeninganditsreinforcementare ina2: 1ellip-
I-Q--l soidal head and are located entirelywithin a circle the
centerof whichcoincideswiththe centerof the head and
the diameter of which is equal to 0.8 times the head
E diameter,t,is the thicknessrequiredfor seamlesssphere
~ 0.8D , of radius 0.9 times the diameterof the head.
If the stress value of the opening’smaterial is less than
that of the vesselmaterial,the required area A shall be
increased.(See next page for examples.)
f 2. AVAILABLEAREASOF
i REINFORCEMENT
NC!?@
r ’ Area of excessthicknessin
) the vessel wall (t—t,)d or
+ ~2
(t–t,)(t,, use the largervalue, square inches,
If the stress value of the opening%material is less than
that of the vessel material, area AI shall be decreased.
(See next page for examples.)
Areaof excessthicknessinthenozzlewall (’t,,— h,)5t or
5t,,use — the smaller value, square inches.
(L-t,,,)
Area ofinside extension ofnozzle square inches (t,,-@2h.
Area of welds,square inches.
IfthesumofA, A2AJandA~is lessthanthe area forrein-
ud forcementrequired,A the differencemustbe suppliedby
reinforcingpad.
131
. .

(continued)
G 3. LIMITSOF REINFORCEMENT
xx Themetal usedas reinforcementmustbe located within the
k R limits. n
trn The limitmeasuredparallelto the vesselwall~= dor R. + t.
+ t, use larger value.
t Y
—, R 1, The limit measured parallel to the nozzle wall Y= 2.5 tor 2.5t., ,
use smallervalue.
troy When additional reinforcing pad is used, the limit, Yto be
d
+ measuredfromthe outsidesurfaceof the reinforcingpad.
NOTATION: Rn=insideradius of nozzle in corrodedcondition,inches.
t= thicknessoftheves- For other notations,see the precedingpage.
selwalllesscorro-
sion allowance, 4. STRENGTHOF REINFORCEMENT
inches. If the strengthof materialsin AI Az Aj AJ and A5 or the
t,= seepreceedingpage
materialofthe reinforcingpad are lowerthanthat of the vessel
1.= nominalthickness material,their area consideredas reinforcementshall be pro-
of nozzlewallirre-
spectiveofproduct portionately decreased and the required area, A in inverse
formles~co~osion proportionincreased.Thestrengthofthe depositedweldmetal
allowance,inches. shallbe consideredas equivalentto the weakermaterialof the
tm= requiredthickness joint.
Of;fy:;:sno=’e It is advisableto useforreinforcingpadmaterialidenticalwith
h= dist~nce riozzle the vesselmaterial.
projectsbeyondthe No credit shall be taken for additional strengthof reinforce-
innersurfaceofthe ment havinghigher stress value than that of the vessel wall.
vesselwalllesscor-
rosion allowance, EXAMPLES:
inches. 1. a. The stress value of nozzle material: 15,000psi.
c = corrosion allow- The stress value of shell material: 17,500 psi.
ance,inches. Ratio 15,000/17,5000 = 0.857
d= seeprecedingpage. To the required area, A shalI be added:
+ 2tMX (1Q 0.857)
b. From the area AI shall be subtracted:
—2t. (1— 0.857)
H
fn(f-1, ) 2. Usingidenticalmaterialforthevessel andreinforcingpad,
r f“ the requiredarea for reinforcementis 12 square inches.
Im If the stress value of vessel material= 17,500psi.,
TF
the stress value of the nozzle material= 15,000psi.,
\ --- I- ratio 17,500/15,000= 1,167
---
tr Inthisproportionshallbe increasedtheareaofreinforcing
I --- I pad:
12x 1.167= 14.00square inches.
P t. x t,
132

(continued
DESIGN FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE.

The reinforcement required for openings in single-walled vessels subject to external
pressure need be only 50 percent ofthat required for internal pressure where t,isthewall
thicknessrequiredbytherulesforvesselsunderextemalpressure.CodeUG-37(d) (l).
REINFORCEMENTOF OPENINGSFOR EXTERNALPRESSURE.
The cross-sectionalarea (A)of reinforcementrequiredfor openingsin vesselssubject
to externalpressure:
/4=
dxt ~
where
ii= Diameter in the givenplane of the openingin its corrodedcondition,inches.
1,= The wall thicknessrequired for externalpressure,inches.
F = Factor for computation of the required reinforcement area on different planes
(as the pressure-stress varies) when the opening is in cylindrical shell or cone
and integrally reinforced. For all other configurations the value of F = 1
—
1-JJ
REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1. DESIGNDATA:
Insidediameterof shell: 48 in.
t“ Designpressure:250 psi at 200°F.
tr Rn ShellMaterial: SA-285-C
n
S 13,800 psi = t= 0.265 in. ,
~ I - The vessel is spot radiographed
tr t No allowancefor corrosion
I Nozzle material:SA-53-B
I “ S=15,000 psi. tn=0.432 in.
T Nozzle nom. size: 6 in.
* P? Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 1.5 in.
+ d h = 2.5t~= 2.5 x 0.432 = 1.08in.
h w The nozzle does not pass through seams.
Fillet weld size: 0.375 in.
Wall thicknessrequired:
for shell,t ‘SE 6P = 250 X24 = 0.440 in.
—. 13,800X 1.0-0.6X
250 X 2.88
for nozzle, tm=~*p = = 0.048 in.
15,000X 1.0-0.6X 250
AREAOF REINFORCEMENTREQUIRED
A,= dt, = 5.761 x 0.440= 2.535 sq. k.
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE

A,= (Excess in shell.) Larger of following:
(t–tr)d = (0.625-0.440) x 5.761 or 1.066Sq.in.
(t-t,) (...+ ~ 2 = (0.625-0.440)x (0.432+ 0.625)x2= 0.391 sq. in.
Az = (Excessin nozzle neck.) Smallerof following:
(tn–tm)5t = (0.432—0.048)x 5 x 0.625 = 1.200 s i q n . .
(tn–tm)5tn= (0.432-0.048) X5 X0.432 = 0.829 sq. in.
(No credit for additionalstrengthof nozzlematerialhaving
higherstress valuethan that of the vesselwall.)
Aj = (Insideprojection.)t. x 2h = 0.432 x 2 x 1.08=
0.933 sq. in.
A,= (Area of fillet weld) 0.3752 0.140 Sq.in.
Aj = (Areaof fillet weld inside)0.3752 0.140 Sq.in.
TOTALAREAAVAILABLE 3.108 sq. in.

Sincethis area is greaterthan the area required for
reinforcement,additionalreinforcementis not needed.
134
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 2. DESIGN DATA:

Inside radius of shell: R =24 in.
t“ Designpressure:P = 300 psi at 200° F.
Shellmaterial: t= 0.500 in. SA-516-70plate,
tr n S = 17,500psi
I The vessel is spot examined
tr ~ There is no allowancefor corrosion
Nozzle nominal size: 6 in.
Nozzle material: SA-53 B
J T S = 15,000 psi. t.= 0.432 in.
Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 1.5 in.
! Fillet weld size inside:0.500 in.;
h Fillet weld size outside: 0.625 in.
Ratio of stress values: 15,000/17,500= 0.857
Wall thickness required:

Shell, t,= ‘R =
300 X 24 = 0.416 in.
SE - 0.6P 17,500X 1-0.6X300
300 X 2.88
Nozzle, t,.= sap
-. = = 0.058 in.
15,000X 1.0-0.6 X 300
Since the strength of the nozzle material is lower than that of the vessel mate-
rial, the required area for reinforcement shall be proportionally increased and
the areas available for reinforcement proportionally reduced.
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED
~ = dt, = 5.761 X 0.416= 2.397 sq. in.
Area increased:+2tnxt,(1-15,000/17,500) =
2 x 0.432x 0.416 (1-0,857)= 0.051 sq. in. 2.448 sa. in.
AREAOF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE
Al = (Excess in shell.)Largerof the following:
(1- t,)d= (0.500- 0.416)x 5.761= 0.484 s i o q n . .
(t-t,) (t.+ t,)2=(0.500-0.416) x (0.432 + 0.500)x 2 ‘O.156sq. in.
Area reduced:-2 x t.(t-t,) (1-0.857)=
-2 x 0.432x (0.500-0.416)(1-0.857)= -0.010 sq. in. 0.474 sq. in.
A2=(Excess in nozzleneck.) Smallerof following:
(t.- t,n)5t= (0.432-0.058)5X 0.500= 0.935
(t.- t,n)5tn= (0.432-0.058)5 X 0.432= 0.808
Area reduced: 0.857 x 0.808 = 0.692 sq. in.
Since the strength of the nozzle is lower than that of the shell,
a decreased area shall be taken into consideration.
15,000/17,500 = 0.857, 0.857 X 0.808 = 0.692 sq. in.
,43= (Insideprojection.)tnx 2A= 0.432 x 2 x 1.08‘0.933
Area decreased0.933 x 0.857 = 0.800 sq. in.
AJ‘(Area of fillet weld)2 x 0.5 x .6252x 0.857= 0.334 sq. in.
~j ‘(Area of fillet weld inside)2 x 0.5 x .5002x 0.857 = 0.214 sa. in.
TOTALAREAAVAILABLE 2.514 SCI.in.
Additionalreinforcementnot required.
135
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 3. DESIGNDATA:
Insidediameterof shell:48 in.
Designpressure:300 psi at 200° F.
t“
Shellmaterial:0.500 in. SA-516-60plate,
trn The vesselfidlyradiographed,E = 1
There is no allowancefor corrosion
tr Nozzlenominalsize: 8 in.
Nozzie material:SA-53B, 0,500 in. wall
t Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 0.5 in.
r The nozzledoes not pass throughthe main
# + seams.
h d t
of fiilet welds 0.375 in. (Reinforcement
u pad to nozde neck.)
Wall thicknessrequired:
300 X 24 = 0.486 in.
Shell t,= ‘R
SE– O.6P = 15,000X 1-0.6X300
300 X3.8125
Nozzle, t,. = SAP
—. = = 0.077 in.
15,000X ].0–0.6 X300
AREAOF RE~FORCEMENT REQUIRED

A = dx [,= 7.625 X 0.486= 3.706 sq. in.
AREAOF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE

AI = (Excess in shell.)Largerof the following:
(t -t, )d= (0.500 - 0.486) 7.625= 0.106 sq. in.
or (t - [, ) (t. + t) 2 = (0.500-0,486)(0.500+ 0.500)2 ‘0.028 sq. in.
Az =(Excess in nozzle neck.) Smallerof following:
@-t,.)5t = (0.500-o.077)5x 0.5 = 1.058or
(tn–tr.)5t. = (0.500-0.077)5X0.5= 1.058 1.058sq. in.
A3= (Insideprojection.)L x 2h = 0,500 x 2 x 0.5 = 0.500 sq. in.
AJ ‘ o f w 0 0.141 sa. in.
(The area of pad to shell weld disregarded)
TOTALAREAAVAILABLE 1.805 SQ.in.
Thisareais lessthantherequiredarea,thereforethedifferenceshallbe provided
byreinforcingelement.itmaybeheaviernozzlenec~ kirgerextensionofthenozzle
insideofthevesselor reinforcingpad.Usingreinforcingpad,therequiredareaof
pad:3.706–1.805=1.901sq,in. UsingO.375in.SA-516-60plateforreinforcing
padthe widthofthe pad 1.901/0.375=5.069in.
Theoutsidediameterof reinforcingpad: Outsidediameterof pipe: 8.625
widthof reinforcingpad: 5.069
13.694in.
136
STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS
JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL
At the attachments, joining openings to the vessel, failure

a may occur through the welds or nozzle neck in the combi-
b nations shown in figures A and B.
The strength of the welds and the nozzle neck in those
combinations shall be at least equal to the smaller of:
P c
1. Thestrength intensionofthecross-sectionalareaofthe
P o p s o sfa i a bt i l elementof
lhe u s reinforcementbeing
r f e considered,or
1.
2 T h r a o un g
2. hdThe strengthin tensionofareaxf
.@ @ )
(A = ~ f less the ,
strengthin tensionofthe excessinthe vesselwall @j.
The allowablestressvalueof the weldsis the stressvalue
a of the weakermaterialconnectedby the weldsmultiplied
e by the followingfactors:
i b Groove-weldtension 0.74
c Groove-weldshear 0.60
& Fillet-weldshear 0.49
Possiblepathsoffailure The allowablestressvalueof nozzleneck in shear is 0.70
1. Through@and@ times the allowablestressvalue of nozzle material.
2. Through@@ and@ The strengthof thejoints shallbe consideredfor its entire
3. T h r a o u ng h @ d @
lengthon each side of the plane of reinforcementarea.
EXAMPLE3
b A = 2.397 sq. in. AI = 0.484 sq. in.
;“% d.= 6.625 in., outside diameterof nozzle
a dttr=6.193 in., mean diameterof nozzle
8 S = 17,500psi allowablestressvalue of vesselmaterial
S.= 15,000psi allowablestressvalue of nozzle material
Ft A dm c G= 0.432 in. wall thicknessof nozzle.
‘* t = 0.500 in. wall thicknessof vessel
0.375 in. fillet weld leg.
~heckthe strengthof attachmentof nozzle load to be carriedby welds.
Loadto be carriedby welds (A-AI)S = 2.397-0.484 x 17,500= 33,478 lb.
STRESSVALUEOF WELDS:
Fillet-weldshear 0.49 x 17500= 8575 psi.
Groove-weldtension 0.74 x 17500= 12950psi.
Stressvalueof nozzlewall shear 0.70 x 15000= 10500psi.
STRENGTHOF WELDSANDNOZZLENECK:
a. Fillet-weldshear ~ xweldIegx8575= 10.4065xO.375x8575 =33463lb.
b.Nozzle-wall shear ~, Xt. X10500=9.72x0,432X10500 = 44090lb.
c Gr~ove.weldtensi~n~. xweidleg x 12950-10.4065X().50()X” 12950=67382lb.
POSSIBLE PATHOFFAILURES:
1.Througha.andb. 33463+44090= 77553lb.
2.Througha.andc. 33463+ 67382=100845lb.
Both pathsarestrongerthantherequiredstrength33478lb.
127/
STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS
JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL
EXAMPLE4
DESIGNDATA
A= 3.172sq.in.,A,=0.641sq.in.,A.F0.907sq. in.
= 1 2i o . u d 8 t i n 4osa r mei5 i edn p. tf e oe r rac i n f gd
8.625in.outsidediameterof nozzle.
8 i .m d 1 i e noa2 n m ao 5e z t . nze rl e f .
S = 1 7p a , l l 5s o s v0w t ao0r vab leim
e le as s ut s s e e re
S 1 5p a . , l l 0s o s v0wt = ao0r nab leiomle sa z ut s z e e rl
t =0 i .t h 5i o vc n 0k w e n 0es a s . s s l e f l l .
t =0 i . t h 5i o cn n 0k w o.n 0ez a s . zs l l f l e .
0 i .l o f 3 - w i n 7e a l 5e l . eg l f t d
0 i .l o f 2 - w i n 5e d l 0e l . eg l f t d
t, = 0 i . t h 2i o rc n e5k i nn p0ef os . r s ac i n f gd
C the
h s t e of
r a ce t nt ka go cn t h ohm ez n z t l e f .
L T OB C A RB W
D
R I EO E EL D D SY :
(A–A,)S = (3.172—0.641) 17,500= 44,293 lb.
LOADTO BE CARRIEDBY WELDSa, c, e:
(A2+21“OS= (0.907 + 2 x 0.500x 0.500) 15,000= 21,105 lb.
STRESSVALUEOF WELDS:
Fillet - weld shear 0.49 x 17,500= 8,575psi
Groove- weldtension 0.74 x 17,500= 12,950psi
STRESSVALUEOF NOZZLEWALLSHEAR:
0.70 x 15,000= 10,500psi
STRENGTHOF WEL~S ANDNOZZLENECK:
a. Filletweldshear ~ x weldlegx 8,575= 13.55X0.375X8,575= 43,572lb.
b. Nozzlewallshem ~ x tnX10,5OO = 12.76X0.500X 10,500‘66,990 lb.
c. Grooveweldte~ion @ x weldlegx12,950= 13.55X0.500x 12,950=87,7361b.
d. Filetweldshear Z#2Xweld1egx 8,575= 20.18X0.25X8,575= 43,260lb.
e. Grooveweldtension ~ weldlegx 12,950-13.55 x 0.25x 12,950=43,868lb.
POSSIBLEPATHOFFAILURE:
1. Throughb andd 66,990+ 43,260 = 110,250lb.
2. ThOU@c andd 87,736+ 43,260 = 130,996lb.
3. Througha, c ande 43,572 + 87,736+ 43,868= 175,176lb.
Paths 1.and2. arestrongerthanthetotalstrengthof 44,293lb.
Path3. is strongerthanthe strengthof 21,105lb.
The outerf wi d sl et l 43,260
r ee llb. nis tgreater
g d than
t hthe reinforcing pad strength of
(dP-do) t. X 17,500= 1.055x 17,500= 18,463lb.
12R
.
LENGTH OF COUPLINGS AND PIPE FOR OPENINGS

139
LENGTH OF COUPLING AND P FOR OPENINGS

140
N N T
THE REQUIRED THICKNESS FOR NOZZLE NECKS IN VESSELS
UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE (Code UG-45)
1 T t c f t a l i U p c h
but for other than access and inspection openings, not less
than the smaller of the following:
2. The thickness required for the vessel for internal pressure (assuming joint
efficiency, E = 1.0), but in no case less than the minimum for shells and
heads specified in UG-16 (b);
3. The minimum thickness of standard wall pipe plus corrosion allowance.
THE REQUIRED THICKNESS FOR ACCESS AND INSPECTION
OPENINGS (manways, handholes) IN VESSELS UNDER
INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE.
1. The thickness computed for the applicable load plus corrosion allowance
(there is no other requirement).
For selection of required pipe under internal pressure, see table “Maximum
Allowable Internal Working Pressure for Pipes” on the following pages.
EXAMPLES for using the table:
1. Opening Diam: 18”
Design Pressure: 800 psig.
Corrosion Allowance: 0.125”
The Required Pipe for Manway: Sch. 60, 0.750” Wall
The Required Pipe for Nozzle: Sch. 60, 0.750” Wall
The Vessel Wall Thickness: 0.3 125”
The Required Pipe for Nozzle: Std. Wt. 0.375” Wall
Vessel Wall Thickness: 0.750”
The Required Pipe for Nozzle:
Std. Wt. 0.328” + 0.125” Corr. Allow. = 0.453, Min. Wall=
Sch. 40 Pipe
141
THE REQUIRED NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS FOR VESSELS UNDER

EXTERNALPRESSURE(Code UG-45)
1. Thethicknessforthe applicableload less t h

t s m o t ah f l o ll l heoe wr i n f eg :
2. The thicknessof head or shell required for internalp r ue s t s sexternal u i r hen
designpressureas an equivalentinternalpressure,but k no case less than the
minimumthicknessspecifiedfor material in UG-16(b)(1/16 in. for shells and
heads,3/32in.incompressedair,steamandwaterservice,%in.forunfiredsteam
boilers),plus corrosionallowance;
3. The minimumthicknessof standardwall pipe plus corrosionallowance.
EXAMPLE1.
Externaldesignpressure:P = 35 psi.
MaterialSA 516-60; S= 15,000
Outsidediameterof cylindricalshell: Do= 96 in.
Shellthickness:t = 1 in.
The requiredticknessfor 14 O.D., 12 in. long nozzleneck:
1. To withstand25 psi externalpressureapproximately0.05 in. wallrequired,but
the thicknessshall not be less than the smallerof;
2. Thethicknessrequiredforthe shellunder35 psi internalpressure(as equivalent
externalpressure)
PR = 35x 47 = O~lo in
‘= SE - 0.6P 15,000- n “ -
3. The minimumthicknessof standard wall pipe: 0.328 in. (0.375 in. nom.) The
smallerof 2. and 3.0.110 in. for wall thicknessof nozzleneck is satisfactory.
EXAMPLE2.
Externaldesignpressure: P = 15 psi.
Material SA 516-60; S= 15,000
Outside diameter of cylindrical shell, Do = 36 in.
Shell thickness: t= 0.3125 in.
The requiredthicknessfor a 14 in. D.O., 12 in. long nozzleneck:
1. To withstand15psi externalpressureapproximately0.02 in. wallrequired,but
the thicknessshallnot be less than the smallerof the following:
2. The thicknessrequiredfor the shell under 15psi. internalpressure
PR = 15x 17.6875 = o 0~8 in
t =SE - 0.6P 15,000-9 “ “
3. The minimumthicknessof standardwall pipe: 0.328 in. (0.375 in. nom.) The
smallerof 2. and 3. is 0.018 in.,but the thicknessof the nozzleneck shall in no
case be lessthan 0.0625 in. UG-45 (a) (2).
142
M A
I W P F P
The CalculationsBasedon the Formula:
23Et , where
P=
D+ 1.2t
P = The max.allowableworkingpressure,psig.
S = 15,000psig.the stressvalueof the most commonlyusedmaterialsfor pipe
(A53B,A106B)at temperature-20 to 650°F. For highertemperature see
notes at the end of the tables.
E= 1.0joint efficiencyof seamlesspipe
D = Insidediameterof pipe, in.
t = Minimumpipe wall thickness,in. (.875 times the nominal thickness).
The figuresunderlinedare the maximumallowablepressurein corrodedcondition
for the pipe of which wall thicknessis minimumthe standard wall plus corrosion
allowance.
NOM. PIPE WALL CORROSIONALLOWANCE
IN.
DESIG-
‘IPE THICKNESS
NATION
UZE NOM. ~ MIN.
T=E xX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
0.294
0.113
0.154
0.095
0.129
0.164 ~-
0.257 12153 I 8526
0.099 1072 I
0.135 4299 2192 288
‘;:”:g
5392 I 2658
I I
1’4
252
3/4
SCH.160 0.218 0.191 6386 4069 1985 100
I XX-STG. 0.308 0.270 9712 7041 %7 2515 580
STD. I 0.133 0.116 2847 1261
1
X-STG. 0.179 0.154 3959 2287 I
744 I
732
I I
SCH.160 0.250 0.219 5764 3946 2274
XX-STG. 0.358 0.313 8820 7423 4842 — .3099 1494
STD. 0.140 0.123 2362 1126
X 0.191 0.167 3282 1988 774
1-1/4
SCH.160 0.250 0.219 4424 I 3059 ! 1779 ] 578 ! I
XX-STG. 0.382 0.334 7194 G 2848 1582 I
I
STD. 0.145 0.127 2118 1046 31
X-STG. 0.200 0.175 2982 1864 806
1-1/2
SCH.160 0.281
XX-STG. 0.400
0.246 4333 3139 2013 I
0.350 6481 I 5164 3924 2754
947
1648
STD. 0.154 0.135 1786 938 126
X-STG. 0.218 0.191 G 1696 852 44
2 642
SCH.160 0.343 0.300 4215 I 3260 I 2348 1477
I XX-STG. I 0.436 0.382 5537 X2 G 2629
— 1744 I
143
MAXIMUMALLOWABLE
WORKINGPRESSURE(cent)
NOM. PIPEWALL CORROSIONALLOWANCE IN.

DESIG- THICKNESS o I 1/16 I 1/8 3/16 I 1/4
PIPE NATION
SIZE NOM. MIN. Max.Allow.PressurePsig.
STD. 0.203 1245 561
2%
X-STG. 0.276 0.242 I l
2707 1971 1261 577
1525
I
I
831
SCH-160 0.375 0.328 3766 2991 2245
0.552 0.483 5822 4969 Z —3359 — 2599
XX-STG.
STD. 0.216 0.189 ~ 1116 556 12
0.300 0.263 2398 1801 1221 658 111
X-STG.
3 2964 2350 1754 1175
SCH. 160 0.438 0.383 3597 — —
XX-STG. 0.600 0.525 5113 4432 3773 3134 2515
. 78
STD. 0.226 0.198 1546 1044 555
3 X-STG. 0.318 0.278 G 1689 1183 691 211
XX-STG. 0.636 0.557 4701 4115 —3546 2992
— 1937
STD. 0.237 0.208 ~ 995 561 137
X-STG. 0.337 0.295 2075 1616 1168 730 280
4 SCH.120 0.438 0.383 2739 2= 1802 1350 908
1490
SCH.160 0.531 0.465 I 3379 I 2890 1- 2412 I 1946
——
XX-STG. 0.674 0.590 4394 3880 3379 2890 2412
STD. 0.258 0.226 1259 902 552 208

0.375 0.328 G 1488 1127 773 425
X-STG.
5 0.500 0.438 2520 2140 1767 1401 1042
SCH.120
0.625 0.547 3201 2808 2X 2044 1673
SCH.160
XX-STG. 0.75C 0 .3 6 39 5 3 40 6 2 1 96 2 7 0 9 30
STD. 0.280 0 .1 2 81 4 5 45 4 2 3 5 5 6
X-STG. 0.432 0.378 1793 1485 1181 882 58~

6 SCH.120 0.562 0.492 2368 G G 1431 112[
SCH.160 0.71$ 0.628 3077 2748 2425 =6 F
XX-STG. o.86f 0.756 3767 3427 3093 2764 2440
SCH.20 0.25( 0.219 777 552 329 113
SCH.30 0.27t 0.242 861 634 411 190
8
X-STG. 0.500 0.438 1587 1353 1121 892 665
SCH.1OO 0.593 0.519 1896 1658 E 1189 959
SCH.120 0.718 0.628 2319 2075 1835 = u
144
MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE
WORKINGPRESSURE(con~
NOM. PIPEWALL CORROSIONALLOWANCE IN

DESIG-
PIPE NATION THICKNESS o I 1/16 I 1/8 I 3/16 i“”;/4
S NOM. MIN. Max.Allow.PressurePsig.
SCH.140 0.812 0.711 2647 2400 2155 1913 1675
8 SCH.160 0.906 0.793 2977 2725 2476 2231 1988
XX-STG. 0.875 0.766 2868 2617 2370 2126 1885
SCH.20 0.250 0.219 621 441 264 90
SCH.30 0307 0.269 766 585 406 228 50
STD. 0.365 ~0.319 ~ 729 549 370 193
X-STG. 0.500 0.438 1263 l= 894 712 532
10 SCH.80 0.593 0.519 1506 1318 1132 948 ~
SCH.100 0.718 0.628 1838 1647 1458 1270 1085
SCH.120 0.843 0.738 2179 1984 1792 1601 1413
SCH.140 1.000 0.875 2611 2413 2216 1986 1829
SCH.160 1.125 0.984 2963 2760 2560 2362 2166
SCH.20 0.250 0.219 522 371 222 76
SCH.30 0.330 0.289 692 540 389 240 91
STD. 0.375 0.328 ~7 635 483 333 184
SCH.40 0.406 0.355 854 701 549 398 248
X-STG. 0.500 0.438 1059 904 751 598 486
12 SCH.60 0.562 0.492 1194 1038 ~ 730 578
SCH.80 0.687 0.601 1469 1311 1154 ~ ~
SCH.100 0.843 0.738 1820 1659 1500 1341 1184
SCH.120 1.000 0.875 2178 2 10 1690
81 153054
SCH.140 1.125 0.984 2467 2 23 1972
10 181031
SCH.160 1.312 1.148 2910 2 2s72 2 2
SCH.10 0.250 z 475 338 202 69
SCH.20 0.312 0.273 594 456 319 184 49
STD. 0.375 0.328 716 577 440 303 167
SCH.40 0.438 0.383 839 699 561 423 287
X-STG. 0.500 4 o.43t 962 ~ 682 544 407
1
SCH.60 0.593 0.51$ 1146 004 863 pJ 585
SCH.80 0.75G 0.65{ 1460 316 1173 1031 ~
SCH.100 0.937 0.82( 1843 696 1550 1406 1262
SCH.120 1.093 0.95( 2166 2017 1869 1722 1576
SCH.140 1.250 1.094 2500 2348 2198 2048 1900
I
145
MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLEWORKINGPRESSURE(cont.)
NOM. PLPEWALL ROSIONALLOWANCE IN.

DESIG-
PIPE
NATION THICI iESS o 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4
SIZE gOM. MIN. [ax.All :P s i
14 SCH.160 1.406 1.230 2834 E x
SCH.10 0.250 0.219 m ~ 166 5
SCH.20 0.312 0.273 518 398 279 1 43 6
SCH.30. STD. 0.375 0.328 625 504 384 2 146 6
SCH.40X-STG. 0.500 0.438 & 717 596 4 355 7
SCH.60 0.656 0.574 1108 C4 861 7 617 3
16
SCH.80 0.843 0.738 1436 1310 1185 1 937 0
SCH.100 1.031 0.902 1771 1643 1515 1 12633 8
SCH.120 1.218 1.066 2111 1980 1851 1 15957 2
SCH.140 1.438 1.258 2517 2384 2251 2 19901 2
SCH.160 1.593 1.394 2809 2674 2540 2 22754 0
SCH.10 0.250 G 368 262 157 5
SCH.20 0.312 0.273 460 354 248 1 38 4
STD. 0.375 0.328 554 447 341 2 130 3
SCH.30 0.438 0.383 649 541 434 3 222 2
X-STG. 0.500 0.438 744 636 529 4 315 2
SCH.40 0.562 0.492 838 729 621 5 407 1
18
SCH.60 0.750 0.656 1129 1015 ~6 7 689
SCH.80 0.937 0.820 1418 1306 1195 1 974
0 8
SCH.100 1.156 1.012 1766 1652 1539 1 1314
4 2
SCH.120 1.375 1.203 2118 2002 1 18 1658
78 77
SCH.140 1.562 1.367 2425 2308 2 21 1958
09 70
SCH.160 1.781 1.558 2789 2669 2 25 231445 30
SCH.10 B m T x m 4
SCH.20 STD. 0.375 0.328 4~ 402 3 2 0 117 1
SCH.30 X-STC 0.500 0.438 668 ~ 4 3 7 284 7
SCH.40 0.593 0.519 795 697 6 5 0 407 0
SCH.60 0.812 0.711 1097 998 900 8 ~ 0
20 1004
SCH.80 1.031 0.902 1403 1303 1202 1 1 0
SCH.100 1.281 1.121 1760 1657 1555 1 1353 4 5
SCH.120 1.500 1.313 2078 1974 1870 1 1665 7 6
SCH.140 1.750 1.531 2446 2340 2234 2 20251 2
ISCH.160 1.968 1.722 2774 2666 2558 2 23464 5
146
MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE
WORKINGPRESSURE(cont.)
NOM. DESIG PIPEWALL

PIPE NATION THICI JESS
SIZE N MIN.
0.250 0.219 214 I 128 T
0.312 0.273 376 289 202 116 31
0.375 0.328 452 365 278 192 106
0.437 0.382 G 440 353 267 136
22 0.500 0.438 606 519 431 344 258
0.562 0.492 681 G 507 419 332
0.625 0.547 761 672 584 496 409
0.688 0.602 839 750 661 G 486
0.750 0.656 916 827 738 649 z
SCH.10 0.250 0.219 275 196 117 40
SCH.20 STD. 0.375 0.328 414 334 255 176 97
X-STG. 0.500 0.438 z 475 395 315 236
SCH.30 0.562 0.492 625 5Z 464 384 304
SCH.40 0.687 0.601 766 685 6X 524 443
SCH.60 0.968 0.847 1089 1006 924 842 G
24
SCH.80 1.218 1.066 1381 1297 1214 1131 1048
SCH.100 1,531 1.340 1753 1667 1582 1498 1413
SCH.120 1.812 1.586 2093 2006 1919 1833 1747
SCH.140 2.062 1.804 2399 2311 2223 2135 2048
SCH.160 2.343 2.050 2750 2660 2571 2482 2393
0.250 0.219 2 181 5 108 37 4
0.312 0.273 3 244 1 171 98 7 26
0.375 0.328 3 308 8 235 162 2 90
0.437 0.382 4 372 4 298 225 6 152
26 0.500 0.438 5 438 1 364 291 2 218
0.562 0.492 5 502 7 428 354 6 281
0.625 0.547 6 567 4 493 419 1 345
0.688 0.602 7 633 0 558 F4 7 410
0.750 0.656 7 697 7 622 548 2 474
0.312 0.273 275 211 148 85 23
30 0.375 0.328 330 267 204 141 78
0.500 0.438 443 379 315 252 188
147
NOTE: IF THESTRESSVALUEOF PIPELESSTHAN15,000PSIG.
DUETO HIGHERTEMPERATURE,MULTIPLYTHEMAX.
ALLOWABLE PRESSUREGIVENIN THETABLESBYTHE
FACTORSIN THISTABLE:
TEMPERATURENOTEXCEEDINGDEGREEOF
650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
A 53 B Stress 15000 14350 12950 10800 8650 6500 – –
A 106B ‘ : 15000
s ’ 14350
+ 12950
: s 10800 8650 6500 4500 2500
FACTOR 1.000 0.9566 0.8633 0.7200 0.5766 0.4333 0.3000 0.1666
Example:
The MaximumAllowancePressurefor 6“ x Stg.PipeWitha Corrosion

Allowanceof 1/8” From Table= 1181psi.- at Temperature800°F
The Max.Allow.Press.1181x 0.72= 850 psig.
Example to find max. allow. pressure for any stress values:
The Max.Allow.Press.1181Psig.From Tables

The StressValue 13000psi.
For ThisPipeThe Max.Allow.Pressure ~Wo x 1181 = 1023psi.
I
NOZZLEEN~CMKpTT~CKNESS
C O R R O S I O N
w
I
o 0
1 Requiredfor Loadings(UG-22) 0.250$ 0.018 0.3125

J.E. 0.85 0.250 0.250 0.3125
2 Vessel Wall
J.E. 1.00 0.213 0.213 0.2660
NOM. 0.280 0.280 0.280
3 6 in. Std. Pipe
MIN. 0.245 0.245 0.245
Minimumf S &h H oe Ue l ( Ga l r s-d b1s 0 6 . 0 ) 0 . 06 0 . 2 6 0 5 2
4 I C o m pA rS e st i W
s een Sd ara e U mtr , ( vG
&e i 0- rc b. e1 0 0 . 6 090 ) .93 30 8 8
F U nS f o B ti o rUe i e r( lGad e -m r bs1 06 .)0 2 . 05 2 . 0 5 2 0 0

0 .C 0
* m Ti r n e i ht a mh u i ufei cn mr k onen deoz s e zs l cr e kI 0 . 3 1
148
R W T F P
U I P
The required wall thickness for pipes, tabulated on the following pages, has been
computed with the following formula:
PR
, where
‘= SE– O.6P
t = the required minimum wall thickness of pipe, in.

P = internal pressure, psig.
S = 15,000psig.t s vt ohr at e sm o f asen tfor
me l c s oe ouh sm u m t l epipe.
yer i a dl
A 53 B and A 106 B @temperature –20 to 650°F.
E = Joint efficiency of seamless pipe
R = inside radius of the pipe, in.
For the inside diameter of the pipe round figures are shown. With interpolation
the required thickness can be determined with satisfactory accuracy.
The thicknesses given in the tables do not include aIlowance for corrosion.
For the determination of the required pipe wall thickness in piping systems the
various piping codes shall be applied.
Selecting pipe,the 12.5% tolerance in wall thickness shall be taken into consider-
ation. The”minimum thickness of the pipe wall equals the nominal thickness
times .875.
149
REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS

FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
1.s. PRESSURE PSIG.

11AM, 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
1 0 0. 0.0 00.0 020. 30.0 0500. 07.0 8010. 10. 021. 0
2 0 0. 0.0 00.0 030. 710.0 0010. 103.0 7020. 20. 042. 03
3 0 0. 0.0 00.0 1050. 010.0 0520. 20.0 5030. 30. 054. 0
4 0 0. 0.0 00.0 1070. 320.0 0020. 307.0 400. 40. 085. 0
5 0 0, 0.0 00.0 1080. 720.0 0530. 404.0 2050. 501. 096. 0
6 0 0. 0.0 01.0 200. 030.0 040. 500.0 1060. 701. 018.

7 0 0. 0.0 01.0 2020. 30.0 0540. 507.0 9070. 810. 139.
8 0 0. 0.0 01.0 2030. 740.0 050. 604.0 0780. 910. 150.
9 0 0. 0.0 01.0 3050. 040.0 0560. 700.0 1690. 010. 162.
1 0 0. 0.0 01.00 3070. 350.0 060. 817.0 1400. 10. 183.
1 0 0. 0.0 01.01 3080. 750.0 0570. 914.0 130. 310. 104.

1 0 0. 0.0 02.02 400. 0600 080, 11.0 120. 410. 126.
1 0 0. 0.0 02.03 402. 4600 580. 17.0 130. 5120. 147.
1 0 0, 0.0 02.04 403. 700 090. 14.0 140. 6120. 269.
1 0 0. 0.0 . 02 5 0 55 7 00 . 50. 1.0 150. 720. 270.
1 0 0. 0.0 02. 6 507 480 00. 1.0 160. 820. 291.

1 0 0. 0.0 02. 7 s08 780 60. 1.o . 270 ~ 020. 3 21. (
1 0 0. 0.0 03. 8 60 090 10. 1.0 280. 120. 234.
1 0 0. 0.0 03. 9 602 490 6. 10 90. 20. 25.
2 0 0. 0.0 03. 0 613 700 1. 20 00. 20. 37.
2 0 0. 0.0 03. 1 715 00 7. 20 10. 230. 38.

2 0 0. 0.0 03. 2 71 410 1. 20 20. 230. 39.
2 0 0. 0.0 03. 3 718 710 6. 20 30. 3.0 31,
2 0 0. 0.0 04. 4 810 020 1. 20 40. 30, 32.
2 0 0. 0.0 04. 5 812 420 6. 20 50. 3.0 33.
2 0 0. 0.0 04. 6 814 730 1. 20 60. 3.0 3S.

2 0 0. 0.0 04. 7 951 030 6. 20 70. 3.0 46.
2 0 0. 0.0 04. 8 971 40 1. 20 80. 3.0 47.
2 0 0. 0.0 04. 9 981 740 6. 20 9. 340 9.
3 0 0. 0.0 15. 0 01 050 1. 30 0, 40 0.
150
REQUIREDPIPEWALLTHICKNESS
FORINTERNALPRESSURE(cent)
1 PRESSUREPSIG.
IAM. 550 950 1
600 650 700 750 800 850 900
1 D ). 0. 01 920 0. 0.0 20.0.031 620 82 9
2 0 .3 0. 30 740 1.0 0.0 50.0.062 250 5 9
3 0 .D 0. 50 60 2.0 00. 70.0.093 708 83 8
4 0 .3 0. 70 580 2.0 1.0 01.0.124 31 01 7
5 0 .0 00. 91. 410 12.0 110. 21.0,156 913 48 7
6 0 .0 10. 1. 210 3.0 130. 51.0.187 516 75 6

7 0 .0 10. 31. 140 53.0 160. 81.0.218 029 03 5
8 0 .0 1.0 51. 0610 47,0 280. 02.0.249 62 30 5
9 0 .0 10. 61. 9280 04.0 200. 32.0.280I 24 68 4
1 0 .0 10. 82. 0 2700 25.0 220. 52.0.311~ 827 95 3
1 0 .0 20, 02. 1 620 45.0 250. 83.0 340. 23 34

1 0 .0 20. 2. 2 2540 6.0 37.0 030. 93. 315 72 3
1 0 .0 20. 42. 3 2460 86.0 390. 3.0 53. 84 10
1 0 .0 20. 62. 4 3280 17.0 310. I 630 . 18. 4 64 13
1 0 .0 20. 83. s 3100 370. 34.0 48.0 174. 34 06
1 0 .0 30. 03. 6 3020 580. 46.0 41.0 42. 164 9

1 0 .0 30. 13. 7 3940 780. 48.0 43.0 684. 895 92
1 0 .0 30. 3. 8 4760 090. 40.0 46.0 945. 625 86
1 0 .0 30. 53. 9 4680 290. 43.0 59.0 205. 35 79
2 0 .0 30. 74.00 4510, 404. 58.0 5100 S 5. 16
8 0.694 72
2 0 . 30 9.01 40. 65. 5700 44.0 16. 16

0.729 65
2 0 . 40 1.02 420. 85. 5920 68.0 76. 46 58
2 0 .0 40. 34.03 5170. 15. 5250 92.0 36. 7 51
2 0 .0 40. 54.04 5090. 325. 6470 16.0 97. 07 4
2 0 0. 40. 56.05 5190. 526. 600 40.0 57. 37 37
2 0 .0 40. 85.06 5730. 736. 6820 74.0 07. 68 30

2 0 .0 50. 05.07 650. 036. 6140 98.0 67. 98 24
2 0 .0 50. 25.08 6570. 246. 7370 22.0 28. 28 17
2 0 .0 50. 45.09 6490. 464 5790 46.0 78. 9
15 10
3 0 .0 50. 6.00 6210. 675. 720 C
70. 38. 98 30
151
REQUIREDPIPEWALLTHICKNESS
FOR INTERNALPRESSURE(cont.)
1.s. PRESSURE PSIG.

)IAM.
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
1 0 .0 0.0 400. 240. 0604. 50.90 035.0 6070. 160.
2 0 .0 00. 70.0 7080. 940. 1109. 01.09 161.0 2140. 21,
3 0 .0 1.0 1.0 5210, 631.0 1074. 61.80 107.0 8110. 292.
4 0 .0 1.0 51.0 3610. 861.0 2039. 12.80 232.0 4280. 352.
5 0 .0 10. 92.0 210. 20. 2094. 62.70 368.0 0350. 423.
6 0 .0 2.0 32.0 0520. 27.0 3049. 13.70 394.0 6320. 584.

7 0 .0 20. 62.0 3890. 243.0 304. 73.60 429.0 2490. 654.
8 0 .0 30. 03.0 370. 63.0 4069. 24.50 465.0 8560. 615.
9 0 .0 30. 43.0 4570. 184.0 4104. 75.50 591.0 4530. 786.
1 0 .0 30. 84.00 420. 504.0 5079. 35.40 627.0 0600. 846.
1 0 .0 4.0 24.01 2650. 205.0 5034. 86.40 652.0 6770, 917.

1 0 .0 40. 65.02 500. 45.0 690. 36.30 78.0 3740. 078.
1 0 0. 4.0 59.03 4590. 69.0 604. 97.30 714.0 9810 8 04. 9
1 0 0. 50. 53.04 6870. 486.0 709. 47.20 859.0 598.1 109.
1 0 0. 5.0 67.05 3650. 087.0 7604. 98.20 985.1 1951. 270.
1 0 0. 6.0 61.06 740. 237.0 8209. 59.11 91.1 7201. 330.

1 0 0. 60. 75.07 7120. 748.0 9741. 090.1 046.1 3901. 491.
1 0 0. 6.0 79.08 5800. 628.1 9391. 50.1 082.1 9161. 462.
1 0 0. 7.0 72.09 981. 869.1 0831. 190.1 118.1 5231. 523.
2 0 0. 7.0 86.00 4891. 019.1 0481. 691.1 24.1 1201. 693.
2 0 0. 8.0 80.11 8951. 260.1 1013. 1.81 279.1 7371. 754.

2 0 0. 8.1 94.12 2401. 40.1 1168. 72.81 305.1 3441. 825.
2 0 0. 8.1 98.13! 6201 . 65.1 321. 23.1. 7 331.1 9411. 885.
2 0 .1 9.1 20.14 01. 891.1 2178. 73.61 476.1 5581. 956.
2 0 .1 9.1 501.5 951. 024.1 313. 34.61 502.1 2651. 017.
2 0 1. 9.1 091.6 971. 28.1 318. 84.61 538.1 861. 187.

2 1 1. 0.1 131.7 3261. 43.1 4134. 35.41 663.1 4781. 248.
2 1 1. 0.1 171.8 7241. 638.1 4180. 95.41 789.1 0852. 219.
2 1 1. 1.1 21.19 1321. 824.1 5163. 46.41 735.1 682. 379.
3 1 1. 1.1 251.0 631. 047.1 518. 97.31 8602. 292. I404.
152
4
REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS

FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (cont.)
1.s. PRESSURE PSIG.

‘lM” 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 1. 0.1 161. 141. 205.

1 0 0. 9.1 911, 2 6701. 5011. 163. 12.1 261. 121. 316.
1 0 .1 9.1 90.13 3401. 5911. 2851. 20.1 3514. 1371, 426.
1 1 1. 0.1 171. 4 2011. 6281. 231. 39.1 4516. 141, 537.
1 1 1. 1.1 241. 5 0621. 6361. 3271. 487.1 5519. 151. 637.
1 1 1. 2.1 21. 6 8331. 7451. 41. 586.1 641. 1681. 748.

1 1 1. 2.1 391. 7 6941. 7531. 501. 674.1 741. 147.1 858.
1 1 1. 3.1 471. 8 4651. 7521. 6901. 763.1 8147. 128.1 96.9
1 1 1. 4.1 51. 9 26.1 8601. 8741. 815.1 9239. 1.289 07.9
2 1 1. 5,1 621. 0 086.1 8781. 2789. 9.052 0232. 12.15 18.0
2 1 1. 6.1 601. 1 857.1 9872. 5293. 08.42 1234. 1.12 290.

2 1 1. 6.1 781. 2 6182. 9952. 0428. 137.2 27. 2.832 401.
2 1 1. 7.1 852. 3 489.2 9042. 312. 263.2 320. 2.524 511.
2 1 1. 8.2 932. 4 340.2 0122. 262. 342.2 42. 2.152 622.
2 1 2. 9.~ 1] 012 5 10.2. 022. 132.] 421.2 5125. 28.26 722.
2 1 2. 9.2 082. 6 917.2 0392. 0425. 510.2 6217. 2.527 833.

2 2 2. 0.2 162. 7 732.2 1382. 8420. 695.2 7120. 22.38 94.3
2 2 2. 1.2 242. 8 503.2 1462. 7524. 789.2 8303. 2.839 05.4
2 2 2. 2.2 312. 9 364.2 2542. 629, 868.3 9305. 2.530 16.4
3 2 2. 2.2 492. 0 135,2 2632, 573. 957.3 0038. 22.31 275.
153
N E F M
C V
P bi t ap d i j n ohn o ie gnz l ixzsy n eo l igtet evc r rs eT ea msth s esl below,to
steh hndetermine
l e o. de ,
thenozzleloadsisbased inpartontheBulletin107of WeldingResearchCouncilandrepresents
a simplificationof it. The vesselsare not intendedto serveas anchorpoints for the piping.To
avoid excessiveloading in the vessel,the pipingshall be adequatelysupported.
FRJW
r{,
4
A
R.
-—. *
———— — - - — — .
,
E x t F e or & Mnr ao c l m e e s n t s
T calculate the maximum forceoand moment, first evaluate ~and y. Then determine
CL2, and A from Figures 1, 2 and 3, for the specified~ and ~ substitute into the
aquationsbelow, and calculateFRRF,
fl=.875 ($) Y=+

Determine CL~and A from Figures 1,2 and 3.
CalculatePressure Stress (~.
0= (q(R.-;)
[f a is greaterthan S0,then use S. as the stress due to designpressure.

FM= —
R; (ST—O) = R~2roSy
A4RCM Mm =& S Y –0)
x
Plot the value of FN a FWand the smaller of .~~c~ands MM

as A4w.The allowable nozzle loads are bounded by the area
of FRF,O,A41w,
~R\f
EXAMPLE: Determine Resultant Force and Moment

Rm= 37.5 T= .7511 SY= 31,500 psi@ 460°
rO= 15“ P = 150 psi S. = 17,500 psi
y= + = ~= 50
b= .875(%)= .875 (&)= .35 ()
From Figure 1, a = 440 From Figure2,2= 1,070 From Figure3, A = 340
154
NOZZLE EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS

IN CYLINDRICAL VESSELS (continued)
;alculatePressureStress
2(150)375 ~ = 14,850psic&=17,500 psi
‘=%m-3= 75( ~ - 2)
Jse o= 24,850in the equationsfor calculatingFRRF
and MkM
~alculateAllowableForces and Moments
Fw= ~ (~y. @ =(#2(3 1,500—14,850)= 53,214 lb.
~RcM= Rm2~o~y =37.52 (15) (31,500) = ~zo 984 in-lb

z 1,070 9
M-m= y (sy — (37.5)2 (15)= (31,500—14,850—l,032,97~ in-lb.

‘-= ~
IL
P f t vl o a oo ah FRFl a t t u sr e meo n afh l s l
k fa ~, aQ A
1 ~nT 7 a&f l fLl n odW h Mwol as z.ob el z ea
a b o b ut r a n o dF’RF, r 0,
eh eMm.
d e y e a f
T h e a rn e rof oe zroa F e =zc2, t l 0l i ae o, nb 0 0f
k 1 0 i l0? w, b0b oan 0=l ul0s( o lA w
p. .a od b l ie
= i n b a- n l ro eub z o a F. =zc5 t ll t ,i a e oJ 0bn 0 nf s 4 0
6 2 i0 l , w 0 n0b onb 0 a *ul s l (o ol . w Bp. da o b t l ie
* N
U a ob v ts s oiae t l gl : u rute ehae ps hn
S O T A T I O N :
P = DesignPressure,poundsper sq. in. Z = DimensionlessNumbers
‘ =N oO uz R
t za i s odl ni ie d c Au e =hs D i , em e ns N
s i ou n lme s bs e r
R =M R e ao S d iah i . n e un c l FRRFs h= l Maximum
f e, s Resultant Radial Forc(
T = S T hh i ice k n n l e c s l sh , e pounds* s
S =Y S i t or eM e a nlaytD g e d te r h is a fi R
k f
M la g R x c t eni , s mC ui@ur l c tum ma f ne r t
T e m p pe r aop t su u r qie n, eu d n a s M o
r cr m
, i e n ce hh n- p t o um n d s *
o = S Dt sp r te sso s I uo ur e M, n a WdRx e is s Lm uo Mnul g t miMat un d t
Dr ue s ie g e n P
p s qi eu n a r cr e hm i ne c h n- p o t u n d, s *
s = S Vt eliu= aM
o r a f Me Sl a s. pth u e seo r FRF l nl a , dRx e is sF m u poul t omr a u nc nt
p s qi eu n a c r r h eF = .M ’ a xR R ei s mMuMu lo tm i m a en n
~ =D i m e n N s i ou n lm e s bs e r p s o u n d s *
Y = D i m e n N
s i ou n lm e s bs e* ar bs Uv s ao s l l u u et ee s
a =D i m e n N
s i ou n lm e s bs e r s
REFERENCES:
Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to External Loadings, K. R.
Wichman, A. G. Hopper and J. L. Mershon — Welding Research Council. Bulletin
107/August 1965 — Revised Printing — December 1968.
Standardsfor ClosedFeedwaterHeaters, Heat Exchange Institute, Inc., 1969.
155
NOZZLE LOADS
Fig. 1
1OJ
9
8
7
6
5
4
, , , , , , 1I I I 1I I I I I ( ,
1
1 t I 1 1 I 1
,,, I 1 !, , I [ I I I I I I I I I 1 t
1 i
I I 1 1
I
I
I
i::: i
, , f, I I I [ WI I ! ,: I I I ! I I [ I I I I I I I [’1 I I I
9
;
6
5
4
3
, - ,
t
2
a
I :-+-!r i ! { I--+--L - l-l++ +--l-%-l-~ -: . .: I \. I I : i I ~i i ~
9
8
7
6
5
4
I, ;,I
,, ; I,
1
I! I
II
, ?
]02 ; I : I !;,1 I ,-,4 ----:: : 4-%-4 ~•••ì´„•

i ! .’ .!”” i! !:”m!!!-
9
8
7
6
5
4
2 1 . . . . !.
—
1
, I
1
1[ t
1, ! r
I I ,
10
1 5 6
NOZZLE LOADS
Fig 2
!
1.11
1
NOZZLE LOADS,
Fig. 3
1OJ
9
8
7
6
5
4
6
5
4
A
lo]
9
8
7
6
5
4
]02
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
10
0 .05 .1 .15 .2 .25 .3 .35 .4 .45 .5
1
.“,
R
T J C C
U I P
A the junction of cone or conical section to cylinder (Fig. C and D) due
to bending and shear, discontinuity stresses are induced which are with
reinforcement to be compensated.
DESIGN PROCEDURE (The half apex angle cz<30 deg.)
1. Determine P/S,EI and read the value of~ from tables A and B“
2. Determine factor y, For reinforcing ring on shell, y = s~~~
For reinforcing ring on cone, y/S’~E~
TABLE A - VALUESOF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE END

P/S,, EI 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009*
A, deg. 11 15 18 21 23 25 27 28.5 30
TABLE B - VALUES OF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE END
P/S,, EI 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.040 0.080 0.100 0.125*
A, deg. 4 6 9 12.5 17.5 24 27 30
* A = 3 d f g e r v e oogP/S~EI
aa 0t l . e r u r e f
W t v o Ai l t c r s b p e
3 D f =y/S, E, (Use minimum 1.0 for k in formula). e
4. Design size and location of reinforcing ring (see next page).
NOTATION
E = with subscriptss,c or r modulusof R~=insideradiusof largecylinderat large
elasticityofshell,coneorreint20rcing endof cone,in.
ringmaterialrespectively,psi. R=inside radiusof smallcylinderat small
Seechartsbeginningonpage43 for endof cone,in.
modulusof elasticity. S= withsubscriptss,corrallowable stress
E= with subscriptslor 2 efllciencyof of shell,cone or reinforcingmaterial,
weldedjoints in shellor cone psi.
respectively. t= minimum required thickness of cylin-
For compression E=l.O for butt der at thejunction,in.
welds. t,= actualthicknessofcylinderatthejunc-
fi= axialload at largeend due to wind, tion,in.
deadload,etc.excludingpressure, t,= requiredthicknessof cone
lbfin. at thejunction,in.
j= axialloadat smallenddueto wind, t.= actualthicknessofconeatthejunction,
deadload,etc.excludingpressure, in.
lblin. U= halfapexangleof coneor conicalsec-
P= Designpressure,psi tion,deg.
Q~=algebraics~ofPR~/2 andfi 1b/in. A= anglefi-omtableA or B, deg.
Q,= algebraicsumof PIL/2 andfi lb/in. ~ = factor:SSE, orSCEC
160
R
T J C C
FORMULAS
JUNCTION AT THE LARGE END
M ; x .
Required area of reinforcement, A sq. in. when tension governs
(see notes)
~ r~ . kQLRL 1 .L tan a
S,EI () a
E!l
Area of excess metal for reinforcement, sq. in.
FIG. C
A.L = (t,—t) G+ (t.—t~ {h./ cos CZ
The distance from the junction within which the additionalrein-

forcementshallbe situated, in.
G
M;x.
30”
P The distancefromthejunction withinwhichthe centroidof the
FIG. D reinforcementshallbe situated, in.
0.25 X~
JUNCTION AT THE SMALL END

Requiredarea of reinforcementA sq. in. whentension governs(see notes)
kQsR, A
‘,, = —S,E1 ()la tan a
Area of excess metal available for reinforcement A., sq. in.

A,, = (t, /zj cos (a—A) (t.+ m+ (tC/t,)
x (a—A)
{Rst. / cos a
The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall
be situated, in.
The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall
be situated, in.
0.25 X &
N O W Ta t t h eE
hj u n c St i o ne c:o m pl r ens s ioovref i eax c e edd t h est el n s ~ido noea l t bea r ymd
2o P r eR s p e,t c d t i/ sve erb 2lhsi hya , ci ca gw o erUl nd( a(i l ns e cgan tt“e ap h) r ha bo2fo :v
t r o tu C h S l o e hVe dcDe Ist i e l fvi eI io, s. In i o, ” n )
W t r h e md hoeu o ca o enm f r ceud ts oos w ne o citrf o tdc ai ir afe aof l enw
pn r sei kg n et nt l hu
a w t h h an a a he apni g d gl nr t e l3e df aehxt det , em ae gs r hbs a .n oi as0y , gp a es b nne aece
( 1 C( ( o - d~g e ) 5 & .
161
R
T J C C
E
DESIGN DATA:
= 30 deg. half apex angle of cone.
;.ECE,=30x 1 m o e p
= 1.0,joint efficiencyin shell and cone
= 0.55,joint efficiencyin reinforcingring
= 800 lb/in, axial load at largeend
= 952 lb/in, axial load at smallend
= 50 psi., internaldesignpressure
a = 100 in., insideradius of largecylinder
= 84 in., insideradius of smallcylinder
= 13,800psi., allowablestressof shell material
= 13,800psi., allowablestressof cone material
= 14,500psi., allowablestressof ring material
= 0.429 in., requiredmin.thicknessfor large cylinder
= 0.360 in., requiredmin. thicknessfor smallcylinder
= 0.500 in. actualthicknessof cone.
= 0.4375 in., actualthicknessof large cylinder
= 0.375 in., actualthicknessof smallcylinder
= 0.41 in., required thickness of cone at small cylinder
dL t,L = 0.49 in., requiredthicknessof cone at large cylinder
Jsing the same material for shell and cone.

.. P/SsEI = 50 = 0.0036 f t A A= 1
13,800 X 1
S Ai l t ~ r i r e
! U r r o t s e
~ SsE.= 1 X 1063 0 X
1. Factor k=y/SrE~= 13,800 x30x 106/ 14,500x30x 106= 0.95
Use k = 1
1. QL=PRL12fI , l =5 + 800= 3,300 lb/in.
j. The required cross-sectional area of compression ring:
kQLRL~ - + t a = 1 X 3,300x 100 1- 19.8
ArL= SE ~ tan 30°= 4.69 sq in.
() 13,800 X 1 (
The are: o’fexcess in shell available for reinforcement:
AeL= (ts- ~ ~+ (tc- tr) @t~ /COS~
= (0.4375 - 0.429)X ~100 X 0.4375 + (0.5 - 0.49) x{1OO X 0.5/cos 30°
= 0.132 sq. in.
A,L - AeL= 4.69-0.132 = 4.55 in. the required cross sectional area of
compression ring
Using 1 in. thick bar, the width of ring: 4.55/1 = 4.55 in.
Location of compression ring:
Maximum distance from the junction = ~= ~100 x 0.4375 = 6.60 in.
Maximum distance of centroid from the junction= 0.25 ~~ =
0.25 {100 x 0.4375= 1.65 in.
162
R
T J C C
E (continuea)
JUNCTION AT SMALL CYLINDER

1. PAS,El = 0.0036; fromtable B A = 5°
SinceA is less than et,reinforcementis required.
2. Factor~= S, E,=13,800x30x10s
3. Factork=l
4. QS=PR, /2+~lb./in =50~84+ 952= 3,0521b”/in”
5. Therequired cross-sectionalarea of compressionring:
~r, = kQsRS ~-~ tan ~= 1 ~~>~~~~ 184l~o tan 300= 8.94 sq. in.
S,E, () u ? ()
The area of excess in shell available for reinforcement:
A,. = (t, / t,) –A) (t, - ~ %+ (LI t,)
x cos (a – A) (tc- t,) * StC/cos a
(0.395/0.36) X COS(30-5) X (0.375 - 0.36)X 484X .0375
+ (0.5/0.41) cos (30-5) x (0.5-0.41) x ~84 x 0.5/cos 30°= 0.77 sq. in.
A,. - A,, = 8.94-0.77 = 8.17 sq. in., the required cross sectional area of compres-
sion ring.
Using lfi thick bar, the required width of the bar: 8.17/ 1.5 = 5.45 in.
Location of the compression ring:
Maximum distance from the junction: a = 484 x 0.375 = 5.6 in.
Maximum distance of centroid from the junction:
0.25 fi= 484 x 0.4375 = 1.5 in.
Insulation ring may be utilized as compression ring provided it is continuous
and the ends of it are joined together.
Since the-moment of intertia of the ring is not factor, the use of flat bar rolled
easy-way is more economical than the use of structural shapes.
To eliminate the necessity of additional reinforcement by using thicker plate for
the cylinders at the junction in some cases maybe more advantageous than the
application of compression rings.
1
R
T J C C
U E P
D, Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction of cone
t-l to cylinder, or at the junction o t l e o c
section to cylinder when cone, or conical section doesn’t
have knuckles and the value of A, obtained from table E,
L. is less than ct.
dr I 3 TABLE E - VALUES OF A
P/SE o 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.10
!$! A,deg. o 5 7 10 15 21 29 33
;L P/SE 0.125 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
A, deg , 37 40 47 52 57 60
w -
I
CX= 6 d f g e r v e ooag Pa l 0t . u/e r re S s f E
N I no t e rt mp ob el ma t f i: iao ann t e rvodm y ae de lei a urt e e
The required moment of inertia and cross-sectional area
I
of reinforcing (stiffening) ring — when the half apex
T ‘angle a is equal to or less than 60 degrees — shall be
FIG. F determined by the following formulas and procedure.
1. Determine P/SE, and read the value of A from table E.
2. Determine the equivalent area of cylinder, cone and stiffening ring, ATI,,
sq. in. $3:: pa~~ 46 for construction of stiffening ring)
A~lJ= ~ + ; + A., 3 FIDI.
Calculate factor B B = ~ (~ ,)
where
M = -RL tan a + L[ + R{?-R.?
F[.= PM+ J tan a 2 2 3RI,tan a
3. From the applicable chart (pages 43 thru 47) read the value of A entering at
the value of B, moving to the left to the material/temperature line and from
the intersecting point moving vertically to the bottom of the chart.
For values of 1?falling below the left end of the material/temperature line
for the design temperature, the value of A=2WE.
If the value of B is falling above the material/temperature line for the design
temperature: the cone or cylinder configuration shall,be changed, and/or the
stiffening ring relocated, the axial compression stress reduced.
4. Compute the value of the required moment of inertia
For the stiffening ring only: For the ring-shell-cone section:
AD[.2A 1[. ADI,ZA 71,
Is = ~400 I’,Y=
10.9
5. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine the available moment of
inertia (see page 87) of the ring only 1, or the shell-cone or the ring-shell-
cone section 1’.
164
R
T J C C
(continue~
If 1 or 1’ is less than I, or 1[, respectively, select stiffening ring with larger

moment of inertia.
6. Determine the required cross-sectional area of reinforcement, A,~,sq. in.
(when compression governs):
A,~ = @fi;;an~ [,@&):]
NOTE: Whenatthejunctionthe compressiveloads determined byPR~2 orPRJ2 are

exceeded by~l or~J tensional loads respectively, the design shall be in accordance
with U-2 (g) (“as safe as those provided by the Code Section VIII, Division 1.“)
Area of excess metal available for reinforcement: A,~ sq. in.:
A.~ = 0.55 ~D~t, (t, + t. /COS @
The distance from the junction within which the additional reinforcement
shall be situated, in.
a
The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforce-
ment shall be situated, in.
0.25 ~
R, Reinforcing shall be provided at the iunction of

small end of conical section without flare to cylin-
.~
der.
The required moment of inertia and cross-sectional
L~ area of reinforcing (stiffening) ring shall be deter-
LL mined by the following formulas and procedure.
~ = =I
1. Determine theequivalentareaofcylinder,cone
and stiffening ring, Am
L,
L, L,t, Let,
“ I An= ~+ ~+A,
2. Calculate factor 1?
t
B . ; ( :~’
)
I R1 where
L A
Fs = PN +jjtan a
RL2- R~2
FIG. G N=~ + Z+ 6R. tan a
165
R
T J C C
(continued)
3. F t a c ( t r e a p e
v o B m t t l t t m l a f at
i p m v t t b o t nc
F v o t l e f n l f t d
d t t v o =2 e
I t v of B is falling above the materialhemperature line for the design
temperature: the cone or cylinder configuration shall be changed, and/or the
stiffening ring relocated, the axial compression stress reduced.
4. Compute the value of the required moment of inertia:
For the ring-shell-cone section: For the st~~e~~~ ring only:
~; = AD,2ATS ~.=
10.9 1:.0
5. Selectthe type ofstiffeningring anddeterminethe available moment of inertia
(see page 89) of the ring only, land of the ring-shell-cone section, I! Iflorl’ is
Iessthanl..orli respectively,selectstiffeningringwith largermomentofinertia.
6. Determine the required cross-sectional area ofreinforcement. A,,, sq. in:
A~s= kQSR~tan~
SE
metal available for reinforcement Ac,sq. i n .
A.s = 0.55 % [(t,-~ + (tc-tr)/cos
ix]
The distance from thejunction within which the additional reinforcement shall
be situated, in.-
G
The distance from thejunction within which the centroid of the reinforcement
shall be situated, in.
025 G
NOTE:Whenthereducersmadeoutoftwoormoreconicalsectionsofdifferentapexangles
withoutknuckle,andwhenthehalfapexangleisgreaterthan60degrees,thedesignmaybe
basedon specialanalysis.(Code1-8(d)and(e).)
NOTATION
A, = area of excess m a ev af t i lA.a a = bcross-sectional

ol l e arear of the stiffen-
reinforcement, sq. in. ing ring, sq. in.
A,,L = requiredareaofreinforcementwhen AT = equivalent area of cylinder, cone
QLis in compression, sq. in. and stiffening ring, sq. in.
At.’ = requiredareaofretiorcementwhen B = factor
QLis sq. in. D~ = outside diameter of cone or large
end of conical section, in.
66
R
T J C C
(continued)
D,, . outsidediameterofcylindricalshell, shelljunctionandone-thirdthedepth

in. ofhead o theotherendofthelarge
D., — outside diameter at small end of shell.
conical section, in. L, design lengthofavessel section, in.
E —
. lowest efllciency of the 1ongitudi- forstl~enedvesse[section: distance
naljoint inthe shell,head or cone;E between the cone-to-small-shell
= 1 for butt welds in compression. junction and an adjacent stiffening
— ring on the small shell.
E with subscriptsc, r ors modulus of
elasticityof cone, reinforcementor f unstlflenedvessel
o section: dis-
r
shell material respectively,psi. tance betweenthe cone-to-small-
— shelljunctionandonethirdthedepth
k S&L5’RERbut not less than 1.0. ofheadontheotherend of the small
A . axial load at large end due to wind shell.
etc., Ib./in.The value offi shall be P external design pressure, psi.
taken as positivein all calculations. PRL PRs
— Q~ — +fi Q,= ~ +fz
fi axial load at smallend due to wind, 2
etc. lb./in. The value of~2 shall be axialcompressiveforce duetopres-
taken as positivein all calculations. sure and axial load.
I = available moment of inertia of the RL outside radius of large cylinder, in.
stiffeningring, in4 R, outside radius of small cylinder, in.
—
T availablemomentofinertia ofcom- s allowable working stress, psi. of
bined ring-shell cross-section, in4. cone material.
Thewidthoftheshell whichistaken sR allowable stress of reinforcing ma-
as contributing to the moment of terial, psi.
inertia of the combined section:
s. allowable stress of shell material,
1.IO~D,,t psi.
. required moment of inertia of the
IS t minimumrequired thicknessofcyl-
stiffeningring, in4. i wn i da t l hel oof rw u a
I,’ = r e m
q u o oi i mr n o e et ed n r t t c i of ar i o s i o n n ,
c o mr i nb g i- s nh c e el l rd- c oo n e s s -
t. a ct h t i o cuc k w an oei l s t
s e ic t ni o n4 , .
c o r a r l ol osi wi ao nn c n e
L . a l x eo c i n i o ag nt l n t, he f , .
m i r ne q ui i r me d t uoh i cmfk n e
L, . I e n g t a h os fl cu oo onr f e f cn a o w cg n ei ce t o , hr a r lo ol uosi wi t oa
o d i bs et s at t niw r f c efr e ie e n nin n g g s
t, a ct h t i o cus k w an h ei l s et
o c i o n n e f , . a l l f o c wo ar rni oo c s e i o
LL . d el seo a vin esgg e snt c as ht i he f oa l na a , pdn l g ee l f ex g
in~or stifle-nedvessel section: the —
distancebetween the cone-to-large A valueto indicateneed for reinforce-
shelljunction and an adjacent stiff- ment, from table E, deg.
ening ring on the large shell.
for umtl@enedvessel section: the
distancebetweenthecone-to-large-
167
R
T J C C
E
t, DESIGN DATA
T DL = 96 in., o d o l c
Ds = 48
~ =
E,, Ec, E m o e o s
c a r m p
a
fl = 100 lb./in., axial load due to wind
A = 30 lb./in., axial load due to wind.
LL = 120 in., design length of large vessel
section.
L, = 244 in., design length of small vessel
section.
Lc = 48 in.
~ = 15psi, external design pressure
F = 48.00 in. outside radius oflarge cylinder
LL R
“ = 24.00 in. outside rad;us ofsmall cylinder
Designtemperature=6500F SS = 13,800 psi. maximum allowableworking
stress of shell and cone material.
SR = 12,700 psi. maximum allowable working stress of reinforcement mate-
rial.
t = 0.25
t = 0.1875 in. minimum required thickness of small cylinder.
t. = 0.25 in. actual thickness of cone.
t, = 0.25 in. minimum required thickness of cone.
t. = 0 i a t o c
JUNCTION AT THE LARGE END

1. P/SE= 15/13,800= 0.0016; from table E A = 4
since A is less than U, reinforcement is required.
2. Assuming As=O, A~~= h/.2+LJd%A. =
=120X0.125 +48 X0.125+ O=21 in2.
~.— RL tan
~ a+— LL RL2-&2 48X 0.5774+ ~0+ 482–242
2 +3RLtana=— 2 =66.9
2 3 x48X 0.5774
FL=Pk?+fi tan a = 15 x 66.9+ 100’x 0.5774 = 1061
168
R
T J CONE TO CYLINDER
EXAMPLE (continue~
~ = :(~L) = 0.75 x 1061 X96/21 = 3636

TL
3. A = 0.0003 from chart page 43

4. Required moment ofinertiaofthe combined ring-shell-cone cross section:
ADLATL 0.00035 x 962x 21
= 5.32
‘L= 10.9 = 10.9
5. Using two 2% x $4flat bars as shown, and the effective width of the shell:
1.10 x ~= 1.1 ~96 x .025 = 5.389 in.,
The available moment of inertia: 5.365 in. (see page 96)
It is larger than the required moment of inertia. The stiffening is satisfac-
tory.
6. T r c a o r r
S,E, = 13,800 X 106=
3 ~ 09 0 X
k= ~-
12,700 X 1063 “ 0 X
~L= ~ ‘fi ’15 j48+ 100 ’460

kQ~RLtan a
A,L = SE I
s L
= 1.09 X 460X48X 0.5774 ~-025( 15 x48 -460 4

460 )33]= 1.412 in?
13,800 X 0.7
The cross-sectional area of the stiffening ring is 2.5 in2.It is larger than the
area required.
The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction:
m,, = 448x 0.25= 3.46 in.
The centroid of the ring shall be within a distance from the junction:
0.25 ~ = 0.25~48 x 0.25 = 0.86 in.
JUNCTION AT THE SMALL END
1. The conical section having no flare, reinforcement shall be provided.
2. Asuming A,,= O, ATS= LJJ2 + L~tJ2 + A.,
A,.,= L.,tl2 + L&J 2 + A.,= 244 x 0.25/2 + 48 x 0.25/2 + O= 36.5 i
~ = R 8 t +~ ; n ~~ + +a2 ; ~ ; “+ +;4 5 : ( X
=7 ~ 74 x 4 =4 149.72 in.
: + j
169
R I
T J C C
E (continue~
F,= PN +fJ t a =1 X 149.7+30X 0.5774= 2263
3 F$.DS
= 3/4~22;; :48) = 2232
B ‘? x
3. Since value of B falls below the left end of material/temperature line:
A= 2 B/E = 2 X 2232/30X 106= ().()()()14
4. Required moment ofinertiaofthe combined ring-shell-cone cross section:
AD.?An = 0.00014X 482X 36.5 = ~ 08 in ~
1’,,=
10.9 10.9
5. Using 2% x % flat bar, and the effective shell width:
1.1448 x 0.25 = 3.81 in.
The available moment of inertia 1.67 in.4 (see page 96)
It is larger than the required moment of inertia; the stiffening is satisfactory.
6. The required area of reinforcing:
k = 1.09 Q,= ~ +j= 15 zX24 + 30 = 21O lb./in.

kQ,~. tan a = 1.09X 210X24X 0 . ~ 05 inT z3 T 24 8
A,., =-
13,800X 0.7
Area of excess metal available for reinforcement:
A. =~~a (tc - t,)+ ~, (t.,

-Z)
== (0.25 - 0.25) + d24 x 0.25 (0.25 - 0.1875)= 0.153 i

.
Ar,,-A, = 0.328-0.153 = 0.175 in.2
T a of ring used for stiffening 1.25 in.2. It is Iargerthan the required
area for reinforcement.
The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction:
G,=d24 x 0.25 = 2.44 i n .
and the centroid of the ring shall be within a distance from the junction:
0.25 ~R,,t,,= 0.25424 x o = O . i . z nb s l .
170
WELDING
O P V R
There are several methods to make welded joints. In a .particular case the choice
of a type from the numerous alternatives depend on:
1. The circumstances of welding
2. The requirements of the Code
3. The aspect of economy
1. THE CIRCUMSTANCESOF WELDING.

In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In
a small diameter vessel (under 18 - 24 inches) from the inside, no manual
welding can be applied. Using backing strip it must remain in place. In larger
diameter vessels if a manway is not used, the last (closing) joint can be welded
from outside only. The type of welding may be determined also by the
equipment of the manufacturer.
2. CODE REQUIREMENTS.
Regarding the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service,
material and location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used
in the construction of vesselsare also restricted by the Code as described in
paragraphUW-27.
The Code-regulations are tabulated on the followin~ -. DaEesunder
- the titles:
a. Types o W eJ l o d i e nf d t s
( J permitted
o i byn the Code,
t s their efficiency and limitations of their
applications.) Table UW-12
b. D eo W s e Ji l go d ni e nf d t s
( o J t b u f v i v s a u c
tain design conditions.) UW-2, UW-3
c. E x a m io nW a t e iJ o l no d i e nf d t s
The efficiency of joints depends only on the type of joint and on the degree of
examination and does not depend on the degree of examination of any other
joint. (Except as required by UW-ll(a)(5)
This rule of the 1989 edition of the Code eliminates the concept of collective
qualification of butt joints, the requirement of stress reduction.
3. THE ECONOMY OF WELDING,

If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economy
must be the deciding factor.
Some considerations concerning the economy of weldings:
V-edge preparation, which can be made by torch cutting, is always more ec~
nornical than the use of J or U preparation.
[
171
Double V
V
a
Lower quality weldingmakes necessarythe use of thicker plate for the vessel.
Whether using stronger welding and thinner plate or the opposite is more
economical,depends on the size of vessel,weldingequipment, etc. This must
be decidedin eachparticularcase.
172
T W J
JOINTEFFICIENCY,E
TYPES -
b c
CODEUW-12 F us ; pN ~ o
R a E d x ia E mo x i a- n m
g r a p h e r
w m oe e tl a d l n
t i an o hs u i t n 1.00 ds e i e d0d e . 8
w s ue r f la c de .
B as ci u t k i rs n ig e p fd
s b rh e a am of l v t l e e de r
c o m op w l e et i o l n d f .
S i n g l be - j w e ulo d e di t n t t
w b a is c tk t i r nh ig 0 p .0 8.
w r h e i m i ac i hn s n
p a l w f ea lt c d e i e nr g
c
j
3
S i n g l be - j w e ulo d e di t n t t
w i u ot b h a o sc u k t i en f g 0 .
s t r i p
D o u b l e - f u l l —
f l ij l o la i e nt p t
5
S i n fg l ie - lf u ll l e t
l j o a i n p t
w p w i l e t lu hd g s
S if u n l l ; gj i ~ l ol $ea ; i ~ n p t
—
p w l e lu d g s
173
T W J
L I M I T A T I O N S
I A P PV L A Y R I IN N OG U S NOTES
WELDTYPES
FORTYPE1:N O N E
J C oa tA Bie g ,no r Cty : , ,D
T F 2 N YO O P R N E1 I t: E t ah a s tbhi t r . lon ys hew p

J
C oa tA ie , g 1 no 3 r , ty C: ,o w D ej low d ia h pe n f i d t e r c s
E bx w cw uo e ep ipo t l lft n t fat d- thms e beie t t Ct i t a oahe g d d r y n e
— f c i r c u mjo f e oor e n itn i ra nl l t w y s e p . lr od c i e sn s g e s .
F T 3 YO P R2 ET s: oh t h e a t d pb. h e g e
J C oa tA ie g, no rB ty : , j Cob b i u t ns t b-e sh w d e a ul y d
C i r c u mjf e rooe nn t i oni a l n l vto y sa te p, t ec r o r m
f m pua li s soe t t i
5 i t a nh 1o n2 i i onv co u8 . t ken sd tpi re d4n .e et r a t i o n .
d i a m e t e r .
3 B j uos bi h ft n f a . t rt lrs e
F T 4 YO P R Eu n : d oe r v c ae u art sl b , a n rp
( L o n gj i a t nou o d 3i in a)vn ol t 1 e nsr t ai r v 8d a. Tgl an l e tse s ys dsh u .
t h Ji C oca tA kie g no r t ty w : e l d -h ag cr oo o mv eper sl e
( C i r c u mjb f e nro eo n 5ti i )a lnv o t / ef s iwt rlm 8 l m e e eb b dlt u u,a a d i
i t h J in C oca tBk ie . g. no r. aty r : e i n fC o rT c et mh e ni st hc. k n
o t r e i n f h o s r c ne hmf ee n a t
F T 5 YO P R E e xt f c o l et lh eoi c wkd in ene s g
( Circumferential ajoints f a t ) t o a P c t l hh r i i- a cM k at n rxe n e isie sm i u
ment of heads n o 2 i ov o u te n s ut i rt 4d i . e n 3 c p l/ o . 3
d i t as mn h o e 1 eti t ev l o rh l / eoin s o ct ‘ r t k21v i . . nYe 1 c r lz o / .
J a o t hti ea mn ci shhtp iht esen r gi c a a l od 1 s v o 3 e / r 1
s a h e xe c l l r u l d se de .
J o B i n t w e t ls d es i o hc n i o g
( C i r c u mb fj e r eof n [ t i ) a l n o hl a d s owr eu eb bj l luotd eei t dn
a t t t a s c ohhj m a ene onc l t k l v eoo s t i fems p otu tr r f i st i w eh si r e s fld
5 i i n ot/ m hn iwi c t n kh8 an. n eel s h psr i s b h r n
e r oei n mn e a b m c l o g h
v l e e
p l g i e
dgo i
l t ,n t g i u
s u es go
cm fu euc r o tn m e o pa d l
w t t e e o t pd lhi n l l ghd a o ee oe t fp e see n s e ta t s fr a u t F i ssno ni ou o n
t 1 t h - t i d 1a i moa 1t hm n e 2e ts h eme r ea wf r e e gc l rhde oi i dpn pgc i
h f t po l ol h u e g r e . a g ri t o c o ir r vha e e t c ne
J C oa t e i g o n r y t: C m e n d e d .
F T 6 YO P R E
( F t a t ta oao h hc ch e m o) e r anen t 5dv T fems ax xha l i l mj o . uw
e o am b
e f f i cg i e i in t c it v e sh a e b
t p r t es s nh so u5e i r vol oe l /oe sn a tt br u 8 i . rf so r w m e eu o lhe ad
r e t q h ui o ci w kr nu en eo dis s l . st t y j h omade e fh iby arcn or gas
t e s
f w i o i l e on sl s ehl i te dd l n e l weldingprocesses.
f :
JointCategory:A , B
( F a t t bao ohc h h m e ae) nar vt di f ns g
p r o e e s s i s t u[si r nhh de ee ne rl6 oJ . l e oof s f iEt i=c I fi ben jn .c toyu o , i
o 2 i i v d n i aesna n m oi re d 4 tnv. oee ir c e o dm tp r r e s s i o n .
1 r e t q h 1u iw icf rkw iien 4 edl es t ls el h t d
o o uo h t f s oel i adn na ne l gf d y e .
J C oa tA ie g no r. ty : B
1 .
-. 7 4
D W J
WELDED JOINT LOCATIONS
T t j ou hic n enc d roo t ent se sd a p i r r i et e qin uc o i arni e am

pw e l npa ht t s l i y
s f ja od e moi s ib nig edn t aerl t sne e t dt i t c e ay rI s .
T s h p r e e q uc si rwi e emaa eh bnl t sio ,a s r ce s mr have tt ei ehdc ri aenic ,ak l n
o d t ec oh sn d aei i t t gair ob bnn ur s el , a l t eeo d w .
P W O E
D E S JI TO
G N I Y R AN D PI OT G RE JA P H OI C IH N E
C O N D I AT CI OA NT N E EG X OA D MR I YNE AF TF I IO CNT I RE EN AC TY
1 T d ie A hsc a i A ta gD.le eb gn F o snu r l yu t dl t l

b o ja w os i ve ei s e l end s c nd tts i s e o n ln s
e f f 1 i ca ih e n.e c n y a 0d d s
o 0 A c . a B to C elb r 9g o u r l y t T r( Tt y(
( d Se w s ( eeni i bgnl e c n dls o uu ds p i t n t g o t y 1p 2p e
c o n d t i ti nih o oon o zs 1.0 0.9
zs l ee n s r P C o e
l bi sec o m t l m eu c no hi d c aaw tmi nb g e r s ) U C S
w f h w u i ehn tlt ei n r slc e hc h t s e
r a d i o c g ar Aatw p e hi vyge oe l r s y d s se n l
i s e o ch t o eis o Na n sd o r s nr e
m a n) d c a to s o ner vyan . mee l cs e t ss se 0 l 0 . . 8 8 5
Uw-11 s e o ch t ei o a n sd r s
U 1 2 W ( d - )
C a Ata eB b g o nur
Joints y
Band C t
butt din
welds t r e
w i ve s e l e s c d cn ts i s ec no n len s se r
i p
f
a h s e b onhT a a dy d l s p l1 ein f ee t
(1) or T ( y 2p thickness do not
wall e require
) UHT-57
2 F u T ( ol Ty ( . b l 1yp s u 2pe p ) t r Te (o) T t (y Pt yC1 p 2 p o ee

r a d i o wg r jae p hol i cdi en dt s 0 0 . U . C8 8S 5
e x a m i n a t i o n
i n o s t
m a n d a t o r y
U l ‘ W ( - b 1 )
175
I
DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS (CONT.)
P W NO ET
D E S JI T
GO N IY R A T G REJ A P HO I C IH
N DP I O E
C O N D I AT CI OA NT N E EG X OA DR I YNE AF TF I I O CNTI RE E
M N AC YT M
F u l l r ( y 1p e )
r a d i o gmy rT a op w h yi j ec ol pione id ne fr dt ( s 0y 2.p 6e )
e x a m i n a t i o n r ( 0y P3.pC 6e o e )
i n o s t r ( 0y U4.p C 5eS )
m a n d a t o r y . T ( 0y 5.p 5e )
T v ie hs s e e l s T ( ’ 0 y 6. p 4e )
d e fs i g no e d r
e x t e r n a l
p r oe s ns u rl e y
Uw-1 l ( c )
o A s i b hn at ls l e
~ N ( p o 1 F e . )u I. l l
J W( ( - 2 ( 1 aa ) ) )
o B a i C s nb h n t a s l d l e / ef sa s b
, V ec s r soN e( yo l n . s op 1- e . ) 1r T
t al i e n Nt i ( hn ga o 2l ( ya . o c 1pt a 0r
. ) 0 ( j .
l a 2
s l 9
o
s u b s Jt a Wn( (c- e 2 s ( 1 ba ) ) )
U W - 2 ( a ) h b p a o
]intsB andC butt v h t e re
n
J Dos bi f h n aiut b wls l eu l l el l t d eJl t W d - 2
o c p e n w
e t r ea t Di l oi sn id h ns et ls n l
n e x tt e h tn r d io, hn u hgs ge hnh a e a d dl s l
x e t n h ito t c i k }nr f e rhe s u s a l f de l
1 iey -
t v oe n swo s z }ae z g el lr l rax e p cl h ee dp t
c r U W( ( - 2 d( 1: a x )c)t h )ua . n gb e re s
o e
x r J oo c ai C tf n e mgt e oxs o cr fh y a n gr e rd s
e s t f a b l r j h i c o aJ at Wie(e da - n 2 p (t2 na ) ) d
p
s e 3 a
U t W n- 2 (u a d) ( l b ) (s c ) p n e ) d r
n
r U
J l ( W ( - 4a 1 ) )
J Aos b iT h Nn ay t ls p l e e o
( ( e f a x u1 cs t eoe pn ) i t f i T r c ( Type(y 1p 2 e
c h nr os i m t cai i uk n m le e l s s
s t e e l ) . . 0
$ V eo s ps l B os b i
e e l .r st h N n ay- t ls op l e e .
a b te le( o d w 2 )
– o2 U 0 W( ”a - ( 2 F ( 1 r nb 2 ) ) d )
i t i pJ e Caof p ci se nutn e t t t r sl a st i ol i n
m F s PhC o e
r e fq uwelds iextending
ro ethrough d r spot UCS-56
t m a tthehentire
e r
sectioni of theae l No
o w m ejoint
e tl ar d l
U W - 2 ( b )
J Dof p i e nun e t t r l a s t i ol n
w e ex tt le h n rdd oi sn u g g h
t e s n ea htt c i t ri eh oe n t e
j U o W( ai- ( 2 n ( 2 nbt 3 ) ) d )
6 U nstean f J i Aosr b ei t h. dNn aA

yt b w ls op eul l el e t d. le t d
boilers
with ( 1 j i o s) i h n e t slV nef l s a s b
d pe sr i e g sn a- h s e nh a 1 a d dcl s o . cal a t r
A
s e xu c er e de - b f r u a l d l o
ie y l a - s l o
i 5 p J n Bos s bit h N n a
g 0 io
y t g lse r op axl pe ce h . e
e rs p b p h
t ao
S n a o(be o N o(t 1ve e o eu2 t )np r . r d) 1 hoT e ( v ryw i. he -t 1pe r e 0e
i t c oh U l W iu - mn2 s (n s C o )i o ~ T n ( 0 sU y fW. 2p- 29
a d e s i g t n U l ( W ( - 4 a I ) )
c o 4n d i t i o n :
176
DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS (CONT.)

P W NO E
D E S JI GO
T N I Y R AN D PI OT G REJA P HOI C IH E T
C O N D I AT CI OA NT N E EG X OA D R I YNE AF TF I IO CNTI RE E
M N AC Y
T
l Aos b i t h Nn ay t ls op l e e . w t t h h
: 1 ) l a w e e l
o o ci a n
J Bos b i t h Nn ay t ls op l e e . ; (t P
1) e - e
[1) o N o h 2- F he r . uT ) n ( Te l(y : y 1xp5 i c2 p ee
7 P r ve s se u wr s. t e
(
m a .l t
t h j l ec x 5kc isc n
ei t ee os es / s nd spI. 8 .0o h 90 i
s s ut e b D 0. n .8tf e l s 85 s
d fi i r N wr e j ei c oolnt t N s.7o l t
di g y ne o dt p 0s f e 0. a 60l e
( a p e rf 3emr i i t to ) e e h d e r r , to P t h h
A o Bj ioa i n n t r s n y ~ 1 p w oo
t h i c k n e s s I t r eei a t
U W - 2 ( d ) n a n d a
8 E l e c tA r b ow s U l ae .l g u Wl ( Fd l - t as u 1 I T ) ( l y . P l C 1p o0 e
w e l ( d i n 6 g ) 0 T ( y . U 2C
p S9
F u l l
U l t e r a xs o na i cm -
9 F c i l Aon w s a ue n. r l l e i d nwy ats t h 1 iT (ohe ny . P nC 1pe o0 e
o v e sU sl ( eW (l f s - c7 a o n 1 s t ) r )u0 c T t i( o ny . U 2C
p S9
d n p o e roe m si t t
r a d i o g r a p h s
1 S e a 0m l e s. s s p o t
v e s s e l
s e o c Jt ci o oo ni nv n nse e c t rt s Ni s ns g oe l n Pe C o e
h e s a e a c hd t o w
ies on an A o B h
s d d s 0 e . r n U8 r C5 S
U l W ( - a 1 w
) a te 3 l y r d p s e e ,
( ( 5 b ) ) 4 5 6 , ,
U W - 1 2 ( d )
1 J o 1i n t . s N g rt e o ah t ea t
c o m pA lW e t e e n d l d y s , 8 0
b u r e s s u r y e
u w - 1 2 ( f )
E F F I C (I E
T NB CU YE I SC A L C )EUO L EA D
T I O NN S
O S E A M K N Code
H L TE EHSF I S C A A E S S UW-12(d)
D S M E
TYPE OF T OFY P E
HEAD JOINT
N o1 .0 l 0.0 08 .
H e m i
s p h e r i cN a l 00 .0 2 9 .0 08.
O t h e Ar s N 1 Y . 0 0 . 0
* c a F l ic un l vo a ot il rov n i n g
c i r c u ms f e ort , e n rt i aa el s @ s r r
t h io s c ek h an m e sel s e s af s d
177
EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS
RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATION
FuUradiographyis mandatory of joints: (Code UW-11)
1. All butt welds in shells, heads, nozzles,communicating
chambersofunjired
steam boikrs having
lethalsubstances.
2 All .
1 1
Exemption: B and C butt welds in nozzlesand communicating
chambers that neither exceed 10 in pipe size nor 1 1/8in. wall thickness do not
require radiographicexamination in any of the above cases.
3 All categoryA and D butt welds . in vessel sectionsand heads where the design
of the joint or part is based on joint efficiency 1.0,or 0.9. (see preceding
pages: Design of Welding Joints).
4 All butt weldsjoined by electroslagweldingand
, all electrogasweldingwith any
greaterthan 1
radiography,as a minimum,ismandatoryof
1 B or Cweldswhichintersectthe
. CategoryA buttweldsinvessel
sections(includingnozzlesand communicating chambersabove10 in. pipe
size and 1in.wallthickness)or mmect seamlessvesselsectionsor headswhen
the designof Catego~ A and D buttweldsinvesselsectionsand headsbasedon
ajointefficiencyof 1.0or 0.9.
2 S radiography
p isoptionalofbutt
o . t weldedjoints(~ 1 2 w a hn i r c o ) h
required to ~ filly ~diographed. If spot radiographyspeciiled for the entire
vessel, radiographicexaminationis not required of CategoV B and C butt
welds in nozzlesand communicatingchambers.
No Radiography.No radiographicexaminationofweldedjoints is required when
the vessel or vessel part is designed for external pressure only,or when the
design of joints based on no radiographicexamination.
ULTRASONICEXAMINATION
I f e m r a r te i le etr c wi tn arca ole e ss l l lea wcgn dt w r e ao s sg li da i s d nnt sg h l y

p g rat e 1 1 asih s t b esuha /l rtn r aa ns e o lnx2 i .cat al hm l elr yi ot nu ge h hd o eu t i
e ln e t n i g r t eh .
2 I a d t d t ir e t q iu ih.oornr en a md e i onoet gxs r a a m p ia h nwifa c tm ie ob lnt l,a d d lh
e l be cp ter or bo to aci n en a msce h os r n tdnr iy if ne r rua oi i du c s tv i eo n
w e p l r sd o b i uhc ln t er aga ss e o slnx i caf al tml el eyi h n lno e e td n i g r r rt eh
3 U l t er xa as mo mi n nb i .sa c tu ib oas f n t r i a t d u i yt foo eetg d fr a c p i ohlr hy on s a ru e
s i t ec o n sa tho rt uv cm t dei f oen hsn p o s ei n eftoeree rl m rp ars edi tt i a ot b gl er a p
178
B W J
P C L U T
B T A IP T E D RI F E FE
H E
D
I TR H E NFI ECI MEK N T E O S 1N S
H R
I O O N E N - FO OT UT R. HT
R HPIH NL C N AFU EEOW
T RU - E 9DW . ( - C E 1) , 3
T L E OH NT TG ATE T H
P HR E A RNF SSEE I DTH
B I M O AIN N 3LT I TMLI UME
O F B FE STT WA
E DET J H
ES A U
N C R E F TENA WTC EM SH E B. p LAA OE R D
E N T I IT R T E A L SP
HY E OC R N
AT EE D DI J TOA I C
N E NR T O
x2 3
&
1
L &3
T e ai t ~ p oe o{ evu $ jt r ~ s ~ i
&
r L
e g i e nn t e
‘ s L @ & y H TE S AH E
D LS L
A T T A C H M E N T
$
z ~ l
/ 2 ( t @
T s p h c h le en mat el er t l l i a e
b o e si o t hi h eeed hn r
p c le n t a e r tl i n e e
‘ ~ % ’
Y %
Y
a nL g~ e n - t ~ ~ H TE S AH ED LS L
A ~ A C H M E N T
Y ;
~ ~ 3 Z z l / 2 ( t h - ty
S -. —-
1 ~ “ $ ~W t e h~ t,., t c m e e i le n nhdoe is h ~ m
tn r u g ea
z f il 3 ba n tnn e ge u 1xh e i coee- s , e xt 1 d e
w n e h ct p e rser s oe al qvnr oeuyit i nd a ro e ge
a n g e- n ti L i- n /e f W l t i e h t oql et u1 e .tnh a l 2k ssoel 5a o nhrr
s t f r sla bi ash gu n fhf a fatg i r lc ee i qoel nnue
t Ta s pp hc eelh nemr tab oe .le r te sl i lai ent ei
o t h p c e ehl n t aae r f lte id n e e .
— —7 -
th
@ e :
1
APPLICATIONOF WELDINGSYMBOLS
WELD SYMBOL MEANINGOF SYMBOL
n
m +rt
v P
m =
m K
8
& & w
~ ‘
&
APPLICATIONOF WELDINGSYMBOLS
WELD SYMBOL MEANINGOF SYMBOL
b G ‘i’’’g%N:i;E’”E
~q g~g2g9D
~,
SYMBOL
INDICATES
L d
SYMBOL INDICATES 1/4 IN.

INTERMITTENT FILLET WELD.
EACH 2
P
E
* 8 -
P
s
181
C R RELATED To VARIOUS SERVICES
Code
Service Brief extracts of Code requirements
paragraph
i A ip r ve lse rf s us uw s r cl e oe i m sl pas r et e r sxiea s hUec -d r e( p , 4t

p e r o m t i h ti et t r pe wad h ir ssa ebg i hp r ra n aops hv l i dl ee d
w s u i i i n t s t apo ebp chl e t e in o i n n g .
V e w s a r s ei e m q l uit si tn rh ih ei omcld kut n m ? e e Uh s - s s a C f s 2n
i t an t hb u c i rac so h m tpa e res eo eess ds r bei n hvd i a c r le l
p r ow vc io i dr a r e l ot dl sno il who ta n n1e o coh e s a/ t s n 6
t c a l cp h u t l lh a i t caM e k d t nt he i is 3e cs i .kn n1 Ue 1. s 3n s( 6 -2
~ l a mE mx a p c b oa l nne n dse cen t hdbi uo na ss o l e l dUt -e .( 4
m o n o x d r -
o g a u s e s s
m l i q u i dd s
L e B
t wh ueja loil vt d i e t ecnts odst l ne ses tlu ntbas s ih U
to an- a n( c l e s
s u b s st ab hnf c r eaua ds i ol g r al p eh ye d .
W f a h b or ci e c a oa l t nr ae dbs l soo t fbl nph e o rUaw oe- y ( l l s l e
w h te r e e l a a t de td .
T j oo v hi a c nra t it see ogsc ohu orf sti nape fas lr o a r lg mr a p o h
Uw -2.
S p t cl oe an f t et os pr ee m
l c i s f nSi cg aASt i o-A no s U
3- - 62 ( ( ,8 C 3
s n hb u a s o l e l dt e .
V e w s a r s ei e m
q l uit sitn rh ih ie omcld kut %e e ucs
nm h s -25
ss a f s n
S t i e na m c h
i & n .
i s &h h ne ~l l .d s I s J ( G -
V ew sar s ei e m q l uit sitn rh ih ie omcld kut n m ? e e ucs

h s -25
ss a f s n
W ( a i t t 2ane t hb ru c i )raw s hs a te se e tr bo hepv ed r i nao rc v le i dl ee d
w a c oi r a r l t o l soo ni hw lo a tn n 1ec o ohe t c s af/ t ash n 6l f
c u p l t alh i t ca ek ndt e s e s .
M t h i i 3 c i kns n/ &he h . s 3en s e l 2a l . ds u s ( G( -
N O T E S :
1 U ns f b t i om r eai eb l .ca dole an mrsi at ss rc uc y c o ot r eed d a n c n e
w t i ht h e
2 V ei w s s s a e e xt w l f.c s etil j unruc r rd ie oes hot dd i c m t i ohe n
c a l o ii srd t ee e d n
.
1 Q?
1
C R R
V W T V
T h i c k -
?
n i e 1 s n3 s < 3 , .A x 6 4 5 2 3 6 4 7 % 6 4 A
241 24 1 2 3 4 5 2 4, 5, 65 4 6 ,8 ,95 4, 6,, 8,, 9, ‘, 7 8, 9, 11, ,27 8, 9, 1, 1
a p p 5 l6 8i 9 c 5 a6 a b9 6l 8 e9 1 8 9 , 1, , , 1 1, ,1 , ,11 ,1 , 11, 121 ,1 , I , 1 1, 1, 2 4 4 ,
N 1o 1 1 t I1 1 e11 21 1 s 1 21 1, ,2 441 , ,2 41 , , 5 , 4 5 5
v t ha i ic k l - 1 4A 516 4
n i e 9 s n5 s ~ 1, . 31 6 1 4A 36,
%
a p p 7 l1 i1 c 7 a1 1b 0l7 11e 1 07 11, 1, , 0 7 31, 1, ,0 7 31, 1, ,0 7 31, 1, , 07 31, 1, ,0 3 ,

N o1 1 1 t 1 1 1e2 41 2 s 2 41 2, , 6 5 1 2, ,6 5 1 2, 0 6 1 2, 0 6 1 2, 0 6 ,
i T ha i lc k 1l - 1 l 3 1
m i s1 n 1s1 ,< . 6 1 <A 15 6 1X% 3 &7 o6 XAv
—
7 1 1 7 1 1 3 7 61 1 3 7 61, ,1 ,37 61, 1, , 3 6 ,
\ p p 7 l 1 i1 c 7 a1 1b 3l 7 61e 1 3 1 62, , 1 , 3 1 6 1, ,27 , 01 91, , 7 , 818 ,1 2, 7 ,,1 1, 1, 721 8 ,
N o
1 2 t 1 2 e7 1 2 s 7 2 , 0 7 1 2, 02 1 2, 029 01 22 29 02 2, , 9 2 0 ,
N o t e s
( B
E x r ot Ci r Rae e oqc fu t i r s de m e fn et s )
1 T m i m e easc os oln t s dtsf r e ube cnhr t dui oa ( n G ol

tn h h i i omcp .ku fe nl w -
l t 1e h / s 1a s6 n .
T m i tnh h i i omcs ku e ahn m he e s u esl ni cl a sof m s d pa de r se s ds ien d
s e sr vs t i e a ce rw e vas , a i en smc tr b eh3v e i id a /rc le 3nU l G e ( 2- 1. 6
2 M a n u f a m
c t u a r s e rr b.s k’ho i t ta nd ghdl s e t el aa e meri pUn i ( pnG ge .-
3 I c o m pa r s e sai t s .wen ed sr a ne ac tro, mrv ae r ldi o l rcsno i eU wo aC

n n o cS e
l t 1 e o h t c s a a/ l pc hs u t n ll h a6 i tsfacee bkd ph t n r e oae s v s il d el de .
4 S i w n e og pl l eued .nt , e3i i ndp g s s di n n i p r po e zU. qo e ( u(C e io- r

r e i n f o r c e m e n t .
5 T m i tnh h i i omcs .ku eahn mh e e so eusl n nlas f f s bdti d o r use i e ( fG

l ad b e -m)r
s n hb l ta o1 e il h l s at ne s n % .
6 D of f u l iu bj o ttn u ejpd ti liona ra cdil c ,een T p dUtt aa sbW lb s

l f l oll. loea n i eg l iw
7 S i w n eo g p l l ue dte n2. i ,ei p n ds g d i nsn ir ep r o zqe o . i-ue Un ei f( o (G

ro t r e -c
f o r c e m e n t .
8 S fi f n l iu jg l wl o l p.l ae wiie l fl tna ett p t ut a oolhch h g nmetd eT nr aU t a dW b f

o 2 i vo u d et in sat s m ri h4aed .c et ec eel pr l t as ob ,l e .
9 M a tx h i i omcr e ku i .nnmf eo f rs bc se wm e3ufno ti e /t l U

r 3n t ( dW 2 -
1 M a tx 0 h i i omcr eku i . n mf eo f rs bc se wm e1ufno i t e t /l rUW

n t ‘d 8- (.
1 S if f 1n l ui gj l lw ol. l pea w
iei l l ft ne ct pi r utlc u hmo df j ge rt esTn ot Uir aa l Wi b
a c c e p t a b l e .
.
183
C R O U
R ED L LT V
A
EE AT S E
R
W DI T OHA I UC
O KSL NO EV S LS E E S S S
( C o n t i n u e d )
N o t e s
( B
E x r ot Ci r Rae e oqc fu ti r s ed m e fn et s )
1 S fi f 2n l iu gj l low l. l aeii p et nlw ht lta ope c s cu ulef t pa dt t ga Tbt so U

l a ea c W bh r
m o h e c e ont ap n r dt tve s fs es h s xeu rl o e l s o .
1 W ej 3l o p d i r even . sed st s s u sut s dbr f e ejfi l e iir sc c rea t t iU

c eo (nt g Wog r n dy
Bs b th ( oa y( P l w1p2 l ho et ee) r es)e rr al .e t atq m du e i tn r (2) t e d .
1 S w
i 4neb jgl wudl o . i eu itt o d bh n aot s s ctu a ktct ci erfe n p f tgi a b po l e
P-1 shall be fully radio- UCS-57

graphed.
19. Post weld heat treatment of P-1 materials is mandatory for all welded TableUCS-56
connections and attachments.
20. Double welded butt joint or single welded butt joint with backing Tableuw-lz
strip shall be used for circumferential or longitudinaljoints.
21. Pull radiographic examination of butt welded joints of P-1 Grade

1, 2, 3 materialsis mandatory.
22. Post weld heat treatment of P-1 materialsis not mandatory pro-
vialedthat material is pre-heated. Note(2)(a)(b)
See page 179 f l t e m o p ooe pr ae t r ru awr t e i o n .
N O T E :
P w h o t e r ees i nal t ea trm ide e nqttn p tuh r ioe fhrs ojr ie b od i t io er dn t r s
b e a tu w s s t et e asne ii ont nt t i P
l e c e 8 ges- sh r(l N T os a oob fu eu .l p a t . e d
p 1 ) a 8g e 5 .
1- . 8 4-
T A V
C F A C L
Excerpt from the Departmentof Labor OccupationalSafety and Health
Standards(OSHA),ChapterXVII, Part 1910.106,
(FederalRegister,July 1, 1985)
CLASSIFICATION REGULATION
ATMOSPHERIC
TANKS Atmospherictanks shall be built in accord-
ance with acceptable good standards of
Storagetank whichhas been design.
designedto operateat Atmospherictanks may be built in accord-
pressuresfrom atmospheric ance with:
through0.5 psig. 1. Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc. Stand-
ards
2. American Petroleum Institute Standards
No. 12A, No. 650, No. 12B, No. 12D,
& No. 12F.
LOWPRESSURETANKS Low-Pressuretanks shallbe built in accord-

ancewith acceptablestandardsof design.
Storagetank whichhas Low-Pressuretanks may be built in accord-
been designedto operate ancewith
at pressuresabove0.5 psig. 1. American Petroleum Institute Standard
but not more than 15 psig. No. 620.
2. ASMECode for PressureVessels,Section
VIII.
(These tanks are not within the jurisdiction
of the ASMECode SectionVIII (U-id) but
may be stamped with the Code U Symbol
U-lg)
P V P V s b b i a
Stora e tank or vessel with the ASMECode for PressureVessels,
which i?asbeen designed SectionVIII.
to operateat pressures
above15 psig.
In addition to the regulationsof the above mentioned standards and code, the
occupationalsafety and health standardscontainrulesconcerningtanks and vessels
as follows:
1. Definitionof combustibleand flammableliquids
2. Materialof storagetanks
3. Locationof tanks
4. Ventingfor tanks
5. Emergencyreliefventing
6. Drainage
7. Installationof tanks
185
LOW TEMPERATURE OPERATION
I am i d n me i t m es e m uipaf tem
t gr a ahtn u nir l e -c k d -
n e s s - c o omc b i naaa lt i aro n s b l ni t oo l ef n oe d w l y s s
b t ce i uFl Urh o Cfvi Swtm
e -Geei sp 6 s n a6. t , ci nt g s
r e q u i r e d . N I tO H aT t n mhE
d c b o. oouh mno e m
k ss o
. m a a t l e iFr o is rsa t t Al heosC dSe ee o . r r
M
I
I
I
I A c aa a rsl l l bt ni itl oe f l soneo l t d l hy oe s
~ I - ‘‘ p a an s gb h n eeo 4o l s wod t wn
I
1 0 0 . S A
G &-6 Sr 5- G1_A5&02B5 5 8 , A
I S A
G & -7 i nr 5 n o 1 r6 m6 oa l 5 i z 0e f
8 / 0
I
6 1Y .~ S A
G 5 &-6 i n 5 n o1 r 6 o a rl 5 i
m 0z f
I /0 -
I / {
: 40
I /{ A / -
; 20
I
I
j 4i a t m i n dn n h mei ms .e du i e tm g
t e m pi ce r t oa 1t ul ihr2 de m0 ea p°s r aF
: I tm en p xs a pt cid ntrt egme da s t b tueh rUe s iCa d aS e l-l 6 dl6
:- I 8 1 0
0.394 1 2 3 4 5
N ot hm ii ci k n n ae Nsl i s , tm i rm p e e f aqm uac s oit t ero ret si d a
S G
A B a -t e 1m -p 9Fa e r w3 a ta Ru4 7rr nt e m
F U ICI M
S T G -PC 6E
AU. 6CR S STV A GEBT a t- S e m
3 -p 0Fe a r w7a t a u2r rr n
te m
F s t a v t eoi w os t n cs aho e r ri r yl n hsec a i, d
i F U C1i i l S t - go e 6t h nF6 ,n s ,ih a g es s
p r f o ubv rti uadtm e has w
s et siie r t r s hi
i tm e Up s G ta - i 6 c n6 t(g b . ) .
R E D OU MC IT IN O I N M U FM
M TE E M TP E RA A T LU R E
E X A M P L E :
>
3 V 3
Z F 1 O R
: 0 . 6 g - d t ee ms ip f ei F r U
ag r tC uISn r - eo6 6G 5 stm
; W
. \ A I t a sc i thtt er uf nie af ens r s l t i se oo
~ c a
@ o.4-
- ~ p r a e o s l st i 1uon hpr 2 ae te s @d r i Ons
m a a zl sli oomtt hwe umra a tmbe en la l ei as 1 5 ,s
; S J p t r s a i ht .i o, e :
1 ~ 0 0 =00 / 1 5 , 0 .0 0
~ “ “ 0 ” 2 ; ” ’ a f r n t r o e di d2 m uh c 0 t i
Z * T m i d n the ei m smip 5 eui er 30mag t - us n 0r 2 e
< .
( A p j p el fio fc isa cib ii l he enn i cc ai tle sul
o
T
w 3 ht v ii he y d cshr o t ss ht ae te i .sce al tl l sye d

s aa o t f i o sl l l t ho j w J i nl 4f gt e d: t e e msh ip n eli r t ag o-t. eFu no rhw e 2e a
1t t h oi m c h a kl t ni ic ee A.rsdeu si t aa r onf el h v td i e 6n eFgo h s h 5dea t r n 0
n e 1x i eo e 1 ne t d 5 t 2 h. m e e rcs hml a ha ono cli a.oc,y ad c lc i l ni k
2t t h oi m c h a kl t ni ic ee rs ~eu si t lan f eol i n wacd o dn ns d ti ror enoe lq gslu ii sirn t eg m g e
a D n1 d
P M
CARBON& LOWALLOYSTEEL*
Nominal Specification
Form Composltlon Number Grade APPLICATION
SA-283 c Structural uality. For pressurevessel

c maybeusea withlimitationsseenote: 1
c SA-285 c Boilersfor stationaryserviceand other

pressurevessels
C - Si SA-515 55 * Primarilyfor intermediateand high
temperatureservice
~ —— 99
C - Si SA-515 60 *
2 C - Si SA-515 65 – “ –
C - Si SA-515 70 – “ –
C - Si SA-516 55 * For moderateand lowertemperature
service
C - Si SA-516 60 * ——99
C - Mn - Si SA-516 65 * 99
——
C - Mn - Si SA-516 70 * 99
——
a&: C - Mn - Si SA-105 For hightemperatureservice
C“S
~z C - Si SA-181 I For generalservice
‘u
c1 C - Mn LF1
e SA-350 LF2 For low temperatureservice
C - Mn - Si
C - Mn SA-53 B For generalservice
E
z C - Mn SA-106 B For hightemperatureservice
ICr-1/5Mo. SA-193 B7 * For hi temperatureservice
M Bolt2* in. dam. or less
.-G
3 SA-194 2H For hightemperatureservicenut
m
SA-307 B* Machinebolt for generaluse
*Forlowtemperature
operation
seepage185
* Dataof the most frequen~yused materialsfrom ASMECodeSectionII and ~11”

PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL (cont.)
Specification P Tensile Yield See

Form Number Strength Point Notes
Number Grade 1,000 psi. 1,000 psi.
SA-283 c 1 55.0 30.0 1
SA-285 c 1 55.0 30.0 2,6
SA-515 55 1 55.0 30.0 3
SA-515 60 1 60.0 32.0 3’

w SA-515 65 1 65.0 35.0 3
b
e
2 SA-515 70 1 70.0 38.0 3
SA-516 55 1 55.0 30.0 3,8
SA-516 60 1 60.0 32.0 3,8
SA-516 65 1 65.0 35.0 3,8
SA-516 70 1 70.0 38.0 3,8
a .- SA-I05 1 70.0 36.0 2,3

JZQHz
<z~ SA-181 I 1 60.0 30.0 2,3
~<_
& u LF1 60.0 30.0 —
SA-350 1 70.0 36.0
LF2
~ SA-53 B 35.0
2W 1 60.0 2,3,4,7
E%
3A SA-106 B 1 60.0 35.0 3
m
DIAM> 2k’2in —
u SA-193 B7 – 125.0 105.0 and<4 in
z
G SA-194 2H 55.0 – —
:
SA-307 B 55.0 – 5
188
PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL
(continued)
NOTES:
1. SA-36and SA-283ABCDplatemaybe usedfor pressureparts inpressure
vesselsprovidedall of the followingrequirementsare met:
(1) The vessels arenotusedto contain lethal substances, either liquid or I
gaseous;
(2) Tmaterial isnotusedintheconstmctionofunfiredsteamboilers(see
Code U-1 (g) ~;
(3) Withtheexception of flanges, flatboltedcovers, andstiffeningrings
on which strength welding is applies does not exceed 5/8 in.
2. For service temperatures above 850° Fit is recommended that killed steels
containing not less than O.IOOA
residual silicon be used. Killed steels which
have been deoxidized with large amounts of aluminum and rimmed steels
may have creep and stress-rupture properties in the temperature range
above 850° F, which are somewhat less than those on which the values in
the table are based.
3. Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800°F, the carbide phase

of carbon steel maybe converted to graphite.
4. Only killed steel shall be used above 850° F.
5. Not permitted above 450° F, allowable stress value 7000 psi.
6. The material shall not be used in thicknesses above 2 in.
7. For welded pipe maximum allowable stress values are 15Y0less. No

increase in these stress values shall be allowed for the performance of
radiography.
8. The stress values to be used for temperatures below -20° F when steels are
made to conform with supplement (5) SA-20 shall be those that are given
in the column for -20 to 650° F.
MODULI OF ELASTICITY FOR FERROUS MATERIALS
Material Millionp f T es m p Foeoi r a t .u r e

70 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
C as w
rt Cbe 0 i oe .2 n l 32t s920 h82 C <2.8 k 2.7 572. 826. 32.5 742, 32.1 7.0
C as w
rt Cbe 0 i oe 2. n l 2t 3 s92 I 8h20 >2. % I 2.78 32 626.7 25. 542, 2.1 5.0
H a si l t lg e 7-.
oe 3h -. 7 l y6 2 s 2 27 26 852. 725. 02.4 542. 832. 3.2
T v ia t hEl x u P t hree eCe r s sanh nis ae anu l ftrr e ree tx n p t sd roe e e r d s n s
c a l c ou l a nt i o l n s y .
1 8
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS CARBON& LOWALLOY STEEL

Maximum Allowable Stress Values in Tension 1000 psi.*
Specification For Metal Temperature Not Exceeding Deg. F.

Number G :r , a 5, d~ :0 e 5 900
0o 950
0 0 o
c 13.8 - - - - - - - - - -
SA-285 c 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 8.4 6.5 - - - - -
SA-515 55 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 8.4 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
SA-515 60 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
SA-515 65 16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4 9.0 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
SA-515 70 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
SA-516 55 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 8.4 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
SA-516 60 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
SA-516 65 16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4 9.0 6.5 4.5 2.5 - “ -
SA-516 70 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
SA-105 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
SA-181 I 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
LF1 15.0 1 1 41 3 7 . 0 5.0. 3.0
4 . . 1.5
0 8 8
SA-350 ]7.5 lfj.b 14.&l12.(.) 7.8 5.() 3.0 !.$ - - -
LF2
SA-53 B 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6:5 - - - - -
SA-106 B 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
SA-193 B7~2%’‘ 25.0 25.0 23.6 21.0 17.0 12.5 8.5 4.5 - - -
SA-194 2H - - - - - - - - - - -
SA-307 B
Seepage177forlowtemperatureope;ationo
* The StressValuesin this table may be interpolatedto determinevaluesfor

intermediatetemperatures.
I
190
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
STAINLESS STEEL
P No.8 GroupNo.1. -
——
TABLE 1 TAklLE3
P r S o N dp G u eN
rc o t c ao . dt P . ree So sNd pG u eNcr ot 6oa
Plate 304 2 3 . P l S aA 316-t 2 23 e 4
S Tb. m SA-213 l TP304s 2 . g Plate SA-240 317 2 3
00
Smls. Tb. SA-213 TP304H — ~ SA-213 TP316 2
z 3 :
y +@ y:: ;’: SA-312 TP304 2 ; ;? %: ;;: SA-213 TP316H —
SA.312 TP304H — & Smls. Pp. SA-312
~ q ~ 33 Smls. pp. SA.312 TL~?l~\ :
~ “gg H:: ;;: W;: TP304H
‘p304 —
2 ‘ =-~ Smls. Pp. SA-312 317 2
z . . C Pp. a SA-452 s TP304Ht — . 5 “Z
g“ Smls. Pp. SA-376 TP316 2
Q SE Forg. SA-182 F304 2 s “? Smls. Pp. SA-376 TP316H —
Forg. SA-182 z ijg Cast Pp. SA-452 TP316H —
* F304H —
a Bar SA-479 304 235 Forg. SA-182 F316 2
g [ F o SA-182 r F316Hg — .
g TABLE 2 g b SA-479a 316 235 r
a
d Product Spec. No. G Nr gao dt e s
< u TABLE 4
~ Plate SA-240 304L — A Product Spec. No. G Nr oa
z O* Smls. Tb. SA-213 TP304L — :
: ~ Smls. Pp. SA.312 TP304L ~ —
s =jS ;::: Tb SA-240 316L —
~~ Bar g ~’g . . SA-213 TP316L —
SA-479 304L 5 Smls. Pp. SA-312 TP316L —
j’ ~
>*
B S aA 316L
- 54 r 7
M A XA LI LM O SUW M
A
T V B RA
L 1E L
E P US. E S0 S d, 0 0
MATERIALS
N O
1 1 81 71 . 61 . 61 8 . 51 8 . 51 6 . 51 2 . 51 9 . 51 9 . 51 9 . 4 19 . 4 6 .
1 1 1 81 51 . 41 . 21 8 . 21 7 . 111.11 . 110.fj9 . 10.61 . 10.44 Io.z2
1 1 61 61 . 51 . 41 7 . 41 5 . 41 3 . 31 7 . 3] 4 . 3 30 . 7 . . 15 ( 3
2 1 1 61 41 . 21 . 11 3 . 01 3 . 01 8 . 0 9 7 . 0 9 9 . 3. . 1 . 0 8
18.8 18.8 18.4 18.1 18.0 17.0 16.7 16.3 16.1 15.9 15.7 15,6 1
3 1 1 81 71 . 51 . 41 8 . 31 7 . 2] 6 . 21 3 .2 1 3 . 11 6 . 11 3 . 1 1 . 1 9.
1 1 61 6‘ . 61 1 . 1 7 5. 41 7 41. 0 . 31 6 . 31 8 . 31 0 . 3 8 . 2 15 . 2.
4 1 1 61 41 . 21 . 11 7 . 01 1 . 01 7 . 0 9 7 . 0 9 9 . 9 4. . 2 . 0 . 8
M A T E RF I MA L TESEO M TP E R AA RT UL R E S
TAyLE
1
1 1 1 . .
1 1 51 5] . 49 . 2 7 4 . 5 3 . . 4 5 . 3 I4 . 2 8 . 1 4 1 5 . 11 . . .
3 1 1 11 11 . 19 . 17 4 . 5 3 . . 4 2 . 3 0 , 2 8 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 . 1 .
N
T h s v e e y s t t s v r
d c p s T s v r f g o a
w s a d c l m
t a I t s v a c 0 h
F a 1 t s v b m t h am t o
1 q w r c o m
S [ 6
e p c m b p s r o
191
-
THERMAL EXPANS1ON
LinearThermalExpansionbetween70F andXndicatedTemperature,Inches/100Feet
THE DATAOF THISTABLEARE TAKENFROMTH~:AM~KIcANsTANllAItll ~Ol)E:
FOR PRESSUREH~lNC. I 1 N O T S T
MATERIAL
~mp. g::;.;toy; 5 Cr Mo ;“:::;:C 120 25 Cr
)gF Low-Chrome thru 17 Cr
20
&l ~:n~’cu 3%Nickel Aluminum &q:on
9~ 18s!W8’\i 27 Cr
-2.04 –2.62 -2.25 -4.68 -3.98
300 -2.24 -2.10 –3.63 -1.92 -2.50 -2.17 -4.46 -3.74
275 –2.11 –1.98 -3.41 -1.80 -2.38 -2.07 -4.2I -3..50
2s0 -1.98 -1.86 -3.19 -1.68 -2.26 -1.96 -3.97 -3.26
22s -1;85 -1.74 -2.96 -1.s7 –2.14 –1.86 -3.71 “ -3.o2
200 -1.71 -1.62 -2.73 -1.46 -2.02 –1.76 -3.44 -2.78
17s -1.S8 - I.50 -2.s0 –1.3s -1.90 -1.62 -3.16 -2.S4
1so -1.45 -1.37 -2.27 -1.24 -1.79 -1.48 -2.88 –2.31
12s -1.30 -1.23 –2.01 –1.11 -1.s9 -1.33 –2.s7 –2.06
100 -1;15 -1.08 -1 .7s -0.98 –1.38 -1.17 –2.27 –1.81
7s –f,oo -0.94 -1.s0 -0.8S -1.18 -1.01 -1.97 -1.56
so -0.84 -0.79 -1.24 -0.72 -0.98 -0.84 –1.67 -1.32
25 –0.68 –0.63 –0.98 –O.s7 -0.77 -0.67 –1.32 -1.25
-0.49 -0.46 –0.72 –0.42 –0.s7 -0.50 –0.97 -0.77
2: -0.32 -0.30 -0.46 –0.27 –0.37 -0.32 –0.63 -0.49
so -0.14 -0.13 –0.21 -0.12 -0.20 -0,1s -0.28 -0.22
o 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0
1:: 0.23 0.22 0.34 0.20 0.32 0.28 0.23 0.46 0.21 0.36
125 0.42 0.40 0.62 0.36 0.S8 0.s2 0.42 0.8S 0.38 0.66
150 0.61 0.S8 0.90 0.53 0.84 0.7s 0.61 1.23 0.52 0.96
17s 0.80 0.76 1.18 0.69 1.10 0.99 0.81 1.62 0.73 1.26
200 0.99 0.94 1.46 0.86 1.37 1.22 1.01 2.00 0.90 1.S6
22s 1.21 1.13 1.7s 1.03 1.64 1.46 1.21 2.41 1.08 1.86
2s0 1.40 1.33 2.03 1,21 1.91 1.71 1.42 2.83 1.27 2.17
275 1.61 1.s2 2.32 1.38 2.18 1.96 1.63 3.24 1.4s 2.48
300 1.82 1.71 2.61 1,S6 2.4S 2.21 1.84 3.67 1.64 2.79
32S 2.04 1.90 2.90 1.74 2.72 2.44 2.0s 4.09 1.83 3.11
350 2.26 2.10 3.20 1.93 2.99 2.68 2.26 4.S2 2.03 3.42
37s 2.48 2.30 3.s0 2.11 3.26 2.91 2.47 4.95 2.22 3.74
400 2.70 2.s0 3.80 2.30 3.s3 3.25 2,69 S.39 2.42 4.05
42S 2.93 2.72 4.10 2.50 3.80 3.52 2.91 S.83 2.62 4.37
4s0 3.16 2.93 4.41 2.69 4.07 3.79 3.13 6.28 2.83 ;.:;
47s 3.39 3.14 4.71 2.89 4.34 4.06 3.3s 6.72 3.03
Soo 3.62 3.3s Sol 3.08 4.61 4.33 3.S8 7.17 3.24 S:33
S25 3.86 3.58 5.31 3.28 4.88 4.61 3.81 7.63 3.46 S.65
S50 4.11 3.80 5.62 3.49 5.1s 4.90 4.04 8.10 3.67 5.98
S7S 4.3s 4.02 5.93 3.69 5.42 5.18 4.27 8.s6 3.89 6.31
::; 4.60 4.24 :.;; 3.90 S.69 5,46 4.50 9.03 4.1I 6.64
4.86 4.47 4.10 5.96 S.7S 4.74 4.34 6.96
650 5.11 4.69 6:87 4.31 6.23 6.05 4.98 4.57 7.29
675 5.37 4.92 7.18 4.S2 6.S0 6.34 S.22 4.80 7.62
700 5.63 5.14 7.s0 4.73 6.77 6.64 5.46 5.03 7.95
72S 5.90 S.38 7.82 4.94 7.04 6.94 S.70 S.26 8.28
7s0 6.16 5.62 8.15 S.16 7.31 7.25 S.94 5.s0 8.62
775 6.43 5.86 8.47 5.38 7.s0 7.ss 6.18 S.74 8.96
8 6.70 0 6.10 8.80 0S.60 7.8S 7.8s 6.43 5.98 9.30
9.64
82S 6.97 6.34 9.13 S.82 8.1S 8.16 6.68 6.22
8S0 7.2S 6.S9 9.46 6.0S 8.4S 8.48 6.93 6.47 9.99
87s 7.53 6.83 9.79 6.27 8.7s 8.80 7.18 6.72 10.33
900 7.81 7.07 10.12 6.49 9.0s 9.12 7.43 6.97 10.6S
92S 8.08 7.31 10.46 6.71 9,3s 9.44 7.68 7.23 11.02
9s0 8.3S 7.S6 10.80 6.94 9.6S 9.77 7.93 7.s0 11.37
97s 8.62 7.81 11.14 7.17 9.9s 10.09 8.17 7.76 11.71
1000 8.89 8.06 11.48 7.40 10.2s 10.42 8.41 8.02 12.0s
102s 9.17 8.30 11.82 7.62 10.5s 10.7s 12.40
10s0 9.46 8.ss 12.16 7.9s 10.8S 11.09 12.76
107s 9.7s 8.80 12.50 8.18 11.1S 11.43 13.11
1100 10.04 9.0s 12.84 8.31 11.4s 11.77 13.47
112s 10.31 9.28 13.18 8.S3 11.78 12.11
1150 10.s7 9.S2 13.S2 8.76 12.11 12.47
117s 10.83 9.76 13.86 8.98 12.44 12.81
1200 11.10 10.00 14.20 9.20 12.77 13,15
122s 11.38 10.26 14.s4 9.42 13.10 13.s0
1250 11.66 10.s3 14.88 9.65 13.43 13.86
1275 11.94 10.79 1s.22 9.8& 13.76 14.22
1300 12.22 11.06 1S.S6 10.11 14.09 14.S8
132S 12.s0 11.30 15.90 10.33 14.39 14.94
13so 12.78 11.ss 16.24 10.s6 14.69 1s.30
137s 13.06 11.80 16.s8 10.78 14.99 1s.66
1400 13.34 12.0s 16.92 11.01 I S.29 16.02
142s 17.30
14so 17.69
147s 18.08
1s00 18.47
192
DESCRIPTIONOF MATERIALS
Whendescribingvarious vesselcomponents and parts on drawingsand in bill of

materials,it is advisablethat a standard method be followed. For this purpose
it is recommendedthe use of the widelyacceptedabbreviationsin the sequences
exemplified below. For ordering material the requirements of manufacturers
should be observed.
MATERIAL
PART DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION
9 Bar2 x 1/4x 3’-6

BAR Bar3/4 @x 2’- O SA-7
9 Bar 1 @ x 3’- O
3/4 @x 2-1/2 H. Hd.M.B. WI(1) sq. nut SA-193B7bolt

= BOLT 1 @x 5-1/2 stud w/ (2) h. nuts SA-1942Hnut
~ CAP 8“ Std. Cap
$,
1“ – 6000# Cplg.
Screwed 2“– 3000# Cplg.
D COUPLING 1“ -6000 # HalfCplg. SA-105
1“ -6000 # 4-1/2 Lg.Cplg.
6“- Std. 900 L. R. En.

Welding 4“- X Stg.450 S. R. En.
h ELBOW SA-234WPB
6“ x 4“ Std. L. R. Red. Eli
4“ - 300# RF. So. Fig.

B. 6“- 150# RF. Wn.Fig. Std. Bore
g
,, FLANGE 6“ - 600# RTJ.Wn.Fig. X Stg. Bore SA-1811
3“ - 150# FF. So. Fig.
8“ -150 # R.F. Bid.Fig.
1“ - 6000# 900 Scr’d.En.

b 1“ -3000 # 900 Scr’d.Street En.
~’:kw:d
2“ -3000 # S.w.Cplg. SA-105
~ Welding 1“ - 3000# Sq. Hd.Plug
FORGED
Q FITTING 2“ -6000 # Scr’d.Tee
2“ -3000 # 450 S. W.En.
18-150 # 1/16” Serv. Sht. Gasket

30 GASKET
18-300 # Spiral Wound ASB. Filled
ASB.
48 “ID x 0.375 min. 2:1 ellip. head SA-285 C

2“ S.F.
9 HEAD 48” OD x 0.500” min. ASME F & D SA-515-70
Head 2 S.F. L = 48” r = 3“ SA-516-70
54” ID x 0.375” min. Hemis. Head
1
DESCRIPTIONOF MATERIALS(cont.)
I
L o n g
W eN l
1 -
d e i
RF.3 8LWN
n c g k
0 ” 0 SA-1811
6“ - Std. Pipex 2’-1

PIPE 8“ -X Stg.Pipex 1’- 6-1/2 SA-53B I
4“ - S. 160Pipex 2’ 4
24” - 0.438” WallPipex 1’-0
FL96” X 3/8 X 12’ -6
0 PLATE ~ 24”OD X 1/2 X 18” ID

~ 18” OD X 1-1/2
6“ x 4“ Std. Cone. Reducer

SA-285C
Welding SA-234 WPB

REDUCER 8’”x 6“ X Stg. Ecc. Reducer
Welding 6“ - Std. 1800 L. R. Return SA-234 WPB

RETURN 4“ - X Stg. 1800 S. R. Return
Welding 4“ - Std. Tee SA-234 WPB

TEE 6“ x 6“ x 4“ X Stg. Red. Tee
— —
EQUIVALENT AND COMPARABLE MATERIALS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES
G e r m a n y F o r m e r
U . S F. rA a. Wn ( c eR Fe e se p d t E . .( R)a eS Ds oUp v t n. i. J i) e a o t pn a n
SA -204 B 15 D 3 1.6415/15MO3 15Mo 3 — —
SA - 283A = A 33 =1.0035 I = St 33 = St 33 CT O-2 —
SA -283 C TSE 24 a =1.0036 I Ust 37-2 St 381[-2 CT 3 kn 2 —
SA -284 B = E24–2 = 1,0038/= Rst 37-2 St 38 b -2 BCt 3 cn 2 —
SA -284 B E -24-3 1.0116/St 37-3 St 38-3 =181 cn —
SA -285 C A 37 1.0345111 Mb 13 = 12 K —
SA -299
SA -455 A 52 1.0844/ 17 Mn 4 17 Mn 4 K47
SA -440 15 CD 2.05 1.7335/13 CrMor 13 CrMor 4.4 12X M —
A
& -
SA- 572-55 A 50-2 1.0050/St50-2 St 50 Ct 5 Cn 3 Ss 50

~.. —
SA -51560 A -42 1.0425 / H 11 Mb 16 16 k
I SA -51570 I – I 1.0435/HIIi I Mb 19 I 18 k —
SA -51660 A -42 1.0425 / H II Mb 16 16 k —
SA -516-70 — 1.0435/ H 111 Mb 19 18 k —
SA -572-55 A 50-2 1.0050 /St 50-2 St 50 Ct 5 Cn 3 SM53 C
I
SA -240-304 — 1.4301 / X 5 Cr Ni 189 X5 CrNi 189 08X 18 H 10 SA453 c
SA -240 -316~ =22 CNDIT-1$ =1.44041X 2 CRN]MO1810 X8 CRN1T11810 03X17 H14M2 316L
195
S
FOR THE DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS
N O T E S
P r ve sue sa s smu a sr n e ue efnha r c ld t ue sar vecdre s e[sv ort ppat eer n adawd ic ha tnh ri dc ia
p ra d ov a nvi t ade g e aeno cu hoss n si otn pr g nu re c vn et i e sdoT sns s spu e herc filei f isni c .ac t li
t p h r awo c h t h s bi c iaeete mscc w v o h oaih mce dc e ase e fp eot l tal byln l o e w e d .
T s h t a a e np d rsa a e rfr e tde t trss e el n aelcly hte es cpr net a roebt e tm
idA
viM
e t sC t he o d
a p da e nrs d c t aer cli sdo b ny esi mtnd rg ue nc n ttc i hdo bn otv oC de Ts ro r he tgd d uo hl e ay et
t C a n o hq ui dtr ooS pe eteh c i eef it ci d a t i n o s n .
A G E N E R A . L
1 T S p eh c i t f ioi c wag .t t ei s po t ni u h or eh tca rr dh rahd acs e n weeot ir evnr q gude i hs r re
f t d ae o f hsa b i ro nip grc rea vnet i es do ssn su er f le s .
2 I c o c oa n t fp ls u i . orc n htcea rsdfh , r a d ta s enpwee r iae ncro egtd kd Ss evp enh ceci fee i ci
3 P r ve es s ssb duh s e r. esfae ial bg ls rin i necl s da e pts, ee t dci ,a t n c em c d ow
p r t edd adi n
l ea d ot t i Ae t Bsi S haot P niMr Velf en sE Cee s Ssruo e rsdV dce De It i el 1iv aI oi, s nI
i s u b as t e d q d u ee nns t d a .
4 V e a sv s ae pe pn s ul . r sts e nce adh n olw
c eatm
s r ielp g ul olhltt ya O t c i ch o u enhp sa t
S aa H f Ae e ( na O t l Sy c t Hd hA )t .
5 V M
e a ns u f s aa ci et .un trl eqv rr s pi u tor a oe iel dt mtc e ao reeta n ec saor nt ni se ant rl u
m e i et c h o oono od a mts s i m chp fi sr e eae ac rts rtd ok s sn a eb l t oe o o
6 A d e v f i l at t Sr ip oe. h c nl i o fst i pci a um
t i oros hnc or, t h dd a r see as e h w
rh h it , n aar g e
w ra ip otp t rt~ oue r v nc ha h la s ef er .
7 V fe a bs ra si r c i eae .ot p lcol ur e , ore i csr prh f dtha u t sepfrae u rn r cl i,c h hssl ea h s c eh
d r af a w p i p n ro g o sv a lr .
D E S I G N
1 PressureVesselsshallbe designedto
. withstandthe loadingsexertedby internalor external
pressure,weightof the vessel,wind,earthquake,reactionof supports,impact,and tempera-
ture.
2 The maximumallowableworking
. pressure shall be limited by the shell or head, not by
minor parts.
3 Wind load and earthquake. All . vesselsshallbedesignedto be free-standing.To determine
the magnitudeof wind pressure,the probabilityof earthquakesand seismiccoefficientsin
variousareas of the United States StandardANSI/ASCE7-93 (MinimumDesign Loads in
Buildingsand Other Structures)shall be applied.
It is assumedthat wind and earthquakeloads d n o s ic m ou l c t a t n eutoo vut hs r l ey ,
s hb d oe fsu e i l w
gi dno ot e e iae hdr tl e hn or q w
r a u h da i kiircge nhr ge e v, a e t r e
4 H o r vi z e so nus tp s b.a p s le o a lrs dt sb edhd d e l aas ec iy csl gt to n mrl e de eodi L nht g
P Z ( i S ti cLr e H kas o s.r ,rPei zsr goVe n nseteo asTs l uS s r eaS e uwl d p s p d o n rl o t
5 T d e f ol hv e ce vt r .i et euo isn n cns oaoef dlp r l e c esm
ro an arstd ii nl tnhe i g o x6a n osc
i np 1 cf oh l e ee0 ns e g r 0t th f .
1 9 6
S p e c i ff i t c Da t i eaoo nFh s a b i r noirgPce arn t Ve i dose (n scs ou sn r tf e ei nl u s
6 S t i r s e ks s ai s odreo . dst s lt s u ne ,aphs tp , eao ht r nt r t aewcs hmi emde e r lnx t a cd

t m a axh l i l ms o uwvt e am raob m l el ae tusg e in esr iPart
i s UCS
a v loff the
s e ASMEn
Code by 33-1/3 percent.
7. Vessel manufacturers shall submit designs for approval when does not
furnish a d eo d s n is o pg t e reon ce r qpi s h uft t l hi y i r ca eek dnt e s e s .
C F A B R I C A T l u. N
1 M a t s e b r hs i p a ae lb. csp li u f r lia c e et h d ad hse nsey i er ig n i ad dot i itr co na
s d r h a Mw oai tns eg np r sh b i . s a ua l b oss fl t t i t l suh ptt oeee wod c i i ps ft r i her e
w r a i p top p tr u oer cv n h a a l s e rf .
2 T t h i o chp k u nl f e. s esas as h ht oe fseee bn dh1/l a r 4 almd - di li sn ni l mc e u h
3 M a n u f a wc t u e r pe l rr .’ dos a c i qe nu da glu in rrf i e ce as tc ibdoohs n u r ba df m sli
a p pu r r o pe vo cpa ouel roi cnpr W h t da e ss fel en dhrb ip . aen ro g plf o lrr
t p u r c a h pa s op ew rr ’oeo ps vl r aod a cl i qe un daf l gui nfr i ec a t i od n .
A w e s l l b dh d i ba n lt o gml e n ls t h hea eial oely t lei s dc ur e b dhm
a e cr
w e p l r d o i c ne sg s .
P e r m ia nn e s bn t t a la sy lc lst k e n ri dh b nui agwp o sil sw t lr hea it po e topdu tr t
p u r c W h au s hbe s ra .s eec st k d nbri ht n,si agcp o a hlms p sol ms aei t et i e oe
w t h a a ih t tct era hc hy o e e d .
4 L o n g i s t u ide ci yn al. li o n m c d ro sis nc h an i sl e c il e sa rl pl l a hs s e , m ahr il esc
b u hi l s e t b -hl a u o tapd c aol s l p t le te ne rdi hea n i ogn epr fs o a, ira sc i ardn gdn
w p el C ai r cat u me f sers r e n.oe t si a las h b m hl e o ast lcc f la ol l pt l eee en d
t r he i n e pf o t ir a ca i r idnr ng s s usna l u, a r tpy i ai pdo s nno awrg npdt s le d , a
W t ch o ov ehc ei r cr unim fnsee r g eb n r te ie fa i l n paf oi ur ncm ai vany o tg i d a
s s e b hg ara f o alm
l ue lxu n ae pn dsm t irwh n e idet l dr oed i inr hpf n oo gr
i p l a c e n .
N l o n g ij t u os d i bi nhaoa nll aw lt oitl s dwt ol ewh e hand i co aon ar m o e r e t
p w l p h a rv e coii n r pess po eeut e w
cr a t i i l moeh pn o sl s f i e b d l e s .
T m i nsh oi f mi wi ue smlz e la rs e e tvl f rwti e fdn ni eg ng t t s s eol h br h n d
1 i n / c h 4 .
5 S kV ei vr r te s it s b. c hp.s a re la owl vasl s i i wdl k e se htd i h h i a rho aac ut lth v
d i ae m t qet to u e u dr ath i s aol tim os deeu tep vehp ro.e Tr st mf ee si d nhe i
t h i f c a sk ns ke ob sh1 is i a r nr l/ t c l he 4 .
S sk b i hp r aowt va lm s i i di l oen e t tdi 2 m -hv u whim el n o o fca olcnh ha e
a p o 1s d s ei a bg8 pl rs e ae er0 s t .
S 4k f ii d er i aat m le s se thetnh e on r aaas co d l pvn sc el l ne aet ’ s i4er n sh -g ;
d i as m sk e h ith t e r 1aar t 8 Ol sw
-v a i l .co ne p cco reD he n i i snw. nf ss og lr is c e e
6 B rings sa b dh se afs . aie a l g l nl lob oe e w

ed p aa r b rroe lnc ise o sn on u6g c rp r e e
7 A n c h o . r b u w sr h e aqee iu a eric d r wne ae dl h s
v he ese xsi 6 c gef e lhT ee n t d e u so ha m
t 0n bb . cs e eo bh rhi lmo fua tr l tl
o 4 am i on 8 i i p m r ef u ;f em r r ef d s .
8 .
S a s d b dh w l ea te t l s l v d e le e she x w ds c se op helee c , pio fe irt ct dabnl el y

s h l i opS poa t edbs s dd e h l l .i e s po s b p fh o oe tie atds vt l eate mlhes ea ds n
m af fr i k in soet ea dlT l las t r i d do nhrh . s a bowh d ei eaepn it ng al s a ti rl l u
c o n ct e r h n i in g s .
197
Specificationfor the Designand Fabricationof PressureVessels(continued)
Whentemperature expansionwill c ma t u 3o i h s c r neha/i t ead c nin s8 ghht
b et t s w a e ad sh e d bnll ee p iesa s, rl d bi h ua ne aW
gst tl eeh v l de ei e h r.s
s u p b p c o o r snt eca d1 r d i e dt t y lnehc/ eo i rs cp rc o24 ilksh inw,a o ct n i t h dhe e
t c o ns h c a s r dbe hwet d e eat l t l esl d w lh eah ce edoi n tol w tie n lTeu ho ul
c o r p r os l s b ihp ao r na otw v al e1i i i dl ve e tdnh / pe hlco w un4 p ghl li gt a ee
s e a a t fl v a het nb h s et p s re ar tee e se el s s su t nr e e d .
9 O p eo n2 i i n a g c.s s mh s na efb hl 6 s l l a def0 rl o s 0 rlf t oeg h0 eu e b eda
c o u p l i n g .
O p e2 n i -i nan 1l gc sas / h bnr fhe2 lg s aa e nd l rg el de .
F l s a c nh o gt naS e f t sl oaA nr lB d6mN .a 5 r o- Sd 1 9 I7 31 .
F lf sa a b n ah cf g o a eel ll s o lw es s :
Raised face. . . . . . . . b re a6 l l t A o i 0 Nw
n g S 0 b I
Raised face. . . . . . . . r a6 l tA i p N0 sn 3Si g i naI0 psbc ,z m h e an ee l
Ring type joint. . . . . . r a6 l tA i p N0 sn 4Siig i naI0 plbc ,z a h e nr e g
R t ji yo. . .n .i . pa n gr b t e a6 .ol tA vi N0 ne Sg 0I b .
F l a n g e - b o sl t - sh ho tl e srt a pa rdl i dc hn ell cn eti o e pt r eavl il en Oe sh sp s e en f
s b hf wal i ul ino v lss tw ee i h us dhha s d e s e roe f wl ae l n i ho ds nct s eas thr
t wh b o ie n tu re r wfl ee v r de ien n ce ste teI s r n n etha elol dosr . pn g sea nle h i
b r o t u a mn i d rn e ei aod 1m di uo oi tm na ru/ aes c tdf qo8 ihn uoeru t o - as h
p w ti h a i w pc ik li lnh e te ls 1 eesi h nsn a/ t cs s nh 4 .
W t ih nd ehi s a o i tm n nde e t oen e h zar et z wf l e ecn ne lh f dk e loi d nae c
w e f l i dd t ibi t 1/n fi i g nf o mgne 1 t or p c yo r s 6 ah m
he d ra i r, las e m
lb t h e f t r
t a a pa r e 1 : a r e t d 4i t o .
O p es n b hri en i ag nf sfn l o a r lcc oeeae dow n a fl rec w do d rcl o, or nso ld d i s et
T p u l fh r as e i nt poeef os e r bcd ht i asnr gac o a m
hl dp so lms a ei tt te ui e oe hn se
f t s o hho h t we e i hilr c ea o li n rn dc e co ht e td s .
R e i n pf o s r cba ihp n rg da ow va l 1 si i d l t e e tnda /t ep hhlc pl l 4- eooht a cad l al
9 o t l o 0 n gf iha t ou v°d xi fen e a s l i s e s l f .
T m i onh iu d mt i useao m tim r de e tie n ehpf ros r bc h4fi i aen ganp tc l dl h l
o u d t i sao t m i o de p t e n ehn ri e n g fc ’e s k .
W c h oa t vb e p e r r nrof ov s pi eeda oocne e cid t o nt r pg rdu s ir cn rh hg ea s q e our
t m i a n uo f s a cnf t h uu r,t erar r ne l qgi h uasl a i hs s r k etet edn us th n ds hb e sd a s
u f t s e t sv oe te i shd ns r ge le .
M a c n os wbv hp a er yaow r vd l s i ai d l v e e ti d t hs .
C o tu ph ml r bi ec n u aag l fd sf es dr n at re a e feni onfe ds tce at mlt l aes t i or n
10. I n t e T r ns r a bl h afs u. ary b n t l is sf lah r bee rad i ai c n a ys tbyntov ar el l s

m a n u f a Tc t su r ure rr p. a api d oo n w yr nnb tg c o ob s lms det bar hif u n rar g n il
a i n s b nt v a em l al ns de u fds a Tc et t yu r lf e ar r h.b sr i sa ch aue c t ya oob rm m l p
s d he i t n a oc i i l n lus pt ds ai i,ln lns at g tr aiu ocp nt ia ol cn t s pki u i rs fndc ght a
a p pa tr r o a vn nt s av m l i fe t a t bds a r l is c ae ot ol r .
T s r b hda e a ysf ai ul s g n nl l oi e el fd o i o1 o p r o v m t aw es eo dwh i f 0ag f
s e wt l t t ii g bn rh gaee ,vf a ae c t r o enn cro es l ,n lt r doai 2t roel d v a 5 eb d
A t d el ohs t a mi d a gt iedx h nen i f gmol t e u ec s m
rt ni hoea n xa y oc fl s e l e
u t 1 0 d -i fa- 1 m
oi peo o t tn /e r c 8 h
l at 1r h0 gd - i e afa- 3 rm
o6 i neo t t n/e r c 1 h
198
Specificationfor the Designand Fabricationof PressureVessels(continued)

T m i tnh h i i omc i kuen nm
pt el e as rtsa en s w a fou lrr pnk s spi n oh bn lrd a tg o e
t 1 ih n a/ c nh 4 .
I n ct e as r pr nt bias elbpo sh etin aawn l n e lgd i a l g r e hd t .
I n ft le s ra b nhA
n a g1 al N
e 5s ls l 0t S i l o- fpe yalI - b bfro pi pnc ra l et e ar od t
C as r i t nb tfeo el nser a nb nhlfa gal a esw t slc e i anl s e res tdq b u ae ohr e ne
m a bc ah o s i lnq n ne ut a uca s k -rt d wt ee f l dls et adha n l v go oo eoes se
R e m io nv ta s eb brl h men a ia ls a s e l w
c d lt c hi e b eo r i n ne sactm h oh r v n
t m a n h w a y se .
R e m i o n v t as eb n r l h bne p a ar l ows l vc oi li rd at r el eotl d so F w
i ohoa pn ec oen
c o n t n p e sc utu eacv d tm ob i ror sp ne t b , ahp e r k oax e v ril d el de .
1 A p p u r 1t e nV a n e cp e. ssr . sow ev m il ai d s n l e w tdil a qcy eh os u ,onv r i t red o
v a1 f l a v egb e rs oes ba he 2v dqt a ueew i cl , p i lpla ae e a gtdd p dl e ah e t n dfr o
L aa pd l d al n tes f bur hos h rd o agm p -t twl sve l l ed Wee shd v hs e ev re o leet r.is
r e i qn s u u f l i a a brt sir e oi f nc h ,au at ra oi nr n ls i snu sl rt p h ai Rp eldnoi ln rgf ot
r mi a bn u l at g i i s lsus pi y piz ono e sre udt l i an nt g i o n .
I n s us l u a r tp i s poi nbo h 1n r i atg l inl /s w e l tci e t s2 dthh h sti oahcn hk
i n s ua ls a pt 1 i fn ao o n cio tce d - ns d l1 t /aa2 ect 2 r t tat hi a rnhl nog T gi te en
t r s bi o hc o n na t i w np l u g oet ult sl hel y d a e o eh ra dt m li d ohb ea n ; te at lg ar
b a l -l fi owni o lcy 1n e lh 2 c e-gle i tnT n dtb ce no hrh h ts o i. te n os e ua m l
v e vr tse i b s hce qsa a ul we i 1/l lp i2p ls -e e qntdi wun huceaw htlr t eideh ed s et
t t o u o tt h h s o i a eophd ep r e o ax 1i f me2 asd t -e nqlc iy eun n ca t h er re s
1 F a b r t2i oc al tes i r on. a hnen c xate lsoc l i e n lhmed it i tid ct ta eb ta seeh gdb i n
o p I a T g On e .
D I N S P E C T I O. N
1 P u r r c e h ts a r es etr . ii rv h n egt ssv hp ae e ae ht st c o ds t i nufe ea rbl mr t iit yc na e
a st t s v h u em r ahas tea es t tr we ieo arnl kl hmsa a i na sdc h cei r opw r td a i ne h
s p e c i f i c a t i o n .
2 T a p po h a r wo vb . teaon pl u r r cf hr hye ap k rs ee ys rae e ’n hst ar t i e von e al i e
v se n s h r s e at el m
o ali l n eu lhf ova ta c etr ue sr epe orn n f s ic b ai lf oiry t ot yr y i
p r o ov t i ss p i e hoc in f si ci a t if os n .
E .
1, Radiographicexamination shall be performedwhen required by the ASMECode
or whendeterminedby the economicsof design.
2. The completedvesselshall be providedwith a nameplate securelyattachedto the
vesselby welding.
3. If the vesselis post-weldheat-treated,no weldingis permittedafter stressrelieving,
4. Removableinternalsshallbe installedafter stressrelieving.
5. The location of all vesselcomponentsopenings,seams,internals,etc., of the vessel
shall be indicated on the shop drawingsby the distance to a commonreference
line. The referencel s b i hp e r anm m
a nl eao n tl tr sle yk h e h e d l nl e
6 T hydrostatichtest pressure. s e b hm a ia nf t al aa i dln oete dq t pu i a er t n mr
a t h oi nr s o p i ue a cg ct hi n o l nan t, 3e osmhn iy s ne a ut ts ne s0 .
7 V es s n hsb p e a a luo. i sl sn n p lelt c t seie ef dito s co aa sl r l t y d e e d r n .
, .
199
Specification for the Design and Fabrication Pressure V e( cs o sn tei nl u s e
F P R E P A R F A TS I HO . NI O P M E RN T
1 A f f h i y t d rn t eo sv .a ter ase t l sbi s hdc sta ra c e , l il lt ehn eloa rei nod unae d g dsh l
o u t rt se g i mr l d eo se o a vrc os oae aed u s ,l i een s r , tt d .
2 A f i sn lui w
sr fh a .haenl cdp i er orsc b ot b e h fc l etl set ai db hcn n gow
ya de a ls i t
r p r eu v e n ts a t i v t e .
3 A f l o a lp n ew g n a. eih l n nd pi g r s r cow o v c h i iosde ebtv hptd er ao rhb te les c
s u si pt t al bae l t ee e sl .
4 T h ro ep ase dnb hpei . dln aug gs l g el de .
5 F i n pt o e sa r u rn s.i ar tut l apss bp b , holp err a tot asv l i d v dl a edeo m
d u i a ro
s h i p m e n t .
6 B a on s l bun hc t o.wats wa d al i stt ell e ru tepbd r r o i h oc f a n t .
7 V e s s b hsc e l ai l ed. sel a nb r tpl i la ef tyii oen d t a r i ih n y dn g t nu e i eam er b
c o n s lp i o c ocu t o a vu t s e i soh ns e n le .
8 S p m w a a a h rt l b i.st l hr c ls i hspo bpe hb ooe ea oads b g l eaog m l ex ea d ner
w t o i a r i ht nd t un hoe t m e ve r be d semh sr e f le .
9 V ef a sb sr s i t c eh a. ntl aa oe r c lp ekl r se l cs iaea l u r l t oyi b oa b n dls oai c n nk g
b r t av c ae i f hsun r sgnan ni e se hcl mi e ldnas gt ts p ae r r rld ye i a vam le a ng o et
G F R
I EN P O
A R. L T S
1 B et vf ieo r h s r f e . se ha e ei t oldpm m a s ny eu hfnrs a tc f t h uu rpe eraur nr lc i h
c oo r ep p r i o t dre ua cn s i s bep lra oe r t e a fn oc y l cr lh eo pwh oi f ner g t s :
a M a n u f a dc t ru r eea r .’ ps ot r at .
b S d rh as wh o ti o vn. wpgae i sd hsni m gs en“ neb es uil o i dan sl t ”s .
c P h o tco s oo t r a pe t ci. ci c o resh d hsai p on frr gw de t i s uh snsy rdug r rti o es n te a g
d P h o t co s oot ar pte i. c ic c o er hs d s hai t no fer gmw tp i de sr n aup tg our rs eit -
h t r ee a t am e n t t .
e R u o bn bp ia l n . a gm t f e .
H G U A R A N T E. E
M a n u f ga cu t a u rrt ea rtn tvh e eef s hau s a l c s f ot ine e dlal l i sl t si t i o t nal s t h
S p e c i fa i ct a ti ii ohfn n f raf r di adet oe tuws soe r lmi k mga t a nm
n n s a, h t i n pe r
S ha do edu nefl d v ed ute cf ylr y t oi o hop nerp eg trs aame ta t ni uro hf nafa ,c gt u rr
t m a n a e c a ekll ts e so r eaa etral i ypro en aps l , i an fc r e o msc er hn d t as e r g e e
200
V F T
T d i m e h tn os il oei ntre a a t l n h-c ua e sno bi t l h nl n ees r e- osaw b i s t s o ae er
p r wa c if t o di lb c eul e ola s wmy ae en du nf ar o c pyt usr r eved r se ss us re f e
A t o l ea l ri a n n u cc r elno h s t l eh i ees ne r d, swi ics sa et e d .
T o l en r l a ni tc oset s tsh a be hht bi dw a lne ia sp l etr l a llh c ei ti d i mn c ai l
Q b & a : R : : : : ; e ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ : ’ : :
c D i ts t t r a e nf l ceh . . re. ei. n o ce ne
d D e v c ii r ca u m t f i e r om
e. nnte i a al l ys u r
at the joint of structure . . . . . . . t 1
D i bs te at t an w dc ecje w ea l~ cn1 i e nop
@ ~ ~~ a n ~ w a y
e D i fs t t af r no f c a.oh elo a cm n e e
c e n ot me r a lt ri n ne ew f l e a r if ey n n
v se u s l p bs p uoe oo s tl r ag t t d o d, m
c e n ot v e re wl shi ni si ec e h el f v , e
applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 1
d f D e v c ii r ca u mt f i e rome. nn te i a al l ys u r
. . . . o t o s u uh o vtr f e. en. a. e .s trc 1s e e
*
,
7
.
o
.
f
g P r o j s e hc tdo i ior fns. t ; t e a rs
u s t u os vr i fte dt a fse c s e
nt
a he
c o
f l
of manway . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1/2
h D e v f i ha o tr r i i voz. onoe n r t tm a li , c
o t i n tp he o ni s a d i r ete di on n
direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1°
i D e v o ib a h t ioi oa o . n l l enf t s
e direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1
e N o C z o zw u lp a hlen i t, ibn gr c o h e
c o n t n p e i c pt e i d n g o .
Q ! ! ! l
- - - T t - o l ef h rm a an scn oeeb wsh a ay r s
a p p l i e d .
N o C z o zw u lp a hlet bi , i n gr c h e
c o n t n p e i c pt e i d n g o .
D i fs t t af r no f c aoh elo a cm n e eg
c e n ot o e rp lt eri nen ef li e nr i f eg n n
v se u s l p bs p uoe oo s tl r ag t t d o d, ml
c e n ot v e re wl shi ni s i ec e h el f v , e
applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f 1
f D e v c ii r ca u m t f i e r ome. nnte i a al l ys u r
o t o s u uh o tvr f e.en. a. e .s ?rc 1s e e
g P r o j s e hc tdo i ior fns. t ; t e a rs n t c o
o u s t u os vr i fte dt a fse c s e a he f l
of opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1/4
201
VESSEL FABRICATION TOLERANCES

(continued)
N o (z c zo nl tei ns u, e d )
h D e v f i ha o tr r i i voz. onoe on r t tm a li , c a
t i n tp he o ni s a d i ete di on n n
direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1/
i D e v o ib a h t iio oa o . n l l enf t s n
direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 1
N o Cz o z u lu p e f l sl i s ,n8 eg oesa v g de re i
l c e o en v t ret o l l c , .
D i bs t e ac t en wn c ot e ee er l n i n e
openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 1 /
S a d d l e
k D i cs et n a ot bne ocr . l et it nh e o l ef s
reference line . . ., . . . . . . . . . ~ 1
k D i cs et n a ot bne ocr . l et it nh e o l ef s
centerline of shell . . . . . . . . . . I 1
1 D i bs te ab t on w l ci . tbe e h e o na l e s s
p o lb e ab t o w t l o tes e h oe olr n l eo s t
two saddles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . k 1
m T r a nt so bv eip r sa. . .l e.l . . aks 1 t tf e / e
p F e
n L o n g i t t ou bd iip n a. .a l.l . l . ~ as1 t tf e
&hell
o. Deviation from verticality for vessels
of up to 30 ft overall length . . . . . ~ 1/2
for vessels of over 30 ft overall length ~ 1/8
per 10 ft.
max. 1-1/2
P Vessels for internal pressure. The
. difference
between the maximum and minimum inside
diameters at any cross section shall not exceed
one percent of the nominal diameter at the
cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 170
Deviation from nominal inside diameter
as determined by strapping . . . . . ~ 1/32
@ @ p F e
O o r o u u Cn dU n o eG
t s f sd- 8 e 0
E x pt re e rS s nC s a U
u l ro e G
e . d- e8 e
F o H r eC m U
a e o d G d s d- , 8 e 1
T installation
r a y
r O o l i ae u d vi r . . .nee.t . c .f ttl 1i n yo n/
‘ + - - I - T p F e
t Tray Support
r. Out of level in any direction . . . . . ~ 1/32
p F e
202
V E F A
S B SR I C
ET AO T
L L I EO RN A N C E S
( c o n t i n u e d )
T S ru ( p c aop n ot i yr n ut e d )
B s D i bs te a t nd w tcj . e ae ec r en n a t
v
supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1
s
E } + t. * Distance to reference line . . . . . . ? 1
s. Distance to seal pan . . . . . . . . . f 1
v D i ts d t o a w n ns cc u. oe. . pm
. ~ epo1 r o
w
w w T f a iw o oisl n u d .r pt . .tr p ~yi 1oh r nf
x W P e l ai t r e
/ x. Out of level . . , . . . . . . , . . . ~ 1
Y. Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 1/8
I *
z D i ts i t nao v n s w
ce . i e. s. . d at so1 e e l f
*
203
A S p e c iP ff i c a t i I oo n r
SHOP WELDED TANKS
S u om M m R aae q r uj iyor Aeo mS fe rtnP t aI s nT I d Z
E ea f d .r1 nFid t t9 i, ho
S C O P E
specification covers material, design, and construction requirements for
vertical,cylindrical,aboveground, shopwelded, steel productiontanks in nominal
capacitiesof 90 to 500 bbl. (in standard sizesup to maximumdiameterof 15 ft.,
6 in.) for oil field service.
A M A T E R I A L
Plates shall conform to the following ASTM Standards
A36, A283 C or D, and A285 C.
MINIMUMPLATETHICKNESS
Shell and deck: 3/16 in., Bottom: 1/4 in. Sump: 3/8 in,
CONSTRUCTION
The bottom of the tank shall be flat or conical; the latter
may be skirted or unskirted. Fig. A, B, C. The deckshall
be conical. The slope of the bottom and deck cone= 1:12
B WELDING
Bottom, shell and deck plate joints shallbe double-welded
butt joints with complete penetration. Fig. D. The
bottom and the deck shall be attached to the shell by
double-weldedbutt joint or 3/16 in. fillet welds, both
insideand outside.Fig. E through K.
OPENINGS
Tanks shall be furnished with 24 in. x 36 in. extended
R
neck cleanout. APIStd. 12F Fig.3.4
TESTING
Tanks in diameters up to and including 10 ft. shall be
tested to 3 psi. air pressure; tanks in diameterslargerthan
D 10 ft. shallbe tested to 1-1/2psi.air pressure.
PAINTING
Onecoat primer.
E H N o m W i o n r aO k l u i tn s g i d e
C a p aC ca i p t aD y c i , i a t mHy e , et e i r ,g
b b b l bf i . l f t n. t .
JQ9
9 7 7 0 - 1 21 1
1 7 0 9- 6 0 8 9
1 1 5 9- 26 0 1 9
2 1 0 1 60 0 102 6 -
2 2 1 1 00 0 10 0 -
2 2 5 1 20 0 11 4 -
3 2 0 1 60 0 12 6 -
4 3 0 1 60 0 22 6 -
5 4 0 1 6 0 2 2 6 - 0
5 4 0 1 7 0 5 1 9 - 6
7 7 5 1 4 0 5 2 6 - 6
T o l e r— a n c* ie 2 1i n 3 An /
204
WELDEDSTEEL TANKSFOR OIL STORAGE

API. S t a 6 n E d 5 iaE r gd d0 1i h t ti , 9 oh n 8,
APPENDIX A — OPTIONAL DESIGN BASIS FOR SMALL TANKS

(Summav of major requirements)
SCOPE
This appendix provides rules for relatively small capacity field-erectedtanks in
which the stressedcomponents are limited to a maximum of 1Ainch nominal
thickness, including any corrosion allowance stated by the purchaser.
MATERIALS
The most commonly used plate materials o t p b t s
A 2 C A 2 C A 3 A 516-55, A 516-60
The plate materials shall be limited to !4 inch thickness
WELDED JOINTS
The type of joints at various locations shall be:
Vertical Joints in Shell

Butt joints with complete penetration and complete fusion as attained by dou-
ble welding or by other means which will obtain the same quality of joint.
Horizontal Joints in Shell

Complete penetration and complete fusion butt weld.
Bottom Plates
Single-weldedfull-fillet lap joint or single-weldedbutt joint with backing strip.
Roof Plates
Single-weldedfull-fillet lap joint. Roof plates shall be welded to the top angle
of the tank with continuous fillet weld on the top side only.
Shell to Bottom Plate Joint

Continuous fillet weld laid on each side of the shell plate. The sizeof each weld
shall be the thickness of the thinner plate.
The bottom plates shall project at least 1inch width beyond the outside edge of
the weld attaching the bottom to shell plate.
INSPECTION
Butt Welds
Inspection for quality of welds shall be made by the radiographic method. By
agreement between purchaser and manufacturer, the spot radiography may be
deleted.
Fillet Welds
Inspection of fillet welds shall be made by visual inspection.
+
,.. 205
W S T S
API. Standard 650, Eighth Edition, 1988
TESTING
Bottom Welds
1, Air pressure or vacuum shall be appliedusing soapsuds,linseed oil, or other
suitablematerialfor detectionof leaks,or
2. After attachment of at least the lowest shell course water shall be pumped.
underneaththe bottomanda headof6 inchesof liquidshall be maintainedinsidea
temporarydam.
Tank Shell
1. The tank shall be filled with water, or
2. Painting all joints on the inside with highly penetrating oil, and examining
outside for leakage
3, Applying vacuum
APPENDICES OF API STANDARD 650
Appendix A — Optional Design Basis for Small Tanks

Appendix B — Foundations
Appendix C — Floating Roofs
Appendix E — Seismic Design of Storage Tanks
Appendix F — Design for Small Internal Pressure
Appendix H — Internal Floating Roofs
Appendix J — Shop-Assembled Storage Tanks
Appendix K — Example of the application of variable design point procedure
to Determine Shell-Plate Thicknesses
Appendix M — Tanks Operating at Elevated Temperatures
Appendix N — Use of Unidentified Materials
Appendix O — Under-Bottom Connections
WELDED STEEL TANKS, API. Std. 650 — APPENDIx A
FORMULAS
NOTATION G = specific
=
H =
D = t minimum required plate
=
ft. thickness, in.
E = joint efficiency, 0.85 R = radius of curvature of
when spot radiographed roof, ft.
0.70 when not radio- 6 = angle of cone elements
graphed with the horizontal, deg.
(2.6) (D) (H– 1) (G
t = ) + C.A.
(E) (21,000)
but in no case less than the following:
Mean diameter of Plate
tank, ft thickness,in.
@
Smallerthan 50. .., ., . . . . . . . . . . . . %
~.-l 50 to 120, excl.. . . . . . . ... ., ... , ., ~
120 to 200, incl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ., ;
S H E Over
L 200L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
= 4 *0 but0not less
~ than
i 3~6in,
n
* ~m:umt . ,,*in
SELF-SUPPORTING Maximum@ = 37 deg. 9:12 slope
CONEROOF Minimum6 = 9 deg. 28 min. 2:12 slope
r= R/200 but not less than ~lG in.
~, Maximum t= 1Ain,
D R= radius of curvature of roof, in feet.
SELF-SUPPORTING Minimum R = 0.8D (unless otherwise specifiedby the
D A O MN E D
M R 1
T c a o t t a hni sro g q fl eu e
i n p c t h cl r eo s s hu- s , ae c t osi r ot ne sa el a h ah e s
r p ow
l aia do tti os eh 1f t t si a t inn t chhm ei ce ek f 6n i
e m e af s s t u r mr h er , odeoe p m i mo so a or t i tt t ena
m t t et a n nsh ob g htm lio aen e pi l ,m u l me :
F S e l f - So u p p o r t i rFn gS e l f - So u p p o r t i r n
C R oo o n fD sea oU: m Rm b n r o e e ol
T ~2 DR
T R IO N3,000 P d
G 1,500
All b op t sl t ha h oa m
t aam ie n l s v io t lmm ehui m
in
BOTTOM
n o 1 ei s / n s f 4 .
207
WELDEDSTEEL TANKSFOR OIL STORAGE

APL Standard 650, Eighth Edition, 1988
APPENDIX J – SHOP-ASSEMBLED STORAGE TANKS

(Summary of major requirements)
SCOPE
This appendix provides design and fabrication specifications for vertical
storage tanks of such size as to permit complete shop assembly and delivery to
the installation site in one piece. Storage tanks designed on this basis are not to
exceed 20 feet in diameter within the scope of API Standard 650.
MATERIALS
The most commonly used plate materials of those permitted by this standard:
A 36, A 283 C, A 285 C, A 516-55, A 516-60
WELDED JOINTS
As described in Appendix A (see preceding page) with the following modifica-
tions:
Lap-welded joints in bottoms are not permissible
All shell joints shall be full penetration butt-welded without the use of backup
bars.
Top angles shall not be required for flanged roof tanks.
Joints in bottom plates shall be full penetration butt welded.
Flat bottoms shall be attached to the shell by continuous fillet weld laid on
each side of the shell plate.
BOTTOM DESIGN
All bottom plate shall have a minimum thickness of ?4 inch.
Bottoms may be flat or flat-flanged.
Flat bottoms shall project at least 1 inch beyond the outside diameter of the
weld attaching the bottom to shell.
SHELL DESIGN
Shell plate thickness shall be designed with the formula:
(for notations see Appendix A on preceding page)
(2.6) (D) (H– 1) (G) + ~ ~
t =
(E) (21,000) “ “
,but in no case shall the nominal thickness less than:
N o T m D i ia na N am no Ple m tT klieh irn ac a k lt n e e s s
( f e e ( ti n) c h e s )
up to 10.5, incl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3/16
Over 10.5.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘/4
ROOF DESIGN
Roofs shall be self supporting cone or dome and umbrella roofs.
See Appendix A for design formulas.
TESTING
Apply 2 to 3 pounds per square inch internal air pressure.
I
208
S u om M m R ae q r u j iy or eo m fe rn t s f
P I PC O I ND G E S
p e r tt a i n i n g o
P W I T A
H IP C ALK EA
N LEL LS NOS PW RA BE D LS ES U R E
C a SO C D O EP E F O R M U L A S
I n P t r e e r s n s a u l r e
PD. ● ~
= +
/ . W+2 + S E
A B 3N 1 . 1S- 1 9I 9 2 .
+@-
-
T C p h r o e ms i ci d rr n i se bi eqe m su u i m r e - -2y(r. – A)
m f te d enm oas httf i ae bgsr r i irn ace la, st i , o n , 2 –SA E ( t
e r te ac iet n i s os pp nn e at, co t ,i wod nn e df – r2y(f” d
- A) +
F M a At oe A 5r Ba Si A a 1 lTrB s n M 0
p la d a i hn s ents t aysr e st,i txicd e tnc Fm M g e s T , pee mo pt tne Er a ax t ucrD r leoFe es de
a l i b h m 1 i 0 Tt 0 a se . hs yd1 s.ey– 3. t t s6. e me 27 s 5 7 00 o 0 8 5 0
m n l i b pm o i l t a e t d n y t 1 41 .13 4
l u i t n a n sl ph eee cl i rseifs i i sm
c a y il el t y e d n
P 1 a 0 r 0 s. 1. . E x R t e e sr na au t r e
1 d e t w e rt mh iaai ns c i t %tn irlgmef nqef uetsl i nsr ei
p r o cu i dRt uUt sr i 2G e arn s3 o-eaS d2 eV s n n8c . I
D i 1o vt A i Bs aiS oPh o r iV n Me Cl nes fs e esE
bs ouh r s
f o l l o w e d .
U B 3S 1 . 2A - 1 I9S 6n P8 t r e e r s n s a u l r e
= P - t
C c oto d v e fd esa h bir e rg s i n ec , a - D
t i ni s t ao l t l ane ot ips on, n ti , i p( n di 1g3S on 5 6f 6g t ,e e 4e s , , ,
s y f fs g t s ue aao n m usages t e rc u al sr h a s s l O S, 0 p F , s0
m a n u fg a l c ti uaqpr eue d et s fr io Fe,l Med ua Am t eoA 5r Ba Si Aa 1 lT
rB s n M 0
g ( - aL m a iP a x tiGt bu us )rop e hFr vspM T eeee meo p r tNe rE a axt urcDr leoeF se de
c o m bl u sli t i i mqpb ule i e et frt – oi t, el 1 ed u 2 m 03 4 0 o 400 00
g ( i Lt ga P a p s G hoh mes a) o nsiu2e se 0 x ,1 . r 19- S0 . 8 0 16.80 1 . 0
tures of these gases.
A B 3N 1 . 3 S - 1 9 I 9 3
C H E P M A
IL C A L NN T D
r= - P(l - r)]
1, 7, S) t = +
A A
F
– to 100 2 2 3 4 0 0 50 00
a l l 2 02 . 20 020. 010.0 8.00
300.1.2 or 300.1.3. Only Category For determining thickness and stiffening requirements the
p r o c e d UG-28,
u r 29eands V I
D and M fluid D i1 v i s i o n
Summary of hiajor Requirements of
PIPING COD ES
(continuation from facing page)
NOTATION NOTES
1. The minimum thicknessfw the pipe
A= an additional thickness,in inchesto compcn
- sclcctcd. cunsidcring manufacturer’s
sate for materialremovedin threading,groov- minus tolerance,shallnot be lessthan
ing etc., and to provide for mechanical t,n, The minus tolerance fur seam-
strength,corrosionand erosion, lesssteel pipe is 12.5% of the nurninal
For cast iron pipe the following valuesof A pipe witl! thickness.
shallapply: 2. Wheresteelpipe is threadedand used
Centrifugallycast . . . . . . . . . . 0.14in. for steam service at pressureabove
Statically cast . . . . . , . . . . . . 0.18 in. 250 psi, or for water serviceabove
100 psi with watel temperatureabove
c= the sum in inches of the mechanicaldlow-
220 F the pipe shall be seamless
llav-
ancesithreador groove depth)plus corrosion ing the minimum ultimate tensile
anderosionallowance, :
strcngth of 4tt,0(XI psi and weight
d = inside diameter of the pipe in corrodedcon- at least equrd to Sch 80 of ANSI
dition, inches B36.JO, (Code ANS1 B31.1, Paris.
)&D. = outsidediametcfof pipe, inches 104.1.2 Cl)
~ = efficiency factor of weldedjoint in pipe(see 3. Piping systemsinstalledin open ease-

applicablecode)For seamlesspipe E = 1.0 ments, which are accesible to the
generalpublic o: to individualsother
~ = for cast iron pipe casting quality factor F ‘than the owner of the piping system
shallbe usedin placeof E or his employee or agent, shall be
P= internal designpressure,or maximum allow- designed in accordancewith USAS
able workingpressure,psig B31.8. (Code USAS B31.02, Para.
S = maximum allowable stressin materiistdue to
201.1)
internal pressureat the design temperature, 4. When not specifically required by SI
psig. gas using processor equipment, the
t = thicknessof pipe requiredfor pressure,inches maximum working pressurefor pip-
ing systemsinstalled in buildingsin-
tm = minimum thicknessof pipe in inchesrequired
tended for human useand occupancy
fer pressureand to compensatefor materitil
shall not exceediO psig. (Code USAS
removedfor threading,grooving,etc., Jnd tu
B31.2, Para201.2.1)
providefor mechanicalstrength,corrosionist~d
erosion. 5. Every pi~ing systcm,regardlessof an-
ticipatcd smviccconditionsshalllurvc
V&Y = coefficientsas tabulatedbelow
a designpressureof at least }0 psig
between the temperaturesof minus
20 F and 250 F, (Ct,idcUSAS B31.2,
Values of y & Y Para.201.2. 2,b.)
900‘ I I so
6. Where the minimum wall thicknessis
Temperature and ‘wd in excessof 0.10 of the nominal dia-
1: below 9s0 1000 toso I boo above
meter, the piping system shall meet
I:rrrilic Steels 0.4 0.5 0.7 0,7 0.7 0.7
the rcquirem$nts of USAS B31.3.
Austsnitic Stmek 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7
h (Code USAS B31,2, Para.203)
Note: For intermediatetemperatures thevaluesmaybeintcr- 7. pip witht equaltoor,greaterthanIY6, or
pcdated.Fornonferrous
materialsandcastiron,y equals PISE greaterthan0.385, requiresspecial
0.4. consideration, trskinginto accountdesign
I For pipe with a f)o/ftn ratio lessthari 6, Ihe valueof y and materialfactors such as theory of
fur ferritic andaustcnilicsteelsdesignedfor temperatures failure, fatigue, and thermal stresrses.
of ~900F d bCkrWdlti[] be tukcli iSS: (Code B31.3, Para.304.1.2,b.)
J’ “* 8. pi~ ~nds s]M]I meet the flattening
limitations of Ihe applicableCode.
210
S u om M m R ae q r u j iy or eo m fe rn t s f
P I PC I O N DG E S
pertainingto
PIPEW T A
H I CA
LK A
N LEL LS NOS PW RA B
E D LS E S U R
C & SO C D O EP E F O R M U L A S
A B 3N 1 . 4 S- 1 9 I 9 2
L I P EQ T RU O I L ED U Internal
M Pressure
TRANSPORTATION PIPING SYSTEM t“ =t+A
T C ph r o e msi c id r r nsi bi e e m s eu . m - ~
q u i rf e t m d e en m o t sahs t i e gr r i n ea t,l 2s s , ,w h e r
c o n s t a r us c s it ein osmn pa,b e l c yt i~, on n , d
t eo p s tit r aip n lns i p pgio n r qtf gi e nu g a i pt pd a l li- lc s oa vbw t . l a are b le
r os al c ue o r cu oc um p
ni d edh n l ss ea t , e , i a c s c wo r
C i d P ai o n , ac n dte
402.3.1 a, b, c, or d. For pipe
n ag at ns u oag r ll t iai uln ql e riau , aiq dl u s s ,e -
f p e i t g r a o le la pie eudnq t sm r u o l, i dem dua m At e A 5r SBia aA 1 lT s n
p r bo ed p ut r ocwl dt efu s ecea e ncra s i ’ s f B, S G 25,200
ie - psi. at –20 F to
t t if anae arg s npt mr u,o skcr a e , a st =sl 2p i Fnrs dge sw
5
e st shu ai iri c ekg nl
0
p lr e a f sin nt teta rest i r i ae,mos i ,n n s a ,nl s , d
c ( nh 1s o e t,e s e 2e
o d t e a l rh i e vpce eeno irr i v y in nd t g s .
A B 3N 1 . 5 S - 1 9 I 9 I 2 n P t r e e r s n s a u l r e
R E F R I G E PR A TI I OPN I N tm =t+c
G c
ThisCodeprescribes
materiats, design, fabrication, assembly,erec- ; = z~) ‘r t = 2(s + -
t i o n ,
p= - ,w h e r
S= m a ax l i l s m
o i twum a rm b el
p a r a g r a p h s . t de t ir n i p ut rae a e r l s n e
advised that
p m ai A t e A rp5 SB i a a el T s
p i it r p eh sj i up er eni s c digti ci nt vr i oe n s A. 1 B S s 1 0p5 a 1, F s 0 6 0
T C s hn oa h t i p ad p sl oe l l w y t 4 : F 0 o 0
( a s e l f -oa cun os n tysan i sutn) ye t bd i e jt =merp t src d e t sw o
e st shu ai iri c ekg ln
t h e
o n at t i h o n e a l rl y c ( nh 1S o e t,e se 2e
( w p a b t e ) r E x P t r e e r s n s a u l r e
( p d i e f pces xii gt n noe ) ger nd Ta rp l r d e h ste h s si ut cs irkeb nehg e s
p r n ee xs 1c sp (e ou Ie rr d 1eei sg n at & g 0r d d e5l i t e3 ei s) ar s mc ci onw re C dd ai on cn
o s i z e f . P 5 a0 4r . 1a . .3 .
A B 3N 1 . 8 S - 1 9 I 9 2
G T R A N AS MA I S S I SO N D
D I S T R IP B U I ST I PYO NSI TN E G M S
T C c h oto d i v efd esa hs bir e rg sI i nn ecP t, ar e -e r s n s a u l r e
t i ni s t iao nl l s anpt t ei e oca, nst , i t o i n n, g , d
t s aa s ohf o p pe eea t mrc e a yt ta sin o i f n 2n t xd F x- E x T, where s
t e o gn t ra a n as acmd i ie s ss ifnt os r n i b ud -
t s y i i s n t cgo e pl m iu pdngs e ia, l n i gSn =aes sp , em c i s i y nf s i i t e mr d eeu n
c o m sp rt eag s tm s i eo oar t na e s r , i n pn s g s d i .
r e g s u t l gaa mtt i a a nos gani e s nr ,n vs sF i , p c dm e a i oA t e A pr5 SBi ra el T
l u ti t o n ou t e cht u ssl tp h oe em t e a r fA’e1 s B S = 3n p50 , ds 0 6
m s ae s st M e ei m e n b wcrl s l y t i u. Cd = t neo dho w m - t i h a in ic a k nl ln e c
i t s o tc s h oeah g c sp nt tei ei ro aof rs n (a neg s 1Se2o 3 4 5te e e s
e q u o it pc m pl e t nho f t i s y ef p e apd e e b
n oc f a fo tp r o ref g ai d be o r r idp c ma t e e r d
f p ar f i i oat gnt p si m nt eng o ads r , a d g s e
l i n e s .
211
S u om M m R aae q r u j iy or eo m fe rn t s f
P I PC I O N DG E S
C o n t i fn u f a tr api o nc o a i nm g g e
N O T A T I O N
m e c h ci i ol l r ~i rc ao l s, i n o
A= s o a l l uio w fn a nc m c he f o, ee rst i o rl l s u iw a o n nc e s
t h ra eg a r da o r in o n vg i T en=d T g e m spD- e er Fa r t aua r t ec i nt
q uu Ci n P r o 4d e da e d e 0rr f , S aP t . o ie ep r l e
4 c o . r a r r o2e s q i uo, in r T ee s md p e r a t u r e
u C n P o d 4 a 0d e 2 r e .r 4a , D. .1e F , ag h r r F e nTae h sec i t
a i n i cw ntr h e ai a c sdk l e n e n2 sl F os l 5 e1 . s 0 0 r s
i u a p rs o m t eee c a t f ids v sue 3 r F e 0 0 . 0 9
u C n P o 4d a d0 e r 2 e r a. , 1 3. F. 5 0 . 0 9
c f i n p t r oe te sr s ns= ua r hr l u e ,4 F e m 0 0
o a l l o i w i a n c cfe s h e Fn s 0 . 8
t ha gr red n oae odp v dt Ne h ,
i on t eft ri p e on l a:ot t ee
m a n u f amc t ut ir e or sn ’ l u e m sr e v - d a i l a ut ee s
a p nc o lcra re eo u s r,in os n o d -
s a l li o w oa n c ne .Y= c o e ff fm i ac it eoe n r t i an
f e x pt or e etr s n s aru l rh e d , i c e a t e d :
s i i no uc co r h r moe sn si Fo fd n u n co o n t mf ie r l rr eo a u
a e r a lo nl os p w i a on dl c ne s ut, e f r se s i r aat r a l ie s t eu, ni cl
m a n u f amc t ut ir e or sn ’ l u e t sr es - nyt = 0i e t e i l.c s
a n c e .
d = I D i r { o a4 ) u n / - f g t s 6n
i nd i s ao i pm de i t e e p r e f ,
i n c h e s Y ‘ d +dD
f D o u) d . t i sao pm i& =de i t e e p r f e d f u~, tc o e t r i i al r l e s
i n c h e s
F b r m i ao t u e t r l ir ae s l
h L o n g- ij t u f do i an= ia lc n t y ot= 0.0 r
o b ft aC i r t no e ao dd b em l , e
8 4 F 1 s .e p1a o m2 i l . ep sr se ,
E= 1 . N 0 O T E S
V oa D l Fe u Fas e ci s gt 1 If osn e r ol p e t c m tai ni u o.f nhapnc t u rf e
m t i o l sn e b r thu a i naas c eknl
F
c o n s i d Te rma t ti ioo nh l. n e r u a
f s e s a opm t i l 1i ee os 2pr se .e l
t n o w mth h i ia Tnc tk a enl lhe os ls
e m
r b au an w a s c s l e hpe y s e ee
fication is not available.
2 Pipe b s e m h tn f eal d . a t l hset e l n
P &Pi = i n d t pee r r spe n s i a s slgu rl n i e i m , oi t t gaa tp i p Co l hn i s oc a bdf el
s as describedat the formulas, 3 C l a s s oi L f i oc ac tI ai Cot. n i o on
and i a p p c l ip oc a bds ln Be 1e i P , 8 . a . 4 f 1rc8 .loa a30a , 1.s u
sf
,s
tt=a d e sa t c f r o i r b mhe s ud ld ae t sesa a, cb rf pi a rb e esst dco r i i sb s
i n c h e s t o cy o n sp t r ue c t i s o nf .
t“=n o w mt hi ais n c ak l nl t 4e L ils i s ms oi Pt- a D t i V e o . nas p l i uf g
f r ye q u i if r p e n m er ng o t esC B s . oPr - 8 t 3d4 i8 1 r e. 1a1 , 4.
s a a ul l o b nwrn a n c e eu5dsL o , N e o t W tamT hi sai nCc . tka ln l o e s
l t t e nh o w s mha i sa n n B a e. l T l 8 a l34 8 1 b . 1l 1 4 , e1 .
t h i l c kii C n s e ost s e d d e n ,
T 4 a 0 i 4 b n. 1l c . he1 T , ef o s ar rhme g u l alne t aiexo ns t s - ra d l ae
e f A rm Ne aro Sit tdci maao nnn da
tml = m i r n e i t q mh u i u i c mr k Cen fde Ps o rs P e od swi st p pue i ir r e ne ht
i i ns a ct r i les fqw y nu i smin gri o tes p - s u bi T l hoAi sm n h e hef rer i,
m f de pe n r osu e t is ss g S unr noro Mec e ic d Eh e an ntg i i yc n f e lf el r
213
R T
U NH Y D R OE SP T RR
A TE I SC S U R E
F l a t t- w daa l t l t ne d muh ke c he s a dn i eis ac oda vrl a l n syt a g aeh o u u s af lsrp eeo

h y d r po sr t eoa ts iTns c q u lu r oa ehm y n a t .r t i eete qfry uri e ia cf rlt otae n diga u l nr a
h it fg c h hy l ie vaon dre o r t sin sc s ra c l e aa h lp H as m
oc w fsi e ote e m
y v t .e ea t r pi , mp h el s
t o r i e c t tao n i ga p unr l neaf fbr ek e r o ac ts b a les heu f as eab er aii cst f a gr t i yno onh
u t i l o i s z a p t i ao n c e f .
M A XS I MI U MZ E
U n s t ti f m f a e b n n ne l d a kat 3or s c h fgy a eet at uw
r a t snn t ni i0 f .f1ke. cdtn i s n u gh4 s
f c a e p a ce i t ty .
F l at oart u gn o s ek rrh rsis t a o,d vafe i eed s cf ay o rbso nel s oea ms ior cn s .
R O
A S T I I D O E F S
I a s a i e l dqt l r u e efo al o hsn s l e gB ,=i @tn e ;d hw eV
f h=e v : e o c f lr u e um t
P r e rf e aLr a tosb l in1ei Bog Sd :e h .ser o : ( r: i )tB5 e;. d r 6 e6 7
D E S I G N
T f o r oh mt uf ol lea phl s o a aw bni gen oa g m r e sa s xa e li e l m
d do euwnf m
al eb c l t
L =t w t dh # e te nt hro i, ot cseh iek d. ns e e- pse l s a t ef .
V ao ~ a l un e d s / f 3
Ratio,~ or; 0.25 0.2$6 0.333 0.4 0.5 0.667

(lmstant,~ - 0.024 0.031 0.041 0.056 0.080 0.116
Constant,cr 0.00027 0.00046 0.00083 0.0016 0.0035 0.0083
Ratio,~ or? 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Constant,/3 0.16 0.26 0.34 0.38 0.43 0.47 0.49
Constant,a 0.022 0.043 0.060 0.070 0.078 0.086 0.091
h eo t i L =ga l h eo nt t n I f =gka m t a n hdx ii f bskm te u sa t mun w pc e pe eo
W E LO PD IL
E N A
D
G T
G F EE S
Somepreferable welded joints of plate edges:
T
w
s t i f
e a l m
m
LL
hf eb na i t n eatgt sta tc hwy eaehe d abi in nt o t leeh rk o mec li ot rnt et yn i t n
d b pi n nli a g ano o cds u y eit e s dd i ed er .
u
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
O d t me h e sa ot ei hf i gt rof fr ndeo lsrp l h eao e dw
p i en ne r g s :
V o j 1t A a Ss z at a Dk. r e, f e oln Re.s e: c c ts t i a do n ng u l af r
3
K
214
RECTANGUI.AR TANKS
UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
WITH TOP-EDGE STIFFENING
NOTATION
= factordependingon ratioof lengthand heightof tank,H/L (SeeTable)
2 = modulusof elasticity,psi.;30,000,000forcarbonsteel
G = spectlcgravityof liquid
H= height of tank, in
I =
1 = maximumdistancebetweensupports,inches
L = length of tank, riches
R = reactionwithsubscriptsindicatingthe location,lb./in.
s = stressvalueof plate,psi.as tabulatedin Code,TablesUCS-23
t = required plate thickness, inches
t. =
t~ =
t* = thicknessof bottom, inches
w = load perunit of length lb./in.
Y = deflection of plate, inches
REQUIRED PLATE THICKNESS
‘=’-
/
B T h i tc m k bn u e as asf s , t l e y os
b op ti i l et aosn um tti r i ef r fa
s u p p o r t e d .
,.Dl_ ‘
T h i cf s k bn hi e n s cas i r, el a sl
c o r s r e o r s vi vi ec e .
M a dx e i f om l pe uc l m t i a o nt
a 0 G. 0H 3 L
=
H
6 ] ~ S T I F FF E NR I N AG M
0.036 Gl% R, = 0.3w
w=
2 Rz = 0.7W
~
Minimumrequiredmomentof inertia
for top-edgestiffening:
w H
I
= W2Eta
~ -
B O P T LT OA M T
W S H
U P P EBO BR TN E E DA
“ = *
M a sx pi o m
sa uuc fp m
i ap n o g r
g t i h i ov cb k oe n t e n st s o m
I B
4 I 1 ~
‘ 1 G. ” 4 ’ .
1
215
R E C T A N G U L TA R A N K S
E X A M P L E S
D E D S IA G TN A
C a op t a t c 6ia gth ny a= 8 0c kl ff e al p: p o r 0uo txn i m a0 t . e l. y
C o nw t G a e= 1 nt t e : r ;
T s o a c i hu b e dt- s f he ta ae pd fe e d nocs h ai pg k~ a n r c=ee4 i d tf y . : 3t
P r e p f r eo rpo sro er i td i d o n e s f :
L = 4.31 x 1.5 = 6.47 ft. = 78 inches
H = 4 x . . = 2 6 f 3 = . 3 6 i 1 8nt 7 c 7 h . e 4 s
W o it t d 4 athf = .h5 n i f e3nt k c 1 h . e 2 s
s = 1 3u 7S s 2 5 C im 0 a n ,8t eg r A i 5 a l
C o r a r l ol so 1 w i 6 ioa n c /e : n 1 .
HIL = 34178 = 0.43; /3 = 0.063
R E Q PU I LT R H E A
I DC K
T N E S S
10.063 X134x 10.036 x 1

t= 78 = 0.18 in
+0.0625 corr. allow = 1/4in.
S T I F FF E NR I N AG M E
0.036 X 1 X 342 = R = 0.3 x 20.808 = 6.24 lb/in

w. 20.808 lbiin Ri = 0.6 X 20.808 = 14.57 lb/in
2 2
6.24 X 784
= 0.214 in4
~min= 192 x 3Q000,000 x 0.l~T5
1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 3/16 (.18 in4)satisfactoryfor stiffeningat the top of the tank
B O P T LW
T OSA HUM PT P EBOE BR TN E E DA M Y S
i n u o bm =eb4 1 =ea2 if r mn f cs h ; e 6 s
lb =
L 2 5 4 k 0 4 i “= 1 n’ 6 ’
O u t sp t i l h h inOa c r ka.g tc n 1ae e le s8ac su 7btl am5o t ae sv dx h ei m,
s p f as uc p i po n o gr t sr :
IB=
1=4x0
.187’m “
216
RECTANGULAR TANKS
WITH VERTICAL STIFFENINGS
N O T A T I O N
P = F ad e c p o et nn o d lr i r aena gheight,lf/1
t n i g on t f h d
(SeeTableon page 213)
E= m o o ed l ua ps l t ui c ss i t y f i, .
If = heightof tank inches
I = momentof inertia,inq
= specificgravityof liquid
?= the maximumdistancebetweens[iffcnings
on the longeror shortersideof [hc t i a n nc h k e ,s .
L = l eo t n i a g n nt c h kh fe, s
s = s vt or ap epl l s a u s s t e e i f , .
t = r e pq ut lhi i r ica ek n dnt e=c sa e sh pc, e t t lh s iu ica aka n nt l e c s e sh
9 .
9 -
“ ; ’ ~ l ” : : l l ! ! ! ! A
1
L
R E Q PU I LT R H E AI DC K
T N E S S
t = ’ r
L O l A b D /S ,i n
~ 0 . 0 3 6 =G0.3W
R, =H 2 Rz = 007W
2
—...
R e qs ue mi c ro t oe dvi d ue o s rl nt tui if s fc e a nf l i n g
0 . 0 6 4 2GH31
. 0 . 0 3 6
z=
s
M i rn ei m
q m u ou oi mmr ee d n t f
Iti~ = ‘1 ‘4
192 E t.
217
R E C T A N T
G U LA A R N K S
W V IE R S TTT II FC F
H AE NL I N G S
E X A M P L E S
D E D S IA G TN A
E = 30,000,000 psi
L = 78 i Content:Water
n
H= 34 in G=l
B = 52 i n
s = 13570psi HI! = : = 1.31: /3= 0.22
1 = 26 in
R E Q PU I LT R H E A
I DC K
T N E S S
0.22 X 34 X 0.036 X 1 = o ~15 in

t= 26 X .
1 3 7 5 0
+0.0625 corr. a = l 3/16 i l o w n
0.0642 X 0,036 X 1 X 343 x 26

z = = 0,172 in3
13750
2 x 2 x 3/16 (.19 in3)satisfactoryfor verticalstiffening
w= 0.036x 1X342 =2081b,in

. ~1 = 0.3 x 20.8 = 6.24
2
I = 6.24 X 784
X X =
218
RECTANGULAR TANKS
Under Hydrostatic Pressure
WITH HORIZONTAL STIFFENINGS
NOTATION
E = modulusof elasticity,psi.; 30,000,000tor carbon steel
G= SpeCifiC
gravityof liquid
H= heightof tank,in
I = momentof inertia,in.4
L = l eo t an n kg , it n ch h ef s
P = pressureof liquid,psi.
R = r e wa sc u t i b i s noc td rnt i i kcp hatx tsl it h bn i g . o / ne i , n .
s = stressvalueof plate,psi.
t = requiredplatethickness,inches
t. =
S P A
O C I N G F
S T I F F E N I N G SHI = 0.6H H2 = 0.4H
0.036 GH
T H I C K N E S S 1 = 0.3
s—
w = 0.036 GH2
L } Ob . A / i Dn .2
R1 = 0.06 w Rz = 0.3 W Rz = 0.64 w
M r m o i
f t s
11= RI L4
O I N EF R T OI F A 1R E ta
9 2
S T I F F E N I N G
M i nr ei qm
m u u o i om i rm en e de n r t t
f i n t e ro m
s et di i f a frt e n i n g
Rz L’
1 =— 2
192 E to
219
R T E
W I H S N
E
DESIGN DATA
Designed Capacity= 1,000gallon = 134cu. ft. (approx.)
Content: water
s = 13750psi., using SA285 C material
Corrosion allowance = 1/16in.
The side ofacube-shaped tank forthe designed capacity: 3~~= 5.12 ft.
Preferred proportion of sides:
width = 0.667 x 5.12 = 3.41 ft; a p 4 ip rn oc x h . e 2 s
L = 1.500 X 5.12 = 7.68 ft; approx. 92 inches
H= 5.12 ft; approx. 60 inches
For h 6 i i n s. , r
SPACING OF STIFFENINGS:
H1 = 0 H =36 i . Hzn = 60.4H = 24 in.

.
REQUIRED PLATE THICKNESS:
t = 0.3 x 60 0.036 X 1 X 60 = o.2X ~ .

13,750
+ 0.0625 corr. allow = 5/16 in.
LOADS:
w= 0.036 X 1 X 602 = ~ .~ ~b,k

2
RI = 0.06 w = 3 l .b / Rz8 =i 0.3 wn =
9 19.44
l lb/in
MINIMUM MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR STIFFENINGS:
3 X 9 .: 8 2 9 4
11 = = 0.4690 in4
1 x 30,000,000
9 x 0.25 2
19.44 x 924
12 =
192 X 30,000,000 X 0.25 = 0“967 ‘4
220
T R IS UOP -E P O
D R T
F R E C TO A N T G U LR AA R N K S
U Hn y d d r Po ser t ea r ts i sc u r e
T a t v u o o h h is esto i df a f t e snve i ofn ilyg h s t d,a ma er b es n sug pa fk pe os

m e c o n o bms t i rc a tl ol y i d sy e .
N O T A T I O N S
A= R e qc us r ie rc ao et o id s or n s a e l a f
t r s i o i qd n e , . .
a = h o r ip z iio n t t a c l n h , .
b = v e pr tii i t c ca n l h , .
G s p g e rc o lia f vi = i i qc t u y i *f d
P= p r oe l s i sl qu ru e i b d f , .
?‘
s s vt or ar em l a s= tp uoes r e si af dl4 i , 4 . + +
= r e qp ut lhi i r cai e k dnt e s en s* , .
; = s vt o r ap em ll a sP pt ua es r et i fas e l , i
R E Q U I R E D
P L A T when
E a- b t = 0.7~
V
T H I C K N E S S P
L O O A D N
P=ab 0.036 Gh
T R I O E D
R E Q CU I R R E O D S S
S E C T A I O NR A L E A A = %
O T R I O F E D
E X A M P L E
D E D S IA G TN A
L e n f g wt hi t 2=fd 3h t 0 .e th 5i f =g , .hl t t= , l .
a = 6 i n = 60 in 0 .
hl
b = 6 i n 0 .
G= 1 hz = 120 in
S = 20,000 psi.
S = 2 0J , s0 0 i 0 . 15’
Sp= 20,000 psi
t = 0.7 x 60
0 x. 1 x 0120 3 6
20,000
= 0.625 = 5/8 in. plate
P =a b 0 . =0 6 03 x 66 0Gx *0h . 02 3 61 x 1 25l 0 = , 5 b5 2 .
A = 1 5= 0 , s . 5i = 175Z r q2 7 n o 8 .d . $ s
20,000
PI = ab0.036Gh1 = 60x60x0.036x60= 7,776 lb.
Al = 7,776 = om389Sq.in. = 3/4 # rods

20,000
l I.
—
C
Vesselsor parts of vesselssubject to thinningby corrosion,erosionor mechanical
abrasion shall have provisionmade for the desired life of the vesselby suitable
increase in the thickness of the material over that determined by the design
formulas,or by using some other suitablemethod for protection(code LJC-25bi).
The tie does not prescribethe magnitudeof corrosionallowanceexceptfor vessels
with a requiredminimumthicknessof less than 0.25in. that are to be used in steam,
water or compressedair seMce, shallbe providedwith corrosionallowanceof not less
than one-sixthof the required minimumthickness.The sum of the requiredminimum
thicknessand corrosionallowanceneed not exceed1/4in. This requirementdoes not
apply to vessel parts designed with no x-ray examinationor seamlessvessel parts
designedwith0.85joint efficienq. (Code UCS-25).
Forothervesselswhenthe rateof corrosionis predictable,thedesiredlifeof thevessel
will determinethe corrosionallowanceand if the effectof the corrosionis indetermi-
nate, thejudgmentof the designer.A corrosionrateof 5 roilsperyear(1/16in. = 12
years) is usually satisfactoryfor vessels and piping.
The desired life time of a vessel is an economicalquestion. Majorvesselsare
usually designedfor longer (15-20 years) operating life time, while minor vessels
for shorter time (8-10 years).
The corrosionallowanceneed not be the samethicknessfor all parts of the vessel if

differentrates of attack are expectedfor the variousparts (Code UG-25c).
Thereare severaldifferentmethodsfor measuringcorrosion.The simplestwayis the
use of teltaleholes (Code UG-25 e) or corrosiongauges.
Vesselssubjectto corrosionshall be suppliedwith drain-opening(Code UG-25 f).
All pressurevessels subject to iintemal corrosion,erosion, or mechanicalabrasion
shall be providedwith inspectionopening(CodeUG-46).
To eliminatecorrosion,corrosionresistantmaterialsare usedas liningonly,or forthe
entire thicknessof the vessel wall.
The rules of liningare outlinedin the Codein Part UCL,ApendixF and Par. UG-26.
The vessel can be protected against mechanicalabrasion by plate pads which are
welded or fastenedby other meansto the exposedarea of the vessel.
In vesselswherecorrosionoccurs, all gaps and narrowpockets shall be avoided by
joining parts to the vessel wall with continuousweld.
Internalheads may be subjectto corrosion,erosionor abrasionon both sides.
222
SELECTION OF CORROSION RESISTANT MATERIALS
T t a i bnh f uo ro l mt aaef t or i lo pnlh oi a w a in gt ne tg e e am

s ps n t
Footnotes have been generously used to explain and further clarify information con-
tained in this table. It is most important that these notes be carefully read when using
the table.
In rating materials, the letter “A” has been used to indicate materials which are
generally recognized as satisfactory for use under the conditions given. The letter “F”
signifies materials which are somewhat less desirable but which may be used where a low
rate of corrosion is permissible or where cost considerations justify the use of a less
resistant material. Materials rated under the letter “C” may be satisfactory under certain
conditions. Caution should be exercised in the use of materials in this classification
unless specific information is available on the corroding medium and previous experience
justifies their use for the service intended. The letter “X” has been used to indicate
materials generally recognized as not acceptable for the service.
Information on metals has been obtained from the International Nickel Company,
the Dow Chemical Company, the Crane Company, the Haynes-Stellite Company,
“Corrosion Resistance of Metals and Alloys” by McKay & Worthington, “Metals and
Alloys Data Book” by Samuel L. White, “Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering” and
“The Chemical Engineers’ Handbook,” Third Edition by McGraw-Hill.
-
a
H o sw ge vo ar es uar m
c , cd er s ees f s u l el
a c
per and
a e l e c con nt dry ui c c t dai vl i t y .
—
)
223
by any
i c h e sm i t c to a6a170F
l lbut,
bs y being
l a plastic,
e it is not recommended
unless confined a
* Sources of D A -a A r tm s at C
r -: o n g D-
E - & J - P .
S- U-
”
—
224
C R O M
A n Good; F G F
Resistance Ratings:
C a Du n t u i table
o no s: o t ec = C a - d
u et o pi c oe n n d di
w i r t e fh ao o od a ut ti n t n o e gt n e x s x = N
t d r .e c o mo m e n d et d .
v ~ v
:
o
C h e m i~ c a& l 7 + + * ; ;
z : ~“
w ~ ~ b 3E
5 m E - ; : i : ~ 2 Z
“ $ g ; & g g ;:
c w ~ ~ :
& 2 ‘ s G : z 2 z $ 3~ $ 3 $
4 a c c ec .............................
r t i iu d c c dc , F ec F A c c c c c c A A
P .....................................................
u r e x .c F c F A F A A F A c A A
V ........................
a p ...........
o .......... r x s c F c F c c c - c c x c A A
1 l b @ / 4 s5C )q O.... *......... Fi .x n.0 .- . .x . .x . .F c - c c - A c A A
4 ac n h ey d ..r............ t i d ........
ei . . c.c . F. . F A F A A A A F A A, A A
a c e t o................
n e . ............
. . .............
. . .A. A A A A A A A A A A A A A
a c e t y ..........................................
l e n e . . . . .A. x A A A - A A A A A A
4 1 uc mh ........................
il no ur... xmi c d c e x c c c c c x c x A A2
.... ....................
x F F A c c c c F A A A A A
4 1 u n ..............................................
l s . . . . . . . .x . F F A F F c - c A A c A -
4 ~ gn d ~ ............................
sa r r i y sFa A . A , A . A A - A - A A A A A B
............................ ........... ........... F x x A x c c A c A A A A -
i m mc oh .........................
nl i o u r F m i x d x eA x c A c A c c c A &
immonium hydroxide ................. ...... A x x A x A c A : : ; A A A
........................... F x x x x A - - - A A
.................... c c c A c c : ~ ; : : :
.............................. F c c A c F
.............. ............... A x x - x x - - A A A A A
... ....... ............. – - - - - - - - A A A A A A
.................................... - - - - - - A - - c c - F
h - - - xy x x A - - A A – A d-
..................................... - - - A x - - - A A A A - -
......................................................... c - A - A A A A A A A A - A
.............................. c – - – A c A A A A A A A A
t e 1n 2 ez n ...........................
zc o nl . .c . A. , . A. . A. A A A A A A A A A A A
l e p n e z t e ir nont l ea heA , p uAe m A
h A
r t A h, A A
a A A A A A A A
I s I ul al ........................
i f cq a .... uAtk - eo F Fr x - A A A A A - A -
I a o..............................................
c r i i d xc A . A c c A - - c A A A A A
.......................................... x c c - c x c c c x x x c A
2. 12S0 maximum.
All Perrentj;
70”.
5.
TO 122”. 14. Hasleiloy
h
f 18. Sqo
—
-
C R O G
( C HS E M O EOI CP APPEL O S A S I G
TN E E )
R e s iR s a t taS ni ac nf ea g ap s mc: ai e n gs g e
* text a S f er o e n t t
—
48~0 — U n s a t fi s f a c t o or y r
—
R t e o m p t e1o r aC 5t o m
u rri 8 re o 9
c r e a s e s
200”F.
26. UPto 176”F.
27. 10~0
;
I
226
C R O M
A F G
c = C a - du et o pi c ooe n nd i d
w i r t e fh a o o od a ut ti nt n oe gt n e x s x G t N d r .e c o mo m e n d et d
u ~ $
2 t b
0 o
C h e m i zc aG l ‘
w % + * * p $
G ~ ~ E ( K
~ ~ : 1 s ~ s : ~ ~ .g g
m m E m =
c ~ E z ~ j $ g ; g : g ; :
& 2 6 3 G < z : z $ $ 2 u s
Butane......._..............-....---.--+---.o-..,
A A A - - A
B a u l bc ut to a nhy...o... A ol . lA
.l . A., . A
. . A
. A x i , : t i : ; 2
C a c l h c............
l ~o............
ur F imF d F ex F c A A A c c c A A
~ a h y l p oc ................
c hm l oC mr c i tF e x c c c c c c F c c x
= a a r pb c oh................ l i e i. A cdnc F o ,A llc A A Ao A ,c A c A ,A
F A A A A A A A A A A A A A
......... ............... .. ...... c A A x - A A A A A A A A A
...... ... .. c c F F c F A A A c A c A A
Z h &
d .o... ...............
: r~ ........ n eAy , A A A . A x A A x x A
........ ........... .... ..................... x x c F c x x x x x c x x A
Z h a r ...............oc ................
m i i c cdx x .A x c c c c c c x c A
~ acid..-..--.~..
i t .-..-r._.-....-i----x c A A A c F F A A A A A A A
Z t h e ... r .......
s . .........................
. . . . . . c. . A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Z t ghl y c oy l - . .l. . . . .e. . . . .n. A . . . .e-A. . - . .A. . , A A A A A A A A A A A
‘erric chloride . ...................... .... x x x x x x x x x x c x x I
‘ se u................
r l r ...............
f i a x ctx xe A x F c c x ,A A A A ,A
f o r m a _ l - d e. ....... . .h . y F .d. eA - A . —- i.A . c A A tA c c c A A
‘ oa .. ..................
r c m ........... i i . x dc A A . - c x F F F A A c A A
: dr ........e .. ........o... .............
r n A ,A Ay A A A A A A A A A A A
‘ u .................................
r f u r .. ......a A lA c - - A A A A A A A A A
;asoline, sour----------------------------- c x x A x A A A c A A A A A
R e ....................
f i .... ......
n .. ....eA A d A A A A A A A A A A A A
; l yg c l ............ e y r c....i.. .... e nA r,A oA lA A
, A A A , A A A A A A
H y d r oa c ( hS cl Oo ”r xiFi c.c . dc. - c . , c. . lx . c c F x x x A A
$ y d r oa f cl cu ( o o r ixi6 c xl dx5 dF , x% ,x c. c A x x x F A
> 6 5 x % x x c x x c – A x x x F
x x x x x x x x A x x x
x x x x x x c c A x x x c
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
N c oo n to t o i epn ppu s eo d sa i tn g e e DO
A ercents;709. l l
T f o
1>.
1 A r 6o o . t m
H b i n o
f
9 .
—
C R O G
(SEE C H E MO I O C PA PLP O S SA I T N
G E E )
R e s iR s a t atS ni ac nf ae g ap s mc: a i e n gs g e
— A s b e s t— o s isce l e l o a
u
C o m
Woven p . ,
n
~
R u Rubber
b b e r
B o n d e d
>
1U I -
~
2
~
z
QJ
.- n
2
$ 3
z PI PI F r DI C c P
F
:
c
A
A
c
A c c c k
A c c c A
c c c A
: c c c x
x $ $ : F
1 c c c E
A A A
: c c c :
A A
? t > A
: A A A A
A A A A A
x A A A A
- - - x
: - - — x
A - — - x
A x
A z t z A
A A F
E — - - F
x . - - x
x - - - c
x - - - c
A - - - F
1 1
iee tex t f p r oh : oa t h n ge e t es f e :
O alloyJ .
— .
–
—
a
- - -
C R O M
R e s iR s at : Aa t= n( i c lenF n gO
F s oa
C a Du n t u i t o ano s: b o l t ec ce C a – du et o pi c ooe n nd i
w i r t e fh a o o od a ut ti nt n o e gt n e x s x E N
t d r .e c o mo m e n d et d
w g p
z u L
~ o
C h e m i zg c a ml 7 * + m
b
y >
m ~ .z E ~
- ~ ~ 5 g; ; ; : : g
C m E T e
g ‘ ; ~ j g g g ; ; ;
c ~ E z Q
i 2 G 5 8 - z s z $ $ c G 4;
H y dp e r or x i do e . . g- . . . .e. c. . .n- .c. . . .F. . . , c c c c c c A A c A A

H y c s i u ;d l: ( gf .......ei2A ndrx 0ex –, ) x y A .c A c c A A A A
----------------------------------------------- c x x - x A c c c c A A A A
L a l ev er c n s ct sc )A c A
(c s q o u................... A A A A A A A A
L aa .......................
cc i i x d c A A. – c F
t ............. c c c c A A A A
L u b r o i rc ai e ............. t i f l nA ig A s n A A e , Ad A A A A A A A A A
M a g c n he .................... sl i o u Fr m Fi Fd x e F F A A A c ,c ,c A
, A ,
k f a gh n y e d .... r i ou A m
s .......... x c i cd - e x x A A A A A A - A
M a g s n eu................ s l i ..... uf c maA –t - e A c A A A A A - A –
tiercury......-.......................-..-......., A x x - x x A – A A A – –
~ a g t..........au.....................
r s a A .l c c . A c x A A A A A A A i
{ a i c t c ................ rr i ....... iu . xd c xd x, xe x A x c x A . A An c
D i ......................................
l u t e x dx x x x A x c x A A A Am C
n t r a t xe dx x x x A
C o n c e........................... x x x ,A A A A , –
3 i i ... cd c A A
a 1 ...................................
c e . x c A ,A A A lA , A A .A , A
) ax .....................................
ac l i i c d c A A. x c c F A A c F c A A
? a a l ..............
m c i ...............t i i c cdc A2a. c CZ1A A A A A A A A A
? e t Or ( o S 1O l Oe ° luFA-mcc sr uc d A:e . c. A c A c c F - A A
‘ h o as p............ o r e ic c c d C c . C x
hc .............. 2c c 2c c 4 F A4 A A
‘ o t h a y s d ................. s r i o u cx m xi xd xe x x A A c c - - A
‘ o t s a us.........................s l i f u c am A t - Ae A A A A A F F – – A
P r ................
o p..............
a ........ n A eA A A A A A A A A A A A A
S e( ............................
w g a a g.. c se x ; ) : : A c A c A A - - -
; a ( o s s c oad r d bh oAi an F ua , t me ) . . c A A A A A A A A
S if a tu e .x .m .F . .F . A F c
ob i sd u l ................... – – – A A A A A
S oc hd ....l.......i o... .......
ur ... Fi m Fd F e A c c A. A,, A,, c c c A A
s oc dy . _ ai _ n .u....... . . iA m._xd . x_e . x _x. . x _ c – c c –
s o h yd d ......................
ir o u x A m i c d Fe F c x A A A A A A ; x
$ oh y pd o c i h.....l .......... ou r ix tm ec . .F . x c x c c c c c c F A
N c oo n ot t o i epn ppu s eo d sa i
IO. tn g e e
Pre$ence
oj water temperature.
8. H h I
f SVO
,
-
C R O G
( C HS E MOE I O C PA EPLP O S SA I T NG E E )
R e s iR s a t atS ni ac nf ea g ap s mc: a i e n gs g e
- g a s e s
— 8070. 3 3 .
?3. R t e or n tp 1eo r Ca Sto m~ rir 8 re o ” J
c r w e a i ~ e~ ~ b
; 320”.
19.
—
I
230
C R O M
R e s iR s a t Ata D niG c n eF ogD Fs o :
C a Du n t u i t o na o :s b o l t Ce = eC a – du et o pi c oe n n d di
w i r t e fh a o o od a ut it nt n o e gt n e x xs c N t dr e. c o mo m e n d et d .
uN
v $
s u L
: o
C h e m i zc a ; l
‘ wY + w v g &
G w .% ~ ~ m t - :
- : ~ a 0 : ~
2 4
u
&
L K
z T z: : : ~
w w
c ~ ~ : : ‘ & g u w e$ :
2 E z Q Q
& 2 2 5 v : # i 2 s 2 $ c &
; onitrate d......................
i uA A m A A A A A A A c ,A ,A ,A c , ,
i o p de ......................
ir ot xlc i cm d- e- - A A - A A A A - ~ ;
; os t d e u . .i .............
. l. u. A. . A
fm. .A . a.A . A. A A tA A A Z 7z z 5 ~
; oS f d.........................
ii U ud A cm e c IA . c x c A A A A
iodium th iosulfate, “ h Ay c p c e A ” Zc . c . – – 9 - A A A A .
itearic acicl...... ...................... F A A A c A A A ,A Al A A ,A lA , ,
~ulfur.........................................., A A F - c A A A A c c c A A
,ulfur dioxide, dry.................., A A A A A A A A A c A c A A
u d l i wo f ................ x e ui x d tFr e F ,. A A . c x F x c A c A .
u l a f ( cu c 1 r ...... i xio0 cdc cl % A, dc , x .c c F c A x A A
H ........................................
o t .x x . x A x x x x c x x x A A
1 0 c - ........................
7o 5 l x% x d, x A . x x c c c c c c A A
H .......................................
o t .x x . x A x x x x F x x – A A
7 5 c - .......................
9o 5 l A% c ,d c A . c x – - A F A c A A
H ........................................
o t .A – . x A - x x x c x c x A –
F u.................................
m i nA – g – A c A x , ,
u l af ........................
u cr o i X-u Fsd F A . F F c E c ; e ~ A- c
‘ a a r ............................
t c a ri Xi cdc – A. – A c c c A – A * c
‘ o l u e ............................
n e _ . . . .A . .A . A A A A A A A A A A A
r i c h l o r o e dt h ......... y l reAn eA, y A F . A . A A c A cA A A
W .....................................
e t .X F . F – c – c
u r p e n ..........................
t i n e . . C . . .c . c A C – i x i i A i i
J fa ( t r b et e o r a is , pl h e , r
f e e ................................
t e a d A ,A , A )A A A A A A Ax A A
? sa w t .................... a e e trc A , e 4 aA r x c A - c cC A A
i h a i w s .................. ik n X e n c y ce -d s c A A A AA A C
i c h ............................
l no r Xi xdc xe A x - – x c xA A
inc sulfate ............................... C c c – – – A F A A
N c oo n to t o i epn ppu s eo d sa i tn g e e
All Percenls;7 0 8 .
Gas;
b
f S
—
231
C R O G
( C HS E MO E I O C PA EPLP O S SA I T N
G E E )
R e s iR s a t taS ni ac nf ae g ap s mc: a i e n gs g e
A s b e s t o Rs u b b M i e s c re l l a n e o u
. C o Wm po . v , e n
n - R u Rb ub be br e r
ca B o F n r i dJ c te i do n e d
> ~ . . ~ >
; L m *
:3 ; z~ :~ ~ % m u . :
l . w g .
o s u ~ c ~ ~ ~
2 & ~ “ ~ Q - $
~ & ~ ~ $ ~ ~ : s 2 & Q :
v ~ a Q ~ &
g g : ~ ~ ; w ~ z
w m z m ; $ o + :
~ z 7 7
s & u w - - Q - ~ & ; 2
Q A 0 + z ~
: g ~ : : $ ; ~ : ~
$ = “ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ z * g ~ ~~ *2 0 g g
I *J J u P P P P P 1 u A u u- u u D ’c c A A P
c A c A A A A A A c A c A - c - A A A A A
A – c - – - – - - c F c A – c - c A x x A
A - A A A A A A A A A A A – A A A A A F A
A – A – – – – – – A A A A – A – A A x x A
. - A A A A A A 4A A A A A – . A A A A F A 4
A - A c c c x x x c A A c – c A X3 1 Fa] A A A
A – A - – - – – – F A F F A F - A c A A -
A – – c c c – – – c c c c - c - F c F x A
- — - - — —
F i i i i i x i i i z x i : x A A A x x A
F A A c c c c x c A F A A – A – F A x x A
x A F x x x x x x c c c A - : ~ ; ; ; $ :
~ 2 : : % % : : ;$ : : : 2 : c x x F x x A
x A c x x x x x x x x x c - x - x F x x A
x A x x x x x x x x x x x - x – x x x x A
x A A A A A A A A c F c c - A - F A x x A
‘A – – A A A A A A c A c c – A – A A A F A
A – A c c c x x x x x A x A x x x c A A A
c c c c x x x x x c x x x x x x A A A
1: : - - - - - - – . — —
A – A c c c x x x c ? i 2 t t ~ t 5 ~ A A
~A – A A A A A A A A A A A c A A A A F A A
~A – A A A A A A A A A A A c A A A A F F A
~A – A c c c x x x A A A A x A - A A A A A
x A c A A A A A A c A c A - c - A A F x A
x A A A A A A A A A A A A - A - A F F A A
* t aS the e f e p rx o et oa tt h nt a g ebt l es e f es .
2 0 .
—
– b a 330”. o i l 32. t
—
i n cw r o e pha as n re e t~ i[ a
;
UJe ij
i
t
i
232
F C
THE TABLES BELOW ARE FOR DATA OF FABRICATING CA}) ACITIES OF THE SHOP
WHICH HAVE TO BE KNOWN B T V E D HES S ST
I YGCE EN OLE L
HH
R U
. BEEN
M
A NE
LEFT OPEN AND ARE TO BE FILLED IN BY THE USER OF THIS HANDBOOK
ACCORDING TO THE FACILITIES OF THE SHOP CONSIDERED.
MAXIMUM MAXIMUM MINIMUM

WIDTH in. THICKNESS i DIAMETE; Rni
ROLLINGPLATES
TENSILE
STRENGTH
OFPLATE p s i .
NOTE:
FOR MATERIAL OF HIGHER
STRENGTH THE THICKNESS
OR WIDTH OF THE PLATE
MUST BE REDUCED IN
DIRECT PROPORTION TO
THE HIGHER STRENGTH
MAXIMUM MINIMUM
SIZE DIAMETER in.
LEG
IN
3
LEG
Q OUT
R O LA LN I G N LG E S 4
MINIMUM MINIMUM
SIZE DIAMETER in.
LEG
.% IN
LEG
Q OUT
MAXIMUM MINIMUM
SIZE DIAMETER in.
ROLLING BEAMS
MAXIMUM MINIMUM
SIZE DIAMETER i
ROLLING CHANNELS FLANGES

Q IN
FLANGES
Q OUT
MAXIMUM MINIMUM
SIZE DIAMETEllin.
ROLLING FLAT BAR
ON
Q EDGE
233
F C
NOMINAL MINIMUM
SCHEDULE
PIPE S1z i? RADIUS in.
BENDING PIPES
PLATE MiNiMUM PLATE MINiMUM

THiCK~ESSin. iNSiDE THICKNESSi iNSiDE
n
RADIUS in. RADiUS
BENDINGPLATES
WITHPRESSBRAKE
PLATE MAXiMUM PLATE MAXiMUM

THiCKNESS DIAMETER
in “ri-ilCKNEss
in. OFHOLE in. ::AHMoELTEEi:
PUNCHINGHOLES
vliNiMUMiNSiDEDiAMETER
3E’VESSELAccessible FOR inches
iNSIDEWELDING
TYPES OF WELDINGS
AVAILABLE
FURNACES FOR STRESS WIDTH ft. HEIGHT ft. LENGTH ft

RELIEViNG MAX. TEMPERATURE F.
I
234
—
P A IT B PN
UE N* EB D D I EN G
I b e a np do t ii tnu n o gp bp u oh eet t a br , ei s er e ht r r a et n t t f i ce hd nn e sh
s e c co m t p ari e aos t s nre dn eo, o h s p paud ous l esn t si en tt f qr et eup s ad s l ieh
o tube tends to flatten or collapse.
r To prevent such distortion, the common
practice is to support the wall of the pipe or tube in some manner during the
bending operation. This support may be in the form of a filling material, or,
when a bending machine or fixture is used, an internal mandrel or ball-shaped
member may support the inner wall when required.
MINIMUM R4DIUS: The safe minimum radius for a given diameter, material,
and method of bending depends upon the thickness of the p w i ba pel
possible, for example, to bend extra heavy pipe to a smaller r at pd ho i i u
standard weight. As a generalrule, wrought iron or steel pipe of standard weight
may readily be bent to a radius equal to five or six times the nominal pipe dia-
meter. The minimum radius for standard weight pipe should, as a rule, be three
and one-half to four times the diameter. It will be understood, however, that
the minimumradius may vary considerably,dependingupon the method of bend-
ing. Extra heavy pipe may be bent to radii varyingfrom two and one-halftimes
the diameterfor smallersizesto three and one-halfto four times the diameterfor
largersizes.
d d
R R
( t 4 3 f d i o )( to 4d) 2 %
I
S t aP n d i a r pd Ee Hx Pe t a ir va p y
MINIMUMR4DIUS
*FromMachinery’sHandbook, Industrial Press, Inc. - New York

235
PIPE ENGAGEMENT
LENGTH OF THREAD ON PIPE TO MAKE A TIGHT JOINT
I Nominal I Dimension [ Nominal I Dimension
Pipe A Pipe A
Size inches Size inches
I 1/8 I 1/4 I 3-1/2 I 1-1/16 I

I 1/4 I 3/8 I 4 I 1-1/8 I
I 3/8 I 3/8 I 5 I } I
I 1/2 I 1/2 I 6 I 1-5/16 I

I 3/4 I 9/16 I 8 I 1-7/16 I
I 1 I 11/16 I 10 I 1 -
I 5
I 1-1/4 I I 12 I 1-3/4 I
I 1-1/2 I 11/16 I
I 2 I 3/4 I
I 2-1/2 I 15/16 I
D I M E DN NS IA O NL
F SO V L A R OOI T A WT I R
O N
I T A OP T PH R I EN A N GD I NR G
DRILLSIZESFORPIPETAPS
Nominal Tap Nominal Tap
Pipe Drill Pipe Drill
Size Sizein. Size Sizein.
1 / 1 1 8 / 23 2 2 - 3 /
1/4 7/16 2-1/2 2-9/16
3/8 19/32 3 3-3/16

b
I 1/2
3/4
23/32
15/16
3-1/2
4
3-11/16
4-3/16
1 1-5/32 5 5-5/16
1-1/4 1-1/2 6 6-5/16
1-1/2 1-23/32
- .
236
BEND ALLOWANCES
For 900 Bends in Low-Carbon Steel
Metal Bend Allowance Inches With Inside Radius (r) in.

Thickness
(t) in. 1/32 1/16 3/32 1/8 1/4 1/2
0.032 0.059 0.066 0.079 0.093 0.146 0.254

0.050 0.087 0.101 0.114 0.129 0.168 0.276
0.062 0.105 0.118 0.132 0.145 0.183 0.290
0.078 0.128 0.142 0.155 0.169 0.202 0.310
0.090 0.146 0.160 0.173 0.187 0.217 0.324
0.125 0.198 0.211 0.224 0.243 0.260 0.367
0.188 0.289 0.302 0.316 0.329 0.383 0.443
0.250 0.382 0.395 0.409 0.424 0.476 0.519
0.313 0.474 0.488 0.501 0.515 0.569 0.676
0.375 0.566 0.580 0.593 0.607 0.661 0.768
0.437 0.658 0.672 ~ 0.685 0.699 0.752 0.860
0.500 0.750 0.764 0.777 0.791 0.845 0.952
r&I ‘1
4
=a+b+c– w=a+b+c+d– w=a+b+c+d+e–
ben~~l~o~~n~e (2 x!end allowance) (3x bend allowance) (4x bend allowance)
Note: w = developed width (length) of blank, t = metal thickness,
r = inside radius of bend.
EXAMPLE: Carbon steel bar bent at two places.

The required length of a 1/4 in. thick bar bent to 90 degrees with 1/4 in inside
radius as shown above when the sum of dimensions a, b and c equals 12 inches, is
12 -(2x 0.476)= 11.048 inches
MINIMUMRADIUS FOR COLD BENDING:
The minimum permissible inside radius of cold bending of metals when bend lines
are transverse to direction of the final rolling, varies in terms of the thickness,
t from 1-1/2 t up to 6 t depending on thickness and ductility of material.
When bend lines are parallel to the direction of the final rolling the above values
may have to be approximately doubled.
—
237
LENGTH OF STUD BOLTS

FOR FLANGES *
1. Length of the stud bolts do not include the heights of the point.
(1.5 times thread pitch)
2. Plus tolerance offlg. thk’s.

Sizes 18in. &smaller 0.12in.
Sizes 20 in. andlarger O.19 in.
3. Minus tolerance ofstud length

Forlengths upto 12’’incl. O.O6in.
For lengths over 12“ to 18” incl. 0.12 in.
For lengths over 18” 0.25 in.
4. Rounding.offto the next larger 0.25 in. increment.
5. Gasket thickness for raised face, M & F and T & G flanges 0.12 in. For ring
type joint see table page 346 and take half of the dimensions shown, since
in dimension “A” only half of the gasket thickness is included.
*Extracted from American National Standard :

ANSI B 16.5 - 1973 Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings.
1
238
P V D
IN THE PRACTICE THERE A S E RVD E I FRFW EAE RLO EAD N E T TY A I

P R E VS S E . UB
S RMS E EA TL K DS IR A NHYAWG L I WN WEG T A
S S YT SH
A
M E CT O NH S OI D T
E
D R ,AC B I BL ES MAA
A A VE T NE N
Lp OE S DS SH DI L OI T
I BO
E R A R L O TE R R ESSC OHS ME MM E. N E DEI E T D FH O O L H PLD OR ~N OE N
P R A C A T G I EC NAN E A
L R CA CL D EL PY T E D .
A. Select the scale so that all
HORIZONTALVESSELS openings, seams, etc., can
4
be shown without makin
the picture overcrowd f
f
or confusing.
B. Show right-end view if
necessary only for clarity
3nd View 1- Ref.line because of numerous con-
nections, etc., on heads.
In this case lt is not nec-
ELEVATION essary to show on both
views the connections etc.,
w in shell.
Saddle
GENERAL C. Show the saddles separate-
MIS~~~~~SEOUS SP~~EC~~CA- ly, If showing them on the
end view would overcrowd
the picture. On elevatlon
1 TITLE
BLOCK show only a simple ic-
~
ture of saddle and ! he
centerlines.
D. Locate davit.
E. Locate name plate.
F. Locate seams, after every-
th.mg 1s m place on eleva-
tion. The seams have to
L
clear nozzles, lugs and
saddles.
G. Show on the elevation and
end view a simple lcture
F etc.,
of opemngs, internas,
lf a se arate detad has to
be mat e for these.
H. Dimensioning on the ele-
vation drawing. All loca-
tlons shall be. shown with
taded chmenslons measur-
ed from the reference line.
The distance from ref. line
~odbeshown for one saddle
The other saddle
shaY1. be located showing
the dimension between the
;-w$~~ bolt holes of the
I. Two symbolic bolt holes

END VIEW
$~aytdy tlgn%~le~~t~
straddling the parallel lines
with the principal center-
lines of vessel.
239
P R E VS SE D
U SER TES A( EI cL L Io N n G t . )
A. Select the scale so t a h

VERTICAL VESSELS openings, trays, seams,
etc., can be shown with-
‘-E*
out making the picture
overcrowded or confusing.
+ B. If the vessel diameter i

O r i e n t Ea tl i e o vn a t Bi o na
unproportionally small to
s e
the length, draw the width
of the vessel in a l a r
s t ch s a ae p ln av eo
G e n f e a dr ea ot l la i l r s l
M I S C E L L AD
N E EO U TS SA pI eL c S i f i -
c a tc. T i o o r in e h sin nt a a t i e o no
t v b i ao s ec h u we pm ,
b
[ TIIle Block
i n f o r a m at b t l i oo n h
c ao n t o e iz z o lt ne
D. S t ho r i oe h sn t aw t
E .
mS 3
. .
@ : --- F .
u
Em
G.
degrees: 00, 900, 1800,
ORIENTATION PLAN 2700 and use it in the
same position on all other
orientations.
240
—
PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.)
Nozzle on 00
Top or ~ottom ~—+
H. It is not necessary to show
internals on vessel orienta-
tion if their position is
clear from detail drawings
or otherwise.
J. Draw separate orientations

for showing different in-
, ternals, lugs, etc. if there
is not space enough to
show everything on one.
K. For vessels with conical

sections, show 2 orienta-
tions if necessary, one for
the upper section, one for
the lower section.
L. Two, symbolic bolt holes

shown in flanges make
clear that the holes are
straddling the lines parallel
with the principal center-
lines of vessel.
~1 M. If there is a sloping tray, ,
1800
partition plate, coil, etc.,
in the vessel,show in the
orientation the direction
of slope.
( J O
(JO
27oo . .
●
w t
1800 1 8 Lowest 0
Point of
Plate “D”
ORIENTATIONS
2
PREFERRED LOCATIONS
Of Vessel Components and Appurtenances
A. Anchor bolts straddle principal centerlines of

vessel.
B. Skirt access openings above base minimum to

clear anchor lugs, maximum 3’-0”.
c. Skirt vent holes as high as possible.

I I
D. Name plate above manway or liquid level con-
trol, or level gauge. If there is no manway,
5’-0” above base.
r
I
-.
H
I E. Lifting lugs - if the weight of the vessel is uni-
form, “E” dimension is equal .207 times the
overall length of vessel.
F. Manway 3’-0” above top of platform - floor

plate.
1
G. Insulation ring must clear girth seam and shall
be cut out to clear nozzles, etc.
H. Insulation ring spacing 8 - 12 feet” (approx.

length of metal jacket sheet).
J. Girth seams shall clear trays, nozzles, lugs.

.,
K. Long seams to clear nozzles, lugs, tray down-

I comers. Do not locate long seams behind down-
comers. Seams shall be located so that visual
&
%’ inspection can be made with all internals in
+
place. Longitudinal seams to be staggered
1 i p 8o s s0 i b 0l ef .
L. Ladderand platformrelation.
M. Davit and hinge to be located as the manway

3_u i most accessible, or right hand side.
s
N. Ladder rung level with top of platform floor
v
. + plate.
. The height of first rung above base varies,
minimum 6“, maximum 1’-6”.
A
242
COMMON ERRO RS
in detailing pressure vessels
A. Interferences
Openings, seams, lugs, etc. interfere with each other. This can occur:
1. When the location on the elevation and orientation is not checked. The
practiceof not showingopeningsetc. on the elevationin their true position,
may increasethe probabilityofthis mistake.
2. The tail dimensionsor the distances between openingson the orientation

do not show interference, but it is disregarded,that the nozzles,lugs etc.,
havecertain extension. Thusit can take place that:
a Skirt access opening does not .clear the anchor lugs.
b Ladder luginterferes with nozzles.
.
c The reinforcing pads of two nozzles
. overlap each other.
d Reinforcing pad covers seam. .
e Vessel-davit interferes with nozzles.
. This can be overlooked especially if
the manufacturer does not furnish the vessel-davititself, but the lugs only.
f Lugs, open%gs, etc. are on the. vessel seam.
! There is no room
3 on perimeter
. of the skirt for the required number of
anchor lugs.
Particular care should be taken when ladder, platform, vesseldavit etc., are
shown on separate drawings, or more than one orientations are used.
B. Changes.
Certain changes are necessary on the drawing which are earned out on the ele-
vation. but not shown on the orientation or reversed. Making changes, it is
advisableto ask the question: “Whatdoesit affect’?”
For example:
The changeof materialaffects: Billof material
Scheduleof openings
Generalspecification
Legend
The changeof locationaffects: Orientation
Elevation
Locationof internals
Locationof other components.
c. ShowingO.D. (outside diameter) instead of I.D.(insidediameter)or reversed.
D. Dimensionsshownerroneously:
l’4Yinsteadof 10”
2~0’insteadof 20’etc.
E. Overlookingthe requirementof specialmaterial
)
2
\
1
M A A M A X A H .Y X . D .
D E S
W O I R G KN &INC N GT . E
P R E P S @ SS U R
I E G .
T E M P E R
O A T U R EF .
a .
L I BM I T E D Y
z
o
z W P I RL B
E N
F SS / D
S S T. QC O. R RA
. O LSI I L O N
O NW .
u ‘
c R A D I O G R A P H I C
S E C I F IS EO M I EC
C N FE x I TM I N A T I O N
A
8
E R E ( CS H
T I I P O P NI N G L )O N G I T JU D I ON A LI N
W E L I GS H ST E
. F F I C I E N C Y
W E F I G
U H LT LP W OH E SE L TA D T
T . R E A@ 1
T M 1 E N0 T 0 0
.
W W L
A T B E /S R
O P E R
W A ETL I I N G
G
B H ST .
5 A .
T Y P E
T H K . T H K
FL A N G E S R K I T
~ N O N Z Z
E L CE KB A S E
E
* B O L T I N G A BN CO H L . T
a
z c L o I u N p G S A D D L E S
.
.
W
F
G A S K E T
P A I N T
I m
A P P R O X .
V E S S E L S S H I P P I N G
R RE QE U D I : W E L I GB H ST .
-
d
OPENINGS
m ●
) ! I
1
5
—
I
Detailingopenings as shownon the oppositepage with data exemplifiedin the scheduleof
openings below, eliminatesthe necessity of detailing every single opening on the shop
drawing.
c-1 2 6 c 0G -& ~– “- ? - f- . – — 29Z” MIN. v - yg- Nw. -

) 0 ) ( “ ’ I 5 ( 5343 — // /~ yd” M//u.-
A/-f /lvLET 3 3 w 0~ . Y. —. H 8 A
“ MlIv.
.
M-l /%llvw/ly /8’ 3 w0N X 0 = 6&” S* 53-49
. . 24*X~2“
H S/l 5 ~/ 5
2 ~- j 0 7T # 0 % ”/ & “ /~ r
M D M a b c
SEnVICE SIZE RATING TYPE BORE O
R WE LO SIZE
1 L
E LE OF GS
246
TRANSPORTATION
OF VESSELS
Shipping capabilities and limitations.
1. TRANSPORTATION B TRUCK.
The maximum size of loads which maybe carried without special permits
a. weight approximately 40.000 Ibs.
b. width of load 8 ft., Oin.
c. height above road 13 ft., 6 in. (height of truck 4 ft., 6 in. to 5 ft., Oin.)
d. length of load 40 ft., Oin.
Truck shipments over 12 ft., Oin. width require escort. It increases considera-
bly the costs of transportation.
2. TRANSPORTATION BY R41LROAD.
Maximum dimensions of load which may be carried without special routing.
a. width of load 10 ft., Oin.
b. height above bed of car 10 ft., Oin.
With special routing, loads up to 14 ft., O in. width and 14 ft., O in. height
may be handled.
247
P
O S T
S U ER F E A F CL E S
P U R P O S E
T m p ahu o r p ipa eio t ns p t r e ei s nhe of r ga vs a ts sit euo nT r e fp ae r fac eh l e it . a
t c o r 1 hr b op sr ei .vtoe ecn n o t o i nc,h nyo tg r aa r ocgfe s tte i vr v nf ese t ouhsa s r s m f ea
2 b r i n .uh ie lb e ics tt r ,io y-v cpt eh er , mo i cop at el pr t m ia ae h st i e r n fi e a t l .
T p am h ib s un u tie sr t s aet tbe s l ef oie fht s e on tcv i thre oh sn m
i eef mne t ap, a
a b ar aa s co i cn toh en i m oi d c na l sf .
S U RP RF E PA A CR AE T I O N
T p r r ih e mq f uaa si reus yc i ocp t e ej s a is t f r iru loe n o mhm t os bvrci s aed a u l l li s f
g r o ea fa os m
i ren a e, M t i s lt gdi i ect n br lal .u i hsl t hl - l ehg r osa iei y o, y c r x e ki o
w fh oo i s t r cr us mhc s t t uus b r esnat e tl qe h u r e l no hot lpo e l r Io i ate tnmt i go n ih .
s i ic na a a t dl at hn ei c te gts tr mh ed tie sp hl tr yop a rv ool ie tt d,et ces tt s hit o hen o e
e d v t t e r u or a lh d , l i e oi snpo n eh l cg i ao nmdt pig e l enm s ft s ,et l i i aycs ce al tl l
e n c o ui np t r e a r ec dt i c en .
I m s i i nc b a l c a r ol f ald s ce p lks ht er wy dgi ,ol m i l i iepoml ir ev n nvil i fre o gnl m e e
p r ot vt l i h dm o es had orci o atsug le l r eeis ea l rt a , lt e s ,m er c,o , v e . de .
E C O CN O N O SM
I D EI R CA T I O N S
T s e l o hep c a ta s i eoui p n rrn ne f p f baat r cead t t etyi oe noc a h n sn i dnip ca e eat clu rt
a p r o o e cb o l n eo mm i c sf .
T c o p oh i na os i r2 e m n5t oa lf - l t o l t3 s eyc 0 o p %soha ai sr snts rft etu i ct t n t f hgu r
a d v o a u n ht s a q g i iue p an i galaf gpi i p ht Sa yn r p ie et n oxtrm s . c ot t e o t y n tor h
e x o p a pe jn a l s i i et i os n fu p etrrh e fb p saa rnt cae ct e i o on p nohr e p tas d r ae t t
d i f d f ee i rvg e ar ni erat p ye r osi p on o1s trg 1t i n0o F n e- x 1 atf o 2mc o p.o l oh er
s a n d bi la a s 1bt i tn 0og h i - u it ms1tgt ohe h2t h h es a w r aabh nr i u t nTs f chre i d n oehg
o s u p ~r e f p saa r hcab fbt eoi a o unla a gl t n ai dc n i e ce lndrh o set avit s e ee fsdh s ee
S E L E O C P T I SA O YN I S TN FE T M S
T t ao t h b f ol l pelhe o ss aw a inegg ne gurt e s i v ste d p el e r pse shao c si op nt y te e s i r
a e s tt n ir me aqq h dtuu eiao pr n eetf a dvi t ai sy r o en ci fro otn v du rTii st dci o e n ash
t a b t u lh h a b t eaet de fr a v t eekSr e S e t nt o h r neuP c m a te Ciue onr l euts snpi cen ic g li f’
t a i r e c oo m mn ne n d a st i o dn s .
C o n s ti ds e er vi vnha g re o i pr a a aeb ip ll rne ots i b ii lan fed g mv t si r ,s e a t bq t l su e
a s s oi ps t ma a a n n cu i f e a c nt u fr et r s .
S P C
E O CN D
I I A T IL O N S
A B R A S I O N
W t ph a m i eh nr t uaen i b nser tsga ig s asit odoht nho t, e oc s oei i dpoah a ntr t i i cf n ue l
i m p o F r mt a a n xaot d.i h mb e ucsr l m il oei at na b, ns a i a etnh p g i l ns ic ss ke s alt id t
f a cP r t e to r er sa yt am . he u np t hs oc oos w p hph asa r att eei xs mc f re eeh l t l r ec o ne h
and rougheningthe surface.
Urethane coatings,epoxies and vinyl paints have very good abrasion resistance. Z i
rich coating,and phenolicpaints are also good. Oleoresinouspaints may develop m u
greaterresistanceby incorporationof sand reinforcement.
248
H T EI M P E GR A T H U R E
B t e e m lp e o r o5a t0 uw0 r -et so6 0 ba 0g °t f s F aou f ir c o ofon ha optdc h i e o n os gr
t r e i a s ta t mi se fAna ct 5t b o 0 r 0yso . a- blast
6v cleaned
0 0e °surface
F is desirable.
Recommended Paints:
u to 2 2 0F Oil base0 5ppaints limited
- period
0
2 3 0F An alkyd
0 0 or phenolic- vehicle
0
3 4 0F Specially
0 0 modified- alkyds 0
3 5 0F Colored0 5silicones - 0
7 8 0F Inorganic
0 0 zinc coatings
- above
0 550 F
Black or Aluminum silicones
8 0 0 F - Aluminum
1 2 silicones
0 0 up to 1600-1800 F
Silicone ceramic coatings
C O R R C O H S E I MV IE C A L S
See tables I and V for the selection of paint systems.
THE REQUIRED QUANTITY OF PAINT
Theoretically, one gallon of paint covers 1600 square feet surface with 1 mil (0.001 inch)
thick coat when it is wet.
The dry thickness is determined by the solid (non volatile) content of the paint, which
can be found in the specification on the label, or in the supplier’s literature.
If the content of solids by volume is, for example, 60%, then the maximum dry coverage
(spreading rate) theoretically will be 1600x .60-= 960 square feet. - -
THE CONTENT OF SOLIDS OF PAINTS BY VOLUME $%
I
% %
1 50
2
3 &
4 70 15 70
1 6
5
6 Black Alkyd Paint 37
Varnish Paint 103 Black Phenolic Paint 57
8 Aluminum Vinyl Paint 14 104 White or Tinted Alkyd Paint, 47 - 50
9 White
70 106 Black
In practice, especially with spray application, the paint never can be utilized at 100
percent. Losses due to overspray, complexity of surface (piping, etc.) may decrease the
actual coverage to 40-60$Z0,
or even more.
.
)
- .
P A I N T I N G
T A
I P B SA YL I S E TN E , TM S
c z Paint and Dry Thickness, Mi]s

System .-o E-
Number :?= ;= See Table IV
s C ~ 1St 2nd 3rd ::h, & :;::.
Ps ~ 0: Coat Coat Coat
WL+ @ ness
i 104 104
(:?7) ( I .3) (1
2 Not 14 104 104
Condensation, chemical fumes, brine drip- (1’.;) 5.0
pings and Other extremely corrosive con- or Req’d 104
ditions are Q present (1‘7) (i .3) (1
3 I I
(I
I I
(
I
Steel surfaces exposed to the weather, ( lc5) ( IC5) 5.0
high humidity, infrequent immersion in 6 Not 104 104
fresh or salt water or to mild chemical ( 1?) (1 .5) (1
a or R I
( ( I .5) (1
8 E I
(I
Steel s exposed to alternate im-
mersion. high humidity and condensation 5, 6, I , 2, 5, or 6 5. or 6 I 03 5, 6
or to the weather or moderately severe 8, or 3, or ( 1.5) ( I .5) (I or 103
chemical atmospheres or immersed in 4 *
fresh water
Immersion in salt water or in many chem-
ical s c severe G 9 9
weather exposure or chemical atmos- (1G5) 5.5
pheres
Fresh water immersion, condensation,
4.02 very severe weather or chemical atmos- 10 Not H H H
pheres Req’d (lHs) 6.0
Complete or alternate immersion in salt 6
water, high humidity, condensation, and or 3 9 8
exposure to the weather 8 ** ( 1!5) 4,0
404 Condensation, or very severe weather ex- 6 Not
posure, or chemical atmospheres or 8 Req’d (192) 9 9 9 4.5
4,05 Condensation, severe weather, mild chem- 6 3
]cal atmospheres or 8 ** (1:5) F F 4,0
I
3 (1% G G G (2.0) 7.0
Steel vessels t s 6
p f w f w 3 (1?) G G
w 6;r G
6.03 8 3 (1.5) G G L K 6.25
Dry, non corrosive environment, inside n o m i n a l
of b
t
t w c
ing Req’d (1 3 I
Longtime protection in sheltered or in- 1 and ,/
8.01 accessible places, short term or temporary 2 or Not M
in corrosive environments R ( ) (wet)
p 3
Corrosive or chemical atmospheres, but
9.0 I should not be used in contact with oils, Not 12
6 Req‘d 63 63
solvents, or other agents
10.01 Underground and underwater steeJ struc- ~ Not
tures R ( ) ) )
U u d
c e r 0
1 6
p w or for high tempera- Req’d (1!-18) (25) (8! 5) 35
ture
*Four coats are recommended in severe exposures **The dry film thickness of the wash coat 0.3-0.5 roils.
250
T A
I P BS
A YL I S( Ec T
No nE , T
t Mi n S u e d )
G ; P a a T h i iroils
n c nk n te
{stem .-o E- See Table IV
Imber Uz=
Ob ;=
sPc- gbl 1 2nd 3rd
:
Ps ,Zg coat Coat Coat & ::!t ;;:-
?J&~
Fresh or sea water immersion, tidal and
splash zone exposure, condensation, bur- 6 Not
I ial in soil and exposure of brine, crude oil, Req’d (’l:) (’l:) 32
:;
sewageand alkalies, chemical fumes, mists
High humidity or marine atmospheric ex- Zinc-rich coatings comprise a number of
posures, fresh water immersion. With different commercial types such as:
I ~,oo proper topcoating in brackish and sea- chlorinated rubber, styrene, epoxies,
water immersion and exposure to chemi- polyesters, vinyls, urethanes, silicones,
cal acid and
I Epoxy Paint System

subject to chemical exposure such as acid
and alkali.
T A
I P RB E I T RL E AI T
E
S PME EC N
,I FT I C A T I C I N S
R e f e r e n c e
t To a iP ut rn l p oe sdS p e e c i f i c
T I a b l e N u m
1 W E T
O TT R I E NA
I G
T M E LN T S S 1-64
P C
Saturation of the surface layer of rusty and
scaled steel with wetting oil that is compatible
with the priming paint, thus improving the adhes-
ion and performance of the paint system to be
applied.
2 C P O
H O S LSP U H AD RT T RF E E A A CT ME ES N ST 2 P C-
C o n vt es r ut of
i rsteel
hn gf to insoluble
a c e salts
e
of phosphoric acid for the purpose of inhibiting
corrosion and improving the adhesion and per-
formance of paints to be applied.
3 BASIC ZINC CHROMATE-VINYL BUTYRAL
WASHCOAT(Wash Primer) SSPC-PT3-64
Pretreatment which reacts with the metal and at
the same time forms a protective vinyl film which
contains an inhibitive pigment to help prevent
rusting.
4 HOT PHOSPHATE SURFACE TREATMENT SSPC-PT4-64
Converting the surface of steel to a heavy crysta-
llinelayex of insoluble salts of phosporic acid for
the purpose of inhibiting corrosion and improving
the adhesion and performance of paints to be
applied.
2— . 5
P A I N T I N G
T A
I , SB U PRL R FE E
PA A CRSI A
E~ T
~ lI FO I NC A T I O N S
% e f e r e n c e
t T oa iP ut rn l p oe sd Se p e c i f i c a t i
N u m b
T I a b l e
1 S O LC V
L EE AN N T I N G S 1-63
Removalof oil, grease, dirt, soil, salts, and con-
taminantswith solvents,emulsions,cleaningcom-
pounds,or steam.
2 HANDTOOLCLEANING SSPC-SP2-63
Removalof loose mill scale,loose rust, and loose
paint by hand brushing,hand sanding,hand scrap-
ing,hand chippingor other hand impact tools, or
by combinationof thesemethods.
3 POWERTOOLCLEANING SSPC-SP3-63
Removalof loose mill scale,loose rust, and loose
paint with power wire brushes, power impact
tools, power grinders,power sanders,or by com-
bination of these methods.
4 FLAMECLEANINGOF NEWSTEEL SSPC-SP443
Removal of scale, rust and other detrimental
foreign matter by high-velocity oxyacetylene
flames,followedby wirebrushing.
5 WHITEMETALBLASTCLEANING SSPC-SP5-63
Removalof all mill scale,rust, rust-scale,paint or
foreignmatter by the use of sand, grit or shot to
obtaina gray-wh~te,uniformmetalliccolor surface.
6 COMMERCIAL BLASTCLEANING SSPC-SP6-63
Removalof mill scale, rust, rust-scale,paint or
foreign matter completely except for slight sha-
dows, streaks, or discolorationscaused by rust,
stain, mill scale oxides or slight,tight residuesof
paint or coating that may remain.
7 BRUSH-OFFBLASTCLEANING SSPC-SP7-63
Removalof all except tightly adheringresidues
of mill scale, rust and paint by the impact of
abrasives. (Sand, grit or shot)
8 PICKLING SSPC-SP8-63
Completeremovalof all mill scale,rust, and rust-
scale by chemical reaction, or by electrolysis,or
by both. The surface shall be free of unreacted
or harmfulacid, alkali, or smut.
10 NEAR-WHITE BLASTCLEANING SSPC-SP10453T
Removalof nearly all mill scale, rust, rust-scale,
paint, or foreign matter by the use of abrasives
(sand, grit, shot). Very light shadows,veryslight
streaks, or slight discolorationscaused by rust
stain, millscale oxides, or slight,tight residuesof
paint or coatingmay remain.
I
252
—— .
P A I N T I N G
T A
I P B A W
LI NE T , S
:e r e n c fe
t Mo a t e r i a l N u m b
~ 1 a b l e
1 Red Lead and Raw Linseed Oil Primer 1-64TN0. 1

2 Red Lead, Iron Oxide, Raw Linseed Oil and
Alkyd Primer 2-64 No. 2
3 Red Lead, Iron Oxide, and Fractionated Linseed
Oil Primer 344TN0. 3 m
4 E x tR e L n R de aee Bad aoLd nd di O, n i ws e d e di e d z l
P r i m e r 4 - 6 44 : T N
5 Z D Z
i u O nsi xa P it cnh d V e, n neak P o r, l na id 5-64T
i c i sNo. hn5 + t
6 R L I e Oe ar xa P di ohd dV e, n nean P o r, l na di i c i -s 6 hn 64
6 < Tt N
8 A l u V m Pi i n a un m i y n l t 8-64 No. 8 :
9 W ( hC o i V l o ot P i r eea n dr i) y n l t9-64 No. 9 ~
U
1 R I O r exZ Ci 1 oh i d r dRo en L nm , ai Ot nca e s, e iw e d l
and Alkyd Primer 11-64TN0. 11 :
12 Cold Applied Asphalt Mastic (Extra Thick Film) 12-64 No. 12 ~
13 Red or Brown One-Coat Shop Paint 13-64 No. 13 m
14 Red Lead, Iron Oxide & Linseed Oil Primer 14454TNo. 14 “
15 Steel Joist Shop Paint 15%8TN0. 15 &
16 Coal Tar Epoxy-Polyamide Black (or Dark Red) Paint 16-68TN0. 16 ~
102 Black Alkyd Paint 102%4 No. 102
103 Black Phenolic Paint 103-64TNO. 103
104 White or Tinted Alkyd Paint, Types I, II, III, IV 10444 No. 104
106 Black Vinyl Paint 106-64 No. 106
107
.— Red Lead, Iron Oxide and Alkyd Intermediate Paint 10744TNO. 107
Paint; Red-Lead Base, Ready-Mixed
A Type I red lead-raw and bodied linseed oil TT-P-86C ;Z
B Type II red lead, iron oxide, mixed pigment- z.~
alkyd-linseed oil TT-P-86C ~z
c Type 111red lead alkyd TT-P-86C 32
D Primer; Paint; Zinc Chromate, alkyd Type TT-P-645 z~
E Paint; Zinc Yellow-Iron Oxide Base, Ready ~k
Mixed, Type II-yellow, alkyd MIL-P-15929B ~ j
F Paint; Outside, White, Vinyl, Alkyd Type MIL-P-16738B ~ 2
G Primer; Vinyl-Red Lead Type MIL-P-15929B ~ &
H Vinyl Resin Paint VR-3 a II
Lg
I Paint; Antifouling, Vinyl Type MIL-P-15931A I >
J Paints; Boottopping, Vinyl-Alkyd, Bright Red *
!+;
Undercoat and Indian Red Finish Coat MAP44 X’2
K Enamel, Outside, Gray No. 11 (Vinyl-Alkyd) MIL-E-1593513 .5 :
L Enamel, Outside, Gray No. 27 (Vinyl-Alkyd) MIL-E-15936B ~ ~
M Compounds; Rust Preventive 52-MA602a ~ .5
N Coal Tar Enamel and Primers MIL-P-15147C j z
o Coal Tar Base Coating MIL-C-18480A ~ ~
P Coating, Bituminous Emulsion MIL<-15203c
2
P I N IN A T C
T A
V C H
B E L
RM E I SE CI SAO,T LCA N
O C AME T
A TI EN F R G I A L
Acetaldehyde . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 3
Acetic acid, 10% . . . . . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 4 4 3 4
A ac g e c l . t . . ai. . i 1 c2 dc1 i 1 1 a,1 4 l 3 3 4 4 3 4
Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4
Alcohol, amyl . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 3 2 3
A l b c nu o o th . . r 1. oy 1ml1 l 1 a 1 , 1l 3 .2 2 2 2 1 3
Alcohol, ethyl . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
A l ic s o o h. .p . o. r. 1 lo 1 ,p1 y1 1l 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
A l m c o e . h. t. . o. .h 1 l 1y , 1 1l 1 . 1 2 1 1 1 11 2
A l u c m h i l . .no. . 1ur 1m i 1d 2e 2. 2 4 31 1 3 1 3
A l u s mu i l . .np. . 1uh 1 m a1 1t 1 e1 4. 1 1 2 2 1 2
Ammonia, liquid . . . . . . 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 3 1 3
A m m c o h n l . i. o. 1u r1 m1i 1 d1 1e 3 .1 1 3 3 1 2
Ammonium hydroxide . . 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 3 1 3
A m m n o i n . t. i. . r1u 1 am1 1t 1 1e 3 .1 1 3 3 1 2
A m m s o u n l . i.p. 1u h1 m1a 1 t1 1e 3 . 1 1 3 3 1 2
Mdline. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 2 24 4 44 2 4
Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 3 4
Boric acid . , . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Butyl acetate. . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 31 3
C a c l h c .l . .i .o . . u1r 1 m i 1 1d 1 e1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
C a h l y cd r .i . o. . ux1 i1m d1 e 2 . 1 1 2 21 1 2 1 2
C a h l y pc o ci . .h . u1l o2 mr2 i 3 t 2e 2 4 1 1 2 21 3
C ad i r s ub. . l. . p.o4 h4 4ni 1 d 1 e1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4
C at e tr r a bc .h . .lo4o 4r 4ni 1d 1e 1. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Chlorine gas . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 1 4 4 3 4
C h l o r o b . e. .n. .z . e. 4n 4e 4. 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Chloroform. . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
C h a r 1 o c . . m. . .i 2i 20 2c d 4 3 3 , 4 2% 2 4 4 2 4
C h a r 6 o c . . m. . .i 2i 20 2c d 4 3 3 , 4 2% 2 4 4 2 4
Citric acid. . ; . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 21 1 2 1 2
C os u p l . .p. . .h . e1 a 1 1tr 1e 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Diethyl ether. . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Ethylene glycol . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 11 2
Ferric chloride. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3
Ferric sulphate. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
F o r m a l 4d e . h. .y. 1d 1e 0,1 1 1 1 3 % 1 1 2 2 1 3
F oa r2 c m . . . .0i , i 1 1 dc1 %1 1 , 1 3 . 1 1 2 2 1 3
F oa rc c m . .o. .i . i 1 n 1 dc 1 e 1 , 1 . 1 3 21 1 2 1 3
Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 41 1 4 2 4
Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
H y d r o a c h1 lc o . 1r i01i c1 1 d1.%1 3 , 1 1. 3 3 1 3
H y d r o a c h3 lc o . 1r 2i0i c2 1 1d 1% 3 1, 1 3. 3 1 3
H y d r o a c hc lc o . 1ro 2ii c2 1n 1d 1 3e 1, 1 3. 3 1 3
H y d r oa f l 1 uc o. . r1 ii2 c 1 0 1 d 1 1 3, 2% 2 2 21 2
H y d r oa f l 4 uc o. . r1 i2i c1 01 d1 1 3 , 2 2% 2 2 1 3
P A I N T I N G
T A
V C H
B E L
RM E I SE CI SAO,T L
CA N
O C AME T
A TI EN F R G I A
(continued)
N
m
vc
H y d r o a f l 7 u c o. . r1 i2i c 1 5 d 3, 2 2 2 2 3
% 2
H y dp re or 3 og . x1e 1i n1 d:% ei ; , 3 1 .3 3 4 1
H y dp er ro 3i g o 2ex 2 0ni 1 d3 2e 2% , 3 2 .3 3 : 4 2
H y ds ru o.l . .gp. . 1e h n1i d e 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
H y p o c h ao l .o. .r . oc1 u: s 1 : i ; : 4 d 1 3 1 4 1
Kerosene . . . . . . . . . . .4 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 : 2 4 1
L u b r o i c. . .a . .ti. .i n 4 g1l 1 1 1 .2 1 4 44 2 4 1
M a g s n ue sl. . .i p. 1u h m a 1 1 1 1 t 1 e 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
M ee kt t he. . h. .yt1 1 yol2 1 n1l 1 4e 4 3 3 1 3 4
Mineral oil . . . . . . . . . .4 4 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 2 4 1
Nitric acid, 5%. . . . . . . . 1 1 : 2 2 4 3 3 1 3 1
Nitric acid, 10% . . . . . . 2 ; 4 2 2 4 : 3 3 2
N ai 4 t c . .r . 0.i . i 2d c;% 3, . 3 . 4 2 4 24 : : 2 m
N ai c t c . .ro . .i . i n d c :e 3, . 3 . 4 2 4 34 2 4 2
N i t r o b . e. . n. .z. .e . n e . : : 1 1 1 3 3 4 44 3 . 4 3 .
Oleic acid . . . . . . . .. ..3 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 4 4 2 4 2
Oxalic acid . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
Phenol, 15-25% . . . . . . . ; 1 1 1 4
Phenol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4
P h o sa p 1h c o. . .r 1i i 1 c01 d1 1 1 , 3 1% 1 3 3 1 3
P h o sa p 6 h c o. . .r 1i i 1 c01 d1 1 1 , 3 1% 1 3 3 1 3
P h o sa p ch c o . .or 1 ii 1 c1n 1d 1 e1 ,3 1 . 1 3 3 1 3
Potassium alum . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
P o t h a y s d s r2 i o u1 x2 mi1 :d 02e 2 , 4 1 1 % 2 2 1 3
P o t h a y s d s r9 i o u1 x2 mi1 d4 52e 2 , 2 2
% 3
P o t p a e sr m s ai .n 2u g 2 m a 1 n 3 a 2 t 2e 3 ; ; 3 3 ; 4
P o t s a u s l s . p. i. . h1u 1am 1 t 1 e1 1. 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
Sea water . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Silver nitrate . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 2
. S b o i sd u. .i .l . .pu1 h1 m1a 1t 1 e 1 1 1 2 2 1 2
S 1
o c ad r bi. . .o . u. n1 am t e . 1 4 2 2 : 1 1 2 2 1 4
S o c hd l . i. o. . . ru. 1 i md1 e . 1 1 1 1 1
S o h yd d ir1 o u. x1 ;i0m1d : e ; ,% ; ; 1 1. 1 1 1 ;
S o h yd d ir2 o u. x1 2i m d 0 e , 2 4 1 1% 2 2 1 3
1 4 2
S o h yd d ir4 o u. x1 2i m1d 04 e 2 , 2 4 1 % 1 2 2 1 3
S o h y dp o ic .h . ul. 1o 2rm1i t4 e3 . 3 4 1 1 3 3 1 4
Sodium nitrate. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
S o s ud l . i.p. . .hu. 1a 1 mt 1 e1 1. 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
S o s ud l . i. p. . . hu. 1 i 1mt1 1e 1 . 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
S u d l i p o. . .hx. . . u1i 1 dr1 1e 1 . 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
S u l a p 1h c u. r- i1 i 1 0c1 d 1 . 1 1, 3 %1 1 .2 2 1 2
S u l a p 3h c u. . . r. i1 i 10c1 d 1 1 1, 3 %1 1 3 3 1 3
S u l a p 6h c u. . . r. i1 i 10c1 d 1 1 1, 3 % 3 3 1 3
S u l a p ch c u. . . r. oi2 i 2 c d 1n 1 1, 3 e; ; 3 1 23
Toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 1 1 1 3 : 4 44
T r i c h l o r o e .t .h. y. .l e n4 e 1 1 1 4 : : 4 44 : 44
255
CHECK L F I
1. Codes and Addenda..............................................................................
2. Drawings:
a)‘“ All info& detailsrequiredbyQCManual shownon drawing. . . .
b) Headscorrectlyidentified..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..---.
c) All metalcorrectlyidentified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------
d) Nameplate facsimiliestampedcorrectly:
MAWP,MDMTand RT.............................................. ..................
e) Approvalby fabricator(on drawing) ..............................................
9 Revisionsor metal substitutionshownand approved. . . . . . . . . . .
3. Bill ofMaterial:
a All materialidentifiedas SAor
) SB ----------------- .......
b RequirementsofUCS 79 (d))specifiedwere applicable. . . . . . . . .
c Requiredmaterialtest reports) specified ..ti.-....=. ----- . . . . .
d Shoporder, serial number,and/orjob
) numbershown. . . . . . . . . .
e Materialrevisionorsubstitu~on
) approved
and shownwhenapplicable ... ... . ....... ... ....~..~--.-..”.””.....~.”-””
4. Calculations:
Dimensionsused match drawing ....................................................
Correctstressvaluesandjoint efficiencies(S &E) used.. . . . . . .
Correctformula&dimensions used for heads ----------------
Do nozzleneckscomplywith UG-45? -..--..-..---.-.=. ....
Requiredreinforcementcalculationsavailablefor all openings. . .
9 Specialflangeorstructural loadingcalculationsavailable . . . . . .
Identificationwith S/O or S/N andapprovedby fabricator. . . . . .
Externaldesignpressurecorrect-template
calculations&template available. .... ... .... . .. ... ... .. ... ... .... .. ...
MAWP&MDMT matchesdrawingand specifications.
MDMTcorrect formaterials used (UCS-66,UHA-51) . . . . . . . . .
5.P O u
a Is job n s ( a ....................................... p
b) C~rrectspecification(SA or SB) used ............................................
c) USC 79(d) & UG 81 requirements specified as applicable ............
d) Material Test Reports requested .........................................."".".""."""
e) Immaterial ordered identical to Bill of Material
d=
or drawing requirements? ...............................................................
6. Welding:
al Are correct WPS(s) shown ondrawin~s? ................. ””””..”...””””.”.”””.”
b> Are complete weld-details for all welds shown on drawing? .........
c) Are copies of WPS(s) available to shop
v i s ..............................................................
s u p efor rinstruction? o r
E
256
CHECKLIST FOR INSPECTORS(corztinuec/)

1 I
QC Al
d) Isa Welder’sLog and QualificationDirectory
kept up-to-dateand available?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e) Are WPS,PQR, & WPQforms correct and signed?......................
f) Are weldersproperlyqualifiedfor thickness,position,pipe
diameterand weldingwith no backing(whenrequired)?...............
g) Is sub-arcflux,electrodesand shieldinggas(es) used t
same as specifiedon applicableWPS?. ...........................................
h) Do weld sizes (fillet& butt weld reinforcement)
complywith drawingand Code requirements? . ...............................
i) Is welder identificationstampedor recordedper
QC Manualand./orCode requirements?.......................................... I
7. Non-DestructiveExamination& Calibration:
a) Are SNT-TC-lA cmalificationrecords with currentvisual
examinationavail~blefor all RT techniciansused? ....................... .
b) Do film reader sheets or checkoff recoid~sbo.wfilm.
intemretationby a SNT’-~CLeve1 —. I or II examiner
or interpreter?..................................................................................
c) Are the requirednumberof film shots in the proper
locationsfor thejoint efficiencyand weldersused
(UW-11, 12,& 52)? ........................................................................
d) Is an acceptablePT and/orMT procedureand personnel
qualifiedand certifiedin accordancewith Sec. VIII,
Appendix6 or 8 available?.............................................................
e) Is the PT materialbeing used the sameas
specifiedin the PT procedure?.........................................................
o Do all radiographscomplywith identification,
density,penetrameter,and acceptancerequirements
of Sect.VIII and V? ........................................................................
!3) For 1331.1fabrication,is a visual examination
procedureand certifiedpersonnelavailable? ................................. ,
h) Are tested gasesmarkedor identifiedand
calibratedas stated in QC Manual? ................................................
i) Isa calibratedgage size per UG-102available
for demovessel?.............................................................................. I I
ABBREVIATIONS:
AI Authorized Inspector
MAWP Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
MDMT Maximum Design Metal Temperature
$; Quality Control
Radiographic Examination
s/N Serial Number
Slo Shop Order
Wl?s Welding Procedure Specification
257
PART II.
GEOMETRY AND LAYOUT OF PRESSURE VESSELS
1. GeometricalFormulas........................................................................... 258
2. GeometricalProblemsand Constmction.......""".."""."""-""""".".""""""."..."""""-"
268
3. Solutionof Right Triangles .................................................................. 270
4. OptimumVessel Size ............................................................................ 272
5. Flat RingsMade of Sectors .................................................................. 274
6. Fustrumof ConcentricCone ................................................................. 276
7. Fustrumof EccentricCone ................................................................... 278
8. Bent and Mitered Pipes ........................................................................ 280
9. Intersections.......................................................................................... 281
10. Drop at the Intersection of Vessel and Nozzle ..................................... 291
11. Table for Locating pointS0n2:l Ellipsodial Heads ............................ 293
12. Length of Arcs ...................................................................................... 297
13. Circumferences and Areas of Circles ................................................... 300
1 A p p u r4 t ............................................................................
e n a n c .e s 312
258
G E O M E T FR O
I C RA M
L U L A S
( e xS ao m
t e fp l ap ee h cs a i gn n e eg )
S Q U A R E
A A% r e = a
❑
l ’
A = a2
b d = 1 .~ 4 1 4 a
I . = ;
a = 0 , d o 7 a =0 7 1 r -
b R E C T A N G L E
A A r e = a
A a x = b
b d = ~ ~
B a = o a =$ - r
A
b = or- b = — 2
a
P A R A L L E L O G R A M
b
A A r e = a
A a x = b
= A
o a
T
D = J A
b y
R I G H T - A TN G
R L IE D
A N G L E
c A A r a . e =~ a ~ ’
o 900
axb b ‘I/==
A ,6, A=, ~=
a2 +b2
A CA NU T G R
T LI EA E N DG L E
A A r e = a
b
h .
[ A
w ;s : ’ \
O B A T N UT G RS LI E A E N DG L E
A A r e = a
b x h
* A = ~
*
“ A : ~ s (w : s ; ; ~ : x: s - ’b ’ s - c )
s
259
E X A M P L E S
( F oS ro tm e Fu l aP ea h c s a i gnn e eg )
S Q U A R E
Given: Side a = 8 inches
Find: Area A = ~2 = 82 = 6 s i q n 4 . .
D i a d g= 1o n a. a= 1l 4 . 41= 11 4 41i x. 83 n1 2 .
Area A= d = 12 1 . = 3/ 61 s 2 2 q2 / . 2 - i n4 .
Side a = 0.7071 d = 0 . x 1 7 1 =0 8 . i 7 3 1 1 n 2 .
Side a = G ‘ = g i * n
R E C T A N G L E
Given: Side a = 3 in., and b = 4 in.
F iArea n A = ad x b = : 3 x 4 = 1 s q . - i n 2 .
D i a d g= -o n a = l_ = ~ = f5 i =i n
Side a = A/b = 1 =3i2 / n 4 .
Side b = A/a = 12/3 = 4 in.
P A R A L L E L O G R A M
G i H v e a e= i 8 in g a : t h n s t b =n . 1i h i ,d d en e 2 .
F iArea n A = adx b = :8 x 12 = 9 s q . - i n 6 .
Height a = A/b = 96/12 = 8 in.
Side b = A = 96/8 = /12 in. a
R IA NG T G R
H LI A T E N DG L E
Given: Side a = 6 in., and side b = 8 in.
F iArea n A = ad x b = : 6 x 8 = 2 s q . - i n4 .
2
S c i= d h ~ 6 e+z 8 m = *= =2f l i= i n
S i
a - d ‘ e
~– 8 = ~1 2 – 0 1‘ 2 =06 6 i2 0 4 n~
Side b ‘~c2 – az ‘*102 – 62 =4 1 – = 0 =3 8 i 0 6 n~
A CA NU T G R
T LI EA E N DG L E
Given: Side a = 6 in. Side b = 8 in., and side c = 10 in.
F iArea n A = sd z % (a: + b + c) = %(6+8 + 10)= 12
Ad s (s- a) x (s-b) x (s-c) =i12 (12-6) X( 12-8) X (12- 10)=
24 sq. in.
OBTUSE ANGLED TRIANGLE

Given: Side a = 3 in., b = 4 in., and c = 5 in.
Find: Area A = s = % (a + b + c) = % (3 + 4 + 5) = 6
A= # 6(6 -3) X(6-4)X (6-5) =fi = bsq.-in.
260
G E O M E TF R O I C RA M L U L A S
( e xS a o m
t e fp l ap ee h c s a i gn n e eg )
R IT R GI A
WH N 2 G
4TI LA E N
T 5G HL Eo
A = A r e a
A = a — 2
h 2
[ b =~ l e 4 1 4 a
a h = 0 .a 7 0 7 1
a = 1 . 4 1 4 h
E Q U I L A TT ER R I A AL N G L E
A A r e = a
6 e
a x h
A ~ =
m
h = 0.866 a a = 1.155 h
&
u T R A P E Z O I D
A A r e = a
- (c b h a + )
D : (
w ‘= 2
R E G H U E LX AA R G O N
A A r e = a
A R R aRo c id r c i u mcu=s c irs i b r ef d c l e
= R ao i dn s ic c uri i sr b e cf d l e
f 2 i 2 a0. = 2 5 R . = 93 = 5 r 8. 9 z 4 8 6 z 4
R = a = 1.155 r
@ r = 0 a .= 0 8 R. 6 8 6 6 6
a = R = 1,155 r
R E G O U C L T AA R G O N
A A r e = a
R R ao c id r c i u mcu=s c irs i b r ef d c l e
r = R ao i dn s ic c uri i s r b e cf d l e
A 4 a . = 2 8 R . = 23 = 8 r 8. 2 z 3 8 1 z 4
R 1 a .= 1 3r . 0 =0 7 8 2
r = 1 a .= 0 2R. 0 9 7 2 4
a = 0 R. = 0 7 r. 6 8 5 2 8
R E G P UO L L AY R G O N
A A r n = Ne = u o as m ib ed r e
r * ’ @ = ~go” – a “
a =
,(3 ~
r
@ - J
261
EXAMPLES
(See Formulas on the Facing Page)
RIGHT TRIANGLE WITH 2 45° ANGLES

Given: Side a = 8 in.
Find: Area A=~ a2 =7 82 = ~=
64 32sq.-in.
Side b = 1.414a = =
h = 0 . a = 70 0. x 8 7= 5 01 .i7 6 1 5 n6 8 .
E Q U I L A TT E R R I A AL N G L E
F i n h = 0d x .a: = 0 8 x .8 6= 6 8 6i . 6 9 6 n2 8 .
Area A = ~a = 8 X 6 x =. — 5 95 = h2 . 2 7s4 8 .q 2 .7 4 - 1 i 2 n
2 2
T R A P E Z O I D
Given: Side a = 4 in., b = 8 in., and heidt h = 6 in.
( b h = ( a 4 6 =+ 3 s 8+.-i . ) ) X 6 q n
F iArea nA = d z : 2
R E G H U E L X AA R G O N
Given: Side a = 4k.
F iArea n A = 2d x .a: = 2.598
5 x 49 = 4 8 1 w 2 . - 5 i 62 8n .
r = 0 x .a = 0.866
8 x 4 6= 3.4646in.
R = a = 1.155 r = 1.155x3.464=4 in.
REGULAR OCTAGON
Given: R= 6 in., radius of circumscribed circle
Find: Area A = 2.828 R2 = 2.828 x 62 = 101.81 sq.-in.
Side a = 0.765 R = 0.765 x 6 = 4.59 in.
REGULAR POLYGON
Given: Number of sides n = 5, side a = 9.125 in.
Radius of circumscribed circle, R = 7.750
Find:
r=m=-v= 625ino
nra 5 X6.25 X9.125 = 142.58 sq.-in.
Area A = ~ = 2.
262
G E O M E TFR O I C RA M L U L A S
( e xS a o m
C I R C L E
A A r C ie r c= u ma f e r e n c e
d
A= r2 x ~ = rz x 3.1416 z x
d n = d 3 . 1 x 4 1 x 6
@
L eo a n f ag a tnr = o0h g. 0f d Icx0a r 8 e 7 2 7
C I R S
C UE L CA R
T O R
A A ra = A e = a=a r A n c g
A =
‘ r X 2 &
a r x a x 3 . 1 4 1 6
< a =
1 8 0
a=— 5 7a . 2 9 6. 2A
v r
r Y
C I R S
C U
E LG AM R E N T
A A ra A e =n a cg = C l = oe
A A o s r em cea i =ot t nar or f iu r ae sn ga l
:
< c = 2r x sin a
T
a E L L I P S E
A A rP = P ee =r i a m e t e r
* A z x =a3 . x xa= x1 b 4b 1 6
— .
+ A a p p r of x oi m f r ap ntmee ut o il ea t er r
P = 3 . 1 ( a4 + 1b ) 6 { 2 z z
w
x E L L I P S E
L o pc a oo t e ii l n n l g ti ps s n e
a
~ L — = R o am at i =ct m
i nx a oa o i f j xr os i
— . b . —
+
x = az - ( 2C x y2 )
u
Q m4
Y = c —
0 d ~ ( w
D 0 N = the required number of holes (diam, d) of
0 which total area equals area of circle diam. D.
D
2
EXAMPLES
(See Formulas on the Facing Page)
CIRCLE
Given: Radius r = 6 in.
A = r2x ~ = =
A = = 12ZX0.7S5Q =
C = dx = x =
if a = 60°
= dx a = x x =
CIRCULAR SECTOR
Given: Radius T = 6 in., =
Area A = r2 ~ x ~ = 62 x ~ x ~ = 18.85 Sq. h.
a = rx x = 6x x =
a = xa = x =
r 6
C I R S
C U
E LG AM R E N T
Radius r = 6 in., a =
A a
= r2 x ~ x — . x X~ =
A =
Chord c = 2r x sin ~ = 2 x 6 x sin ~ = 2 x 6 x 0.7071 = 8.485 in.
E L L I P S E
Half axis, a = 8 in. and b = 3 in.
Area A = ~ x a x b = 3.1416 x 8 x 3 = 75.398 in.
P = + ) = + ) =
@ =
E L L I P S E
G i A va = 8 ein.
x andn b = i 4: in., then s C = ~ = ~ = 2, x = 6 in.
~ = ~ - ~ . .
c 2 2 2
-( ) (2 2x ) ‘ 6
E X
H m %i @holes have same areas as a 6 in. diam. pipe?
N= (’/d)2 = (6/0.25)2 = 242= 576 holes=
Area of 6 in. @pipe= 28,274 in.2
Area of 576 H in. #holes= 28,276 in.2
G E O M E TFR O I C RA M L U L A S
( e xS a o m
C U B E
b V = V o l u m e
~ i– v= ~3 1
S Q P U RA RI ES M
I
I V = V o l u m e
— —
I J L : .; ; :* ’ ,: - ’ : = C &
P R I S M
m T
‘ f : oh : c r ‘b; m
ai Ay rpu efaa elpsoa f easl n d iso ho”nere nf=esa dca eu prrn y
i h i p e r p e nt de i cs fu ul as r r n f a c o de .
w
C Y L I N D E R
v Volume S = A o =c ry l i s ne du r ri a c f af la
. . —. .
.
%
+ ; “‘ ; : ; : : 0: ” x: : 7 = d 82 x ’ h
C O N E
q
v Volume S = A o =c r o s n ue i r c fa a af l
. . (—. 3 . . x r x1 h 4 1 6 2
v = 1 =. x r x0 h 4 7 2
h d “ d
%
L
S = 3.1416 rc = 1.5708 dc
F R U O SC T UO M N F E
‘ - v i
Volume S = A o =c r o s n ue i r c fa a af l
0 . ’ i
v 0.2618 h ( D2 + Dd + dz ) = a = R–r c. ~
P
h s =% 1.5708 C( D + d )
~
I I
265
E X A M P L E
( F oS ro tm e Fu l aP ea h c s a i gnn e eg )
C U B E
F iV on V =l ad =u 8 : =m 5 ce u .1 ~- 3i n2 .
Side a = G 8i = n
S Q P U RA RI ES M
Given: Side a = 8 in., b =6in., and c ‘4 in.
F iVolume n V = adx b x c : = 8 x 6 x 4 = 192 cu.-in.
v =1 9b = = n = 1 2 . = 6 i 9 2
a ! — = 8- i
8 4
;
x
5 n
—
4
b 6 x x c
c . = —1 = 4i 9 ~ n 2 .
a 2 x x b 6
P R I S M
G i E vs ue A r=nn 1 f s : aq a c. d h -=e 8 iin. n .2 , d
F iVolume n V = hd x A =: 8 x 12 = 96 cu.-in.
C Y L I N D E R
G i vr = e 6 in., nand h : = 12 in.
F iV on V =l 3d u . x : rm x1 h =e 43 1. x 6 16x 1 =4 12 1 3c 6 u5 . 72 - 2. i
A o C ry l i S ne du r rSi a=fc 3 afa l .cx d xe1h : = 4 1 6
= 3 . x 1 1x 1 =4 4 15 s 26 q . . 23 - 28 i9 n .
C O N E
G i v r e= 6 in.,
n and: h = 12 in.
F iV on V =l 1d u . x: rm x0 h =e 4. x7 0 2=6 44 zc2 57 u 1x 22. h- . i 4n
c = ~ ‘ 3 1 = 6 {41 ~3i =+ . 4 4= n 1 6
A o C r o S n ue i r S =cf 3a aa f. crl x ce1 = : 4 1 6
= 3 . x 6 x11 43 = 2 1. 5 64s 2 q1 . . 86 - 8 i7 n .
F R UO C S T U
O M N F E
G i D vi a e D m= n2 e i :t a e d n=r 1 i n h. = 1n 4 , 0i d . . 32 , n 7 5
F iVolume n V =d 0 : . h ( 2 + D 6+ d D1= 8 2 2 d )
0 . x 1 2 0( 6 +. 21 x231 8+ 17 4 =5 2 2 27 c 3u24 2.7 -
Surface S = 1 . C ( D5+ d 7 1 0 . X 1 )8 5( 17 2= 0 = 8 42 2 +
6 7 s 8 q . .5 -8 i 6 n .
266
GEOMETRICAL FORMULAS
(See examples on the facing page)
See tables for volume and surface of cylindrical shell, spher-

ical, elliptical and flanged and dished heads beginning
on page
267
E X A M P L E S
( F oS ro m
t e Fu l aP ea h c s a i gnn e eg )
SPHERE
Given: Radius r = 6 in.
Find: Volume V = 4.1888 r3 = 4.1888 X216 = 904.78 CU.-hi.
or v= 0.5236 d3 = 0.5236 x 1728= 904.78 cu.-in.
Area A =4Tr2 = 4 x 3.1416 x 62 = 452.4 sq.-in.
or A= T d2 = 3.1416 x 122 = 452.4 sq. in.
S P H ES R E I C G AM L E N T
G i R v a r e= d6 in.n iand: um = 3s in.
F iV on V = l 3 d u. x m
: m1( e4 =
m
@ 1 r 6 z -
= 3 . x 3 1( 4 =6 1 1 -4c 6 1u; 2. . ) - 3 i 7 n .
A Ar 2 r x e = r2 Xa 3.1416x=X 6 X 3 =m 1 1S 3q .. -1 i 0
S P H E Z R I CO A L N E
G i R v a r e = d6 in.,
n i Cl : =u 8 in.,s C2 = 11.625 in., and h = 3 in.
3 X 82 + 3 X 11.6252
Find: Volume V = O.5236X3X ~ + 32 = 248.74 cu. in.
( 4 )
Area A = 6 . X 6 X23 = 18 13s q32 .. - 1 i 0 n .
T O R U S
G i Radius
v Re = 6 in.
n and : r = 2 in.
F iV on V =l 1d u 9 R: m x r. = e 17 93X 6 X .22
9 = 7473.7 3Cu.-in.
z 9
A A r= 3 9eR = . 3 a 4 9 x 6 7x .2 = 844 s7r7 q 8 3 . - . i 7n
—
268
GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
AJ x LOCATINGPOINTSON A CIRCLE
z
EXAMPLE
. . y =- = Sin. X= 3 in.
x =q~’ ~ind Y == =~
& = %= 4 in.
q. D L E O N F G PF TL C A
HY T
LO IE N D RE
= E X A M P L E
.+ ~ ~ : L e n I g ndt hi s = ao= i m
f 2 ed 4t e e i r
p l T ah i o ct fk :enp1 i e l s as t n
t
,@ d i a Lm 2 e t 1 1e5 r 8 x 3
T FINDTHERAD;USO COF AI R A
C U L A
‘ e ~ : ‘ ~ ~ ~ : ~~ ; ’ : : i n
q
o TO FIND THE CENTER OF A CIRCULAR ARC
When the Radius, R, and Chord, C are known,
strike an arc from point A and from point B
with the given length of the Radius. The inter-
secting point, O of the two arcs is the center of
the circular arc.
y .d~
I
q o T F T IC E NOH NA C
O TDI REE A
C RU L FA
P I w t Ch hC a eh oD i r m n endM ean ,ks i no, dn ro,

y ‘b s
a a tf p
o it a dtC
r
r Ao a f o i P i r rn nB k
moo t o i
or he t h n i ns nc t ef e erh sc. e tc t
p ow s i t i nl r atiT t ii snng t heh rhp t s s e co . t i
o t s t l r h aOi i ti n cg f eheo t t hsnc i, t r hesc e
a r c .
~ C + 41W ; Y=R-A4 = 2
# k 8A4
FJ CONSTRUCTION OF A CIRCULAR ARC
The Radius is known, but because of its extreme
c J length it is impossible to draw the arc with a com-
pass. Determine the length of Chord and Dimen-
. A sion M. Draw at the center of the Chord a perpen-
z~ M dicular line. Measure on this line Dimension M.
Connect points a B B lni DAs i a e nd c .
D B a m e M an d si mu Dp /e erd rn pe se ni d 4oi cn u l
R e p t e p a r th o i t cnt e rgi de uq asr hu e ec s c t o
a M w cb a e i yb i a l s 4, te ccll i t eTi te m ho n s e
v o o r t t t ir ic a ahet nps g o l rtf ehe ic s n ieht
c a u lr a c r .
- .
GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

I
SOLUTION OF RIGHT TRIANGLES
R E Q U I R E D
NOWNSIDE OR ANGLE FORMULAS E X A M P L E S
( E N C I R C L E D )
Sidea s 6 in. b = 12.S67 in.
t A ‘ ~ a F A Ai n‘n ng ‘ 0 l .d e4 6
a b @4 b ’ a
=
Sidea = 6 in. b = 12.867 in.
1 2 . 8 6
tan B = ~ F A B
i n= ng 2 l~ d. e1
b
b =
Sidea = 3 in. b = 4 in.
b c -
A c
b = s
Side a = 6 in. c = 12 in.

c
a A =~ A =~ = 0
c
A
@ sin 0.S00 = 30°
B Side a = 6 in. c = 12 in.
c a
c a B =y B =+ = 0 . 5
A C = O S
a = 3 in. c = 5 in.
c a ‘ b =
c
= 4
A = 250, side a = 6 in.
A, a a b = a x cot A b = 6 x
= 6 x = i
A
( b )
A A n= ?300, side
g a =
l6 in.
e
a —6 =
a c c =- =
A
AA
A = b =
b a = b x A a = x
a = x =6
A&
Angle A = 30°, side b = 12 in.
b = 12
A b @ c , = F c i— n d
A
A A = 13.856
b
Angle A = 30°, side c = 12 in.
c a = x
C = c x sin A
@ a = 12 x 0.500 = 6 in.
AA
c A = 3o0, side c = 12 in.

A, C b = C X COSA Find side b = 12 x 30°
12 x 0.866 = 10.392 in.
A
I
971
A
F r uof Es C t C uE Nm
C T R OI C N E
E X A M P L E
Given: M d i e ata the mlarge

a eend, t D n=e 36 rin.
4.
C “Segments
of Circles for =1
t h e
A The Bottom tAt The Top
Factor c times Factor c times
mean radius = mean radius =
Chords, Cl C2. . . Chords, Cl C2 etc.
in. S 1,2... ft.-in. in s:, 2. . . ft.-in. ,
300 c1 = 9.317“ S1 = 6’-0 ~ c1 = 6.212“ s; = 4’-0 %
6Q0 Cz = 18.000’ Sz = 6’-2 Yle C2 = 12.000” s; = 4’-1 yz
~oo C3= 2S.4S2” s3 = 6’-4 ~ C3= 16.968” S; = 4’-2 IMG
1200 C4= 31.176“ S4 = 6’- 67/lG C4= 20.784“ S: = 4’-4 ‘/fj
1500 C5= 34.776* Ss = 6’-7 I946 C5= 23.184“ S: = 4’-5 Yl(j
‘6 = HZ + & G G’. sl~

‘*G=- = 4’-511/lG
272
O V S P
T b a vu p laathe cminimum
eofi a c s l e cso r ad e t w i i i n t material,
ty theh correct r o a
l et d n i ags mb t hde eh t t a ee o r r m
l i n l e ed .
T o p rt h oi al m eftu et nmd i ig aoc th m b f fhe tboa tee f ru o l npn lh r eo od wc iey
( p rT ie l s hi st m1u eirp aet0 e e l s ld0s i hnp os a0eo a i i ds ad as l r ud m s e de
F=~ , where P= Design pressure, psi.

CSE c= C o r a r l o l soi iw oa nn c n e , .
S = S vt or am ea l tp s e u rs si ea lf i ,
E = J e of f i c i n e n t c y
E c n o hf t apa e ac tr ra li ht n gnse h g a t ei df nt ee c d tsha d i op t era v tce e e i d sth

M h o or i z t ovt n l t ar ele l pi hy r e t s nve no ote aEi enh g l u e e f
F t ir n t e orhms e v cmeto ir eoat n ir v c t a v leen l o yaf ha l d du ) e e f .
The length of vessel = ~ , where V = Volume of vessel, cu. ft.

n D D
Inside diameter of vessel, ft.
=
EXAMPLE
Design D a t a :
P= 100 p V = 1s c , fi S0 = 1t , u 0 6p .0 , E s= . 00 , i 0 C. = 0.0 8 . ,i 00
F t oi p dt hn i i aa m dml u e e mt nn e rg t d h
F = 100 = 0 i . n1 .2 -5 l
0 .X 1 0 6 60 , 02 05 .0 X 8
F c rD =
h 5.6 ft.,
o as 5 ft.rm6 in. t a y
Length = 4 x 1,000
3.14 x 5.52 = 42.1, say 42 ft. 1 in.
* FROM:
“
Gulf Publishing Company, Houston. permission.
—
273
100,000
80.000
6
50,000 1 I I I I I I 1 I I I II 1
40,000 1II I 1 I I I I I I I
\ , , 1 , , , , , , , ,
20,000 I , , , ! , , , ,
I0
8
. , 1 [ , , , ! , , , t i w 1+ I 1 I M
b.UUUk %~ fz~
5.000 I I
4.000 I i I I I i f 1
..- I 1I1 1[I I I

3.000
2.000 I 1 I i 1
I
I
1. +[
I t.
I
i I 1 1 I
1 I [ [
r 1
I
1 r , I I
I ,000
400
300
200
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
10.
1 2 3 4 8 910
VESSELDIAMETER,D FT.
CHART FOR DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM VESSEL SIZE

( f Sap fc e a xi p ln eago ng a t ei o rn )
274
FLAT RINGS MADE OF SECTORS
Making flat rings for base, stiffeners etc., by

L 1
dividing the ring into a number of sectors,
less plate will be required.
ONE Since the sectors shall be welded to each
d
PIECE other, the weMing will be increased by
increasing the number of sectors.
Q The cost of the weMing must be balanced
o+ against the savingin plate cost.
The chart on facing page shows the total
2 plate area required when a ring is to be
SECTORS divided into sectors. This area is expressed
ER as a percentage of the square that is needed
to cut out the ring in one piece. The figures
0,866 D at the left of this page show the width of
the required plate using different number of
3 sectors.
~ SECTORS D z Outsidediameterof riu.
u d = Insidediameterof ring.
0,707 D
DETERMINATK)N OF THE REQUIRED
PLATE SIZE
4
~ SECTORS 1. Determine D/d and D2 (the area of square
n
m plate would be required for the ring made
of one piece)
0,500 D
2. R f e c r ( ha f po aa d t ca rm
p i g tn
c e o n t tr ae qag h uwe i r t r f h ee
6 r d i i v t ni d n d e neg sht du io m ro
e
S E C T Os Re Sc t o r s
n
0 D, 3 8 3 3. Determinethe requiredarea of plate
4. Divide the area by the r

e qw u o i i r
p
a ls aah t l ot o t ewe ph s t hn f a
*
o
bt l t eo at hnp i gl n hta e ht
- S E C T8 O R S
~ 5 A a l l d(o w 1mai n. df acn f e xc l
D c u b t e t s t i ewa n c ea gt t e e onn dr
T R E QH W U I I R EE D D o t Tp H l h a t f e e
O P LF RA I O
T FN E G R S
M O A S E D
C T EO RF S
S E x Oa eF m aP p c l ea ei gn n
L 13
FLAT RINGS MADE OF SECTORS (cont.)
100 -
90
% w
LL 80
o
@
~ 70
u
$ 60
&
q 50
CA
$ do
&
* 30
CIa
+
~ 20 — — .L.
& ~ l.1
10 ~
o
2 3 4 5 6 7 a
NUMBER OF SECTORS
EXAMPLE
Determine the required plate size for a 168 in. O.D., 120 in. I.D. ring made of
6 sectors
1. Did= 1.4; D2 = 28,224 sq. in.

2. From chart (above) the required area of plate is 50% of the area that would
be required for the ring made of one piece.
3. Area required 28.224x 0.50= 14,112 sq. in.
4. Divide this area by the required width of plate (facing page). Width = 0.5
X 168 = 84 14,1 12/84 = 167.9 inches, the length of plate.
5. Add allowance for flame cut.
=
m
a
~ 1
169 “
- . - -
F r uof Cs O tN Cu E mNC T R I O C N E
G i v e n :
D M d i e aa t m la = e e ta n eh rnr
DI = M d ie aa t m sa e e tm n eh nra
H H eo t if r g u= h s tt u
D e t t e Rr m
e iqP hn u le i ar e et d
T R e qP h u li r a ee d
= D- DI D
b— 2 tan c1 = + , rl = —1
2’
e - s
.r 1
a R c
m
+
C o T n R i a c oa n l o k f
P= x3
T R e qP h u li r ae
277
F r of
u C s O tN Cu E mN
C T R IO C N E
Made from two or more Plates
t - %
G i v e n :
D M d i e aa t m la = e e ta n eh rnr
D, = M d i e aa t m sa e e tm n eh nra
H H eo t if rg =u h s t t uf e
n = N u o p m (l b s a ee t cr t e of
D e t t e Rr me iqP hn u el i r a ee d t
= D - – D l
b 2 —
,
tan W = *
I
-b c = ~ +H b 2 2
D rl = D 1 / 2
Elevation R c +
e . &
s m t i
l’% 2
DXZ
2
X 5 7 .
R =
2 9
n
6
x Rxs > +% i = n
Y Rxt ~ + 1 a = n
exs 2 i n
exc ~ o s
W o it R d e qP t h u= Rlhi +r 1fa ee d -t
L eo t n R eg qP th ui hl i r af ee d t
t F r mu h f s at r u e odm me :
2 P :l 2 Y
a +Z t Xe s +
Reauired Plate
F r of
u Es C t C uE N
Cm T R OI C N E
Determination of the Required Plate by Layout and by Calculation
1. Draw the side view and half of the

bottom view of the cone.
Divide into equal parts the base
and the top circle.
Draw arcs from points z’, 3’, 4’,
c etc. with the center 1’.
F t p r 1o 2 oh3i e n m ° °t
s at w r c r i Oei k nc t e t
S t f a a pr rto aoi 1 no i g
( m 1 ma er t ska pes adu h
o t b oc oht i t ct r o cf oe
a i n at 2‘en r s er dc
2
#
Side view
of cone
4
O
of the top circle.
o
C A L C U L A T I O N
T f t c iu ro t vhnp a bt ocl uda hrle ace u l t a f
the O
B
only (marked S3)
If the bottom circle divided into 12 equal spaces,
C3 . 2 R x sin 45°
S3 =~H2 + C;
W R hdenoted ethe mean r radius ofe the base

circle.
See example.
Fig. B
970
L
F r uof Es C t C uE Nm
C T R OI C N E
E X A M P L E
at the large end, D = 36 in.
C
C etc. using C
=1
c c
= =
. . C~
~ 1, 2 . . . ft.-in. s;, 2. . . ,
= S1 = 6’ -0 % = s; = 4’ -0 %
= = = s; = 4’ -1 %.
. = ~ = “ =
= = - = = 6
= = = “ =
H2 + D2 = 6$- 8Y2
= ‘
BENT AND MITERED PIPE
2
I
C & P
, t
When i n t e rhp s e i cln t i ena g n
/ k\ ./ 1.~ p e r p e n t d t i c a u l oa tr xh i o
r *G1
c y l t i ni n d t e hr r is ,ae c t i e o
[ r
.—. e l l i p s e .
!Cl
IC2 C O N S T R U O C T T I IO N N HT E
\ \ \ \
S E C
E TL IL NI G
P S E
\ \ D it cv i r ic uh dm of ete r e ne c e
c y il ie n np qd a ea utd r r a orn t l
a e l a e e m d eia pvn n i toc s i i t h
T m a a oh t jxe loi et il h r i sp
l o d n i gbs tee at st in w t cn e e h te
s e p c oa t t i m nn a nig ti h nsx do
t d i ao ht m c e y t l Teehi rn d ef
p oo t i e nl c l tbh di s pe a f s et e
m bi u nt s c e i h o dth on yr g d
c y ls i p bn pad r eco rj a ee c d t i
s oh b c o a l cw ua le an t ix or yn es
p l b i e f W l i t eomi d w h e t .t i h
m b l o as a l t o ui br yp aei a d ny t f
‘F
. l d o ew n - e c s oT m tte , r hs ch i
} n o t ep a l s t h r a es n qt f h eu ei
: 17 - ---- c l e s a ra h a b nt al c i ea l s k nl
16
— ‘– c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
;
D E V E L O P M E N T
:b T l e H nih e g t qt t hec u , aih
c u m f o et rc e y n l cD hi e n i d v e f e
!
-w
t l i h t i s n i nn a htu s o em m o b e
I e p q a at u c i rr a c u htmlo f e s r e sn e
t c y l hD i n a d er e el r .ea m
t h e r d o i a upv e gri cp hse ni d hoi c nu
t t l hD i e t nit e l r oe mes i .hn e
o e e la a es mc oh be cf ohn t w a
c u l Ba c t o i n o n t n e e. c t i hny g
p oo t i e ln ec th mb os e n fa et s
t at s i t r en t hc le h eo dtd -i o e u t n
i n t e r a s em c tb i u on nf a s d
c u o t p t a f i t pu n t m g e i oi r t t n p
i e n t g c , .
E X A M P L E
f c a l co uof l length a t i rofo n
e l e m e n t s .
T c i r c u h m of te r c e nye c el h i n
i d i i v 1 ie n d p q e ats du r oa t
T a o n ah s g e = c2l e t 2 e i - of
d e g r e e s .
T a o nt h i ng t e rlhp se e ecl t fi ean
t t a o t xh c y i=l oh4 i e ns d f
‘Y” d e g r e e s .
c = r x cos 22-1 /2° 1
h ‘2== , c, = r x cos 45°
c%= r x sin 22-1 /2°
1 = ( a cq 4 - a ,o ~ 0 ) s °
h h l
a = = l
1 = ( - a c 4 a e 2 2 o 0t a ) scs 4° a. si 40 e in 0°t
282
I C
o e d q i a uwm a e a toi nfie nl r t gtse r 9 s l e h c te i o0f n
I 1
I I
— .
I
1
1d
‘/4 O F
T L O IH IN T E N R S EE C ET I FO N
D it c v i r ci u h md of te er c e ny e c l e hi n
i e np q a a ut d ra a eo rn t ll a e as m d
e d ai vp ic o sT i i i h no nt ne h rt s e . c
p oo t ie ln ed th m e st e t e n lfr et m s i i h
o i n t e r s e c t i o nf .
D E V E L O OP M P EA N TT T E R NF
D s tr lr oa a e i i gl qw h ent tut n ea g
c i r c u m o f t e rc e yn cl eiDh n itd e v rf es
l i i t s nn n ea hut o esm m op qb e aee u
a t c i r c uh m of et r sec ne yc el hi n d
D a er l t ea hm e r we do n n ai u t v g i c
p e r p e n t d t i c ul hl a i rD e en t s ee o r es
t l e o e hn e g al bte ep m chr o e jf hen c
o c a l c u ( l ae t ixS o b arn . e m e B l p o el
c o n nt e e c pt i ohnot gn e i l e e nh md
t s t r o eh curve t c of theh uintersection
ee d t
can be developed.
EXAMPLE
for calculationof lengthof elements
If the circumferenceof cylindersis divided
into 16 equalparts a = 22-1/2°
c1 = r sin a
C’2= r sin 2 a
C3 = r c a o s
c4 = r
-
I C
o u n d ei qa wmu a e a tofi nile n r t gtse r 9 s l e h c te i o0f n
inder into as many equal parts as necessary

I for the desired accuracy. Draw an element
at each division point. Project distances
c1, C2 etc. to the circumference of the
larger cylinder and draw elements at each
points. The intersecting points of the
elements of the large and small cylinder
determine the curve of intersection.
D E V E L O OP M P EA N TT T E R NF S
D a s r t l r of aa e ii lgwq hetn tut n aeg ht
c i r c u m o f te rc e yn cl eiDh n itd e v rf es i . h
l f t i s c onm yh il a e it rnsl n e d l e a ht r
n u o e m p qb a tae u c i r rr ac u fhtm l f e s r e sn
o t s c m yh l aDi n afl deer e l r e a. m
t h e r d o ia u pv eg ir cp hs e nti dt hoi c nu l a rh
l D i e t nt e l r e meo it .hnne el g e ht me he
b p r o oj ce a c l t c iu( oly ean t xSi o a nr . me
b e Bl c oo nw nt )e e c. pt i ohnyo gn i
t e l et h sm t e r on eh ctet sco ut h u ee r d vh
i n t e r c s be dc te i v ao e n l o p ne de .
T c u r ohv t a h t ui et r oh le al fh e r
c y li d i e n t ed b r e t m r l i n e oes dh n g
e l ec Cm e e s n p1 t t a s a cdch i,i 2 ns .e gt
c a b c e e w t a h ct s l i , . e, or c h, n h g
a o t rp a v c rho t t i ls i nc aae hyl r lw g
1
der.
E X A M P L E
f c a l c o ou ll a te oi r eon nl ge m t ef hn t sf .
D i t v c i i rd c ui hm no f t eg rc e ny ec le h i1 =n d @f ee 1r - c, , 2 =
i 1 e n p q ata u= 3r oa t 2 sl 0 , °
= r sin 30° 300 C3 = r 1 = 14=
@ R , +
c1 C2 = r cos
284
I C
w n i i n t e roat s e c hxt i nn g e s
a . b . C . f d ~
I
\
I
r
— — . .
; 1! - -+ - , - y*-* - –‘ ; +
, .
I
I 1’ T L O IH IN T E N R S EE C ET I F O
I I I D it cv i r i c uh dm of ete r e ne c e
b rc ya ol nb i vcn doi h i e r etn
a m e a pq a na nu e sr cay e t sl
f t i n o t a h ec nc Dud r r ee a dr c
a e l a e e m d eia pvn n i toc s i i t
T p oo ih in t en r o s t tee c s t i of
c o r r e s ep o l n de d i m ne g te e n r t m
t l o i ni h t e r sn e c e t ie o fn .
D E V E L O OP M P E AN TT T E
D a s r t l r oa e ii l gqw eh n ut n
t t c i r c u hm o f t e rb e o n rec e ha
c y al di n i i d nvt e s nri d ad ht e
n u o em p bq a eat u cr r a f ith l
c u m f e D r e an rc e e .l a e m
t h e r d o i a upv e gri cp hse ni d hoi c n
t t l Di eh t n t e l r eo me i . hn
o t e l ebh mp r e o n fjo ete cs t
c a l c u ( l ae t ixS o b an , e m e l p o e
B c o n nt ee c p t i o hnoty ng i
e l et sm t e r on eh ct t sco u h u ee r d
t i n t e rhc s eb cd t e i veoa en l o
T c u r ohv t a h t ‘u ter oh e il
m c ya il d i e i nt e db r nt em ri n e
l eo e n l egc C m te e s h n 1 t tpf s
i t a dh n i s a etb ca egn mc t e t s
w ah t l i eo r ca hn o ht g r e t e
m c ya (l ei il n se vd an e te ri o n
L k
E X
f c a
D i
A M P L E
l c o ou l l a eo t e i n olr neg
vt ci i dr c iu h mn of tge r e n e c e
m t
c y il 1i e nn pd q eaa =t 3ur r aot 2
c, = r sin 30° /1 = { R + C2 - 2
C2= r cos 30° 12 =~ R2-(r + C1)2
—
1 J R2- (r - C1)2
4
16 = R
285
I C A C N
T L O IH IN T E N R S EE C ET I F O N
D it cv i r i c uh dm of eet r e ne c e h
l o i b n v d o ei i r a te n n w h
B
c y
3 m e a p q a annu e rcayf e t sl s s a o
2 t d e a hs c ic urD r ee aa drc y . a
e l ae e m d e ai n vp t i c o s ti h o n
1
% D c r i o r p a c v l l ww e i s a i en
/ 2 r ar , r de Ti l t u2o i s i hc n l ,t n .
3 s e o ct tp ii d ol he tn e ar nm e i nn
4 b t p oo ih ni t en r ys o te e c ts i o nf
e l e a m t e c no rnt r esh s p o nd d ie
c i Pr cr t l o pe hj s ote .te ci st n hte
e l e vT a i t n i t oe hrnp s . e oc t ii e n gn
o t p r o aj h e e c l t eow f n erm s e i n
d e t te rl mo ii inhn t e r ns e ec t e
o t e l e vh T a st it n or e hne . t c
o c u r ouv t a h t ui tr oh e l fh
c i t o b d e n t e b r etm i s no e dh
l eo a n a ag r e tt r 2chta 3 n f s s cf , e
e f t pr v olohc i a dl amc e ue l n a w
a e x e m bp l ei T f lsi e s pod ahw c .
o a a a r e m 2bc t o3 bf sact , a , i .
a s ho m o b c wa las c n u l ra yt
( e Sx ba eem l p oel we ) .
D E V E L O O P M P E AN TT T E R
D a s r t l r oaa l ii eegw hn nq t g u et
t t c i r c u h m of te r c eo n e yc e h l
d a d ei i in v t i sn r d d athe
n u o em pbq a e atu rc r a f tihl
c u m f e D r e an rc e e .l a e m w
t h er od aiu vp g i cph os i iheo nn
p e n dt ti cl u D l i a eh r t n e r eo m e
t l eo t hn e lg eb th pme he nr f te
j e o cb c t a li c tou l l n a e t ir hnny g g
of 1~, 1 e t ec *.x b( a Se m e l, p e o l
I w
E X A M P L E
f c a l c oou l l a eo t e i n olr neg m t ef
C6 = r sin a
r a R d= h i t up s ,a 6
I
‘,=w= ‘tc
286
I C A S N
R
>
K
I
-—. —.
-
A
-—.—.
1
.r
a
- ,
.—
a-3
a
al
-
1 I
I
“
s
1 . \
%
B R2
THE LINE OF INTERSECTION

Divide the diameter of the cylinder into equal
,
spaces. The horizontal planes through the
division points cut elements from the cylinder
and circles from the sphere. The intersections
of the elements with the corresponding circles
are points on the curvature of intersection.
I
D E V E L O OP M T E CN TY LH I N D F
“ Iw D
c
t
T
m
s
a s r t
bi t
n
p o aht
ln
lr a ao e i i gwl q h ent t ut n
i r c u m o f te rc e ny c ale hdi
t s a hu o p m m a obat e c e ry rl thi
dc i i pv neh i oag s d i i f eoen
e o e a hn o d t g r c y ty e l ch hi
ea g
n i i d nfv ee
D a e r l t e a h m e r ewd o nianu pvt g i cohs

p e r p e n td it c ul l a Dri eh t n et r oe me
l e o t n e gl e bt h m
p hr e o n fjo eetb cs t
c a l c ou t l al t ei oo nh1n 1g e t f h e1 t s2
P i 2 iE l l ip H:p s o e ei nd 1a la
T c e p h no o r t th e e i i ra oeh p n p a r
m a a s t p he s e l er ityg c r m a aleo h nd
w i he 0i q t c ut i d h. aim aso hl t m e 9e
h We t a ph i dw ieh ia. l tpno i 0 h e emi
t ti d m i a o h etm he s tt eleh ro iah
‘E X A M P L E i n t e r a s ed ce tv i e on l on o t p c m ye d n l th i
f c a l co uof l length
a t i rofo nc b f i oa t a u d b nenh seomdc rav n i en b
e l e m e n t s .
C a l t c d u i ls xat h Xat ene c e l ets 2 , c , , .
x i g xi = x ~v + r xesin a n, etc.
l s, ; P 2i F i l a a Dp n iHg ne s e n ehd e da
S i wm t i c l eap a h on r ~ rtt yht e ei r o
w it kt n h ui ha sci p k nh sl e ee r ts gi c m
r ao w d i hie ut i qt s r c u afo ht ahd s
d i s h .
287
T P
connecting cylindrical and rectangular shapes
D E V E L O P M E N T
D it c v ii i e hr d np qc e a al ut e er a
d a er l aea e m d w e ai nvn ti c s
p o i n t .
F t li e o enhn e g al d b et e m ch e
t r i a n go ub l c a at li oc nuT l a t i ro y
e l ea m t he y n pr t oho st t e n eu es
t r i oa n sideg ofl nwhich e s is e
A A A --e a2- t t ’o1 3 n, ct h ’ h
s i t i h eo d th i t r ge a snhhe s ti t
p i e c e .
B t e d e g v e h li o o t p n m l e e n ti h
1 a d t - r r n t i r ah liSg da - wnh S ge
w b h S oi ae s t q hs e t u ea aA s
s A ai w hdh yn p o oe A t D se dn ue
A f bo t r ui a n ng o u cl da a t i lyo cn u
● A t Fi t o pi no1 2nh i3 . e n d tt e
A T l eo 1 h n 2 g3 - e -t em 2h t 3 f , a
●
A- b t ea t qkt c ue o e t anoh l r o
d i v o it st i c o iinht so ra hc f e l p
small enough for the desired accur-
acy. Strike an arc with 1 as center
and the chord of divisions as radius.
With A as center and A-2 as radius
draw arc at 2. The intersection of
these arcs give the point 2. The
points 3, 4 etc. in the curve can be
Found in”a similar manner.
E X A M P L E
f c a l c oou l l a eot e i norl n eg m t ef
c= r x cos a d = r x sin a
L E O NE L G E T M HE N TF S
I t a db eh so mc r van ci e bn e e n d
b f to d e u v e hnl f o et p d m re eno t a
s pi tiw ie h oc e ne ns :
one end is square
2. one or both sides of the rec-
tangle are equal to the
diameter of the circle
3. the circular and rectangular
planes are eccentric
planes are not parallel
288
T P
connecting cylindrical and rectangular shapes
1
2 2 D E V E L O P M E N T
D it c v ii i e hr d np qc e a al ut e er
3 3 d a er l aea e m d w e ai nvn ti c
p o i n t .
4 : - - + - - A F t li e o enhn e g al d b te e m ch
3 3 t r i a n go ub l c a at li oc nuT l a t i r
e l ea m t he y n pr t oho st t e n eu e
@ 2 2
1 t r i one a n sideg ofl which e s is
A A A--e a2- t t ’o1 3 n, ct h ’
s i t i h eo d th i t r ge a snhhe s ti
p i e c e .
B t e d e g v e h li o o t p n m l e e n ti h
1 a d t - r r n t i r ah liSg da - wnh S ge
w b h S oi a e s t q hs e t u ea aA
s A ai w hd h yn p o oe A t D se dn ue
f bo t r ui a n ng o u cl da a t i lyo nc
t Fi t o pi no1 2nh i3 . e n d tt e
T l eo 1 hn 2 g3 - e -t em 2h t 3 f
b t ea t qkt c ue o e t anoh l
d i v o it st i c o iinht so ra hc f e
small enough for the desired accur-
acy. Strike an arc with 1 as center
and the chord of divisions as radius.
With A as center and A-2 as radius
draw arc at 2. The intersection of
these arcs give the point 2. The
points 3, 4 etc. in the curve can be
found in a similar manner.
E X A M P L E
f c a l c oou l l a eot e i norl n eg m t
c = r x cos a d = r x sin a
e = ~ - + -d( a)( b )2
In the above described manner can

be found the development for tran-
sition pieces when:
1. one end is square
2. one or both sides of the rec-
tangle are equal to the
diameter of the circle
planes are eccentric
planes are not parallel
289
D C I E P
T b m ehe f dt s i h ove aoo ict sd i i e ro r nncq l fut

p i ta f tr l i t eo t hnsn c s goo hda pht e ao h a r f e nd r
+ c m e t a l s he wu ntr ideig i ot svtht hci idh r ehe c r u
I f e Tr el n e o c th ne c . g hC =t hedo hi r ao f m
d e e, t
o c ix c rw c ch i la f e e at r a c , b eb ut l e o sa lt r e o
E X A M P L E :
I i r e tq d u aii 2 ri v edt s i di n adc om ieic e 8 er t0 nhesc q r p l t ua e c ao e ls .
cf 8s pf o ta t r c a0 e roh.b s 3 l m8 e 2e : 6 8
C =D i ax m
0 e. =t32 e x8 r0 2 . 6=37 8 8 . i 2 60n 6 5 c8 3h 6e s
T f t l i eo c hnn hf go a od dt e r eh on dsn fu iso s mr r penyb sda e cihr t o e o f s w h
t a b l e :
1 8 0
C = D i a~ m
s e t e i r n
n uo sm p b a e c r e f s
E X A M P L E :
I i r e tq d u ai 1 r iv et ds i d i n 0 dac o meiic e 1 r0t e nhec p rq l 2t a ue ro a 0 t l s
C = 100 x sin 1 8 0
— 1 x s 1 30 1 = i0 x 0 0 ’. 0= n2 0 ° i= 2 .n 0 6 c 26 h
1 2 0
No. of No. of No.
Spaces c c c c
1 0.00000 26 0,12054 51 0.06153 76 0,04132

2 1.00000 27 0,11609 0.06038 0.04079
3 0,86603 28 0.11196 % 0,05924 ;: 0,04027
4 0.70711 29 0,10812 54 0.05814 79 0,03976
5 0,58779 30 0“10453 55 0.05709 80 0.03926
0.50000 31 0.10117 56 0.05607 81 0.03878
; 0.43388 32 0.09802 57 0.05509 82 0,03830
8 0.38268 33 0.09506 58 0.05414 83 0.03784
9 0.34202 34 0.09227 59 0,05322 84 0.03739
0 . 3 30 90 0. 20 6 8 9 05 6 . 40 5 20 0 3. 40 3
1 0 . 2 38 1 01 7 0 3 86 7 06 1 . 60 % 5 10 1 4. 80 3
1 0 . 2 35 8 02 8 0 2 86 4 07 8 . 10 8 5 00 2 6. 50 3
1 0 . 2 33 9 03 3. 20 88 2 08 5. !8 )8 4 093 8, 50 3
1 @ . 2 3 2 204 5. 29 68 0 0.04907
9 4 7 89 0.03529
4
15 0.20791 40 0.07846 65 0,04831 90 0.03490
16 0.19509 41 0.07655 66 0.04758 91 0.03452
17 0.18375 0.07473 67 0.04687 92 0.03414
18 0.17365 :: 0.07300 68 0,04618 93 0.03377
19 0.16460 44 0.07134 69 0.04551 0.03341
20 0.15643 45 0.06976 70 0.04487 % 0.03306
0,14904 46 0.06824 71 0.04423 96 0.03272
;; 0.14232 47 0,06679 72 0.04362 97 0,03238
23 0.13617 48 0.06540 73 0.04302 98 0.03205
24 0.13053 49 0.06407 74 0.04244 0.03173
25 0.12533 50 0,06279 75 0.04188 1:: 0 . 0 3
290
m
I P / l\
SEGMENTSOF CIRCLESFOR R4DIUS= 1
Length of arc, height of segment,length of chord,

and area of segmentfor anglesfrom 1 to 180 degrees
= 1 For other radii, multiply the
andradi”s
. values
of 1, h and c in the table by the given radius r, and
W J
the values for areas, by r2, the square of the radius.
e e Area l
1 h c
0 1 h
De[
c h c
Deg Deg ment
7A 1 A
I A
T 0 0.000o
. m 0 1 T m7 3-F 0 121 2.11? 0 1 0 6
. 2 0,ooo1 0 62 1,082 0 122 2.129 0 1
i 9 0 0 63 1.100 0 123 2.147 0 1
4 3 0 0 64 1.117 0 124 2.164 0 1
5 3 0 0 65 1.134 0 I15 2.18? 0 1
6 0 0 0 66 1,152 0 126 2.199 0 1
-1 9 0 0 67 1.169 0 127 2.217 0 1
8 0 0 I 68 1.187 ]28 ~,?34 0 1
9 2 0 0 0 69 1.X34 I 0 129 2,:5 ] 0 1
10 3 0 0 0
10 70 [~q~ 0 2 0 1
11 i 0 0 ; 71 I.239 0 2 0 1
12 0 0 0 0 7? 1.257 0 2 0 1
13 0 0 0 0 73 1.274 0 I 2 0 1
14 0 0 0 0 74 1,291 0 I 2 0 1
15 0 0 I 0 ~ 75 I.309 0 2 T0 1
16 3 0 0 0 I 76 1.3?6 0 2 &6~54
17 0 0 0 77 1.344 0 2 I
18 0 0 0 0 78 1.361 0 2
19 0 0 0 79 1.379 0 2
3 1 0 0 80 1.396 1 2
3 0 81 I.414 I 2
0 0 0 82 1.431 0 2
0 0 0 83 1.449 0 2
3 0 0 84 1.466 0 2
3 0 0 85 1.483 0 2
3 0 0 86 1 0 2
0 0 0 87 1 0 2
0 0 0 88 1 ; 0 2
0 0 0 89 1 , 0 2
o 0 0 90 1 1 0 2
0 0 0 91 1 1 0 2
0 0 0 92 1 1 0 2
0 0 0 93 1 1 0 2
0 0 0 94 1 1 0 2
0 0 0 95 1 1 0 2
0 0 0 96 1 1 0 2
0 0 0 97 1 1 0 2
0 0 0 98 1 1 0 2
0 0.667 0 99 1 1 0 2
0 0 100 1 1 0 2
0.715 1,763
0.73? 0 102 1.780 0 162 2.827
0 0 103 1,798 0 163 2.845
0 0 104 1,815 0 164 2.862
0 0 105 1,833 0 165 2.880
0 0 106 1.850 0 166 2.897
0 0 107 1.867 0 167 2.915
0 0 108 1.885 0 168 2.932
0 0 109 1.902 0 169 2.950
0 0 110 1.920 0 170 2.967
0 0 111 1.937 0 171 2.984
0 0 1.955 0 172 3.002 1
0 0 I 1.972 0 173 3.019
0 0 I 1.990 0 174 3.037
0 0 2.007 0 175 3.054
0 0 2.025 0 176 3.072 i
0 0 2.042 0 177 3.089 [
1 0 2.059 0 178 3.107
1 0 2.077 0 179 3.124
I 1 0 2.094 0 180 3.142
—
291
Ziii4 I
D A R
T I N OT E HR SP E C TT IE O N
d O S H
A NE O L N ZF L Z LD E
( D i m e In s ni o cn e hd e s )
N M I NE A ( I
T
~ 1 1Y2 2 2 %3 3 4 %5 6 %8
0.0625 0.4375 1.0000 1.8125
0.0625 0.3750 0.8125 1.5000
0.0625 0.3125 0.6875 1.2.500
0.0625 0.3125 0.6250 1.1250

—.
0.0625 0.2500 0.3750
0.0625 0.2500 0.3750

0.0625 0.1875 0.3125
0.0625 0.1875
0.1875
0,1875
0.12SC
o.1250 +
0.I 25a
O.
O.125C
0.12 SC
O.125C
O.125C
0.062S
0.062 !
0.062: 0.1250 0.2500
0.062 : 0.1250 0.2500
0.062 ! 0.12.50 0.2500
0.062! 0.1250 0.1875
96 0.062 ! 0.0625 0. 12s0 0.1875
102 0.062 ! 0.0625 0.1875
108 0.062$ 0.0625 0.12s0 0.1875

114 0.0625 0.0625 0.1250 0.1875
—.
120 0.062: 0.0625 0.0625 0.1250
126 0.062$ 0.0625 0.0625 0.1250

132 0.062$ 0.0625 0.0625 0.1250
138 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.1250
144 0.062$ 0.0625 0.0625 0.1250

292
I I I I
I i I dl I D A RT I N OT E HR SP E C TT IE O N
O S HA NE O LN ZF L Z LD E
( D i m d eI n ns ic o hn e s , )
S h e l l N M P I ; IN (P A E
—
! i a ; .1 1 20 6 82 30
4-
1.0625
!.5000 4.1250 7.000
!.0625 3.1875 4.1250 8.000
[.7500 2.6250 3.3750 4.8750 9 . 0 0 0 0
—
[ 2.3125 2.8750 4.0000 5.6250 D.000o
[ 2.0625 2 5000 3.4375 4.6875 .1.0000
[ 1.8125 2.2500 3.0625 4.0625 7.1875 12.0000
[ 1.6875 2.0625 2.7500 3.6250 6.0625 8.0000 3.0000
L.0625 1.8750 2.5000 5.3125 6.8125
[.0000 2.3125 4.8125 6.0000 5.0000
).9375 2.1250’ 4.3750 5.4375 0.4375
).8750 2.0000 4.0625 4.8125 9.0000
36 ).81 25 1.8750 3.7500 4.5625 8.1250
38 ).7500 1.7500 3.5000 4.2500 7.3125
40 ).7500 1.6875 3.3125 4.0000 6.7500
42 ).6875 + 1.5675 3.1250 3.7500 6.3125
1
0.875 1.0625 1.1875 2.6875 3.1875 5.2500
I
0.7500 0.9375 1.1875 2.3125 2.8125 4.5625
0.6875 0.8125 1.0625 2.1250 2.5000 4.0000
0.6250 0.7500 1.0000 1.8750 2.2500 3.6250
0.8750 1. 1.4375 1.7500 2.0625 2.4375
0.8125 1.3125 1.5625 1.8750 2.2500
0.7500 1.1875 1.4375 1.7500 2.0625
0.6875 1.1250 1.3750 1.8750 1.937.5
——
96 0.3 12! 0.4375 0.500( 0.6875 0.875C 1.2500 1.5000 1.8125 2.375(
102 0.3 12! 0.37s0 0.500( 0.6250 0.812 : 1.0000 1.1875 1.4375 1.6875 2.250(
108 0.250( 0.3750 0.437$ 0.6250 0.750C 0.9375 1.1250 1.3750 1.5625 2. 125C
114 0.250( 0.1875 0.437: 0.5625 0.6875 0.8750 1.0625 1.2500 1.5000 2.000C
120 0.250( 0.1875 0.4375 0.5625 0.6875 0.8125 1.0000 1.1875 1.4375
126 0.250( 0.3125 0.375( 0.5000 0.625C 0.8125 0.9375 1.1250 1.3750 1.8125
132 0.250( 0.3125 0.375C 0.5000 0.625C 0.7500 0.9375 1.1250 1.3125 1.750[
138 0.182! +0.3125 0.375C 0.4375 0.5625 0.7500 0.8750 1.0625 1.2500 1.625C
144 0.1 82! 0.3125 0.312 : 0.4375 0.5625 0.6875 0.8750 1.0000 1.1875 1.5625
I ,
293 I
TABLEFOR LOCATINGPOINTS
ON2:1 ELLIPSOIDALHEADS
t
From these tablesthe dimension
y can be found if the diameter,
~ D and dimensionx are known,
~Ient ‘ L i
R=t r
n e
ao h hd e i ua e sd f .
7
7
3 = 12 ! 2 ) =7 0 ?.2284 7 7.7459
Y z Y D = 26 5 7.0710 8 7.5 -
r 2.9580 - 4.9749 T Y i 6
7
6.8738
6.6332
9~ 7.2111 -
4.8989 [0 ~ 6.8738
2 2.8284 2
4.7697
T 6.4807 8 6.3442 [1 6.4807
3 2.5980 3 2 6.4226
4 4 4.5825 9 6 [2 6.0208
2.2360 3 6.3245
5 4.3301 0 5.5901 [3 5.4772
5 1.6583 4 6.1846
6 4 ,1 5.0990 ,4 4.8218
6
— 0 5 6
7 3.5707 ,2 4.5 .5 4
— D = 14 8 3
6 5.7662 ,3 3.7416 ,6 2.8722
x 7 5.4772
I
Y 9 2.1794 ,4 2.6925 ,7 0
1 3.4641 8 5.1234 —
10 0 is
— 0 ‘=36
2 3.3541 9 4.6904
)= 22 ~= 32 T Y
3 3.1622 10 4.1533
T T Y
4 2.8722 Y 11 3.4641 T 8.9861
5 2.4494 T 5.4772 12 2.5 7 7.9843 2 8.9442
6 1.8027 2 5.4083 —13 0 2 7.9372 3 8.8741
70 3 5.2915 ) = 28 3 7.8581 4 8.7749
D = 16 4 5.1234 T Y 4 7.7459 5 8.6458
- i 5 4.8989 - Y 5 7.5993 6 8.4852
Y 6.9821 7.4162
6 4.6097 6 7 8.2915
T 3.9686
7 4.2426
2 6.9282 7 7.1937 8 8.0622
2 3.8729 3 6.8374 8 6.9282
3 8 3.7749 9 7.7942
3.7081 4 6.7082 9 6.6143
4 3.4641 9 3.1622 10 7.4833
5 6.5383
5 3.1225 2 . 62 9
6.3245 1 2 6.245 11 7 . 1 2
0 11 5.8094 12 6.7082
6 2.6457 7 6.0621
=24 12 5 13 6.2249
7 1.9364 8 5.7445 4
x 13 14 5.6568
8
— 0 Y 9 5.3619 14 3.8729 15 4.9749
) = 18 7 5.9791 10 4.8989 15 2.7838 16 4.1231
5.9160
T
x Y 2 11 4.3301 16 0
5.8094 — 17 2.9580
1 4.4721 3 12 3.6055
4 5.6568 ) = 34 18 0
2 4.3878 13 2.5980 —
5 5.4543 14 0 Y Y D =38
3 4.2426 —
4 4.0311 6 5.1961 ) = 30 7 8.4852 x Y
5 3.7416 7 4.8734 2 8.4409 9.4868
x Y
8 4.4721 3 8.3666 2 9.4472
-J
6 3.3541 7
9 3.9686 7.4833 4 8.2613
7 2.8284 T3 9.3808
10 3.3166 2 7.4330 5 8.1240 41 9.2870
8 2.0615
I 2.3979 l L’ 7.3484 l —( 7.9529 5 9.1651
91 0
294
ON 2: 1 ELLIPSOIDALHEADS(Cont.)
=38 8 9.7082 6 13.1624 24 9 -7 17.9374

T 9.0138 9 9.4868 7 13.0384 25 8.2915 4 17.8885
7 8.8317 10 9.2330 8 12.8939 26 7.4833 5 17.8255
8 8.6168 1 8.9442 9 12.72791 27 6.5383 6 17.7482
9 8.3666 1 8.6168 10 12.53992 28 5.3851 7 17.6564
10 8.0777 1 8.2462 11 12.32883 29 3.8405 8 17.5499
11 7.7459 1 7.8262 12 12.09344 30 0 9 17.4284
12 7.3654 1 7.3484 13 11.83225 10 17.2916
1 ‘66 11 17.1391
13 6.9282 1 6.8007 14 11.54346 x
15 Y 12 16.9706
14 6.4226 1 6.1644 11.225 7
15 5.8309 1 5.4083 16 10.87438 1 16.4924 13 16.7854
16 5.1234 1 4.4721 17 10.48819 2 16.4697 14 16.5831
17 4.2426 20 3.2015 18 10.0623 3 16.4317 15 16.3631
18 3.0413 21 0 19 9.5916 4 16.3783 16 16.1245
19 0 20 9.0691 5 16.3095 17 15.8666
=48
=40 x 21 8.4852 6 16.225 18 15.5885
Y
22 7.8264 7 16.1245 19 15.2889
x Y T 11.9896
23 7.0710 8 16.0078 20 14.9666
1 9.9874 2 11.9583
24 6.1846 9 15.8745 21 14.6202
2 9.9498 3 11.9059 10 15.7242 22 14.2478
4 11.8322
25 5.0990
3 9.8868 26 3.6400 11 15.5563 23 13.8474
4 9.7979 5 11.7367 12 15.3704 24 13.4164
11.619 27 0
5 9.6824 6 13 15.1658 25 12.9518
6 9.5393 7 11.4782 1 =60 14 14.9416 26 12.4499
7 9.3675 8 11.3137 x Y 15 14.6969 27 11.9059
8 9.1651 9 11.1243 T 14.9917 16 14.4309 28 11.3137
9 8.9302 10 10.9087 2 14.9666 17 14.1421 29 10.6654
10 8.6602 11 10.6654 3 14.9248 18 13.8293 30 9.9498
11 8.3516 12 10.3923 4 14.8661 19 13.4907 31 9.1515
12 8 13 10.0871 5 14.7902 20 13.1244 32 8.2462
13 7.5993 14 9.7467 6 14.6969 21 12.7279 33 7.1937
14 7.1414 15 9.3675 7 14.586 22 12.2984 34 5.9160
15 6.6143 16 8.9442 8 14.4568 23 1 1 . 35 8 4.2130
3 2
16 6 17 8.4705 9 14.3091 24 11.3248 36 0
17 5.2678 18 7.9372 10 14.1421 10.7703 —
4.3589 19 7.3314 1 13.9553 ;; 10.1612 =78
18
19 3.1225 20 6.6332 12 13.7477 27 9.4868 Y Y
20 0 21 5.8094 13 13.5185 28 8.7321 -i- 19.4936
22 4.7958 14 13.2665 29 7.8740 2 19.4743
T =42 23 3.4278 15 12.9904 30 6.8738 3 19.4422
x 24 0
, Y 16 12.6886 31 5.6558 4 19.3972
1 10.4881 = 54
-L
17 12.3592 32 4.0311 5 19.3391
2 10.4523 T Y 18 12 33 0 6 19.2678
3 10.3923 1 13.4907 19 7 19.1833
4 10.3078 =7
2 13.4629 20 11.1803 8 19.0853
5 10.198 Y
3 13.4164 21 10.7121 9 18.9737
6 10.0623 4 13.351 22 10.198 1 17.9931 10 18.8481
7 9.8994 5 13.2665 23 9.6306 2 17.9722 ~ 18.7083
295
I
ON2:1 ELLIPSOIDALHEADS(Cont.)
D=78 F 19.2029 7 20.1556 T 21.8174 7 25.6271

12 18.554 18 18.9737 21 19.8997 21 21.5812 18 25.4558
13 18.3848 19 18.7283 22 19.6278 22 21.3307 19 25.2735
14 18.2003 20 18.4662 23 19.3391 23 21.0654 20 25.0799
15 18 21 18.1865 24 19.0329 24 20.7846 21 24.8747
16 17.7834 22 17.8885 25 18.7083 25 20.4878 22 24.6577
17 17.5499 23 17.5713 26 18.3644 26 20.1742 23 24.4285
18 17.2988 24 17.2337 27 18 27 19.8431 24 24.1868
19 17.0294 25 16.8745 28 17.6139 28 19.4936 25 23.9322
20 16.7407 26 16.4924 29 17.2047 29 19.1246 26 23.6643
21 16.4317 27 16.0857 30 16.7705 30 18.735 27 23.3827
22 16.1012 28 15.6525 31 16.3095 31 18.3235 28 23.0868
23 15.748 29 15.1905 32 15.8193 32 17.8885 29 22.7761
24 15.3704 30 14.6969 33 15.2971 33 17.4284 30 22.4499
25 14.9666 31 14.1686 34 14.7394 34 16.9411 31 22.1077
26 14.5344 32 13.6015 35 14.1421 35 16.4241 32 21.7486
27 14.0712 33 12.9904 36 13.5 36 15.8745 33 21.3717
28 13.5739 34 12.3288 37 12.8062 37 15,2889 34 20.9762
29 13.0384 35 11.6082 38 12.052 38 14.6629 35 20.5609
30 12.4599 36 10.8167 39 11.225 39 13.9911 36 20.124F
31 11.8322 37 9.9373 40 10.3078 40 13.2665 37 19.666
32 11.1467 38 8.9442 41 9.2736 41 12.48 38 19.1833
33 10.3923 39 7.7942 42 8.0777 42 11.619 39 18.6748
34 9.5524 40 6.4031 43 6.6332 43 10.6654 40 18.1384
35 8.6023 41 4.5552 44 4.7169 44 9.5916 41 17.5713
36 7.5 42 0 45 0 45 8.3516 42 16.9706
37 6.1644 =90 =96 46 6.8556 43 16.3325
38 4.3874 x v x Y 47 4.8734 44 15.6525
39 0 48 0 45 14.9248
T 22.4944 7 23.9948
1 =84 7 = 108 46 14.1421
2 22.4778 2 23.9792
x Y Y Y 47 13.2947
3 22.4499 3 23.9531 48 12.3693
-i- 20.994 4 22.4109 4 23.9165 -i- 26.9954 4 11.3468
2 20.9762 2 2 . 5 3 2 6 3 0 . 72 8 26.9815
6 9 4
50 10.198
3 20.9464 : 2 2 . 6 2 2 9 3 9 . 13 8 26.9583
1 1 8 8.8741
51
4 2 7 2 7 23.7434 4 26.9258 52 7.2801
5 20.8507 8 2 8 23.6643 5 26.884 53 5.1720
6 20.7846 9 2 9 23.5744 6 26.8328 54 0
7 20.7063 10 2 10 23.4734 7 26.7722
11 2 11 23.3613 - = 120
8 20.6155 8 26.7021 x
20.5122 12 2 12 23.2379 Y
9 9 26.6224
10 20.3961 13 2 13 23.103 10 26.533 7 29.9958
11 20.267 14 2 14 22.9565 11 26.4339 2 29.9833
12 20.1246 15 2 15 22.798 12 26.3249 3 29.9625
13 19.9687 16 2 16 22.6274 13 26.2059 4 29.9333
14 19.799 17 2 17 22.4444 14 26.0768 5 29.8957
15 19.615 18 2 18 22.2486 15 25.9374 6 29.8496
16 19.4165 19 2 19 22.0397 16 25.7876 7 29.7951
296
TABLE FOR LOCATING POINTS
r
ON 2:1 ELLIPSOIDALHEADS (Cont.)
L
❑120 55 10.9896 26.2488 Y 34.7239 67 13.1814
T 29.7321 56 10.7703 41 25.8602 20 34.5832 68
9 29.6606 57 9.3675 42 25.4558 21 34.4347 69 10.2835
10 29.5804 58 7.6811 43 25.035 22 34.2783 70 8.4261
11 29.4915 59 54543 44 24.5967 23 34.1138 71 5.9791
12 29.3939 60 0 45 24.1402 24 33.9411 72 0
13 29.2874 46 23.6643 25 33.7602
14 29.1719 — D = 132 47 23.1679 26 33.5708
15 29.0474 x Y 48 22.6495 27 33.3729
16 28.9137 T 32.9962 49 22.1077 28 33.1662
17 28.7706 2 32.9848 50 21.5407 29 32.9507
18 28.6182 3 32.9659 51 20.9464 30 32.7261
19 28.4561 4 32.9393 52 20.3224 31 32.4923 N O T
20 28.2843 5 32.9052 53 19.666 32 32.249 T c u r hv a
21 28.1025 6 32.8634 54 18.9737 33 31.9961 o a e l l i p s
22 27.9106 7 32.8139 55 18.2414 34 31.7333 h e ei t a
23 27.7083 8 32.7567 56 17.4642 35 31.4603 i no o s u it
24 27.4955 9 32.6917 57 16.6358 36 31.1769 i at r
25 27.2718 10 32.619 58 15.748 37 30.8828 e l l i p s
26 27.037 11 32.5384 59 14.7902 38 30.5778 T p a r h a l
27 26.7909 12 32.45 60 13.7477 39 30.2614 c o ut r
28 26.533 13 32.3535 61 12.5996 40 29.9333 o p sp o si
29 26.2631 14 32.249 62 11.3137 41 29.5931 i n e l l o i
30 25.9808 15 32.1364 63 9.8361 42 29.2404 a t n h
31 25.6856 16 32.0156 64 8.0622 43 28.8747 d o a t
32 25.3772 17 31.8865 65 5.7227 44 28.4956 t t ha bi
33 25.0549 18 31.749 66 0 45 28.1025 a n r o
34 24.7184 19 31.603 7 = 144 46 27.6948 a p p l i c a
35 24.367 20 31.4484 Y Y- 47 27.2718 t l o c a
36 24 21 31.285
35.9965 48 26.8328 p o i n
T
37 23.6167 22 31.1127 49 26.3771 t g eh o ma
2 35.9861
38 23.2164 23 30.9314 50 25.9037 r iu c a ln
3 35.9687
39 22,798 24 30.7409 51 25.4116 d e t e r m i
4 35.9444
40 22.3607 25 30.541 52 24.8998 c u r v
41 5 35.9131
21.9032 26 30.3315 53 24.367
6 35.8748 ( e s p e c i a
42 21.4243 30.1123
7 35.8295 5 23.8118 4 ah
i t c
43 20.9225 ;; 29.8831 5 2
8 35.7771 o h e a
44 20.3961 29 29.6437 56 22.6274
9 35.7176 w ha le la
45 19.8431 30 29.3939 57 21.9943
10 35.6511
46 19.2614 31 29.1333 58 21.3307
47 18.6481 32 28.8617 11 35.5774
59 20:6337
48 18 33 28.5788 12 35.4965
60 19.8997
49 17.3133 34 28.2843 13 35.4083
61 19.1246
50 16.5831 35 27.9777 14 35.3129 18.303
62
51 15.8035 36 27.6586 15 35.2101 17.4284
63
52 14.9666 37 27.3267 16 35.0999 16.4924
64
53 14.0624 38 26.9815 17 34.9821 15.4839
65
& 13.0767 39 26.6224 18 34.8569 14.3875
J@
297
LENGTH OF ARCS
1. These tables are for locating points on pipes and shells by measuring
the length of arcs.
2. The length of arcs are computed for the most commonly used pipe-
sizes and vessel diameters.
3. The length of arcs for any diameters and any degrees, not shown in the
table, can be obtained easily using the values given for diam. 1 or degree 1.
4. All dimensions are in inches.
EXAMPLES
A. w 3P
O.D. = 3 0 ”
N ol oz @ 3c z a l t e e0 d ? °
/ F t rt al oebo hn l m g e t e h f
2 7 9 V @ a =7 ’ . i r 8 4 n3 c 8 .
4
6
1 8 ( Y
B C 6 .O = 3 P. V D0 . ”
N ol oz @ 6c z a l t e 0e d °
T a t b m h e r af st eu r cr oe e ohd m
.
2 7 9 c P 0l c oe n s t @ee r s l it n e
Y
T n oi 3h z f z t s 9rl e0 e oh @ 0 ° m e
~ T l eo t hn a 7gh .r ti e 8i h c 4 f sn 3 : 8
@
I s & ’
P 3m’
c .I =3 . W t h D0ai c 3 k . lnt / e” s l8hs = ” a
O = ?. 3D 4 . 0 ”
) N ol oz @ 3c z a l t e e0 d ? °
2 7 9 FW t r l a eo W o3b na f lgm 0t e r ho f ° c
d
d 1= 0 i . 2 a 6 1 . 8 0
0 . x 23 6 = 08 1 . 8i. 00 7 5 n5 0
4
1 8 @
p 22%0
D O.D.
. =3 0 ”
N ol oz @ 2c z a 2l t e e? d 4 °
! F t r l a eo o1b an o lgm te r h f ° c
2 7
{ 9 ( 03 Y O P’ .0( i )J .pD 2 ” e6 . 1 = 8 0
0 . x 22 =6 125 i 8 . 0. 8 n9
&
1 8 W
298
L E O NA G RT H C F S
D E G R E E S
D i 1 a 5m .1 1 2 02 53 0
1 0 . 00 0. 800 74. 033 .86 1730 32. 0710 97. 0420 51. 382 16
1 0 . 00 1 . 01 0 4. 6801 2 .2 5015 .80 0 27 . 1S 20 8 8. 8 31
1Y2
: 2
z
w
& 3
z
a
~ 5
z 6
0
z 8
w
w
~
~
A
m
x
a
8
$
&
a
z
~
n
- ,
L E O NA G R
T H C F S
D E G R E E S
D i 3 a 4m .4 59 01 52 8 03 7 0 6
1 0 . 30 0. 350 44. 3930 90. 72 1 87 . 5052.35619

47 003.14159
8 0
1 0.4063 0.4688 0.5313 1.0313 2.0625 3.0938 4.1250
1Y2 0.5938 0.6563 0.7500 1.5000 3.0000 4.4688 5.9688
w
N 2 0.7188 0.8438 0.9375 1.8750 3.7188 5.5938 7.4688
G 2% 0.8750 1.0000 1.1250 2.2500 4.5313 6.7813 9.0313
m 5.5000 8.2500 11.0000
& 3 1.0625 1.2188 1.3750 2.7500
z 3% 1.2188 1.4003 1.5625 3.1563 6.2813 9.4375 12.5625
d 4 1.3750 1.5625 1.7813 3.5313 7.0625 10.5938 14.1250
4
g 5 1.6875 1.9375 2.1875 4.3750 8.7500 13.0938 17.4688
z 6 2.0313 2.3125 2.5938 5.2188 10.4063 15.6250 20.8125
$? 8 2.6250 3.0938 3.3750 6.7813 13.5625 20.3125 27.0938
10 3.2813 3.7500 4.2188 8.4375 16.8750 25.3438 33.7813
12 3.9063 4.4375 5.0000 10.0000 20.0313 30.0313 40.0625
12 3.6563 4.1875 4.7188 9.4375 18.8438 29.2813 37.0625
14 4.2813 4.8750 5.5000 11.0000 22.0000 33.0000 43.9688
16 4.8750 5.5938 6.2813 12.5625 25.1250 37.6875 50.2500
18 5.5000 6.2813 7.0313 14.1250 28.2813 42.4063 56.5625
20 6.0938 6.9688 7.8438 15.7188 31.4063 47.1250 62.8438
22 6.7188 7.6875 8.6563 17.2813 34.5625 51.8438 69.1250
24 7.3438 8.3750 9.4375 18.8438 37.6875 56.5625 75.4063
26 7.9375 9.0625 10.2188 20.4063 40.8438 61.2500 81.6875
28 8.5625 9.7813 11.0000 22.0000 43.9688 65.9688 87.9688
30 9.1563 10.4688 11.7813 23.5625 47.1250 70.6875 94.2500
32 9.7813 11.1563 12.5625 25.1250 50.2500 75.4063 100.5313
34 10.3750 11.8750 13.3438 26.7188 53.4060 80.1250 106.8125
m 36 11.0000 12.5625 14.1250 28.2813 56.5625 84.8125 113.0938
11.5938 13.2500 14.9375 29.8438 59.6875 89.5313 119.3750
: 38
u 12.2188 13.9688 15.7188 31.4063 62.8438 94.2500 125.6563
~ ;:
12.8438 14.6563 16.5000 33.0000 65.9688 98.9688 131.9375
A ‘ 16.7500 18.8438 37.6875 75.4063 150.7813
a 48 14.6563 113.0938
LLl 16.5000 18.8438 21.2188 42.4063 84.8125 127.2500 169.6563
g 54
60 18.3125 20.9375 23.5625 47.1250 94.2500 141.3750 188.5000
5 66 20.1563 23.0313 25.9065 51.8438 103.6875 155.5000 207.3458
—-..—
* 22.0000 25.1250 28.2813 56.5625 113.0938 169.6S63 226.1875
m 78 61.2500 245.0313
+ 23.8125 27.2188 30.6250 122.5313 183.7813
25.6563 29.3125 3 3 .6 05 0 .1 03
9 16 1 . 89 9
0 7 3 2 . 7 6 9 53 0
8 . 6
E :;
4 2 7 . 3 5 1 3
0 . 5
04 .070 2 06 4 .1
3 6
34 18 2 . 71 3
8 2 7 2 . 5 8 0 02 6
5 . 2
s 9 2 9 . 3 3 3 3
1 . 7
25
6 .570 6 50 8 .1
0 74
5 00 2 . 62 7
5 6 83 . 10 1 31 8
3 . 7
1 3 1 0.3 15 45 . 2065 .389 1 03 2 .1
8 1
56 002 2 . 54 2 0 1 3 . 8 2 3 80 4 . 3
1 3 3 0.3 07 40 . 8206 .088 4 47 0 .1
5 8
66 391 3 . 25 6 4 53 . 63 4 39 6
5 . 8
1 3 4 1.3 89 41 . 4927 .588 7 91 8 .1
3 17
5 393 2 . 16 0 8 63 . 25 5 58 9
3 . 3
1 3 6 2 .4 61 45 . 0768 .397 1 45 2 .0
1 52
8 085 2 . 08 5 2 0 3 . 0 7 7 07 5
0 . 0
1 3 8 2 .4 53 40 . 6909 .096 4 88 6 .1
8 89 876 2 . 89 9 6 0 3 . 6 9 8 35 7
8 . 5
1 4 0 3.4 36 1.
5 21
20 56
.1 0
8 2 34 2
5 . 30 6 7 5 3 . 6 1 3 3 1 44 . 31 0 84 3
8 . 1
1 4 2 3.4 18 5 . 84
61 .1
35 0
1 6 88 2
3 . 71 3 6 7 3 . 5 2 7 0 5 84 . 13 1 33 5
5 . 6
1 4 3 4. 5 9 0 6 .
5 46
82 85
.1 1
5 0 36 20 . 22 0 6 9 3 . 3 3 1 8 9 8 4 . 7 5 2 52 8
5 . 1
300
C A A C I
D I i
Circum. I Area a . Circum. Area Circum. Area
. 0 . 4 c 9 Q 0 6.2832
o 9 1 3.1416
9 16.297 21.135
. 0 . 9 0 8 0 1 6.4795
0 8 7 3.3410
7 16.493 21.648
. 1 . 4 0 7 0 2 1 6
6.6759 7 3
3.5466 16.690 22.166
. 1 . 9 0 6 0 3 3 5
6.8722 0 3.75837 16.886 22.691
. 2 . 9 0 4 0 3 6 2
7.0686 9 3.97610 17.082 23.221
. 3 . 9 0 2 1 7 2 0
7.2649 2 4.20Q07 17.279 23.758
. 4 . 9 0 0 1 8 9 7
7.4613 1 4.43017 17.475 24.301
. 5 . 80 2% 7 5
7.6576 6 4.66641 17.671 24.850
. 6 . 8 0 7 3 2 7 2
7.8540 5 4.90878 17.868 25.406
8.0503 5.1572 18.064 25.967
. 7 . 8 0 5 4 4 9 0
8.2467 0 5.41199 18.261 26.535
. 8 . 8 0 3 6 5 2 7
8.4430 1 5.67273 18.457 27.109
. 9 . 8 0 1 7 7 6 5
8.6394 7 0
5.9396 18.653 27.688
1 . . 0 0 7 9 9 2 9
8.8357 8 1
6.2126
1 . . 1 1 7 1 8 0 1
9.0321 4 5
6.4918 18.850 28.274
1 . . 2 1 7 2 6 9 3
9.2284 6 2
6.7771 19.242 29.465
1 . . 3 1 7 5 4 0 4 3 3 19.635 30.680
1 . . 4 1 7 7 2 9.4248
2 6 5 7 20.028 31.919
9.6211 20.420 33.183
1 . . 5 1 7 9 0 6 8
9.8175 3 5 20.813 34.472
1 . . 6 2 6 2 9 10.014
1 0 6 6 21.206 35.785
1 . . 7 2 6 4 7 10.210
8 1 5 0 21.598 37.122
1 . . 8 2 6 7 5 10.407
6 3 8 8
1 . . 9 3 6 0 3 10.603
6 5 8 0 21.991
2 . . 0 3 6 3 1 10.799
8 7 2 4 22.384
2 . . 1 3 5 7 9 10.996
1 8 2 2 22.776
2 . . 2 4 5 0 8 11.192
5 0 7 4 23.169
11.388 23.562
3A 2 . . 3 4 5 4 6 11.585
1 2 7 9 23.955
2 . . 4 4 5 7 4 11.781
9 4 3 7 24.347
2 . . 5 5 5 1 2 11.977
8 5 4 9 24.740
2 . . 6 5 5 5 0 12.174
9 7 1 4
2 . . 7 6 4 0 8 12.370
1 9 3 2 25.133
2 . . 8 6 4 4 7 5 1 0 4 25.525
2 . . 9 6 4 9 5 10 2 22 12.566.9 5 6 6
25.918
3 . . 0 7 4 3 3 17 4 20 12.962.8 7 6 3
26.311
. 1— 2 13.364. 9 5 9
26.704
3 . . 1 74 18 1 6 53 13.772.4 1 5 5
27.096
3 . . 3 83 78 1 9 63 14.186.6 3 S 2
27.489
3 . . 5 93 49 1 3 43 14.607.0 5 4 8
27.882
3 . 1 7 . 3 1 0 10 6 37 15.033.5 7 4 4
3 . 1 9 . 2 2 7 12 0 37 15.466.2 9 4 1
28.274
4 . 1 1 . 2 3 3 15 3 43 15.904.0 1 3 7
28.667
4 . 1 3 . 1 4 9 18 7 44 16.349.9 3 3 4
29.060
4 . 1 5 . 1 6 6 12 0 43 .0
16.800 5 3 0
29.452
4 . 1 7 . 1 7 2 16 4 47 .1
17.257 7 2 6
29.845
4 . 1 9 . 0 9 8 11 7 47 .5
17.728 9 2 3
30.238
5 . 2 1 . 0 0 5 71 1 35 .9
18.19u 1 1 9
30.631
5 . 2 3 . 0 2 1 31 4 65 5.
18.665 3 1 5
31.023
5 . 2 4 . 9 4 7 01 8 55 3.
19.147 5 1 —— 2
5 . 2 6 . 9 5 4 815.708
1 0 2 31,416
5 . 2 8 . 9 7 0 6 5 1 2 ? 31.809
6 . 2 0 . 8 %
9 415.$04
8 8
6 16.101 3 x 32.201
%
—
301
C A A C I(
D C i i A
r ac r . m C e.i i
uD rA aa c uDr . mC e.i i rA aa c ur .m
o ; 3 2‘ 8 . 45%.. 9~ 55 4 14 2 .1 0 0 ~7 5 6. 1 93 3 .9 8 s 4 O
% 3 2 8 . 69%. 8 55 7 19 2 .0 1 4 X0 4 6. 4 69 3 0. 8 9 8 0
% 3 3 8 . 83%. 7 56 9 16 2 .4 1 8 $3 3 7. 6 80 ’3 2. 9 2 3 96
3 3 3 W. 7.
%A 77 5 2 62 2 .3 1 2 ~7 2 7. 9 0 3 8. 9 6 7 8
% 3 4 9 . 21~. 6 58 5 28 2 .6 2 6 %0 2 7. 2 31 4 S. 0 0 2 7
% 5 3 2 . 2 0 33 1 7. 4 16 4 .5 0 4 6 7
A
1 3 41 9 . 55 .. 5 0 8 3 3 Y 7 1 4 . 1 8 0 6E
% 3 4 9 . 7 91 . 5 52 0 307 2 .5 2 4 6. 0 . 7 9 8
% 3 5 9 . 9 3 %. 4 54 3 30 2 .2 3 82 0 0 7. 0 323 4 3. 1 2 5. 5
% 3 5 1 . 0 7 K 1 3 5. 6 64 2 2. 3 1 % 3 9 7. 2 72 4 1. 2 6 0 4
% 3 6 1 . 0 1 33 2 5. 8 84 2 7. 3 5 X7 A 8 7. 5 31 4 .0 2 0 4 4
% 3 6 1 . 0 5 % 6 2 5. 1 14 2 4. 4 9 90 7 7. 8 53 4 3. 2 4 9 38
3 3 6 1 . 0 9 % 8 A 1 5, 4 45 2 3. 4 3 % 3 7 7. 1 39 4 .8 3 8 3 2
~ 3 7 1 . 1 3 % 0 08 5. 6 75 2 5. 4 7 % 7 6 7. 3 4 4 .5 3 2 8 2
~ 5 6 2 . 5 1 30 58 7. 6 49 4 .5 4 6 3 1
A
1 3 72 1 . 1 6 3. 9 . 9 1 0 % 7 5 4 . 4 0 7 0
% 3 8 1 . 1 01 5 9 5. 2 468 2 7. 5 5 4. 4 . 9 4 7
% 3 8 1 . 1 4 ;7 8 5. 5 86 2 6. 5 92 8 4 7. 1 054 4 2. 5 3 2. 9
% 3 8 1 . 2 8 0 7 5. 7 27 2 8. 6 3 g1 3 7. 4 5 4 .9 5 7 7 9
% 3 9 1 . 2 2 ~2 7 5. 0 7 2 2. 6 7 ?5 2 7. 7 16 4 8. 6 1 1 84
~ 3 9 1 . 2 6 % 5 68 5. 3 18 2 9. 6 1 98 1 7. 9 68 4 .0 6 5 6 76
% 4 0 1 . 2 0 % 7 5 5. 5 68 2 8. 7 5 ?2 1 7. 2 46 4 5 .7 1% 4
7 4 0 1 . 3 4 ?0 48 5. 8 18 2 9. 7 9 % 6 04 7. 5 71 4 .2 7 3 6 6
— % 5 9 2 . 7 2 ?9 9 7. 8 78 4 .1 8 7 1 54
1 4 03 1 . 3 8 2. 4 . 1 7 3 ~ 7 8 4 . 8 1 5 48
; 4 1 1 . 3 21 5 3 5. 3 939 2 .0 8 6— 3. 9 . 0 5 3
4 1 1 . 3 6 % 7 2 6. 6 08 2 .9 8 02 7 8 7. 3 825 4 .7 9 s 0. 4
% 4 2 1 . 4 0 ~0 1 6. 9 50 2 0. 9 4 ~1 7 7. 6 80 4 .4 9 9 5 3
% 4 2 1 . 4 4 % 3 1 6. 2 01 2 .4 9 8 4 6 7. 8 98 5 .3 0 3 0 2
% 4 2 1 . 4 8 ;5 0 6. 4 18 2 .0 9 2 ~8 6 7. 1 96 5 .5 0 7 5 18
s 4 3 1 . 4 1 8 9~ 6. 7 14 3 .9 0 6 % 2 5 8. 4 04 5 .9 1 1 0 1
% 4 3 1 . 5 5 % 1 9 6. 0 2 3 .0 0 0 ~6 4 8. 6 30 5 5 51 50
% 6 2 3 . 1 4 % 0 3 8. 9 02 5 .4 2 8 0 9
1 4 34 1 . 5 9 3. 8 . 2 9 4 ~ 8 1 5 . 2 2 5 88
~ 4 4 1 . 5 32 6 7 6. 5 270 3 .0 1 8 4. 3 . 2 1 6
x 4 4 1 . 5 7 % 9 6 6. 8 34 3 .8 1 22 8 2 8. 5 16 5 0. 3 6 0. 8
% 4 5 1 . 6 1 ~2 6 6. 0 3 3 .0 2 6 % 2 1 8. 7 02 5 6. 3 0 6 7
% 4 5 1 . 6 5 ~5 5 6. 3 41 3 .3 2 0 x6 1 8. 0 02 5 5. 4 4 1 6
~ 4 5 1 . 6 9 % 7 4 6. 6 49 3 .9 3 4 % 0 0 8. 3 20 5 . 6 84 66
? 4 6 1 . 7 3 ~0 34 6. 8 48 3 .7 3 7 Y4 98 8. 5 31 5 .0 5 2 1 52
% 4 6 1 . 7 7 x3 3 6. 1 57 3 .8 3 1 % 8 8 8. 8 31 5 .6 5 6 6 4
& 6 S 3 . 4 5 ~2 8 0, 1 42 5 .5 6 0 2 3
1 4 75 1 . 7 —
1 6. 2 . 4 7 1 % 8 4 5 . 6 4 7 3
% 4 7 1 . 7 52 9 1 6. 7 561 3 .7 4 9— 6. 7 . 3 3 6
% 4 7 1 . 8 9 g2 0 6. 9 6 3 .5 5 32 0 6 8. 6 457 5 .0 7 8 2.2
% 4 8 1 . 8 3 x5 0 6. 2 6 3 6. 5 7 4 % 5. 8 69 54 5 .5 7 2 7 1
~ 4 8 1 . 8 6 % 8 9 6. 5 67 3 9. 5 1 % 8 5 8. 2 58 5 .4 8 6 3 0
% 4 9 1 . 9 0 Y 1 8 6. 7 7 3 5. 6 5 33 42 8. 4 60 5/ .5 8 0 8 08
% 4 9 1 . 9 4 % 4 8 6. 0 87 3 3. 6 9 ;7 3 8. 7 62 5 .8 93 93
7 4 9 1 . 9 8 ‘7 78 6. 3 93 3 3. 7 3 1 A 3 8. 0 65 5 .4 9 7 9 8
~ 6 8 3 . 7 7 ?5 2 8. 2 78 6 .3 0 1 4 74
1 5 06 2 . 0 2 1. 6 . 5 0 6 % 8 7 6 . 1 5 0 7
% 5 0 2 . 0 62 4 5 6. 8 292 3 2. 8 1 0. 1 . 5 1 3
4
2
2 A A C R
Area C i rArea c u m . k
615.75 1 0 6 . 8 1 4
125.664
621,26 1 0 7 . 2 0 7
126.0s6
626.80 1 0 7 . 6 0 0
126.449
632.36 1 0 7 . 9 9 2
126.842
637.94 1 0 8 . 3 8 5
127.23s
643.55 1 0 8 . 7 7 8
127.627
649.18 1 0 9 . 1 7 0
128.020
654.84 1 0 9 . 5 6 3
128.413
660.52 128.805 1320.3

666.23 129.198 1328.3
~ 671.96 129.591 1336.4
% 677.71 129.983 1344.5
% 683.49 130.376 1352.7
% 689.30 130,769 1360.8
695.13 131.161 1369.0
700.98 131.554 1377,2
706.86
712.76
718.69
724.64
730.62
736.62
742.64
748.69
754.77 1075.2 135.088

760.87 1082.5 135.481
766.99 1089.8 135.874
773.14 1097.1 136.267
779.31 1104.5 136.659
785.51 1111.8 137.052
791.73 1119.2 137.445
797.98 1126.7 137.837
804.25 119.381
810.54 119.773
816.86 120.166
823.21 120.559
8 2 9 . 5 1 8 1 6 139.801
4 . 1 2 5 5
140.194
140.586
140.979
122.522 141.372
122.915 141.764
123.308 142.157
123.700 142.550
124.093 142.942
124.486 143.335
124.878 143.728
125.271 144.121
303
C A A C I
D C i i r ac
Area u . m Circum.
. Area Area
1 4 4
1661.9 . 5 1 3
163.363 2123.7 182.212 2642.1
1 4 4
1670.9 . 9 0 6
163.756 2133.9 182.605 2653,5
1 4 5
1680.0 , 2 9 9
164.148 2144.2 182.998 2664.9
1 4 5
1689.1 . 6 9 1
164.541 2154.5 183.390 2676.4
1 4 6
1698.2 . 0 8 4
164.934 2164.8 183.783 2687.8
1 4 6
1707.4 . 4 J 7
165.326 2175.1 184.176 2699.3
1 4 6
1716.5 . 8 6 9
165.719 2185.4 184.569 2710.9
1 4 7
1725.7 . 2 6 2
166.112 2195.8 184.961 2722.4
147.655 1734.9 166.504 2206.2 2734.0

148.048 1744.2 166.897 2216.6 2745.6
148.440 1753.5 167.290 2227.0 2757.2
148.833 1762.7 167.683 2237.5 2768.8
149.226 1772.1 168.075 2248.0 2780.5
149.618 1781.4 168.468 2258.5 2792.2
150.011 1790.8 168.861 2269.1 2803.9
150.404 1800.1 169.253 2279.6 2815.7
169.646 2290.2 60. 2827.4

170.039 2300.8 ?’4 2839.2
170.431 2311.5 ? 2851.0
170.824 2322.1 % 2862.9
171.217 2332.8 % 2874.8
171.609 2343.5 % 2886.6
172.002 23S4.3 ?4 2898.6
172.395 236S.0 % 2910.5
172.788 2375.8 2922.5

173.180 2386.6 2934.5
173.573 2397.5 2946.5
173.966 2m8.3 2958.5
174.358 2419.2 2970.6
174.751 243J1.1 2982.7
175.144 2441.1 2994.8
175.536 2452.0 3(X)6.9
2463.0
2474.0
2485.0
2496.1
1 5 8 . 6 5 1 0 7 7
2507.2 . 5 0 1 0 % . 3 5
177.893 2518.3
178.285 2529.4
178.678 2540.6
160,221 2042.8 2551.8

160.614 2052.8 2563.0
161.007 2062.9 2574.2
161.399 2073.0 2585.4
161.792 2083.1 2596.7
162.185 2093.2 2608.0
162.577 2103.3 2619.4
162.970 2113.5 2630.7
—
w14
H A A C R
Area Dia. Circum.
201.062 ‘ 238.761
201.455 239.154
201.847 X 239.546
202.240 239.939
202.633 i 240.332
203.025 % 240.725
203.418 % 241.117
203.811 % 241.510
204.204
204.596 %
204.989 X
205.382
205.774 %
206.167 %
206.5&l %
206.952 %
3421.2 245.044
3434.2 % 245.437
3447.2 x 245.830
3460.2 ~ 246.222
3473.2 % 246.615
3486.3 % 247.008
3499.4 % 247.400
3512.5 % 247.793
210.487 248.M6
210.879 ; 248.579
211.272 248.971
211.665 % 249.364
212.058 249.757
212.450 ; 250.149
212.843 250.542
213.236 % 250.935
251.327
% 251.720
X 252.113
% 252.506
% 252.898
% 253.291
% 253.684
% 254.076
254.469
% 254.862
X 255.254
255.647
% 256.040
~ 256.433
% 256.825
% 257.218
305
C A A C I
Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Dia. Circum. Arc

I—.— ——
82. 257.611 5281.0 88. 276.460 6082.1 94. 295.310 6939,8
;~ 258.003 5 2 $;
9 7
276.853 . 1
6099.4 295.702
B 6958.2
x 2 5 59 .3 3 ~1 9 36
277.246 . 3
6116.7 % 296.09s 6976.7
~ 2 5 58 .3 7 2 8~ 99
277.638 , 4
6134.1 % 296.488 6995.3
% 2 5 59 .3 1 $4 8 51
278.031 . 6
6151.4 ti 296.881 7013.8
% 2 5 59 .3 5 % 6 7 14
278.424 . 8
6168.8 5A 297.273 7032.4
% 2 5 59 .3 9 ~7 6 87
278.816 . 1
6186.2 3A 297.666 7051.0
% 2 6 50 .3 3 9 5 49
279.209 . 3
6203.7 % 298.059 7069.6
— — ~ — — ——.
8 2 6 I 3 50 .4 7 1.
89. 5 02
279.602 . 6
6221.1 95. 298.451 7088.2
% 2 6 ~ 51 .4 1 Y81 4 65
279.994 . 9
6238.6 >,; 298.844 7106.9
x 2 6 51 .4 s % 4 3 38
280.387 . 3
6256.1 x 299.237 7125.6
% 2 6 51 .4 9 5 3 90
280.780 . 6
6273.7 $6 299.629 7144.3
% 2 6 52 .4 3 ~7 2 63
281.173 . 0
6291.2 300.022 7163.0
% 2 6 52 .4 7 % 9 1 26
281.565 . 4
6308.8 % 300.415 7181.8
% 2 6 53 .5 1 3A0 0 88
281.958 . 8
6326.4 % 300.807 7200.6
% 2 6 53 .5 5 % 2 0 51
282.351 . 3
6344.1
— — — — —
8 2 6 4 53 .5 8 4.
90. 9 14
282.743 . 8
6361.7
Y 2 6 54 .5 2 % 8
5 86
283.136 . 3
6379.4 %
% 2 6 54 .5 6 % 7
7 49
283.529 . 8
6397.1 x
% 2 6 55 .5 0 % 7
9 12
283.921 . 4
6414.9
% 2 6 55 .6 4 ~06 75
284.314 . 9
6432.6 %
% 2 6 55 .6 8 %
2 5 47
284.707 . 5
6450.4 %
% 2 6 56 .6 2 4 5 10
285.100 . 2
6468.2 %
% 2 6 56 .6 6 %
5 4’ 73
285.492 . 8
6486,0 ~
———
8 2 6 5 57 .6 0 7.
91. 3 45
285.885 . 6503.9
5
% 2 6 57 .6 4 % 9 2 18
286.278 . 6521.8
2
% 2 6 57 .7 8 ~0 2 71
286.670 . 6539.7
9 ~
% 2 6 58 .7 2 2?’6 1 43
287.063 . 6557.6
7 %
% 2 6 58 .7 6 4 0
% 16
287.456 . 6575.5
5
% 2 6 58 .7 9 %5 9 89
287.848 . 6593.5
3 %
3 2 6 59 .7 3 7 A
3A 9 52
288.241 . 6611.5
1 %
Y 2 6 59 .7 7 9 8s
% 14
288.634 . 6629.6
9 %
. — —
86. 270.177 5808.8 92. 289.027 6647.6
% 270.570 5825.7 % 289.419 6665.7 B 3 0 78 .5 2 6 6 29
% 270.962 5842.6 ~ 289.812 6683.8 ? 308.661 7581.5 4
% 271.355 5859.6 ?’4 2?0.205 6701.9 % 309.054 7600.8
% 271.748 5876.5 ~ 290.597 6720.1 % 309.447 7620.1
5A 272.140 5893.5 5% 290.990 6738.2 % 309.840 7639.5
3% 272.533 5910.6 % 291.383 6756.4 % 310.232 7658.9
% 272.926 5927.6 % 291.775 6774.7 % 310.625 7678.3
87. 273.319 5944.7 93. 292.168 99. 311.018 7697.7

~8 273.711 5961.8 % 292.561 % 311.410 7717.1
% 274.104 5978.9 % 292.954 % 311.803 7736.6
% 274.497 5996.0 % 293.346 3/8 312.196 7756.1
% 274.889 6013.2 % 293.739 % 312.588 7775.6
5A 275.282 6030.4 294.132 % 312.981 7795.2
3% 275.675 6047.6 $% 294.524 ~ 313.374 7814.8
% 276.067 6064.9 % 294.917 % 313.767 7834.4
306
C A A C If
A r
1 3 0 1 7 40 .1 8 . 1 3 065 3 8 364 .1 8 . 0 3 112 5 9 215 . 8 .

% 3 1 7 4 . 8 %5 3 57 3 8 33 . 8 %4 3 04 5 9 25 . 8
x 3 1 7 4 . 8 ~ 9 3 59 3 8 33 . 8 %8 3 06 5 9 26 . 8
% 3 1 7 5 . 9 3 3 41 3 8 43 . 8 %1 3 98 5 9 37 . 9
% 3 1 7 5 . 9 %7 3 3 3 8 43 . 9~ 5 3 80 5 9 38 . 9
% 3 1 7 6 . 9 %1 3 25 3 8 42 . 9%9 3 72 5 9 39 . 9
3 3 1 7 6 . 9 ~ 5A 3 72 3 8 52 . 9s 3 3 75 5 9 40 . 9
% 3 1 7 6 . 9 5 9 3 19 3 8 52 . 9%7 3 67 5 l 41 .
1 3 0 1 8 71 .1 0 .3 3 001 3 8 762 .1 9 . 1 3 1 59 5 1 352 0 . .

% 3 1 8 7 . 0 ~ 6 3 93 3 9 62 . 0 % 58 3 41 5 1 54 0 .
% 3 1 8 8 . 0 ~ 0 3 95 3 9 62 . 0X9 3 43 5 1 55 0 .
% 3 1 8 8 . 0 ~ 4 3 87 3 9 71 . 0 N 38 3 35 5 1 66 0 .
% 3 1 8 8 . 0 %8 3 79 3 9 71 . 0g 7 3 72 5 1 67 0 .
% 3 1 8 9 . 1 ~ 2 3 71 3 9 81 . 0%1 3 29 51 860 .
% 3 1 8 9 . 1 %6 3 63 3 9 81 . 1%5 3 1 5 1 79 0 .
~ 3 2 8 0 . 1 ~ 0 3 5 3 9 81 . 1 % 98 3 04 5 1 70 0 .
1 3 0 2 8 02 .1 1 . 4 3 047 3 9 981 .1 1 . 2 3 1 96 5 1 481 0 . .
% 3 2 8 0 . 1 ~ 8 3 49 3 9 91 . 1 6 3 98 5 1 83 0 .
X 3 2 8 1 . 2 x 2 3 31 4 9 01 . 22 0 3 80 5 1 84 0 .
3 3 2 8 1 . 2 % 6A 3 23 4 9 01 . 2~ 4 3 72 5 1 95 0 .
? 3 2 8 2 . 2 % 04 3 15 4 9 02 . 2%8 3 64 5 1 96 0 .
% 3 2 8 2 . 2 %4 3 17 4 9 12 . 2%2 3 6 &1 8 l0
3 3 2 8 2 . 2 ~ 8A 3 09 4 9 12 . 2 x 6~ 3 58 6 1 09 0 .
~ 3 2 8 3 . 3 Y 18 3 91 4 9 22 . 3 % 08 3 41 6 1 00 0 .
1 3 0 2 8 3 .1 3 . 5 3 093 4 9 922 .1 3 . 4 3 13 6 1 511 0. .
% 3 2 8 3 . 3~ 9 3 85 4 9 22 . 3g 8 3 35 6 1 13 0.
% 3 2 8 4 . 3~ 3 3 7 4 9 32 . 3%2 3 27 6 1 24 0.
% 3 2 8 4 . 3? 7 3 69 4 9’ 33 . 3 %6i 3 19 6 1 26 0.
; 3 2 8 5 . 4 M1 3 61 4 9 43 . 4%0 3 1 6 1 27 0.
3 2 8 5 . 45 5 3 53 4 9 44 . 4 % 4A 3 03 6 1 39 0.
3 3 2 8 5 . 4 3 9A 3 45 4 9 44 . 4 3 7A 3 96 6 1 30 0.
~ 3 2 8 6 . 4 7/ 3 3 37 4 9 54 . 4 % 14 3 8 6 1 41 0.
1 3 0 2 8 64 .1 4 . 7 3 1 39 4 9 055 .1 5 . 5 3 1 80 6 1 643 0 . .
% 3 2 8 7 . 5%1 3 21 4 9 55 . 5 %9 3 72 6 1 45 0 .
% 3 2 8 7 . 5? 5 3 13 4 9 66 . 5 X 34 3 64 6 1 56 0 .
% 3 2 8 7 . 5~ 9 3 51 4 9 66 . 5 %7 3 56 6 1 58 0 .
% 3 2 8 8 . 5 %3 3 70 4 9 77 . 5g 1 3 58 6 1 69 0 .
% 3 2 8 8 . 5; 6 3 9 4 9 77 . 6 ~ 5~ 3 41 6 1 61 0 .
3 3 2 8 9 . 6 x 0A 3 81 4 % 78 . % 9 33 3 61 360
% 3 2 8 9 . 6~ 4 3 83 4 % 88 . ~ 3 85 3 3 6 1 75 0 .
— —
1 3 0 2 98 5 . 186 . 7 3 1—5 4 % 189 .1 . 7 7 3 12 6 1 77 0.
% 3 3 8 0 . 6B 2 3 67 4 % 99 . %1 93 1 61 87 0
% 3 3 8 0 . 7%6 3 50 4 9 90 . 7X 5 3 02 6 1 80 0.
~ 3 3 8 1 . 7~ 0 3 52 4 9 91 . 7%9 3 04 6 1 82 0.
x 3 3 8 1 . 7%4 3 4 5 9 01 . 7% 2 3 96 6 1 94 0.
% 3 3 8 1 . 7~ 8 3 36 5 9 02 . 7% 6 3 8 6 1 96 0.
% 3 3 8 2 . 7~ 2 3 28 5 9 13 . 8~ 0 3 70 6 1 98 0.
~ 3 3 8 2 . 8 ~ 68 3 20 5 9 14 . 8 ~ 48 3 73 7 1 00 0.
,
I
-
C A A C I (continued)
; 1 3 2
% 3 9 0
12125 . 3 , 409.19
4 13324
3A 390.74 12150 % 409.59 13350
% % 391.13 12174 ?-’6 409.98 13375
% % 391.52 12199 >~ 410.37 13401
3A 391.92 12223 3A 410.76 13426
% ~8 392.31 12248 % 411.16 13452
125. 392.70 12272 131. 411.55 13478

% % 393.09 12297 % 411.94 13504
x % 393.49 12321 X 412.34 13529
g 393.88 12346 412.73 13555
% 394.27 12370 E 413.12 13581
~ 394.66 12395 413.51 13607
% %
% 395.06 12419 ~ 413.91 13633
% ?’4 395.45 12444 % 414.30 13659
126. 395.84 12469 132. 414.69 13685

% % 3%.23 12494 % 415.08 13711
~ 3%.63 12518 415.48 13737
% X
M 397.02 12543 415.87 13763
% %
~ 397.41 12568 416.26 13789
% %
~ 397.81 12593 ~ 416.66 13815
%
g 398.20 12618 417.05 13841
% x
% % 398.59 12643 % 417.44 13867
127. 398.98 12668 133. 417.83 13893

g ~ 399.38 12693 % 418.23 13919
X 399.77 12718 X 418.62 13946
% % 400.16 12743 % 419.01 13972
% % 400.55 12768 % 419.40 13999
% % 400.95 12793 % 419.80 14025
x % 401.34 12818 x 420.19 14051
% % 401.73 12843 ?’4 420.58 14077
128. 402.13 12868 134. 420.97 14103

~ g 402.52 12893 ~ 421.37 14130
x 384.06 % 402.91 12919 421.76 14156
X
% % 403.30 12944 % 422.15 14183
% % 403.70 12970 % 422.55 14209
% % 404.09 12995 % 422.94 14236
% 404.48 13020 % 423.33 14262
% % 404.87 13045 % 423.72 14288
129. 405.27 13070 135. 424.12 14314

% % 405.66 130% ; 424.51 14341
% X 406.05 13121 424.90 14367
Y8 406.44 13147 % 423.29 14394
% S -.~ 13172 % 425.69 14420
% I % 407.23 13198 % 426.08 14447
% 3A 407.62 13223 % 426.47 14473
% % 408.02 13248 % 426.87 14500
308
C A A C I(
.
1
Dia. I Circurn. I Area Area
—— .I
136. 427.26 14527 142. 446.11 15837
% 427.65 14553 ?~ 446.50 15865 %
x 428.04 14580 x 446.89 15893 X
428.44 14607 ?~ 447.29 15921
%
% 428.83 14633 ?4 447.68 15949 %
% 429.22 14660 96 448.07 15977 %
% 429.61 14687 3A 448.46 16005
% 430.01 14714 448.86 16033
137. I 430.40 143. 449.25 16061

% % 449.64 16089
% x 450.03 16117 X
450.43 16145 %
% E 450.82 16173 %
% % 451.21 16201 %
% % 451.61 16229 %
% % 452.00 16258 %
144. 452.39 16286
% 452.78 16314 ;
x 453.18 16342
% 453.57 16371 %
% 453.% 16399 17790
~ 16428
454.35 %
~ 454.75 16456 ~
x 455.14 16485 %
——
436.68 15175 145. 455.53 16513 474.38 17908
437.08 15203 % 455.93 16542 474.77 17938
437.47 15230 % 456.32 16570 475.17 17%7
437.86 15258 % 456.71 16599 475.56 17997
438.25 15285 % 457.10 16627 475.95 18026
438.65 15313 % 457.50 16656 476.35 18056
439.04 15340 457.89 16684 476.74 18086
439.43 15367 % 458.28 16713 477.13 18116
140. 439.82 15394 146. 458.67 16742 477.52 18146

% 440.22 15422 % 459.07 16770 477.92 18175
% 440.61 15449 % 459.46 16799 478.31 18205
y; 441.00 15477 % 459.85 16827 478.70 1 8
% 441.40 15504 x 460.24 16856 479.09 18265
441.79 15532 ~ 460.64 16885 479.49 18295
%
442.18 15559 3A 461.03 16914 479.88 18325
%
442.57 15587 B 461.42 16943 480.27 18355
%
41. 442.97 15615 147. 461.82 16972 480.67 18385

443.36 15642 % 462.21 17000 481.06 18415’
%
443.75 15670 % 462.6Q 17029 481.45. 18446
g
444.14 15697 3A 462.99 17058 481.84 18476
/8
444.54 15725 N 463.39 17087 482.24 18507
%
444.93 15753 % 463.78 17116 482.63 18537
%
445.32 15781 % 464.17 17145 4S3.02 18567
%
445.72 15809 % 464.56 17174 483.41 18597
x
—
309
C A A C I(
?
Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area
1s4. 483.81 i8627 16Q. 502.&5 20106 166. 521.51 21642

! s I 484.20 18658 >8 503.05 20138 B 521.90 21675
;~ 484.59 18688 X 503.44 20169 % 522.29 21707
38 484.99 18719 % 503.83 20201 ?4 522.68 21740
% 485.38 18749 Y2 504.23 20232 % 523.08 21772
% 485.77 1&3779 % 504.62 20264 % 523.47 21805
% 4S6.16 18809 % 505.01 20295 % 523.86 21838
% 486.56 18839 ~8 505.41 20327 % 524.26 21871
——
155. 486.95 18869 161. 505.80 20358 167. 524.65 21904
% 487.34 18900 % 506.19 20390 ~8 525.04 21937
% 497.73 18930 x 506.58 20421 X 525.43 21969
$8 488.13 18%1 % 506.98 20453 pa 525.83 22002
% 488.52 18991 % 507.37 20484 ~ 526.22 22035
96 488.91 19022 % 507.76 20516 % 526.61 22068
3A 489.30 19052 % 508.15 20548 3A 527.00 22101
Xl 489.70 19083 % 508.55 20580 ~8 527.40 22134
156. 4S0.09 19113 162. 508.94 20612 168. 527.79 22167

>~ 19144 ~ 509.33 20644 528.18 22200
490.48 %
x 490.88 19174 x 509.73 20675 x 528.57 22233
3A 491.27 19205 3A 510.12 20707 % 528.97 22266
; 491.66 19235 % 510.51 20739 % 529.36 22299
492.05 19266 ~8 510.90 20771 % 529.75 22332
% 492.45 19297 3A 511.30 20803 3A 530.15 22366
% 492.84 19328 ~8 511.69 20835 ~8 530.54 22399
157. 493.23 19359 163. 512.08 20867 169. 530.93 22432

~ 493.62 19390 ; 512.47 20899 B 531.32 22465
494.02 19421 512.87 20931 x 531.72 22499
96 494.41 19452 % 513.26 20964 3A 532.11 22532
Y2 494.80 19483 % 513.65 20996 ~ 532.50 22566
% 495.20 19514 % 514.04 21028 % 532.89 22599
% 495.59 19545 % 514.44 21060 x 533.29 22632
B 495.98 19576 Y8 514.83 21092 % 533.68 22665
——
158. 4%.37 19607 164. 515.22 21124 170. 534.07 22698
% 496.77 1%38 % 515.62 21157 ~ 534.47 22731
% 497.16 19669 ~ 516.01 21189 534.86 22765
y~ 497.55 19701 ?$ 516.40 21222 535.25 22798
%
% 497.94 19732 % S16.79 21254 % 535.64 22832
% 498.34 19763 % 517.19 21287 % 536.04 22865
% 498.73 19794 % 517.58 21319 % 536.43 22899
% 499.12 19825 x 517.97 21351 78 536.82 22932
159. 499.51 19856 165. 518.36 21383 171. 537.21 22966

% 499.91 19887 % 518.76 21416 g 537.61 22999
x 500.9 19919 % 519.15
519.54
21448
21481
xy~ 538.00 23033
3/8 500.69 19950 ?’6 538.39 23066
% 501.09 19982 % 519.94 21513 % 538.78 23100
% 501,48 20013 % 520.33 21546 % 539.18 23133
3A M1.87 20044 3A 520.72 21578 % 539.57 23167
% S2.26 20075 % 521.11 21610 5 539.% 23201
.
I
C A A C I( c o n l i n
, Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area
178. 559.21 24885 184. 578.05 26590

~ % 559.60 24920 g 578.45 26626
% 559.99 24955 x 578.84 26663
% 560.38 24990 3A 579.23 26699
~ ~ 560.78 2%25 % 579.63 26736
% 561.17 25060 % 580.02 26772
% ~ 561.56 25095 % 580.41 26808
% ~8 561.95 25130 % 580.80 26844
179. 562.35 25165 185. 581.20 26880

% ~ 562.74 25200 ?’6 581.59 26916
x 563.13 25236 x 581.98 26953
% % 563.53 25271 % 582.37 26989
; g 563.92 25307 % 582.77 27026
564.31 25342 % 583.16 27062
% % 564.70 25377 % 583.55 27099
% % 565.10 25412 ~8 583.95 27135
180. 565.49 25447 186. 584.34 27172

% 565.88 25482 B 584.73 27208
% E 566.27 25518 x 585.12 27245
% % S6.67 25553 % 585.52 27281
% Y2 567.06 25589 % 585.91 27318
567.45 25624 ~ 586.30 27354
% %
% % 567.84 25660 x 586.59 27391
% ~8 568.24 25695 ~8 587.09 27428
181. 568.63 25730 187. 587.48 27465

g % 569.02 25765 ~ 587.87 27501
x x 569.42 25801 % 588.27 27538
% % 569.81 25836 3A 588.66 27574
% S 570.20 25872 % 589.05 27611
~ % 570.59 25908 % 589.44 27648
% 570.99 25944 3A 589.84 27685
% ~8 571.38 25980 % 590.23 27722
——
182. 571.77 26016 188. 590.62 27759
% 5 5 2 3 4. ; 33 572.16
16 3
264351 ; 591.01 27796
% 572.56 26087 591.41 27833
% 3A 572.95 26122 3A 591.80 27870
% % 573.34 26158 % 592.19 279Q7
% ~ 573.74 26194 % 592.58 27944
% % 574.13 26230 % 592.98 27981
% % 574.52 26266 % 593.37 28018
183. 574.91 26302 189. 593.76 28055

% % 575.31 26338 % 594.16 28092
x x 575.70 26374 % 594.55 28130
% 576.09 26410 % 594.94 28167
% ~ 576.48 26446 % 595.33 28205
% % 576.88 26482 % 5U5.73 28242
% % 577.27 26518 x 5%.12 28279
Y8 577.66 26554 ~8 5%.51 28316
I
I
311
C A A C I(
?
Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area
190. 5%.90 26353 196. 615.75 30172 202. 634.60 32047

1,/
/8 597.29 28390 % 616.15 30210 ~8 635.00 32086
Id 597.68 28428 x 616.54 30249 % 63S.40 32126
36 598.08 28465 616.93 30287 >8 635.79 32166
%
il 598.47 28503 ~ 617.32 30326 636.18 32206
%
;: 598.86 28540 617.72 % 636.S7 32246
% 30364
% 599.25 28578 ~ 618.11 30403 % 636.97 32286
% 599.64 28615 ?’4 618.50 30442 B 637.36 32326
191. 600.04 28652 197. 618.89 30481 203. 637.74 32366

~ 600.44 28689 % 619.29 30519 ?“6 638.15 32405
600.83 28727 g 619.68 30558 % 638.54 32445
601.22 28764 620.08 305% 58 638.93 32485
% 601.62 28802 Z? 620.47 30635 % 639.32 32525
>4 602.01 28839 % 620.86 30674 % 639.72 32565
% 602.40 28877 x 621.25 30713 % 640.11 326435
~8 602.79 28915 vu 621.64 30752 ~ 640.50 32645
192. 603.19 28953 198. 622.04 30791 2W. 640.88 32685

% 603.58 28990 % 622.44 30830 % 641.28 32725
x 603.97 29028 % 622.83 30869 x 641.67 32766
:.4 604.36 29065 642.07 32806
3/8 623.22 30908 ;
% 604.76 29103 % 623.62 30947 642.46 32846
% 605.15 29141 % 624.Oi 30986 % 642.85 32886
% 605.54 29179 x 624.40 31025 % 643.24 32926
~8 605.94 29217 % 624.79 31064 % 643.63 32966
193. 606.33 29255 199. 625.18 31103 205. 644.03 33006

% 606.72 29293 % 625.58 31142 ; 644.43 33046
% 607.11 29331 % 625.97 31181 644.82 33087
3A 607.51 29369 3/8 626.36 31220 3/8 645.21 33127
% 607.90 29407 >5 626.76 31263 % 645.61 33168
% 608.29 29445 % 627.15 31299 % ~.~ 33208
% 608.58 29483 3A 627.54 31338 % 646.39 33249
% 609.08 29521 ~8 627.94 31377 % 646.78 33289
194. 609.47 29559 2W. 628.32 31416 2@5. 647.17 33329

% 609.86 29597 g 628.72 31455 % 647.57 33369
% 61026 2%36 X 629.11 31495 x 647.96 33410
3A 610.65 2%74 629.51 31534 >s 648.35 33450
S 611.05 29713 629.S(3 31574 ti 648.75 33491
2
% 611.43 29751 % 630.29 31613 % 649.14 33531
% 611.83 29789 % 630.58 31653 % 649.53 33572
78 612.29 29827 ~8 631.08 31692 ~8 649.93 33613
195. 612.61 29865 201. 631.46 31731 207. 650.31 33654

% 613.00 29903 % 631.86 31770 650.71 33694
% 613.40 29942 x 632.26 31810 z 651.10 33735
% 613.79 29980 ?5 632.65 31849 % 651.50 33775
M 614.18 30019 % 633.05 31889 % 651.89 33816
% 614.57 30057 633.43 31928 % 652.28 33857
%
% 614.97 30096 % 633.83 31%8 % 652.57 33898
7/8 615.36 30134 ~8 634.29 32007 y8 653.07 33939
312
.. C
3
F
II .— .—.
I
t
\ Y
H Z O O Of N P iT E AN
l FIL V
N EG RO OT PI CE RAN L I N
N O 1 TA l El mc Sa tsa : e rr t i ab. l e o en l
2 A w 3 ec ol /ln f t w id .8ni l u s oe l ”u s e l t d
3 T d h ba ht v ae a gei s. exae ttcd i ese nnfs ldss e i tc v t e i o n
4 U d s l ar i i rev noe t .qi sgw uo t t hiu sori hm e a s hdi t s nn h eg e f
5 F f r e uq oou ep s dn e t.i nplrae yri etn vhinge
f dg e ,i r r t e s d o
STIFFENER I l I >
313
FIXED STAIR
AND HEALTH (OSHA) STANDARDS
F s i wt bx pa ir e i w
o rdvol h ip s ed nelr eeae cdtr eri s o eest n i gstbr a u et a l el t eva w vre e e el l
F s i t a s x i b rdh ewe at sa cd y i as llga o nf l reto e dt iri n a o oylm v l hrd a e inf meot si a cv e i al p a e
b n l e t u t vec h a mea s t oacrr o vns cr n eli on oytn 1 r oa gp t , e o d a 0u n 0d d f 0s .
M i wn i2i i m d n u t m
c h h : e 2 s
A o ns t gra t i t l rhi owe r ai sfhzy 5o dn ete ao gel :r e e s0 .
R a s i bl ph i r n aoo gt v osI i s d l op ehai e ed dxe s n pt eel a no Hi sra wnefs al d dby rh s a . i a l
p r oo a lv oi e ds oe nac d i sl s tcn oa td pti srre ew eof at fe ydr r s sa , i bd ehl sigy c e hnnd de i t n
E t aa r n oesc bns rah he i a da sn l doi lpgn - ar elb s lie s y t a n t .
S ht taa orvil tei r n ena si h n w
gd e s s s-ai i hhf ns do noc r ha t u ipo lhsgv deepr t rae nset y i.
t ar d e e sf a oir rd u sa st bot lse a e i i d r e s .
S f fi m eg i dun io m
i r eemB ne suY 0iro m
oB n hl s . 7 o ot 1sl l i e 6t s 0
A b a us l e rh sn d r ab rhl g ser am
d e po l sv el de .
D i m oe r n s( ia o t n s rs rR ( en t ue af s bb a) uTn del d a l st eo) d w :
K - -
A t n g R l i e T o Rsr e e ua d n
H o r i z (o i n tn a cl i { h i en e cn i ~ h e an )
3 0 °
7
HINGE
+iii’’”k-w
ICl
b
N
F l a
O
p u is t
E T L
npg ii hl t s o dia n o o t s
UW GE
n s e
T L-B D AF
L E L ID A N
w c h i ob oeuv Wl e nl t per e u s d l g. d s
t f l w a f n p i eg un e towt s r l a e ht i lol n d .
T u o d p h ar s et h vf ei e sir e npr f ete gc d i e a ol , l y
f f r e u q ou pe s en tn l rie y n g ds , D .
I
A = ~ – ( RR / a 2) 2
B = ~ R – ( 1R +t / / 2 2 1 + 6
c = R + 2!4 – A
D = R+ 2’/2 – B
R s R ao f d l i a u n s g f e
r = t di i am
o mh - e e ot s e r l f e
D i ao hm =e to e r l f e
P d i a+ 1I
i m1 i e t en r n 6 .
L U W GE T L-F DLB EA DN
T H I C Kt ON LE S AND
S U, DIAMETER
G OF
F PINS
S
R A TI I N G
1 5 I 0 # 300*
3 3 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 14 / 4
F DIAM.L 12 G1 1 . ] 2 2 14 1 6 18 10 2 4 2 2 4
3 3 1 / 1 / 1 14 3 4 3 1 / 1 / 1 1 14 4
R A T
I I N G 900*
I I
I
- .“
LADDER
S S I T D E E PT H RS O UT G HE
2 in. min. 7 2 in. min. 4
3 in. max. 0 30 in. max.
SIDE R
[note
N O T E S
u
1 in
1 C i n ar e gqw o u t .hi el r seeeot c dhnr i l 2g ef it o e l hema f eg b e r s o0s o t v

l e v e l .
2 H o r i z o o n fl t a a fl pl. n ysl d ase it b tfhnp o gr ar oa m l v l ei e dl 3 v ef ae od e s rt
c l il me W b n i sg hn tadg e hef a .rvue i ret s cp r yl e ee a s t dbf shepo ,rr am ot vs l i
a m a ix n i t m oe 2r u w
f t ma le l5 s e tf 0 .
3 A m a t s el c r t o i n a . ef tl o A: r e m A i3Sl n g T o M 6
4 I n o st ta e s b aph . edos c t irvf fuse ic e heta udoa r asp t lt n re hus sc o tet yu r re a
e q u si v t a rml eeb unn t gT as at h de v a yddom e usa. i h gro oi degi p as pn l i v g na
i s t nr ua c gnat uw g r , ai ul l r df e s s e sr al ieeov ya e dmrd n i et r oiemt c l b ad e l
c a g e .
5 T r e c o hm mm e i n .snd e e oi ds mi r u ui am z n n id o ae d t lrfm e eo mcss p raoh e l nr
t 2 1 ix 3 i f o / b a/ l nnl a t2 2x ah1 8bro . au t f ga,r / he qu r ru i ep 4 snr s t a el c ye t
6 A b a u s l re h ns rd .a bl hr sg r e d am e p o lsv el de .
7 P r o C t e o c aot its v i. ce n hpn g or:a ooi fae m cp ni eo tnp eor o ah dl d ae i d not
g a l v a n i z i n g .
316
M IST E XT R A CT OR
M e x i t rb as s ce tp om a t rr usa in t d i esnyl s gii trf qa vb, u l r aes i pdt lo iseo q m

ar u
e i mt t p p rec r o f ho vo. r v m
e aa pn rec r eei oq o u c i u pefT m s s ae nm
sh t as . n er u
t fu m r r o e pe o l t m d a aams ae tlv ai i rsnia c l r a he b qsdln uae is i r nh ey nz ad
d - C
Q e t ‘ m
4
d - A B
T Y
O M P E XE
I T R S AS C FT OT R S
\ I
D E– A T A I L D E– C T A
S U PO PM OE X
RI T TR AS C F
T OT R S
U 6I 1 beam
s 2support in .center
e of mist
5 extractor, when the diameter is greater
than 6 ft.
SPECIFICATION
THICKNESS OF PAD ~>, 6 >!
THICKNESS OF WIRE .011“ .01 1“
WIRE
MESH MATERIAL OF WIRE TYPE 304 S.S. TYPE 304 S.S.
DENSITY lb./Cu. ft. 9.0 5.0
PRESSURE DROP 0.5” TO 1“ WATER GAGE
MATERIAL CARBON STEEL
BEARING BAR 1“x3/1 6“ lx3/16°
G R IC R
BD O AS S % R Y4qi 4
B E AB RS IP NA GC I 3NR -G 9 3/ 1 1 - 6
C R
B S O P A
S C S I N
R 4 G 4 “
W E l I bf G . H
/ sTt q5 . . .7 7.
W O
I O DS ET N
C HT I F 1O
E N 21 “2
-’317
NAME PLATE
Pressure vessels built in aemrdanee with the requirements of the Code maybe
stamped withtheofficialsymbol ”U”todenoteTheAmerican SocietyofMechanieal
Engineers’ standard.
Pressurevessels stamped with the Code-symbolshall bemarkedwith the following:
1. manufacturer’sname;preeededwiththe words:“eertifledby”;
maximumallowableworkingpressure,(MAWP)psiat temperature,°F;
minimumdesignmetaltemperatureat pressure,psi;(MDMT)
manufacturer’sserialnumbeq(S/N)
“yearbuilt
Abbreviationsmaybe usedasshownin parenthesis.
2. theappropriateabbreviationsindicatingthe typeofccmstruction,sexvice,etc.
as tabulated:
Wheninspectedbya user’sinspector USER
Arcor gaswelded w
LethalseMce L
Unfiiedsteamboiler UB
Directfting DF
Fullyradiographedand UW-ll(a) (5)not applied RT 1
JointsA & D fullyradiographed;UW-1l(a) (5)(b) applied RT 2
Spotradiographed RT 3
WhenRT1,RT2or RT3are not applicable RT 4
Postweldheat treated HT
Partof the vesselpostweldheat treated PHT
Nonstationa~PressureVessels NPV
1.S y
“UM” s m b u hb w to asv hl i el e x hs efl e iesm dn nrpse[ pet Ule eCo cs- d t oli mo( nd k )e ]
2 F v em os o 8sa fa 9e n 5 ld, sr iYs % ntt cuYe oe n, k ea 0 mhedil ms0e slap fln, sa d ett aeheh fti s bco ke r nsey e l s l sr
Mi n p n a a[ p r a .oema tf r h e ;ie rec C kr s U
lne ee 1dos Ls e5n slTd . ( - e c 1 )
— -
N P A L MA E
T E
USER C E R BT I F I E D Y
E X A M P L E
ml
W R 1 -
OMEGA TANK CO.
MAWP250
b
650°F
MDMT 650°F at 250 psi
S/N-19560
1996
L T
( v
e r
Tw
e
v
i s n h s sb pau eee sc l t e es
inspector,arc welded,usedin lethal
s i c e ,
dr
H T
[
used
on skirts, supports, etc., it shall be marked: “Duplicate”.
Letteringsizes b nh l ta 5 e ol ih h / l s T aei Ct 3no s gd n e h -a2h s s y. m. ne b e onur l
mi ba d
s b sh t
at om l pd t emlh dbhea s , t e atee mr t c pac o eyih dm a e e p, rd se , s s te dr .
Commonlyu m as f t n e e pr a0i o l dai s lma. t as r t i ne3o n1t e li ce2e s .as s)e rnt l b e r 8o e
T n p ash l b sh ma w ae etet eu lln e i a dnl v s eeu oel l mda st o eoo sudb ner i t al e c r d k h e n
v ie i n s s aus ll ea o ti lscen d sea , ot e dp md nl n a e ae c nl w
m e lia a ; qye rs u v, i
c o l n g t e ra a ov5 bf l ag ,e og be l r ue o, o t vtu t ne c d .
318
PLATFO RM
Conforms
3 f!. 6 an. max.

.
30 an,min.
t
jA%’&l/4
IF
7
tiANORAl L POST
ANGLE 2x2x3/8
MI DRAIL
BAR 2.1/4
P l a s t bf fh o a r b a mir s is l ce a c lt t e e id o n n s
i n e c s e u s fis sat hra f yiab o p l pe i n nr g d
f e ir e ec t li o dn .
P l a f t a f b o ri r is mc e as sct et hdi o a nn s l l -
S E C A –T A I O N
b s f hi m t aota kre e npkd on,e c d k ed d
d f so h i wpo p in n gr .
4
Clearance
A f c io n l ne ae ct l tb ibl o d onr s l t I ee od e .
$
M a n u f sa c f t hu u r 1e rar e n l ix 0 sl t h rCHECKERED
% aPLATE
-— -——. —r—— ——-
b o oe s l af i st czp s oa fe h r s e r .
A b a u s l re h n sr d a lb hsr g r d ae p les l e -
1/4 BENT PLATE
m o v e d .
P ao si cn hpn t or e: oi xm
ae pce tre , p t
w a s lu kr fi a n c ge s .
M
M
D
s
o
s
9r
pa o as
pa o a h
6 # di
ucx
xca
nh rl/ i c
p6i f p n.
npi
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d.n 6 ofr g
aolh e i c1 l k ne
a s if
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$---+Fl l tt
re e CHANNEL
n d
s
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6x8.2
.
p f le 1a s a of t a oc e f q r rt l h oe0 . o . a r f .
B 1 o@ l / t s 2 A L T E R N S A UT I P V PE O
B h 9o o $ l/l e 1t s 6
SKIRT OPENINGS
1/4 IN CONTINUOUS
FI L LET WE LO
/ INSIOE ANO
VENT HOLES
I s e o h my d ri o occ oa n r e b to nf s h
c o m b lu s i t oi q bg lu et ai ds s
s sk b i hp rr a owt v m l s i i dli e e tnd
m o t 2 ui v w nh mel o cf o nl
c a ah a pt i o e1s dgs d ei sbgh8 l rs e
a pT av hr ehst o c . h nl l e ae t e
h i n e s u Fl aas t ilm od bone . e a v
u c os ou p p e l i i dnp g e r
ACCESSOPENINGS
PIPE
OPENING The shape of openings may
be circular o any other shapes. r
Circular openings are used
most frequently with pipe o bent
plate sleeves. The projection of
sleeve equals t thickness of
h
fireproofing minimum 2 inches.
The projection of sleeves shall be
increased when necessary for rein-
forcing the s under
k certain
i load- r t
ing conditions.
D i a( m
= 1 e it6 D e n -r c 2 )h
&uD
PIPE OPENiNGS
The shape of pipe openings
ger than the diameter of flange.

cir-
cular with a diameter of 1 inch lar-
Sleeves should be provided a for

a copenings.
c e s s
T O
Y S P A
K E
C I C S E R S F ST E S
320
VORTEX BREAKER
T p u o rh v p o b o rr se ei tet a e ek l f eix t m
r u si n n d ae shvsto ioe r r ao t b eel ex
l i q u i d s .
C a r f l o a btn s- a pa fslf ar f d te lequr ue we s nas wt eil o yiet t d dt i thw mh
n od i z a m z e l t ee r .
F a h d oi eo e gf fg e r cr tu ei h v sene n es fsd wsv c i e oe r n lr dt iiwe tn oi gi o h n ds
t b sa hhfb f of t ul ote i nel moudd i hz ea rTmz hs e l teea ee h itr b o. g ou h e h tv t
s h b a o h bu t lno a dod u hi lze abt z m m f leb e s t e u e ia r v ni er tc er y qha e u le i
—.
——
l ac l r e f ago r rea t ne or cah e s eo rn r s .
q
.
.
—
-
.
.
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—
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V
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T OE LX
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-
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— —
II N Q G U
—
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DF $
—
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-
2D 2D O = D I A O MP E T I E R
tl tl
+
+
GRATING’
I
F--i 1 1 1 I
I
I
I
3
-
D
>
u
r r i 1
% G R
I
AB TA I FN FG
F A LC R
PAN L
O
B T AA
S DF S
TF L E E S
M a t 1 ec r ai s a /pr l t :ob lg e or 4w
a ean x t 1 li i b e - n tr ag1 rh / s8 .
R e f e F r Me Pn ac te “ t: V e o r r cs t. boe. pnx r i ena vgT e On at ne G dhe ” i n

J o A
u r u4 n 1 ga l9u , s 6 t 9 , .
321
PART III.
MEASURES AND WEIGHTS
1. Table ofProperties ofPipes, Tubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
2. Dimensions............................................................................................ 334
of Heads, Flanges, Long Welding Necks, Welding Fittings,
ScrewedCouplings.
3. Weight..----ti ------------- ------------------------- ----- 374

of Shells and Heads, Pipes and Fittings, Flanges, Openings,
Packingand Insulation,Plates, CircularPlates, Bolts.
5, Area ofSurfaces ofShells and Heads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
6. ConversionTables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
DecimalsofanInch, Decimalsofa FooCMetricSystem,Inches
to Millimeters,Millimetersto Inches, Square Feetto Square
Meters, Square Meters to Square Feet, Pounds to Kilograms,
Kilograms to Pounds, U.S. Gallon to Liters, Liters to U.S.
Gallons,PoundsperSquareInches to KilogramperCentimeter,
KilogramperCentimetertoPounds perSquareInch,Degreesto
Radius,Minutesand Secondsto Decimalsofa Degree,Centi-
322
P P
S c hn eu da m w
u b l ed ee e n sir i gsga n i aha dt gi tor nr we s e A m iBe -e N
1-n-n.fortt 3 S h
c aa ar s bl pn to al A nei o B d e N 1npy f 3sl tSe as d6 io pI nt l . i ee9 s r p s e e l
Sched e No. Wall
Weigh[ o In- u tWeight w
- 3 Inside Trans-
Desig- side side t per ; $urfac( verse
& alloy nation diam. diam. foot ft.
per ft. area
s in. in. lb. iq. ft. Sq. ft. sq. in.
lb.
.405 . ,049
3 .186 0.03!20 7
.106 .0804 .0740
‘ 4 S .405
0 . .068
2s 6.0246 9
.106 .0568
80 8 X - .405
0 s . t .095
$ g
S ?. .0157
1 5
.106 .0364
-
... .410 .065 .330 , 0 .1073
5 7 0
40 4 S 0 .364 .088s .424 . 0 4
.0955 5 1
80 8 X - 0 s .30s!t g
.119S .
.535 . 0 3
.0794 1 0
1 0 .545 . s 0
.423 6 .177 5
.1497 .2333
“ 4 S 0 t .493 d s .567: .177 ,1295 .1910
80 8 X-stg. 0 .423 S .738 .177 .1106 .1405
.670 .083 .1550 .220 .1764 .3568

“ 4 Std: 0 .622 ,109s ,1316 .220 .1637 .3040
80 8 X-stg. 0 .546 .147S .1013 .2’20 .1433 .2340
160 ... .466 .187 .0740 .2!20 .1220 .1706
... ... <X-stg .252 .294 .0216 .220 .0660 .0499
.834 .083 .857 .2660 .275 , 6

“ 4 std. 0 .824 .113 s 1.130 .2301 <275 . 5
80 8 0 .742 .1545 1.473 .1875 .275 . 4
.675 .188 1.727 .1514 .275 , 3
160 . .614 .218 1.940 .1280 .275 2 9
<X-stg .434 .308 2.440 .0633 .275 , 1
1 1 0 . 3 s 1.404
1 5 .344 , 92 8 4
“ 40s std. 1 . 3 1.678
1 5 .344 . ,2 87
80 80S 1 . 3 2.171
1 5 .344
. . .. .... 1 . 3 2.561
1 5 .344
140 ... . 1 . 3 2.850
1 5 .344
... ... 1 . 3 3.659
1 5 .344
... 1 0 .109 s 1.806 .7080 .434 .3775 1.633

40 4 1.660
0 .140 s 2.272 .6471 .434 .3620 1.495
80 8 0
1,660 S 9 . . 5, W, 5 4 13 56 3 ,3 3
160 . .. 1.660 3 .. 4.7 . 56 4 3 74 305
... ... 1.660 5 .. 2,2 . 71 4 2 34 3 32
... 1 0
1.900 .109 s 2 .
.9630 0
.497 8
.4403 5
2.221
40 4 1 0 . 9 s
.145 20 . 0
.8820 7
.497 1
.4213 7
2.036
80 8 1 0 . 9 S
.200 30 . 0
.7648 6
.497 3
.3927 1
1.767
160 ... 1 . .281
9 40 . 0
.6082 8
.497 6
,3519 2
1.405
... ... t. 9 .400 60 . 0
.4117 4
.497 0
.2903 8
.950
1 2.375
0 2 .109
. s 2.638
1 1.583
5 .622
7 ,5647 3.654
.40 40s 2.375 2 .154
. 3.652
0 1.452
6 .622
7 .5401 3.355
... 2.375 2 .167
. 3.938
0 1.420
4 .622
1 .5360 3.280
I
323
P R O P EO RP T ( I EIt Sc Po . Fn E ’ )
S
Nom- V eOutsidt i Insideg Wallh t
Weighi ) u Inside t Trans-s i
inal ; Stain- iesigm diam. diam. thick- per u rsurfac f verse a c
pipe k a less ion in. in. ness foot ) f e t
per ft. area
size t steels in. “lb. q f Sq. ft. t
sq. in.
. 2.375 . .188 .
4.380 1.363 .622 .5237
2 “ 80s X-stg. 2.375 .218 5.022 1.279 .622 .5074
‘
! ,, ... 9.375 .250 5.673 1.196 .622 .4920
,.. .., 2.375 .312 6.883 1.041 .622 .4581
i ... 9,375 .343 7.450 .767 .622 .442$!
. . . ... : X2.375 - s .436t g
9.029 .769 .622 ,3929
1 0
2.875 2.635 . s 3 1 2 . 2 ..753 30
5.6900 63
5.453 0
.40 4 0
2.875 2:469 .203s 5 2 . ..753 7.6462
0 79
4.788 2
1 ,.. 2.875 2,441 .217 6 2 , ..753 1.6381
0 26
4.680 6
21 80 8 0
2.875 2.323 S
,276 7 1 . ..753 6.6095
8 36
4.238 4
160 ... 2.875 .375 1 ..753 5
.5564 3
3.547 5
... ... 2.875 .552 13.69 1 ..753 0
.4627 6
2.464 7
... .... 3.500 .120 4.33 3.62 . .853 9 8.346 1

... ... , . 3.500 . ,125 4.52. 3.60 . .851 9 8.300 1
... 3.500 .148 5.30 3.52 . .940 9 8.100 1
... 3.500 ,188 6.65 3.34 . .819 9 7.700 1
40 40s std.’ 3.500 .2) 6 7.57 3.20 . .802 9 7.393 1
,. 3.500 .241 8.39 3.10 . .790 9 7.155 1
3 .. . ....
..,
3.500
3.500
254
.289
8.80
9.91
3.06
2.91
.
.
.785 9
.765 9
7.050
6.700
1
1
“80 S < - 3.500 s t .300g 0.25. 2.86 . .761 9 6.605 1
... ... .... 3.500 .312 0.64 2.81 . .753 9 6.492 1
... .... 3.500 .406 3.42 2.46 . .704 9 5.673 1
;60 ... . .. 3.500 .438 4.32 2.34 . .687 9 5.407 1
... ... X -3.500 s t .600g 8.58. 1.80 . .601 9 4.155 1
... 1 .... 0 3.760 . s 4.971 4.81 21.047 .9840

... . ... 3.744 5.38 4.78 I .047 .981
, ... . .. . 3.732. 5.58 4.75 I.047 .978 1 0
... ... .... 3.704 6.26 4.66 I .047 .971 13.75
3.624 7,71 4.48 I.047 .950 10.32
1 4 4 0 3.5480 s 9.11 4.28 I.047 .929 9.89
3F 3.438 11.17 4.02 1.047 .900 9.28
8 8 0 3.3640 S I 2.51 3.85 1,047 .880 8,89
... ... 3.312 13.42 3.73 1.047 .867 8.62
... . , 3.062 . I 3,19 I .047 .802 7.37
... ... 2128 2.53 1,047 .716 5.84
... 4 5.61 6.18 1.115

... 4 .1 ?8 5.99 6.14 1.111
... .134 6.26 :
4 . . 4 ,142 6.61
6.1 i
6.06 1.105
... ... . 4 . ,165 7.64. 5.99 1.093
4 .188 8.56 5.80 1.082
324
P R O P EO RP T I( E It S c Po .F n E ’ )
Schedule No.
Nom- )utsidt , w \ a w ll [ tl Trans-
inal ‘arbor ;tain- liam- l ~ater Urliice ; verse
pipe alloj ess rt. in. ]er ft. )er area
size eels teels sq.
4.500 4.090 .205 939 5.71 1 1 13.15

40 40s ~, :()() 4026 .’237 10.79 5.51 12,73
4.500 4.000 ,250 11 35 5.45 12.57
4 4.500 3.958 ,271 12.24 5.35 12.31
I
. ,., 4,500 3.938 .281 12.67 5.27 12,17
4,500 3.900 .300 13.42 5.19 11.96
4.500 3.876 .312 14.00 5.12 11.80
80 80S 4,500 3826 .337 14,98 4.98 11.50
4,500 3750 .375 16.52 4,78 11.04
120 ... 4.500 3.624 .438 19.30 10,32

... 4.500 3.500 .500 21.36 9.62
160 ... 4.500 3.438 .531 2260 9.28
... ... 4.500 3.152 .674 27.54 7.80
... 1 0
5.563 5.295 s
.134 7.770 9.54 1.456 1.386 22.02
40 40s 5.563 5.047 .258 14.62 8,66 1,456 1.321 20.01
. 5.563 4.859 .352 19.59 8.06 1.456 1.272 18.60
80 80S 5.563 4,813 .375 20.78 7.87 1,456 1.260 18.19
5 ... 5.563 4,688 .437 23.95 7.47 1.456 1.227 17.26
120 ... 5.563 4.563 .500 27.10 7.08 1.456 1.195 16.35
160 ... 5.563 4.313 .625 32.96 6,32 1.456 1,129 14,61
... ... 5.563 4.063 .750 38.55 5.62 1.456 1.064 12.97
... 1 ... 6.625

0 6.357 .134
s 9.29 13.70 I .735 1.660 31.75
... ... . 6.625 6.287
. .169 11.56, 13.45 I .735 1.650 31.00
... . 6.625 6.265 .180 12.50 13.38 I .735 1.640 30.81
... . 6.625 6.24? .188 12.93 13.31 I .735 1,639 30.70

... ... 6.625 6.187 .219 15.02 13.05 I .735 1.620 30.10
... 6.(525 6.125 .250 17.02 12.80 I.735 1.606 29.50
6.695 6.011 .277 18.86 12.55 1.735 1.591 28.95
6 40 4 std. 6.625
0 6.065 .280
s 18.97 12.51 I .735 1.587 28.99
... 6.625 5.875 .375 25.10 11.75 I .735 1.540 27.10
80 8 X-stg. 6.625
0 5.761 .432
S 28.57 11.29 I .735 1.510 26.07
.. 6.625 5.625 .500 32.79 10.85 I .735 1.475 24.85

120 ... 6625 .562 36.40 10.30 I.735 1.470 23.77
150 6.695 ,718 45.30 9.15 I .135 1.359 21.15
Xx-stg 6.625 .864 53.16 8.14 1.735 1.!280 18.83
... 1 .., . 0
8,625 .148
s 13.40 23.6 2.26 2.180 54.5
... ... .... 8.625 .158 14.26 23.6 2.26 2.178 54.3
.. ... .... 8.625 .165 14.91 23.5 2.26 2.175 54.1
8 ... ... .... 8.625 .188 16.90 23.2 2.26 2.161 53.5
... . .... ,
8.625 .203. 18.30 23.1 2.26 2.152 53.1
... , .,. .
8.625 .219. 19.64 22.9 2.26 2.148 52.7
P R O P EO RP T (I E It Sc Po .F n E ’ )
Schedule No.
Nom Weight )utsid :nsi de Weight 01 Outs id Inside Trans-
inal Iarbon ;tain - designa liam - iiam. thick- per water iurface surface verse
pipe i alloy ess tion !l in. ness foot per ft. >er ft. )er ft. mea
size teels teels in. lb. pipe It ;q. ft. iq. ft. $q.
. . . 8.625 , .238 . 22.7 2.26 52.2

2 .,. . 8.625 , 0 .250 . 22.5 2.26 51.8
8.625 .277 22.2 2.26 51,2
40s 8.625 .322 21.6 2.26 50.0
... ... .... 8.625 .344 21.4 2.26 49.5
,,. 8.625 .352 21.3 2.26 49.3
8 . . 8.625 .375 21.1 2.26 48.7
... ... 8.625 .406 20.8 2.26 47.9
8.625 .469 20.1 2.26 46.4
80S 8,625 .500 19.8 2.26 45.6
.. 8,625 .593 18,8 2.26 43.5
8.625 ,6~5 18,5 2.26 42.7
,.. 8.625 .718 17.6 2.26 40.6
... 8.625 .812 16.7 2,26 38.5
... ... 8.625 .875 16.1 2.26 37.1
... .. . 8.625 .906 15.8 2.26 36.4
... 10s .. . 0 0.420

. .165
7 18.65
5 36.90 2.81 2.73 85.3
... .,. , . 0 ..
0.374 .188
7 5,
21.12 36.70 2.81 2.72 84.5
... .. 0 0.344
. .203
7 22.86
5 36.50 2.81 2.71 84.0
.. , 0 ..
0.310 .219
7 5,
24.60 36.20 2.81 2.70 83.4
. . . . 0 ..
0.250 ,250
7 5,
28.03 35.90 2.81 2.68 8?,6
,.. . 0 ..
0,192 .279
7 5.
31,20 35.30 2.81 2.66 81.6
... 0 0.136
. .307
7 34,24
5 35.00 2.81 2.65 80.7
. ,.. .... 0 0.054
. .348
7 38.66
5 34.40 2.81 2.64 79.3
40s 0 0.020
. .365
7 40.48
5 34.10 2.81 2.62 78.9
0 9.960
. .395
7 43.68
5 33.70 2.8 I 2.61 77.9
80S 0 9.750
. .500
7 54.74
5 32.30 2.81 2.55 74.7
... 0 9. .531
7 57.98
5 31.90 2.81 2.54 73,7
.. , 0 . .593
7 64.40
5 31.10 2,81 2,50 71.8
.,. .... 0 , .718
7 77,00
5 29.50 2.81 2.44 68.1
.,, 0 . .750
7 80,10
5 29.10 2.81 2.42 67.2
... ... 0 . .843

7 89.20
5 27.90 2.81 2.37 64.5
... .... 0 . I,000
7 04.20
5 26.10 2.81 2.29 60.1
... .... 0 7 1,063 509.90 25.30 2.81 2.26 58,4
... .... 0 . 1.125
7 i 6.00
5 24.60 2.81 2.22 56.7
... 10s .. .180 24.16 52.9 3.34 3.24 120.6

... . .203 27.2 52.0 3.34 3.23 119.9
1 ...
...
,,.
...
.219
.238
29.3
31.8
51.7
51,5
2 3.34
3.34 3.22
3,22
119.1
118.5
.256 33.4 51.3 3.34 3.12 118.0
326
P R O P EO RP T I[ E It S c Po .F n E ’ )
S~hel t No.
Nom Weight Outsidt I w ~t’eighat Mt.01 )l I l rrans-
inal ~isrbOr t iesigne jiam- ~ thi~ k- per v u u erse
pipe allo) lion n. ness root Irea
size eels in. lb: q. in.
12.750 1 .279 37,2 50.7 3.34 3 .

116.9
1!2.750 1 S . 2 3 . 50,5
40.0 03.34
1 C 3 0 116.1
,
12.750 12.090 . 43.8
3 49.7 33.34 3 0 114.8
.
12.750 12.062 . 45.5

3 49.7 43.34 3 4 114,5
.
40s I!2.750 I 2.000 . 49.6
3 48.9 73.34 3 5 113.1
.
.,. 12,750 11.938 . 53.6
4 48.5 03.34 3 6 111.9
.
12.750 11.874 . 57.5

4 48.2 33.34 3 8 111.0
.
80S 12.750 11!750 . 65.4
5 46.9 03.34 3 0 108.4
.
1 I !2.750 11.626 . 73.2
5 46.0 2 63.34 3 2 106.2
.
CONT.]
12.750 11.500 . 80.9
6 44.9 23.34 3 5 103.8.
.. .... 12.750 11.376 . 88.6
6 44.0 83.34 2 7 .
. 12.150 11.064 . 108.0
8 41.6 43.34 2 3 .
.,, 12.750 11.000 . 110.9
8 41.1 73.34 2 5 .
. 12.750 10.750 1 .125.5 39.3

0 3.34
0 20 .
... 12.750 10.500 1 .140.0 37.5
1 3.34
2 25 .
. .... 12.750 10.313 1 . 150.1 ! 36.32 3.341 29 .
... .... 12.750 10.126 1 .161.0 34.9
3 3.34
1 22 .
, . . .. . .
I4.000 t 3.624 .188 28 53.4 3.67 3 .
. I4.000 I 3,560 .220 32 53.0 3.67 3 .
I4.000 13.524 .238 35 52.5 3.67 3 .
1 I4.000 13.500
0 .250 37 52.1 3.67 3 .
I4.000 13.375 .312 46 50.8 3.67 3 .
Std. I 4.000 I 3.250 .375 55 59.7 3.67 3 I .
I4.000 I 3.188 .406 58 59.5 3.67 3 I .

I4.000 1 3 .438 . 631 58.5
2 3.67
4 3 .
. , I . 1 3 . . . 6 40 6 63.67
2 3 9 .8
1 X-stg. I 1 3 . . 7 50 0 03.67
0 3 0 .2
I 1 2 . . 8 58 55.9
1 93.67
4 3 3 .5
I 1 2 . . 8 67 55.3
5 23.67
0 3 5 .9
I 1 2 . . 96 54.7
8 53.67
8 3 6 .4
1 41 .2 . 0. 1 057 00
51.2 53.67
00 3 0 . 7 !
14,000 1 2 , . 1 19 50.0
2 33.67
53 3 7 1.
14.000 1 11 . .1 8 0 1
47.5 945
3.67 33 1.
, 14.000 1 11 .. .1 5 20
45.0 507
3.67 30 1.
... 14.000 1 11 . .1 3 31
43.5 438
3.67 94 2.
... .... 14.000 1 11 . .I 1 48
42.6 08
3.67 26 W.
327
S~hedule No.
Nom Weight u Inside w tVe aI wt. o’ l
)utsid [ l r
iniil ;tain - designa ~iam. thick- per urface ; ‘
pipe ess in. ness foot )er ft.
size (eels in. lb; Jipe II q. ft. q ft.
.. ... , 5 . .188
0 0 0 4.20 192.0
... 5 . 0
.238 0 0 4.20 1W.o
5 . .250
0 0 0 4.20 189.0
.281 4.20 187.0

1 .312 4.20 185.6
t 344 4.20 184,1
.375 4.90 182.6
... ... .... .406 4.20 181.0
. 1 .438 4.20 180.0
1 ... ... .469
6 4.90 178.5
.. 1 .500 4.20 176.7
1 .531 4.20 175.2
... .... .656 4.90 169.4

... , .687 4.20 168.0
. ... 1 .750 4.%!0 165.1
.. . .843 4.20 160.9

... .... 1.031 4.20 152.6
.,. . 1.218 4.20 144.5
... .... 1 . 4 4.90

3 8 135.3
... . 1 1 . 5 4.20
0 0 132.7
... .... 1 ~ 1 . 5 4,90
9 3 129.’0
1 ... .... 8.000 0 04.6 4.58 241.0

2 ... ... 8.000 0 102.5 4.55 237.1
, . 8.000 . 01.2 4.51 233.7
3 .. 8.000 0 99.5 4.48 229.5

. . 8.000 98. ’2 4.45 927.0
4 .. 8.000 0 97.2 4.42 924.0
.. ... .. . 8.000 96.1 4.40 92!?.0

.,. ... 8.000 95.8 4.39 220.5
1 6 8.000 0 99.5 8 4.32 213.8
. ... 8.000 91 .!2 4.29 210.6

b .... ).000 o 88.5 4.!22 204.2
1 . 0 $.000 0 83.7 4.11 193.3
1 ,.. .2. . . 1.000 0 79.2 3.W 182.7

1 ... . 4. . . 1.000 0 75.3 3.89 1 7
. .. .... 1.000 79.7 3.83
1 . .. . 6. . . I.000 0 71.0 3.78
328
Schedule No.
~utsidi, Inside
. per water surface surface verse
alloy ‘less tion in. in. ness foot per ft. per ft. per ft.
:eels s
1 ... .... 0
... ,
.
... ...
. ..
... ...
... ...
... ... ....
... ....
... ....
... ....
... ....
. .. ....
.
.
.... ....
... .... ....

... .... ...
. .
... .
... .... ....
... .... .
.... .... 6 4 . 3
. .... 2 42 .3 . 0. 7033 1 07 1686 66 2. 4 . 9
. 239
2 2 42 0 .3 . 0, 9023 1 05 7680 63 5. 4 . 5
. 22 8
. 2 42 , .3 . 0. 1 014 1 02 36851 61 7. 4 .0 . 228

. X .2 , s42 t. 3 . g0
. . 1 .005 181.0
00 00
2 0 5
. . ..
... .
. . .... ,
.... ....
I
329
-
S
a tain-
Weight
iesigna
n
i
ws
t a
i a
Veight
)er mv
d of
wt. 1 e
)lutside
urfa~e.
n
u
l ‘
a !ss lion ‘Oot ft. er ft.

eels b. tipe lb q. ft.
1 2 2 4 0 . 1 0 . 0 141.4
80 6.28
1 5,33
2
2 140 .. . . . 2 4 . 0 0 134.4
0 6 5.20. 2
I .... .... 2 4 . 0 0 130.9
0 6 5.14. 2
160 .... .... k ? 4 . 0 0 127.0
0 6 5.06. 2
... .... .... ! ! 6 . 0 0 0 6 6.68. 8

... .... # . 2 6 . . 0 0. 0 6 6.64 . 8
... . . 2, 6 . .0 0 0 6 6.61. 8
... .... . 2 6 , . 0 0. 0 6 6.58 . 8
i ... .... . 2
2.
6 ,
6 .
.
.
0 1360. 0 6
6
6.54 .
6.51 .
8
8
, . . .0 0.
153 C
... .. . . .... 2 6 . 0 0
169 C 6 6.48 . 8
... .... .. .. 2 6 . 0 1860 0 6 6.45 . 8
... .... .. .. 2 6 . 0 0 0 6 6.41 . 8
——
1 .... .... 3 0)9.3760 . 0 0

99 C 7 7.69 . 677.8 8
... .... . . 3 0!9.250 . 0 0
119 C 7 7.66 . 672.0 8
.... , 3 019.125
. . 0 138.0 ( 7 7.62 . 666.2 8
. .. 3 0 . 0 1580 ( 7 7.59 . 660.5 8
3 0 . 0 1770 ( 7 7.56 . 654.8 8
3 0 . 0 1960 ( 7 7.53 . 649.2 8
I
?30
X2 , , , ,
, , ,
x: ,,!
, , ,
, , ,
w A-* I
l-lmm *
w q I N.tl-l ,
z
-
0
- N mq
0 !
, , ,, , ,, , ,
, , ,
,), , , ,
O
-
, , *, ,, ,, ,, , ,
, , , ,, , ,, , u) q, q
, , , ,, , ,,
,), , , ,
, , , ,, ,* ,,
,,, ,, , ,
—
I
a
;
— i
332
PROPERTIES OF STEEL TUBING
Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. \

K’all E x I w r n a l Metal Area
O Do T hInlernal i S c u S k rf u Tf- rh a ef coI a r e ec [ ei c ODA (Transverse D
Tubing ness Area Per Ft. Per Ft. W Tubing Constant Metal Area)
I I L L Ft. L I c ID “
.I
.1518 .604
. 0
.4477 .229 I 6 .1977 0.522 .755 698 I.159 .1536
7/8 .055 .4596 .2291 .2003 .482 .765 717 1.144 .1417
7/8 .050 .4717 .2291 .2029 .441 .775 736 1.129 .1296
1 .150 .3848 .2618 .1833 1.362 .700 600 1.429 .4006
1 .135 .4185 .2618 .1911 1.247 .730 653 1.370 .3669
1 .125 .4418 .2618 .1964 1.168 .750 689 1.333 .3436
1 .110 .4778 .2618 .2042 1.046 .780 745 1.282 .3076
1 .105 .4902 .2618 .2068 1.004 .790 764 1.266 .2952
1 .095 .5153 .2618 .2121 .918 .810 804 1.235 .2701
I .085 .5411 .2618 .2: 73 .831 .830 844 1.205 .2443
1 .075 .5675 .2618 .2225 .741 .850 885 1.176 .2179
1 .065 .5945 .2618 .2278 .649 .870 927 1.149 .1909
1 .060 .6082 .2618 .23(M .602 .880 949 r. 136 .1772
1 .055 .6221 .2618 .2330 .555 .890 970 1.124 .1633
1 .050 .6362 .2618 .2356 .507 .900 992 1.1[ 1 .1492
● Liquid velocityin feet/second : pounds per tube per hour
Cxs g l
S gravity
w F= C o cu H r Et X
Ee ! Cs I HyN
A AS N
!T TGI TE
I I
333
PROPERTIES OF TUBING
W w W M
E I (
T l S S L L L v
BWG ness ,Area per C S T C — V
I L L Inches C“ ID ,
I I I
i8 [ i2 I1 I6 . 6 1 ,1 3 0 . 0 74 . 0 76 .0 68 l 3 35 1 4 8, .8 g 7 [ 6 5
/8 [2 I0 . I , 1 .1 3 .16 9 . 0306 .601 5 6
666 ,4o7 28 5 [ 5 1. 0 5 7
/8 13 , . 0 1. 9.14 .168 5 . 1365 . 366 ,8 59 ~1 46 1 3 3 [ .3 3 8 4 5 5
/8 14 . . 0 1. 816[~ . 65 3 f , 355 . 3 65 ,2 4 2 24 44 1 8 8 1.5 5 0 3 49
/8 1 , . 0 .1 718[ 5 . 61 ~2 , 374 ,5 64 .6 49 28 44 . I. 2 5 18 3[ 2 5 1
1 [ . , 0 .1 6.189 6 .162 5 . 2344 . 964 .2 36 34 44 1.2638 3 I144
90 9 5
/8 [7 . , 0 2. ( 5.1 3 .16 38 . 3353 . 364 8. 3 30 53 1 5 0. .0 1 1 1 2 9
i8 18 , . I0 . 2 4.1 1 .16 9 . 5383 . 863 .2 30 34 59 1 0 4, .2 4 1 0 1 7
/8 19 . . 0 2
.I6 4. 2 ,1 932 . 4 92 . 1 26 .8 26 39 55 [ 16 8. 4 5 2 0 5 1
!8 20 . . 0 .2 3.14 ,161 5 . 439~ . 562 .4 23 35 50 1 2 1. .5 7 1 0 1 5
!3 ~ . . 0 .2 21[5 ~ . 64 84 . 331 .9 62 9. 10 30 55 — 1 7 4. .6 9 9 0 0 9
/4 1 . . 1 .1 3118 0 . 92 4~ 1 659 .6. 3 6. 0 82 2 041 1 8 5 . .8 8 2 2 5 2
/4 1 I~ , 2. ( .1 3 1 .19 4 o . 3638 . 339 8. 85 32 50 [ 0 0. .1 1 7 2 4 0
/4 12 . , 1 .~ 0.1~ .192 9 . 3638[ . 93 1. 873 3 53 1 4 5. 3. 4 6 2 4 2
/4 13 . . 0 .2 9.14 .196 5 , 4637 . 637 2. 6 35 54 I.6 8, 6 835 1 0
/4 [4 , , 0 .2 81[6 . 97 35 . 696 .2 [36 4. 9 47 5 54 1 4 [ 8. 1 9 2 7 4
/4 15 . . 0 .2 7.[
18 . 98 ~5 , 645 —.8 35 —6. 57 469 —8 [ 2 4 4—
. . 53 1 1 2 — 6
/4 16 I .
/4 17
I
‘;: 19
l/4 20 I
1/4 22 .
/8 10
8
~/8 12
)/8 13
7/8 14
7/8 15 I
7/8 16 — —
7/8 17
7/8 [8 I .777 740 .
7/8 19
7’/8 20 1
7/8 22
1 , . . 1 1 1 1 .
1 , . , . 1 1 1 1 .
I . , . 1 1 1 1 I
[ . . . I 1 1 . . 22
[ . . 0 .5 .284 .266 3 .1138 . 889 8. 83 28 86 1 7 . 3. 53 21 4
L 1 . . 0 .5 .277 5.265 2 .~[57 —, 488 7. 17 1 8 8 1 4 . 5.—94 21 6
—
1 16 .065 .5945 . .2 .26 . 217 . 787 0. 68 49 8 14 0 .[7. 29 1 90
[ [ . . 0 .6 .251 7.263 8 . 3186 . 186 3. 54 69 86 81 5 . 8. 54 11 4
i [ . . 0 .6 .243 8.269 9 . 3105 . 685 4. 41 69 92 91 7 . 0. 98 11 2
I [ . . 0 .6 ,245 9.269 2 . 3104 . 984 6. 48 19 98 31 00 [I. 0 2 0 26
I 20 .035 . .6 ,27 .269 . 4133I . 38 9. 435 1 93 61 01 . 3. I 1 5 01 0
1 ~ . . 0 .6 ,229 [ 1! 692 8 . 193 —4. 83 1. 27 13 97 9I. 01 . 4 10 09 4
—
W o m — . c
‘ v f = p s w f
Cxs g l 9 A 1
7 A 7
S g w F z
7 A 1
T S P t Sa 3- i 1 t n 0 l . ee 4 s 0 es
C o ou H r Et X
Ee Cs I Hy N
A AS N
f T TG
I TE U T E
I
334
H
F v e o so s a m em l ra e ds n dli af i elm l ueld it mhpe s raoe s iu d ama l s r d o se se
c o m w m o l hn dl a yi , avr l me a ge esu t sse eb eur r w lua h sel m
ii l i e s ylpo th e tr i ch a l
f l a a d n ih g n s ee hda e dd ds .
H me b oa s ea d ao wms lecy oe lne ssf tds r u e c rt di o n .
S T R FA IL G A H N
T G E
F o h r b e um t at e -t wtdd es l dns he ndh hee s lot aeoefr l a lwvd i at gt henh t g eh e

h i n et h t a i ot c s h d k a hsce tha c rteo t r nC ld ePi lnoU h g a &G3d oE re- e 3 3. 2
i p r ha ce e t xh i ea m
cc ni eds e p a h psue r wi t c sas rl t i fr e l a ta ie ndg ghh et s .
T u l s he o us n t afgr e la tl ai2 i hng ngfh f eetc l sl hi : pIo 1se oi i s dnf a r l /c , h o e 2
f l a a d n ia g nOs ie hdnf n hec ed m dhi s o phde h e esr i ca ra l d s .
F o h r t e mh . t aei t cddsh k a she bah ur et —

t nn-t l wi e se l hd hdes d t aa r al ov i t l g
f l a n g e .
On the following pages the data of the most commonlyused heads are listed.
Thedimensionsof flangedand dishedheadsmeetthe requirementsof ASMECode.
W E O IH G ES Ht A Tab eDeb gF o iSlp n e3n e ia s n g g7 n e 4
V O O LH U ES M p A E 4 De Fa! S 1e w 6
SURFACE OF HEADS See page 425

335
DIIU EN SIONS OF HEADS
n D
H E M I S P H E R I C A= Li
h
D= i
h
d
S
nd
eo
ih
Y
nd
se
MU
ha
os ed
B I OTS
ed ds
i o pF &
LT
di D ht e
.
SEA
s eh
H B D L N EE
i s ao hi m e med i ts epae h eer lr il c i afnpl s
au d t d i s aso i A
m , de f etS l e &ar M n
fa h fd
o
L(R) = i nr sa o d i d o d iA i eu f S sl &a fM nh
d ih s a e u h i af e s o ddrf im
e s n u ts l doe a n
o e x pt re e r s n s a ur l r e .
E L L I P S O I M=
D A L
f au ci f sto rof em
i r nu pdtl orea n e sr s n s
r = ~ k ~n m u od cA
l k fi ~ lS l &
eu da Mnsi g sf E e
.
t = w t h ai cn k o ln o m
em s i l s nn, i a m l u mr
D
A F SL A NM
D G I E E SD &H AE D D
1 M EL I N I S 1N O LN
C S H E N
WALLTHICKNESS
D
3 % / 8 3A 1
L( 1 1R 1 ) 2 2 2
r 1 .1 1. 1 25 . 508 07 5
14 2 . 2.750 6 2 2 . 59
h 3 8
M 1 . 1 5 . 6 3 9
L( 1 15
R 14 )1 5 4
r 1 . 1.500 1 1.875 2 2 5 . 2 5 0
16
h 2 . 2.875 7 3.188 5 3 0 . 3 7 5
M 1 1.54
. 1.44
6 1 5 . 3 6
L( 1 1R 1 )1 8 1 6 5 5 8
1 .1 1. 1 25 . 2 50 8 . 2 0 72 . 556 02 5
18 2 . 8 3 7 .3 5 5.3
; 67 . 356 02 5
M 1 1.56
. 1 7 1. 5 1.41
.4 36 9
L (R) 1 1 1 1 8 18 8 1 8 8 8
20 r 1 .1 2. 1 55 . 2 00 8 . 2.6,250 72 3 55 . 00 0 0
h 3 .3 5. 3 05 . 3 06 7 . 4.063 3 58 4 07 . 52 5 0
M 1 1. 1. 6 1 .6 9 1.41
. 52 1 42 . 6 3 6
T
L (R) 2 2 2 2 1 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0
r 1 .1 3. 1 75 . 2 50 8 . 2 0 72 . 3 556 . 3 020 . 50 3 0
22
h 3 .3 6. 4 88 . 4 810 . 4 301 . 4 083 . 4 815 . 306 0
M 1 1. 1. 7 1 .6 2 1 . 55 1. 56 1.4 0 .34 39
L (R) 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 24 4 24 4 4
r 1 .1 5. 1 05 . 2 00 8 . 2 0 72 . 3 556 . 3 020 .3 503. 0
24
h 3 .3 8. 4 78 . 4 510 . 4 301 . 4 083 . 4 875 .5 56 8. 3
M 1 1. 1. 7 1 .7 5 1 . 65 1. 5 5 1.5 8 1 .40 . 46
336
D I M E N S I OO NHEADS
S F
A D I M EL I N I S IN O LN
C S H E N S
W T A
H I C LK N EL S S
~
D Y 5/8 3A % 2 1 l% l;~ i
L (R) m-
1
T
.1
24
6.1.875 262
2 2
52.2
2
52.3
2
56,3
42
020.3
4
503.4
4
07.
26
; 4 .4 5.4.50C 044 03.4 86.5 88.5 870.5 501.5 083.
M 1 1 , 1.65
. 7 1 7 21 . 21 . 5 1 . 5 61 . 4 01 . 4 6 . 3
L (R) 2 2 2 2 6 24 62 62 62 2 4
28 r 1 .1 7.1 572. 058.2.625 0
27 3 5 5.
3 00.3 034. 07.
h 4 .4 8.4 174. 357.5.375 095 5 3 0 .
5 85.5 66. 388.
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 2 .1 6 2 1 . 6 9 1 . 5 01 . 4 01 . 4 6 . 3
L (R) 3 30 30 3 0 30 30 3 03 3
1 1.875
. 8 72 5. 2.625 2 3.000 5 3 0 .3 34. 2 77
30 : 4 .4.813 84 75, 58.5.125 01 5.375 03 5 0 .5 55. 07.
M 1 . 1 7 1 . 51 . 7 1 . 6 51 . 6 5 1 . 5 01 . 5 4 . 4
L( 3 30R 30 3) 03 3 3 03 03 0
r 2 2.000
. 02.000 02 0.2 2.3 56.3 020.3 5034. 077.
32 h 5 5.500
. 55.375 65 3.5 5.5 066. 028.6 5016. 031.
M 1 1.72. 1.72 7 1 21 . 1 . 6 1 . 6 51 . 5 01 . 5 4 . 5
L( 3 3R 3 3) 43 43 03 03 030 0
2 .2 1.2 212. 521.2 52.3 56.3 020.3 5034.125
. 077
34 ; 5 .5 5.6 656. 30.6 0.6 601.6 383.6 8146.813
. 36
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 51 . 6 5 1 . 6 9 1 . 6 5 1 . 5 01 . 5 4 . 4
L( 7 FR 3 3) 3 3 63 63 63 6
r 2 .2 2.2 52.2 052.2 052.3 056.3 020.3 5034. 07.
36 h 5 .5 9.5 385. 878.5 571.6 539.6 031.6 823.6 515.
M 1 1 . . 7
1.75 1 7 51 . 51 . 7 1 . 6 5 1 . 6 91 . 5 2 . 5
E 3 3 3 3 63 63 63 63 63 6
r 2 .2 3.2 732. 573.2 537.3 756.3 520.3 503.4 07.
38 h 535.6
6 .6 5.6 046. 033.6 837.6 7546. 876.7 539.
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 6 2 1 . 6 91 . 6 2 . 5
E 4 4 3 3 03 03 63 63 63 6
r 2 .2 5.2 05.2 05.2 005,3 06.3 020.3 503.4 07.
40 h 6 .6 6.6 25.7 569.7 330.7 80 .7 01.7 023.7 514.
M 1 1 . 1 . 6 1 . 6 91 . 6 9 1 . 6 9 1 . 6 9 1 . 6 91 . 5 2 . 5
L( z 4 R? i ) - 4 0 3 3 0
42 r 2 .2 6.2.625 262,625 522 5.; 6 3.375 2 3 5 .::125 7
h 7 .7 1.7.063 817.000 827 5,7 0.7.125 018 02.8.125 50
M 1 1 . 1.72
. 7 1.727 2 1 21 . 1.56
. 7 1 6 2 1.48 . 5 5
L( 4 4R 4 4) 24 24 2 42 24 24 2
r 3 .3 0,3 0.3 00.3 00.3 00.3.375 0003 00.4 07.
48 h 8 .8 0,8 07.8 056.8 086.8 825.8.625 5658 30.9 08.
M 1 1 . 1 . 6 1 . 6 9 1 . 6 9 1 . 6 9 1.62 . 6 91 6 91 . 9 . 5
L( 5 4R 4 4) 44 84 8 48 84 84 8
r 3 .3 2.3 52.3 052.3 052.3 052.3.375 0523 054. 07.
54 025.9.438 5039 07.9
h 8 .9 9.9 37.9 857.9 056.9 56.
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1.69 . 7 21 7 21 . 2 . 6
L( 6 6R 5 5) 05 05 4 54 45 45 4
r 3 .3 6.3 26.3 526.3 526.3 526.3.625 5263 524. 57.
6 h i0 .9 0.0 08.0 0716. 0 5861 . 0 82 0.438 5 . 56, 5 03 00 . 0 . 4
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 2 1.72 . 7 21 7 21 . 2 . 6
337
D ENS IONS
I OF HEADSM
A D I M EL IN I S 1N O LNC S H E N S
D I A M WALLTHICKNESS
E T E R
D l% 17% 2 21A 3
L (R)
26 r
h
M
L (R)
28
r
h
M
L( 30 30
R ) -
r 4.500 4.875
30 h 6.125 6.375
M 1.39 1.36
32
34
L (R)
r
h
M
3
4.500
6.563
3
4
7
1
30
4
6
1 .
3
.4
.7
3
5.5
07.
3
.5
.6
1 . 3
8.
7.
08.
01.
0
72
59
. 3 9
0
072
038
0
5
78
5
03
3 6
0
0
5
0
0
8
4
1
1 1 . 1 . 3 . 3 9 3 6 4
3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6
36 4 .4 5.5 08.5 072. 56 02 5
6 .7 8.7 70.7 563. 315 30 0
1 1 . 1 . 4 1 . 4 6 . 4 4 3 1 9
3 3 3 3 6+3 6 6 6 6
38 4 .4 5.5 08.5 072.6 56. 020 50 0
7 .7 3.7 15.7 308.8 018. 370 56 3
1 1 . 1 . 4 1 . 4 61 . 4 4 . 3 1 3 9 6
3 3 3 3 63 6 6 6 6
4 .4 5.5 08.5 072.6 56. 020 50 0
40 7 .8 88. 10.8 310.8 203. 515 30 0
1 1 . 1 . 4 1 . 4 6+1 . 4 4 . 3 1 3 9 6
3 3 3 3 63 6 6 6 6
4 .4 5.5 08.5 072.6 56. 02 50 0
42
8.313 8.438 8 .8 6.8 28, 519 3 8
1.46 1.44 1 1 . 1 . 4 . 3 1 3 9 6
42 42 4 4 4 4 24 2 2 2
48
4.500 4.875 5 .5 2.6 56. 6 02 .7 507. 055 00
9.188 9.250 9 .9 4.9 351. 0 8671 . 035 1 . 02 5 5 0
1.52 1.48 1 1 . 1 . 4 1 . 4 61 . 4 4 . 3 1 3 6
48 48 4 4 4 4 84 84 8 8
5 4.500 4.875 5 .5 2.6 56. 6 02 .7 5078. 055. 020
9.875 10.063 1 01 . 0 [ 1 . 0 18 3 . 08 71 5 . 51 16 8 . 13 7 2 . 5 56
1.56 1.54 1 1 . 1 . 5 1. 4 01 . 4 81 . 4 6 . 3 1
5 5 5 5 45 45 45 45 45 4
6 4 .4 5.5 08.5 072.6 556. 6 02 .7 5078. 0559. 020.
1 0 1 . 0 1 6 . 1 18 8 . 18 [1 7 0 . 5 10. 1 10 381 . 82 1 6 . 2 382 0 . 8 .0 3
1 1 . 1 . 6 1 . 5 21 . 5 8 1 . 5 4 1 . 5 21 . 4 01 . 4 6 .
338
D I M E N S I OO NH S E A DF S
I N C H E S
DIAM W T A
H I C LK N EL S S
ETER
D 9“6 % 3A % 1 1 11A I
L( 6 6R 6 6] 6 60 66 06 06 6 0
r 4 .4 0 .
4 040
. 0.4.000 0 4
0 0 0 ( C0 .4 C0.4 0.4 00.
66 h 1 1 1 . 0 1 0. . 10 .9 7 0 1 3 6 15[1 . 112 1C5 . 11 16 : 5 . 13 10 4 . 10 3 3
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 , 7 2 .
L( 7 7R 7 7) 26 26 26 26 66 6
4 .4 3.4 73.4 573.4 573.4 573.4 573.4 573.4 573.
72 ; 1 2 1 . 1 1 0 . 1 10 9 . 10 13 8 . 28 17 8 . 25 17 6 . 25 12 5 . 25 10 4 . 20 3 3
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 71 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 .
L (R) 7 7 7 7 87 27 27 27 27 2
4 .4 74. 57.4 075.4 507.4 057.4 0574. 057.4 075.
78 : 1 3 1 . 3 1 0 . 3 10 8 . 30 11 7 . 33 15 6 . 30 18 5 . 38 16 5 . 33 10 4 . 30 3 3
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 .
L( 8 8R 8 8) 48 48 47 47 47 4
r 5 .5 1.5 21.5 521.5 521.5 521.5 521.5 521.5 521.
84 h 1 4 1 . 3 1 0 . 3 10 9 . 30 13 8 . 38 17 8 . 35 1 7 . 34 51 6 . 04 18 4 . 48 3 3
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 .
L( 9 8R 8 8) 08 48 48 48 48 4
5 .5 5.5 05.5 005.5 05.5 05. 5 05 .5 005 5
. 05.
90 : 1 51 . 5 1 1 . 5 12 8 . 55 11 7 . 53 15 6 . 50 18 6 . 58 12 5 . 5 16 5 . 53 0 4
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 21 . 7 2 .
9 9 9 9 69 09 09 09 08 0
5 .5 8 .5 78.5 578.5 578.5 5 78.5 58
7 5
. 7
58. 5 587.
96
. 6 1 . 6 1 1 . 6 12 8 . 65 17 8 . 65 1 7 . 63 15 6 . 60 12 5 . 65 16 5 . 73 0 4
1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 .
9 9 9 9 69 69 69 69 69 6
6 .6 1.6 21.6 521.6 521.6 521 6
. 521.6 5 1
2.6 521.
102 1 7 1 . 7 1 9 . 7 13 8 . 78 17 7 . 75 15 6 . 70 18 6 . 8 12 5 . 85 16 5 . 83 0 3
1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 .
1 1 01 01 2 01 201 209 209 29 2
6 .6 5 .6 05.6 005.6 005.6 05.6 005.6 05.6 05.
108 8 1. 8 91 . 8 31 8 . 8 817 7 . 85 15 7 . 80 15 6 . 90 18 5 . 98 16 4 . 93 3 3
1 1. 1 . 7 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 7 51 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 7 5 .
1 1 T0 01m 8 1 r r80 - 01 81 80
6 .6 8.6 78.6 578.6 578.6 578.6 578.6 578.
114 1 91 . 9 1 8 . 9 17 8 . 95 11 7 . 93 15 6 . 90 81 6 . 59 12 5 . 95 6 5
1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 51 . 7 51 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 .
L 1 1 1 11 41 411 11 401 40
r 7 ,7 2.7.250 527 05. 7.250 02 7.250 5 7 0 .7 2.
1 h 2 02 . 0 20.7508 . 27 8 05 120.625 . 3 21.500 6 82 81 2 . 1 4
M 1 1 . 1.75. 7 1 7 5 1.75 . 5 1.727 1 51 . .
L (R) 1 1 21 2 1 0 2 120 0 2 120 0 1 0 1 2
r 7 .7 6.7 26.7 526.7.625 5267.625 527 5.7 6.
126 h 2 12 . 1 2 8 . 1 27 8 . 15 21.625 1 7 . 3 21.56356 0 28 18 2 . 2 5 .
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 5 1.75 . 7 5 1.75 7 5 1 51 . .
L( R 1 - ) 21 m 120 62120 - 1 01 2
8 .8 0.8 00.8.000 i00 8.000 0 8 0.8 0.
132 ; 2 22 . 2 2 8 . 3 23.563 7 8 . 5 23.50016 3 28 38 2 . 3 4 .
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1.72 . 7 5 1.727 5 1 21 . .
339
DIMENSIONS OF HEADS
A D I M EL IN I S 1N O LN
C S H E N S
WALLTHICKNESS
D
L (R)
r
66 h 1
60
l%
4.500
1
60
4.875 5
1 [ 1 . 1. 5
1
mI .5 .
2
6’0
26.000
1 106 . 20*12.125
21A
60
2%
566.750 027
8 8 . 812.438
10 3 10
6
5
23A ] 3
.
60
8.250 59
20 13.125 .
Tir
18
0.
31 .
T
M 1 1 . 1.58. 6 1.586 5 1 2 1.50 . 1 5 1.41 , 41 4 .
L( 6 66 R 66 66 ) 6 66 66 6 66 6
4 .4.875 55.250 0 5.625 0 6.000 6.750 7 .8.250 5 9 0.
7 rh 1 2 12.500 . 12.6253 12.750
1 3t12.938 13.250 1 3 13.938 . 1 5 4 6 .
M
L(
r
7
4
1 1.69
72
4.875
R
.
.
*
5 7 .5
7
) 2
2
+--l’+
52.6.000 566.750 02 7
1
7
1.46
72
.
5 .8.250 59
7
1 5
0.
.
78 h 1 3 [3.250 . 12 3 15 . 30 13.7504 . 14.063

35 8 16 43 14.750 . 1 3 5 7 .
M 1 1.72
. 1 7 1 . 2 . 6 1 6 9 1 . 5 1.48. 5 1 5 6 .
7 78 7 7 8 7 7 8 ~ 8 78 87 8
L( R )
r 5 .5.125 1 5 2 5. 52.6.000 656.750 20 7 5 .8.250 59 0.
84 h 1 4 14.188 . 1 2 4 15 . 40 14.5002 . 14.875
53 0 17 5 15.500 . 1 1 5 8 .
M 1 1.72 . 1 7 1 . 2 1.65. 7 1 6 21 . 9 1.52 . 6 1 5 0 .
E 8 84 r 8 48 8 8 4 84 48 4
r 5 .5.500 55 05, 05.6 60.6 20.7 5078.250
. 0559 00.
90 h 1 5 15.188 . 1 2 5 15 . 50 1 1 . 5 12 1 . 55 81 3 . 86 16.313 1 6 . 3 12 0 65 0 .
M 1 1.72 . 1 7 1 . 1
2 . 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 6 2 1.54 . 6 9] 5 2 .
L( 8 84R 8 8) 48 8 48 4 84 48 4
5 .5,875 85 7.5 586. 78.6 507.7 0578.250
. 0559 00.
96 :
1 7 17.125 . 1 2 7 15 . 70 1 0 . 7 16 0 . 73 10 0 . 70 617.875 3 . 3 1 6 83 2 .
M 1 1.69 . 6 91 1 . 1 . 6 1.54 . 6 91 5 2 .
m 9 90 * 09 9 9 F 09 0
r
102 h
M
1
6
1
.6.125 1 6
8 18.125
1.72.
. 11
1 7 1 .
2 .6
8 12 I 51.6 21.6
I 521. 7
. 85 1 0 . 7 16 0 . 83 01 9 . 08 18.688
2 1 . 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1.58
5278.250 .
3 1 . 8 12 3
55 9
. 6 21
5 0.
95 7
6 5 .
.
L( 9 96R 96 96) 69 96 9 96 69
r 6 .6.500 5 6 0 .6 05.6 05.6 05.7 078.250
. 0559 00.
108 h 1 9 19.125 . t1 2 9 15 . 90 1 0 . 8 16 0 . 83 10 9 . 90 19.500 3 9 . 8 13 1 98 8 .
T I
M 1 1.72. 1 7 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1.60 , 6 21 6 9 .
m 1 102 0 1 1 8 1
0 01 20 1 2 0102 201 2
r 6 .6.875 8 6 7 6. 58.6 87.6 785.7 578.8.250 5759 50.
114 h
1 9 20.125 . 23 0 21 . 03 1 0 . 9 16 0 . 93 20 9 . 0 20.312 3 8 . 8 21 0 03 0 .
M 1 .
1.72 7 5 1 1.62. 1 6 .
L 1 ~ 108 R * 0 ) 8 1 108 01
I
-L1 +
r 7 .7.250 2 7 5 .7 C2.7 25.7 502.7 C52.8.250 059 0.
120 h 2 1 21.250 . 2 3 12 1 . 1 2 1 . 0 28 0 . 08 26 9 . 03 21.125
3 3 8 . 8 21 8 13 1 .
M 1 1.72 . 1 7 1 . 2 . 7 7 21 2 1.65 . 1 7 .
E 1 114 11 1 41 1 41 4 114 11
7 .7.625 67 2.7 :6.7 26.7 526.7 526.8.250 5269 52.
1 rh 2 2 22.188 . 2 2 2 25 . 2( 2 1 . 1 22 0 . 15 26 9 . 13 21.938 3 8 . 8 21 6 23 2 .
M 1 1.72 . 7 2 1 1 .
1
1 . 7 1.69
. 7 21 7 2 .
L 1 ( 120 R * 2 ) 01 I 1 21 2120 021 0
r 8 .8.000 0 8 0 8. C0.8 0.8 0.8 008.250
. 009 00.
132 h 2 3 23.250 . 2 3 32 1 . 2 1 . 3 22 0 . 25 26 0 . 32 22.750
3 08 . 07 7 2 35 5 .
M 1 1.72. 1 7 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1.72 . 7 21 7 2 .
340
DIM EN S1ONS OF HEADS

DIMENSIONS IN I N C H E S
11AM WALL THICKNESS
tTER
D 5/8 % % 1 l% l;~ 13A l%
L( 1 1R 31 31) 231 231 231 231 23 23
8 .8 3.8 73.8 573.8 573.8 5738. 573.8 537. 753
1 ; 2 32 . 3 2 9 . 3 23 8 . 38 27 8 . 35 21 7 . 3 25 6 . 30 28 6 . 38 2 5 . 5 6 5
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 51 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 . 7 5
L( 1 1R 31 31) 2 31 231 231 231 23 23
8 .8 7.8 57.8 0578. 057.8 7058. 507.8 075. 507
144 ; 2 5 2 . 5 2 8 . 5 27 8 . 5 21 7 . 53 25 6 , 5022 5 . 55 26 5 .i 3 o 45 o3
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 . 7 21 . 7 21 . 7 2 . 7 2
4
)IAM SEE W T A
H I C LK N EL S S
: p ~ ‘ 1 $ E : R ,E
]3~ 5 lx 2
A
‘ 21 23A 3—
L( 1 1R 31 31) 231 231 231 031 03 03
8 .8 3 .8 73.8 5738. 573.8 537.8 7539. 573. 57
0
[38 ; 2 3 2 . 3 2 4 . 3 32 3 . 83 27 3 . 35 21 5 . 33 2o 3 . 3o27 2 . 35 5 1 . 022
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 7 51 . 7 21 . 7 2 . 7 2
L( 1 1R 31 31) 231 231 231 231 23 23
8 .8 7.8 57.8 057.8 057.8 057.8 0579. 057. 05
144 ; 2 52 . 5 2 2 . 5 25 1 . 50 28 1 . 48 22 0 . 45 26 9 . 43 23 8 . 48 1 6 . 326
M 1 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 . 7 21 . 7 21 . 7 2 . 7 2
TOLERANCES
WALL THICKNESS (APPROXIMATION) *
MINIMUM OTHER TYPES

HEMISPHERICAL
.EQ’D.THICKNESS UP TO 150” I.D. incl. OVER 150” I.D.
To 1“ excl. 0.1875 0.0625 0.1250
1“ To 2“ “ 0.3750 0.1250 0.1250
2“ To 3“ “ 0.6250 0.2500 0.2500
3“ To 3.5” “ 0.7500 0.3750 0.3750
3.5” To 4“ “ 1.1250 0.500 0.5000
4“ To 4.5” “ 1.5000 0.6250 0.6250
4.5” To 5“ “ 1 . 7 5 0 0 . 0 7 5 0 0 . 0 7 5
5>>T. 5 5>> >> 2 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 8 7 0 5 . 0 8 7
5 & . 5 ”
2.0000 1 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0
*S p m e i c tn ih i i f (mc r y kue nqmweu i soi sr h de de f er) i n n g .
I N D S O
E ID PD ( IET HSh F H )
4 O a u ,8 p n 0nD dml ” .O
. ei ud r5n su ” s “
O 4 Ov t 9 .8eO i Drp.6 n 0” . lD
.cm o 7”Ol i uO. 5 9.n ”Osv up, 1.6es m l “ ODir “u”
O O R O UU N D NTE FS S
W ti l t pi h e hm ri b mit n i C tt e t os e h d d ey e .
341
FLANGES
FLANGE FACING FINISH
In pressure vessel construction only gasket seats of flanges, studded openings, etc.
require special finish beyond that afforded by turning, grinding or milling.
The surface finish for flange facing shall have certain roughness regulated by
Standard ANSI B16.5. The roughness is repetitive deviationfrom the nominal
surfacehavirigspecifieddepth and width.
Raised faced flange shall have serrated finish having 24 to 40 groovesper inch. The
cutting tool shall have an approximate0.06 in. or larger radius resulting 500
microinchapproximateroughness/ANSI B16.5, 6.3.4. 1./
The side wall surface of gasket groove of ring joint flange shall not exceed 63
microinchroughness. /ANSI B16.5-6.3.4.3./
Other finishes may be furnished by agreement between user and manufacturer.
The finish of contact faces shall be judged by visual comparison with Standard ANSI
B46-1 .
The center part of blind flanges need not to be finished within a diameter which equals
or less than the bore minus one inch of the joining flange. /ANSI B 16.5-6.3.3/
Surface symbol used to designate roughness ~ is placed either on the line indicating
the surface or on a leader pointing to the surface as shown below. The numbers: 500
and 63 indicate the height of roughness; letter “c” the direction of surface pattern:
“concentric-serrated”.
&“’cED 1 J
CONCENTRIC SERRATED FINISH
SYMBOL USED IN PAST PRACTICE

342
r ’
1 l F
1 A
2. M
d
S
a m
i
T A NA D B A N R1 D
m ea l ni is i n o . rncl s h
t e c r oo i m au m sl fo s n ot le ry
S6
d
e es n .
. I
dg
5
e, d
s S t 1 Ae v8 ea a i i 1l s alA t ba . l i se n l eo s n s
WELDING
s at se l a et ln ol e no ,- n m fe ye re lr ot d u sa l .
3. T 1 6 i rh a/f nii i ea sn 1 cie cl. du de e s d n
d i m eC nD a s Ji o n sn , d1 .
4. T l e o nsh gb td on he i usl n cft o d l s u o d t e
t h eo c hi r g o h ew t n f .
5. B h oa o 1 i ll l r e at t/ nrbs h ge 8o e a. r l n t
d i a m e t e r s .
6. F l b a tno d gi rme e s sen s uh id o ono s w n SLIP-nON -
l o t e h s e p r se w c i i sf ie e d .
7. F l f a p n s g i2o i e2 2s zp a 32r e 6e sn , , 8 d 0
a n c o rb v oA e B 6r Ne e t d. S y 5I 1 .
S F A P E C F IA D NIE MGGO E K N ES I RO N
A D O NAB O L T T D IA N N
G . BLIND
A B E G H J
156 3 86
3/4 1Y2 ‘/2
1 1 .
11%6 3 9h62
1 .
2%6 6 s%6
1 .
2%6 59 I1~6
0
2 2 .
3?46 63 ‘! 8
2 .
3%6 78 Y88
3 3 .
4% 5 0
1%6
4 .
41%6 0 0
4 4 .
5%6 5 0
5,66 5 , 5 1%6
6
5 5.05 bg6
6 6.07 6 . 7 6 2 .
7%6 6 1 3
8 7.98 8 . 7 8 2 .
91%6 6 1!/’s3
10 1 0 . 8 1 8 0 12 . 7 1%65
12 1 2 . 8 1 8 2 14% . 7 1%5
14 1 4 . 1 1 4 4 15% . 0 1%0
16 1 6 . 1 1 6 6 18 . 0 1360
18 1 8 . 1 1 8 8 19% . 0 1Y60
20 2 0 . 2 2 0 0 22 . 0 0
11!46
22 2 2 . 2 2 2 2 24% . 0 0
11%6
24 2 4 . 2 2 5 4 Z6~8 . 0 1%0
26 T b 2 6 . o 2e 2 5 6 Z8Y2 . 0 2 0
28 2 8 . 2 2 5 8 3 . 0 0 ?0
30 3 0 . 2 3 5 0 3 . 38%
2 0 ?0
343
344
3 l F I--’l
S T A NA D B A N R1 D S6 . I 5
1 A d i m ea l ni is i n o . rncl s h e es n .
2 M a m t e c r oo i m au ,m sl fo s n ot le ry dg e, d
s S t 1 A
e v8 ea a i i 1l s al tA ba . l i se n l eo s n s
WELDING
3 T 1 6 i rh a/f nii ,i ea sn 1 cie cl. du de e s d n
d i m eC nD a s Ji o n sn , d I . I--’l
4 T l e o nsh gb td o,n he i usl n cft o d l s u o d t e
5 B h oa o 1 i il l r e, at t/ nrbs h ge 8o e a. r l n t
d i a m e t e r s .
6 F l b a tno d gi rme e, s sen s uh id o ono s w n -n -
l o t e h s e p r se w c i i ssf ie e d .
7 F l f a p n s g i2o i e2 , 2s zpa 32r e 6e sn , , 8 d 0
a ~ c o rb v oA e B 6r Ne e t d. S y 5I 1 .
A D O NAB O L T T D IA N N
G . BLIND
L e n g t h ‘
T h r to u g h
H u b
A B c D E G H J
1 !/2
1.09 1~8
1 2~8
2Y2 JA
1.90 2%
2 2 .
3%6 3 8
2Y2 2 .
315A6 8 1 8
3 3 .
4Y8 5 1%0
3112 4 .
51A 90 1%0
4 4 .
5% 5 0
1!4
5 5 7. 5 1%6
6 6 .
8V8 6 1 3
8 8 .
10M 156 3
10 1 0 12% . 17~27 5
12 1 2 14% . 20Y27 25
14 1 4 163L . 23 0 0
16 1 6 19 . 25% 0 0
18 1 8 21 . 28 0 20
20 2 0 23?48 . 30~z0 0
21/2
22 2 2 25% . 33 0 0
2%
24 2 4 27% . 36 0 0
2%
26 To be 2 28~8 6 38% %
3%
28 2 30M 8 40% %
3%
3 0 3 0
32Y6 43! A
3%
345
L W N
A l l
2 .
3 .
J
4 .
5 .
6 M .
a b oa rd s o m a e ema dat jn n u a o f
I I t u Lr we o er n l s nwde. ni c gni e gk ct
l ot ln h iag a sev a ator ris eln p a d eb lec
o r d e r .
S F A PE C F I A DNEI G
GO E J N E S
M IR
O u t s i d e
Diameter ,ength
Bolt
Bore
K M N
4 3
4
4 1
4
1y
4 %
8 5 9 2
8 Z
8 5 3
8 3I
8 4
8 % 5
% 6
8
1 7
1 1
1
1 1
1
9 2
93A 2
ly2 101A 2
11 2
11Y2 2
12M 3
346
4 l F
A d ‘i
m ea ni is i n o rnc s h e es n . T
2. M a m t e c r oo i m au msl of s n ot le ry dg e, d
s S t 1 A
e v0 ea a i i 5l s alA t ba . l i se~n l eo s n s 4 H
WELDING
s at se l a et ln ol e no .- n m fe ye re lr otd u sa l .
3. i r af ini n a si n e c. odl u e d s et d
i d i m e C n D sa i J o nn s n , d .
4. T l e o nsh gb td on he i usl n cft o d l s u o d t e
5. B h oa o 1 i ll l r e at t/ nrbs h ge 8o e a. r l n t
d i a m e t e r s .
6. F l b a tno d gi rme e s sen s uh id o ono s w n n -
7. F l f a p n s g i2o i e2 2s zp a 32r e 6e sn , , 8 d 0
a n c o rb v oA e B 6r Ne e t d. S ,y 5 I 1 .
A D O NAB O L T T D IA N N G . J
BLIND
D i a) mi ae m
t
Outside
ee r t e
L e no H g to huDiameter f b
T h r a oP u oHg h i of nu t t
H ou a bFlange f
W e l d i n g
A B c D E G H J
%
1
1 1 . 1H6
3 1 6 . 3 2
1!A 1 . 7
1!4 1 0 . 6 6
1 . 1%9 1 5 . 9 0
2 2 . 1 4 2 4 . 3 8
2 . 1%9 2 4 . 8 8
3 3 . 5
11%6 3 7 . 5 0
3 Y 4 . z 0
11%6 4 7 . 90 0
4 4 . 2 s 4 7 . 5 0
5 5 . 26 5 6 . %5 6
6 6 . 27 6 2 . %6 3
8 8 . 7
Z1H6 8 2 . 15 6 3
1 0 . 2% 8 1 8 0 . 1T~z7 5
1 2 . 3Y8 8 1 8 2 . 20!/27 5
1 4 . 3%61 1 4 4 . 23 0 0
1 6 . 131H6 . 1 6 6 . 25~2 0 0
1 8 . 3% 1 1 8 8 . 28 0 0
2 0 . 4 2 2 0 0 . 30% 0 0
2 2 . 4% 2 2 2 2 . 33 0 0
2 4 . A?/22 2 5 4 . 36 0 0
2 6 . 7% 2 2 5 6 3
38% A
2 8 . 2
8?/8 5
28%6 40%
3 0 . 8% 2 5
30~6 43
347
348
6 l F l-El
S T A NA D B A N R1 D S6 . I
+5 A
J
t
? M a m t e c r oo i m au m . sl of s n ot le ry +d g e, . d — M 4
s S t 1 A
e v0 ea a i i 5l s alA L
t ba . l i sde n l eo s *n s ’
W
1 i r af / ini n a si n4 e c. odl u ,e d s e_t d : _ ,
i d i m e C n D sa i J o nn s n , d .
$ T l e o nsh gb td on. he i usl n cft o d l s u o d t e t
5 B h oa o 1 i ll l r e. at t/ nrbs h ge p8o e a. k r l ; n + t ~ +
d i a m e t e r s .
5 F l b a tno d gi rme e. s sen s uh id o ono s w n SLIP.nON -
‘
7 F l f a p n s g i2o i e2 . 2s zp a 32 r e 6e sn , , 8 d 0
a n c o rb v oA e B 6r Ne e t d. S y 5I 1 .
y E y : 3 9 y %
A D O NAB O LT T D IA N N G . B L I N
D i aD mi ae t . ee r t
m e r
D i a m e L t e r no H g to hDu ~ ~T ~fh bs i ~ c
m i on a lT h r afoP u oHg h i o nu ot t
o a
‘ i B p o e Hr e
W
u
e B
l d
b Fia nl F
gsa f l n
; i z e
A B c D E G H J
‘ / . 2 2 8 Y ~ . 8 IY26 8 8 ‘%64
3/4 1.09 1
1 z~6 1%6 1.32 z~8 4V8 11h6
11A 1.70 2 1 1 .% %
6 6
2 1 1
;
G
3 v
$ 1 9
Q
4 h 4 6
m
m
: g
u
8 ; 3
o 6
2 2
4 2
6 7 3
8
5
8 4
%
349
350
351
352
1 l F r’1
S T A NA D B A N R1 D S6 . I 5
M a m t e c r oo i m au m sl fo s n ot le ry dg e, d
s S t 1 A
e v0 ea a i i 5l s alA t ba . l i s~e n l WELDING eo s nH s ~
T 1 i r h af / ini n a esi n4 e c. odl u e d s et d
i d i m e C n D sa i J o nn s n , I d .
T l e o nsh gb td on he i usl n cft o d l s u o d t e
B h oa o 1 i ll l r e at t/ nrbs h ge 8o e a. r l n t
d i a m e t e r s .
F l b a tno d gi rme e s sen s un- h id o ono s w -n
S F A P E C F IA D NI E MGGO E K N ES I RO N
A D O NAB O L T T D IA N N G . BLIND
l i a m e t e r
o H u f b
a P o i n t t
o f
W e l d i n g
A B c D E G H J
1A 1!4 1Y2 ‘/8

1% 1% 1
1 1 . 3
1% 6 z~6 1
IM 1 . 7
1% 0 2Y2 1!4
1!42 1 . 19 5 2% 7 % 1%
2 2 .4 4 4 4% 1Y2
2 . 9
21/2 4 4% 15%
3 3 . 5
2% 7 5% 1OY2 1%
4 4 . 5
3%6 7 6% 2%
5 5 . 6
4% 6 73? 1 2Y8
6 6 . 7
41H6 2 9 31%
8 8 . 7
5~8 2 11 !/2 3Y8
1 0 . 6%8 8 14!/2 4%
1 2 . 7~88 8 17% 4~8
. -- - 1g% 51A
. -. - 21% Y2 5%
. . -. 23% 6Ys
. . . . 25% 7
. -. - 3 8
—
353
1
L W N
d
i m ea ni is i n o rnc s h e es
2 M a m t e c r oo i m au .m sl fo s n ot le ry
s S t1 e 0v ea a i i5 l s alA
A t ba. l i s en
s at se l a et ln ol e no ,- n m fe ye re lr ot d
3 T 1 i r h af / i ni n a. i se n 4e c c . o ld u
J b i i n cui l l ueM d nt e s
4 T l e o bh n d ogn .i t el n h t tc o f l s
h eo c i r g o h w t n f .
5 B h oa o 1 i ll l r e. at t/ nbrs h ge o8 e
d i a m e t e r s .
6 D i m e M n ( s i l oo enw s. n,e n gl etd hci
a b oa rd s o m a e ema dat jn n u a o
t u Lr we o er n l s nwde. ni c gni e gk
l ot ln h aig a sev a ator rsi eln p a d eb
o r d e r .
—
S F A PE C F I A DNEI G
M
GO E J N E S I
No.
Bolt % Bore
C i r c l e
K L M N
1?4 4
1 1 4 ! 4 b %
2 4 1
4 9
4 1!4?
8 2
8 21/2
5 8 3
8 4
12
8 5
12 9 6
1 12 8
12
16
16 1
16 %
16
16
16
?54
- .
355
356
R J F
A P P R O X DI MI AS T BTE A
E N
T F CWL E EA EN NG
4
P r R
e s al s tu ri eb n g .
N o m i n a l
P 1i I p3 5 I e4 0 I0 6 0I 0 9 0I 01 0 0I 5 2 005
S i z e D i s i t an n cc eh , e s
% % % % % “ ; J
x ? $ % , 2
1 J<z
%
5/ X2 5/
1% / %
:{2 5/
/:2 %
IZ %
5/ 3/
2 /32 !<2 %6 ~15 % % %
2% 5/ X2 %6 3/
~, x % x
.32 /16
3 x %
;{2 RI 7/
.32 %2 YE 5/
4 :{6 /12
5 s/
(32 !<2 %* %6 3<2 % %2
6 5/
.32 7/
/32 %2 ;{6 X2 ~S 5’2
5/ X2 ;<2 ?{6 5/ - 5/
/32
8 /32 42 X5
10 ?/ 7[
~42 ?42 X6 g? %2 %
$31
12 5/ 7/
/32 %2 ?’(6 3<2 $’6
132
14 % 7/
/12 %2 X6 %2 %2
16 1/
.a %2 X2 ?{6 X2 X6 z
18 % J(2 %2 X6 X6 X6 –
20 x X2 %2 :’(6 %6 Y8
22 – % X X2 — —
24 % % x X2 %2 z –
RING NUMBERS
&
NominalPipeSize ‘/2 3A 1 2 2!4
150 ... R R R R22 R25 R29IRU ~R36
3 0 06 , 4 0 %0 0 R, R R0 R R 1R
]R ~R I R
2 9 0 0 R . . . ] R37
z~ z
1 5 iii0 iii Rj6
0 Rio iii iii R . . . IR39
&
2 5 - 0 R R0 13 R 1 3R R 6 .8. . ! R38
N o Pm S i i n i a p l z e e 1 1 1
— —
1 5 R40 0 “R52
R43 R48 Ri9 R64 R68 R7~m
rii55_
d)”
t 3 i4 60 0 s 0 R 00 R , R , R4 0 i R4 R4 R51 R55 R69 ‘ R63 67
~ ; R4 R51 R55 R69 R63 77
9 0 R R R 0 R4 I R4
. 3 :
E 1 5 z R0 R R0 R 4 R4 R5 R4 R564 R60 R6] 78
2 5 8 R0 R I R0 R4 I R60 4 .......
5 52 7 ....1...
... 1 5
I
357
A
S’1’UDDING OUTLETS
All
. 1
SIZE ~lCK OD ‘F STUD STUDS TAP HOLE
(BORE) OD CIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI DEPTH DEPTH
B TAR CJMI E F
lt2 1.50 3.50 1.38 2.38 4 1/2 13 0.75 1.25
3/4 1.50 3.88 1.69 2.75 4 1/2 13 0.75 1.25
1 1.50 4.25 2.00 3.12 4 1/2 13 0.75 1.25
1 1/4 1.50 4.62 2.50 3.50 4 1/2 13 0.75 1.25
1 li2 1.50 5.00 2.88 3.88 4 1/2 13 0.75 1.25
2 1.75 6.00 3.62 4.75 4 5/?3 11 0.94 1.50
2 ID 1.75 7.00 4.12 5.50 4 518 11 0.94 1.50
3 1.75 7.50 5.00 6.00 4 5J!3 11 0.94 1.50
3 1/2 1.75 8.50 5.50 7.00 8 518 11 0.94 1.50
4 1,75 9.00 6.19 7.50 8 5/’8 11 0.94 1.50
5 2.00 10.00 7.31 8.50 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
6 2.00 11.00 8.50 9.50 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
8 2.00 13.50 10.62 11.75 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
10 2.25 16.00 12.75 14.25 12 7/8 9 1.31 2.00
12 2.25 19.00 15,00 17.00 12 718 9 1.31 2.00
14 2.56 21.00 16.25 18.75 12 1 8 1.50 2.31
16 2.56 23.50 18.50 21.25 16 1 8 1.50 2.31
18 2.75 25.00 21.00 22.75 16 1 1/8 8 1.69 2.50
20 2.75 27.50 23.00 25.00 20 1 1/8 8 1.69 2.50
3.00 32.00 27.25 29.50 20 1 1/4 8 1.88 2.75
3
SIZE ~lCK OD ‘F STUD STUDS TAP HOLE
(BORE) OD CIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI DEPTH DEPTH
B TAR CJMI E F
1/-2 1.50 3.75 1.38 2.62 4 12 13 0.75 1.25
3/4 1.75 4.62 1.69 3.25 4 5/8 11 0.94 1.50
1 1.75 4.88 2.00 3.50 4 5111 11 0.94 1.50
11/4 1.75 5.25 2.50 3.88 4 5j8 11 0.94 1.50
11/2 2.00 6.12 2.88 4.50 4 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
2 1.75 6.50 3.62 5.00 8 5i8 11 0.94 1.50
2 1/2 2.00 7.50 4.12 5.88 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
3 2.00 8.25 5.00 6.62 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
3 In 2.00 9.00 5.50 7.25 8 314 10 1.12 1.75
4 2.00 10.00 6.19 7.88 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
5 2.00 11.00 7.31 9.25 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
6 2.00 12.50 8.50 10.62 12 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
8 2.25 15.00 10.62 13.00 12 7/8 9 1.31 2.00
10 2.56 17.50 12.75 15.25 16 1 8 1.50 2.31
12 2.75 20.50 15.00 17.75 16 1 1/8 8 1.69 2.50
14 2.75 23.00 16.25 20.25 20 1 V8 8 1.69 2.50
16 3.00 25.50 18.50 22.50 20 1 1/4 8 1.88 2.75
18 3.00 28.00 21.00 24.75 24 1 1/4 8 1.88 2.75
20 3.00 30.50 23.00 27.00 24 1 1/4 8 1.88 2.75
24 3.44 36.00 27.25 32.00 24 1 In 8 2.25 3.19
358
SIZE ~lCK OD ‘F S T S T
U U DT D HOLE S A
(BORE) O CIRCLE NO. SIZE TD DEPTH P DEPTH I
B T A R CJMI E F
l 1.69 r3.75 1.38 22.62 4 1/2 13 0.75 1.25
3/4 1.94 4.62 1.69 3.25 4 5/8 1 0.94 1.50
1 1.94 4.88 2.00 3.50 4 5B 11 0.94 1.50
1 1/4 1.94 5.25 2.50 3.88 4 5/8 11 0.94 1.50
1V 2.19 6.12 2.88 4.50
2 4 3/4 1.12 1.75
2 1.94 6.50 3.62 5.00 8 5/8 0.94 1.50
2l 2.19 7.50
r 4.121 5.88
2 8 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
3 2.19 8.25 5.00 6.62 8 3/4 1.12 1.75
31 2.44 9.00
/ 5.50 7.25
2 8 7/8 9 1.31 2.00
4 2.44 10.75 6.19 8.50 8 7/8 9 1.31 2.00
5 2.75 13.00 7.31 10.50 8 1 8 1.50 2.31
6 2.75 14.00 8.50 11.50 12 1 8 1.50 2.31
8 2.94 16.50 10.62 13.75 12 1 1/8 8 1.69 2.50
3.19 20.00 12.75 17.00 16 1 1/4 8 1.88 2.75
12 3.19 22.00 15.00 19.25 20 1 1/4 8 1.88 2.75
14 3.44 23.75 16.25 20.75 20 1318 8 2.06 3.00
16 3.62 27.00 18.50 23.75 20 11 8 / 2.25 3.19 2
18 3.88 29.25 21.00 25.75 20 1518 8 2.44 3.44
20 3.88 32.00 23.00 28.50 24 1 58 2.44
1 3.44 8
4.31 37.00 27.25 33.00 24 1718 8 2.81 3.88
9
SIZE ~ICK OD ‘F S T S U
T U DT D HOLE
S A
(BORE) O CIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI
D DEPTH DEPTH
B TAR CJMI E F
1/2 2.19 4.75 1.38 3.25 4 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
3/4 2.19 5.12 1.69 3.50 4 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
1 2.44 5.88 2.00 4.00 4 7/8 9 1.31 2.00
11/4 2.44 6.25 2.50 4.38 4 7f8 9 1.31 2.00
11/2 2.75 7.00 2.88 4.88 4 1 8 1.50 2.31
2 2.44 8.50 3.62 6.50 8 7/8 9 1.31 2.00
2 1/2 2.75 9.62 4.12 7.50 8 1 8 1.50 2.31
3 2.44 9.50 5.00 7.50 8 7/8 9 1.31 2.00
4 2.94 11.50 6.19 9.25 8 11/?3 8 1.69 2.50
5 3.19 13.75 7.31 11.00 8 11/4 8 1.88 2.75
6 2.94 15.00 8.50 12.50 12 11/8 8 1.69 2.50
8 3.44 18.50 10.62 15.50 12 13t8 8 2.06 3.00
10 3.44 21.50 12.75 18.50 16 1318 8 2.06 3.00
12 3.44 24.00 15.00 21.00 20 13/8 8 2.06 3.00
14 3.62 25.25 16.25 22.00 20 1 u2 8
24.25 20 8
27.00 20 8
29.50 20 2 8
35.50 20 2 m 8
359
SIZE ~lcK OD ‘F STUD STUDS TAP HOLE

(BORE) OD CIRCLENO. SIZE TPI DEPTH DEPTH
B TAR CJMI E F
1/2 2.19 4.75 1.38 3.25 4 3/4 10 1.12 1.75
3/4 2.19 5.12 1.69 3.50 4 3!4 10 1.12 1.75
1 2.44 5.88 2.00 4.00 4 7E 9 1.31 2.00
11/4 2.44 6.25 2.50 4.38 4 7B 9 1.31 2.00
11/2! 2.75 7.00 2.88 4.M 4 1 8 1.50 2.31
2 2.44 8.50 3.62 6.50 8 7/8 9 1.31 2.00
2lr2 2.75 9.62 4.12 7.50 8 1 8 1.50 2.31
3 2.94 10.50 5.00 8.00 8 1Us 8 1.69 2.50
4 3.19 12.25 6.19 9.50 8 11/4 8 1.88 2.75
5 3.62 14.75 7.31 11.50 8 1V-2 8 2.25 3.19
6 3.44 15.50 8.50 12.50 12 1318 8 2.06 3.00
8 3.88 19.00 10.62 15.50 12 1518 8 2.44 3.44
10 4.31 23.00 12.75 19.00 12 1718 8 2.81 3.88
12 4.56 26.50 15.00 22.50 16 2 8 3.00 4.12
14 5.00 29.50 16.25 25.00 16 21/4 8 3.38 4.56
16 5.50 32.50 18.50 27.75 16 21/2 8 3.75 5.06
18 5.94 36.00 21.00 30.50 16 23/4 8 4.12 5.50
20 6.38 38.75 23.00 32.75 16 3 8 4.50 5.94
7.31 46.00 27.25 39.00 16 31/2 8 5.25 6.88
~
SIZE ~IcK OD ‘F STUD STUDS TAP HOLE
(BORE) OD CIRCLENO. SIZE TPI DEPTH DEPTH
B TAR CJMI E F
m 2 5.25. 1.38 1 3.50 94 3 1 /1 1 . 4 . 10
3 2 5/ . 1 .
1 43.75. 5 94 6 30 19 /1 1 . 4 . 10
1 2 6 . 2 .
4 4.25. 2 44 0 75 09 11 2 . 8 . 3
11 2 7 /. 2 .
7 5.12
4 . 2 54 5 51 08 1 2 . . 5
1l 2 f.
8.00 9
2.88 5.75
2 44 11 8 /1 2 . 8 . 6
2 2 9 . 3 7 6.75 58 1 8 1 2 . . 5
2 2 1 1 . L 04 9 .27.75. 548 1101 28 F1 2 . 3 . 6
3 3 12.oo
. 5.00 1 9.00 98 11 8 /1 2 . 4 . 8
4 3 1 . 46 6 . .
10.75 028 110 98
5 12.75 8 8
6 1 98 14.50
. . 08 5 02 08 3 4 . . 0
8 4 2 . 1 5 017.25
. 7.12
6 65 2 28 3 4 . . 0
1 5 2 . 16 5 21.25
2. 0 5.12
0 270m 58
24.38 12 2 8
T
361
63
WELDING FITTINGS
./’ [ ANSI B 16.9
‘ 1. All dimensions areA in inches.
/
2, Welding fitting material conforms to SA 234 grade WPB.
,-
//
/
90°L R oElbow
a d n i
4. F
3. Sizes 22,26 and 30 in. are not covered by ANSI B 16.9.
w
uz
t
s
h ai o c ks npl e 3sr s al e s2 g 2e e .
(n
5 D i F1applies
e n s toi standard
m o. n and X-STG. caps. Di-
mension Fz applies to heavier weight caps.
/
Nominal I Dimensions
-1 Pipe
7
—
size
A
D i a A m Be ct 5e r E F; ~
90°LongRadius
Reducin2Elbow– 0.840 1 518 1 ,.. 7. , 1/
% , . 8
3/4 1 . 0 5 ... 0. . . . lfi ...
1 1.315 1Y2 718 23/]6 1 1 1% 5 1 1
1 1 . 1 61 72%6
% l /02 1%
8 f l
45°LongRadiusElbow IY2 1 . 2% 19 3 0 11 0’z7h6/ 1!4/ l 8 4 %

2 2 . 3 13 4 76 3 2 35 33116
/ 1%
/ 18 1
‘“\ ~ 2 2 . 3 8174 %5 7 3 53‘5/16

2!/2 % 12
/ 1% 6
3 3.500 4% 2 6% 3 4% 2 2%
,/
- A- A
180°Long 3% 4,000 5% 2% 7% 3% 5% 2% 3
a
RadiusElbow 4 4.500 6 2% 8% 4 6X 2% 3
5 5.563 7% 31t8 1 05 7%
s /3 3%
1 6
/ r 6 6 . 9 3Y4
6 12’5/1(
2 6 5 93/16 3yz 4
- 1
8 8.625
I 10.750 I 15 I 6fi I 203k
0
12 5 1 68
1
125/16
5
153/8
/4
5
5I
6
t
m\,
90°ShortRadiusElbow 1 12.750 18 7!4 243/8 12 1 86 7 3 1
14 14.000 21 8% 28 14 21 6% 7%
E 1 I 16.000 ] 24 I 10 \ 632 16 24 7 8
18 18.000 I 27 IIK 36 18 27 8 9
180°ShortRadiusRetun 20 ~().()~ 30 12% 40 20 30 9 1
22 z~.()()() 33 13YZ 44 ... , .,. . 1 1
i
I I
24 ~40000 36 15 @ 24 36 1 12 0
26 26.()()() 39 16 52 ... , .., . 10!4 ,., .
30 30.000 45 18’A 60 30 45 10K ,., .
Cap
. . -
1
WELDING FITTINGS
ANSI B 16.9
1. Alldimensionsareininches
2. Weldingfittingmaterial
conformstoSA234gradeWPB.
3. Sizes22,26and30 in.arenotcoveredbyANSIB 16.9.
4, Forwallthicknesses
seepage322.
Nominal Dimensions
Pipe Tee
Outlet Outside ~ H J
Size Diameter
I % y ,840 1z 1 , . . .
3/8 ,675 1 1 -
3/4 1.050 1 11 11 18 8
‘/2 .840 1 1 ‘i i ”
1 1 1.315 1% 1?4 . . . ,
? 1,050 1% 1?4
4 2
‘/2 ,840 1% 1% 7
1!4 1.660 1718
1.315 1718
1.050 17/8
1 7 / 8
1% 2% 2ti Reducing Tee
2% 2!4 “ii “
2% 2% 2?4
2% 2!4 2Y2
2% 2% 2!4
2 2% I 2Y2 I .... I L— J, ,
1 1.900 2% 2% 33 / 8
1% 1.660 2% z 3 ~ 8
1 1.315 2% 2 3 7
% 1,050 2!4 1 %
2% 2% 2.875 3 3
2 2.375 3 2?4 “3%
3 ~h’ . – .
kk
1!4 1 , 3 9 0 30 %
1 1.660 3 2% 3 %
1 1,315 3 2 3 %
3 3 3,500 3 3i 3/ 18
Concentric Reducer i
8
2% 2.875 3 33 ‘ /“ 8 3 %
2 2.375 3 3 3/ 8 ! 4
1Y2 1.900 3 2 37 3 / / 8 8 %
1. 1 . 3 6 2%36 30 / 8 ! % 4
J
3% 3% 4.000 3?4 3% ....
3.500 3% 3 54 1 8
2 2 . 3 8 3 ;7 54 % %
2 2 . 3 3 3 7 54 % %
1 1 . 3 9 3%0 04 %
— .
4 . . . . . —
4 4 4 h
3.500 4 3 7 / 8
2 2 . 41 8 3 ;7 / 5: 8 %
2 , 4 3 31 7 54/ 8
Eccentric %
Reducer
I 1 . 4 9 31 i0 0431 /8 8
363
WELDING FITTINGS
ANSI B 16.9
G
1. Alldimensionsareininches
—. ~ .—. 2 Weldingfittingmaterial
conformstoSA234gradeWPB.
3. Sizes22,26 and30in.arenotcoveredbyANSIB 16.9.
* 4. Forwallthicknessesseepage322.
– (= -1- F
— u T u - I -
1 Nominal Dimensions
Pipe Outside ~
Tee Size Outlet H J
Diameter
5 5 5.563 4 47 . . 7./ . /8
4 4.500 4 47 5/ /8
3 4.000 4 %47 5/ 8
3 3,500 4 47 53/ /8
2 2 . 4 8 4% T 7 515 8
, ~ 4 47 51/5 /8
H 2 2 . 3 7
6 6 6 . 5 6 55 2 s /5 18
– “ + 5 5 . 5 5 55 6 “ 313‘ /8 5
4 4.500 5 55‘ 51 / 8
3 4.000 5 %5 5 / 8
+ GJ G 3 3.500 5 4s 57/ /8
? ~ 2 2 . 5 8 4%5 7 5 /5 8
8 8 8 . 7 6 7 2 5
J‘7
R e dT u c i en g 6 e 6 . 7 6 6 2 . “6
5 5. 1
5 5 . 7 5 6 6 36 3 /
4 4.500 7 61/8 6
3% 4,000 7 6 6
1 1 10,750 8%
0 8%
0 ....
8.625 8% 8 7
: 6.625 8% 75/8 7
r 5.563 8Y2 7?4 7
: 4.500 8!/2 7% 7
.—.—. 12 12 12.750 1 10 .... 0
10 10.750 1 9% 8 0
8 8.625 10 9 8
D 6 6,625 1 8 58 10
5 5 . 10 5 8Y26 83
J
Concentric Reducer 14 14 1 4 1. 0 1 0 0 1
I 1 2 1. 7 1Q 5 0 “i0 s 1/ 3
r‘1
1 1 0 1. 710 5 0 10 1 1/
8 8.625 11 9?4 13
6 6.625 11 9 13 /
1 1 1 6 61, 0 16 0 0 2
1 1 4 1. 0 14 0 “ i0 2
} 12.750 12 2
] 1518 14
.—.— 1 10.750 12 111/s
0 14
—.—. 8 8.625 12 10% 14
6 6.625 12 101/8 14
c 18 1 18 18.000 13% 13!4
Eccentric Reducer 16 16.000 13X 13 “ ii”
14 14.000 13X 13 15
364
WELDING FITTINGS I
ANSI B 16.9 !~~
Alldimensionsareininches G
Weldingfittingmaterialconformsto SA234gradeWPB. +! .—.
Sizes22,26and30in.arenotcoveredbyANSIB 16.9.
Forwallthicknessesseepage322.
L: :1 G,
)minal Dimensions
Pipe Outside Tee
Size Outlet H J
Diameter G
18 12 12.750 13% 125/8 15
10 10.750 13% 1’21/8 15
8 8,625 13M 11% 15
20 20 20.000 15
18 18.000 15 14%
16 16.000 15
14 14.000 15
12 12,750 15
1 1 0 .1 7 05 0 5
8 8 . 1 6 1 2 25 2 5 0
Reducing% Tee
22 22 22.000 16!4 16!A ... ,
20 20.000 16?4 16 20
18 18.000 16)4 15% 20
16 16.000 16% 15 20 J
14 14.000 16% 15 20
12 12.750 16?4 145/8 .,. .
r ‘1
10 10.750 16% 14[/8 ....
24 24 24.000 17 17 ,.. ,
-—.—.
22 22,000 17 17 20
20 20.000 1 1 2 7 7 0
1 1 8 ,1 0 1 80 026 !D7 4 0
16 16,000 17 16 20 Concentric Reducer
14 14.000 17 16 20
12 12.750 17 153/8 20
30
10
30
24
22
10.750
30.000
24.000
22.000
17
22
22
22
15]/8
22
21
20%
20
....
24
24
r-l J
.—.—
20 20.000 22 20 24 ..—,
18 18.000 22 19!A ....
16 16.000 22 19 .... b
Eccentric Reducer
365
FACE-TO-FACED1MENS1ONSOF FLANGEDSTEEL
GATE VALVES
(WEDGEANDDOUBLEDISC) +.
&
1-
I 300 I 400 [ 600

D i A
m . n s i o n ,
1 – –
- . 9 9
–
2 7 2
; 2
$ 3 8 1 1 1 1 3 X ‘ 15 4 14 2 8
~ 3 8 1 – %1 – 5 % 1 8
4 2 2 1
g 4 9 1 1 1 5 2 2 6 27 3 6 2
s 5 1 1 1 2 0 6 5 2 8 20 “ 7 4
x
6 1 1 0 1 52 %9 8 % 2 % 32 4 2 9
8 1 1 12 62 %3 1 5 3 % 36 50 3
1 1 1 2 0 3 36 1 8 3 % 41 —5 2 4 8
1 1 1 3 29 3 4 1 X 4 0 43 0 4– 9 K
1 O 1 3 3 4 D3 52 1 0 4 % 55 4 6– 4 %
1 O 1 3 3 6 D3 65 1 3 4 % 69 08– f8
1 O 1 3 3— 8 D4 78— 2 6 , 52—
%. 63 . 0– 5
2 O 1 3 4 0 D4 81 2 9 6 % 77 4– 6 1
2 O 2 4 4 4 D5 08 5 % 5
p e s p S e q
1
150 9 i 5D .
..——.-—. 0 0 -0
b
1 1
6 – 9 9
— 1x i 7 8 1
2 2
8 1 1- 01 3 % — X 2 —
,s —
0 3 8 1“ I 1i i% 3 4% 1% %1— 5 2- 8 %
a 4 9 1 1 21 6% 4 %7 1 X %2 8 2 1 %
a
t 5 1 1 0=1 - 2- 5 %8 05 % !2% 42- > 3—v 6 5
m 6 1 1 i 62 —91 6. %2 — 2%. . —%2 - 4 . —.3 . %
c
a 8 1 1 2, 72 32 8 %6 . 2%– 3
k— 9
— 4 - 3— 0X
1 1 1 32 0 83 %
—6 1 %1 . 3%. . - . x3 3- –- 05 .-—
- 9 - X
—
1 1 i 4 3 !2, i —— 04 1 3% . 338% X % 4_ 5
25 — _ !
1 1 3 53 4 03 — Z
2 %5. 4% 1 –%
. 0
5 + _— o %
1 1 3 63 6 33 X
— 5 19 % ?4% 45 4 6 – 5 %
—1 1 . —3 _7 –3 —x 8-64 —8 1 , %3 . 4%
— %6..1.. 8 8 – — 5 X
2 i 3 84 9 0 4 ‘1
7 % 7“ 5% 2 X62 0 ?– 6 2
2 2 4 ; 0 Y 4 ~5 4 5 82 %5 6 %7 1 4 – 7 %
GLOBE AND ANGLE VALVES —
<
& A
Raised Face
300 400 6 900 15w— 2500

Inshes Dimension2 x A, 2x
% – – – – x
% — % 9 9
1 — — 1
– – 9 9
– –
2 8 1 2
3 3
1 – – 4
4 5 3 ?
5 1 1 1 52 4 6% 82 02 3 7 4
6 1 1 1 72 69 8% % 2 23 4 2 09
8 1 2 92 2 %3 1 2 %3 63 05 — 3
1 3 4 25 4 8
1 4 4 0 4 – 9 %
R T iJ y n p g e
P —
N N —
3A- 400 ... .
2x 2x
- Y2 6%6 ! 6%6 Y2 — — I 10%
3A — — 9 —. 9 _—
8% —
8% ‘- —
1 1 12% 0
1 87!
:
..
+ 9 9 l 1 1 1x. . 1
—l 7 9 9 — x 9- 1 %-- %1 %—1 — 1% 52
2 8 1l 1 1 1X 2 1i %1 % 14% 4 1-..-.— %
2 ‘ 1 1 %2 13— 39 2 %% %1 —1 6 2X6 ?
%
3 — 1 1 3 1 — ! 4 —4 3 4 ! %1 4 1 —5 . 2 8 %
4 1 1 1 41 — 62 7 4 % ~ %1 A—28 ? i—...–
! 64
5 l 1 i 1 f –6 2 8i 2 5 % ~ %42 - 32 2 3 6 %
6 1 1 61 8 2 ; %9 6 2~ %2 % 2 4 3 — 6%
8 2 2 2 22 30 8 G6 %2 % 39 4) 3 4
1 2 2 2 0 53 - 6s 1 % 1 %3 %— 3 3 05 9 0%
1 2 2 3 2 83 0 8 1) %3 43 % 48 25? 5 64
1 3 – 1 – 4 – x 1 4 5 0 4 – 0 %
’ 3 1 – 6 –6 – <
367
-
FACE.TO-FACE
DIMENSIONS
OFFLANGEDSTEEL
SWING CHECK VALVES
R aF
P r l e p qs i s u b r e e n ,
i as e c d
. r . .
m ‘.’,
.&.1-
:;;:
N o 1mu I i 300ne I 5a400 l I, 600 0

s S i 9 z 1e 0 ,5 00
&
2 8 —
9 9
3 1
13% - – lx 11 11 13%
4 11% 14
5 13 15% – - 2 14X 14% 17%
6 14 17% 19% 22 2% 16% 165
8 – 2 3 1 6 1 2 8 5
1 2 2 4 0 3 t 6 4i %1 1 2 2 1 8
1 2 3 2 3 58 02 3 2 3 6 2
6 2 2 37 . ?4
8 2 3 4 2 9
1 3 3 05 3
1 3 4 25 4 8
1 4 4 0 4 —9 %
R i n g
per
I n c
% 4 ‘ y 6 f 6. ’ %— - % %— — 1
3 – A - 9 9
1 9 1
6 9 9 1
1 7 1 9 X 9. — — 1 0 %1 %—1 1
% 52
2 . 8 1‘ 1 11 “ - 1~ 2 X1 “ %1 % 1 4 1 4 %
2 , , 1. 1 - . 5 21 —9 . 3 2 3i - k1 % 1 6 2X 6 o%
3 1 1 1 31 40 4 3% f %1 i 1 5 2 8 %
4 1 1 1 41 6. 2 4t %
7 i1 % 2- 8 2 1 X
5 1 1i 31 2 % 8 5 0k %2 % 2 2 3 6
— %
6 1 I 41 2i %9— 6 2i Z2 % 2 4_ 3 %_
— ‘ ; 2‘ 2 .—– .8 12 - 30 8%6” %2 , . 3
% 9 4— 3 k
1 2 2 2 s 0 3 – ’ 65 1 %1 %3 % 3– 3 05 9 %
1 “ —2“ . —3 i 2 2 33”%. Y—-80 1 k. — —%3 4 8 25 5 %
1 3 – 1 – 4 – % 1 4 5 0 4 — 0 %
R e f Fe a r c e e n-a tc Eo e -n :Fd a -Dnc t ei om - oe EFn dn s ed V
i or na r s lo uv f s e s
A m Ne ar Sit tci A aao nnnB d1aN 6al . r1 S0d - 1 9I 7 3
.‘ l. (. w-
?69
-
S F I F
A S A Z ;
F l a S n c g r B e ea d w e We edng l S l o o dl tl d de
S p i
B u s h i n g + “ - - + w @
C a p + - + “ )
$ s ‘ ,. ++ ‘ /
C r o s s
R e d u c i n g
S t Sr a ii g h z t e
+ + + + + $
C r o s s o v e r
E l b o w
T - D . * .( . c [ ( [
9 D e 0g r e - e
r r P r c
T uD r on Re w d & n ~ M ~
T uU r n we d H p w w ~
B a s e
L L L
D oB ur ba ln ec h
T T
L o n g R a df i u s ~
R e d u c i n g
P P e <
S O iu t d l ee t
( O D u ot l rw e nt T ) r
S O iu t d l ee t
( O u t l e t rU p ) r r
- , =
S Y MF BP OF LO
II TS T P I RN EG S
B a e nl l d
F l aS nc gr e e dw We de S l o dl
S p i g o t d
S t r e e t
J o n i t L
C o n n e c t +i n g + + + +
P i p e
E x p a n s i o n ~ ~
~ ~ ~
L a t e r a l
O rP i lf i a c te e
- i : l -
R e dF u l c ai nn g g e
i D -
P l u g s
B p t li wl u l g o
P P i l p u e g
- -C t a
R e d u c e r
C o n c e n t -r i Kc += = *t - m -
E c c e n t r i c
+ ~ + & - - +
S l e e v +-t e -t-l- +---+ -++---* +--e
~
S t Sr a ii gL h z t L e L L L
( O U u t l *p e t * ) * - e
( O D u ot l w e nt )
‘ o u b ’ e s wY e e p L “ “ -
R e d u c i n g
L L L A L
S Y MF BP OF LIOI TS T P I RN EG S
B a e nl l d
Flanged S c r Se pw Wei deg ; l oo dl t d e
S S
i nw g e l
T ee p
S O iu t d l ee t
( O D u ot l w e & nt )
S O iu t d l ee t
( O U u t l p e t )
U n i o un
V a l v e s
A Vn ag l l ve e
C ha e lc k s , o
A Cn hg e l ce k
G a a tl e s , o
A Gn ga l t e e
( E l e v a t i o n )
B V aa ll v l e
G a a tl e s , o
A Gn ga l t e e
( P l a n )
G la o l b e s , o
A Gn l g o l be e
( E l e v a t i o n )
G l o b e
( P l a n )
A u t Vo m a a t li c v e
B y - P a s s
G o v e r n o r -
O p e r a t e d
R e d u c i n g
C Vh ae lc vk e
( S tWr a ia g h yt )
C o c k r + i pg
372
S Y MF BP OF LIOI TS T P I RN EG S
B a e nl l d
Flanged S c r Se pw Wei deg S l o o d tl d
~ ~-
- &
--#3-
- G
G l o b e
L o c kV s ha i e ll d v -e
P V l a Iu v g e -mQ-
Q O u p ie n c i kn g
o B u Vt t ea r fl l r yv e
S aV f a e l t vy e
374
WEIGHTS
1. The tables on the following pages show the weights of

different vessel components made of steel.
2. All weights are calculated with the theoretical weight of

steel: 1 cubic inch= 0.28333 pounds.
3. To obtain the actual weight of a vessel, add 6’ZOto the total

weight. This wilI cover the overweights of material which
corn-es from the manufacturing tolerances and the weight of
the weldings.
4 The weights of shells shown in the tables refer to one lineal

foot of shell-length. The weights tabulated in columns
headed by “1.S.” “0. S.” are the weights of shell when
the given diameter signifies inside or outside diameter.
5 The weights of the heads include:

A. For ellipsodial heads: 2 inch straight flange or the wall
thickness, whichever is greater.
B. For ASME flanged and dished heads: 1?4 inch straight
flange.
c. For hemispherical heads: O inch straight flange.
T w o p f m b d m
s i m c c d w r o
m d T w oa p f i
s i t t r t t p o L
C
7. A
375
WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
1/ 4 ” 5 6 /
D I A M .
‘ E SS SH E E H
L L EL SA H D E H L EL A
1 3 . L . s‘ L s[. . IE&1. DP .
M ; I. . sL‘S s[.L . E&I .
1‘2 ~ 3 3 2 1 23 41 32 24 10 21 9
1 3 3 2 41 28 46 48 39 28 38 6
1 4 4 3 26 34 52 53 43 26 44 2
1 4 4 4 82 49 69 51 58 36 51 9
2 5 5 4 30 54 62 67 55 46 78 6
2 6 5 5 24 60 78 75 61 58 84 2
2 6 6 6 44 85 783 72 7- 51 1 1 9
2 7 6 7 65 90 88 80 85 65 1 8 6
2 7 7 7 68 1 6 94 198 12 70 10 4 2
3 8 7 8 07 1 1 19 299 100 86 111 9
3 8 8 1 82 10 6 14 140 100 103 128 06

3 9 9 1 48 1 2 10 163 119 111 244 12
3 9 9 1 96 12 7 15 18 128 110 261 29
3 1 1 10 810 23 2 10 109 102 121 278 36
4 1 1 10 10 0 25 8 216 126 103 132 294 53
4 1 1 11 211 26 3 311 145 214 135 311 69

4 1 1 22 12 8 31 9 617 125 286 250 481 19
5 1 1 24 424 47 5 113 100 308 274 55 2 69
6 1 1 36 25 0 43 1 529 190 470 398 632 29
6 1 1 37 637 69 7 025 208 592 312 722 89
7 1 1 49 39 2 75 3 621 213 554 437 893 59

7 2 2 50 840 84 9 227 243 616 550 1 93 390
8 2 2 62 42 4 92 5 923 274 828 674 1 03 192
9 2 2 74 053 1 21 5391 23 1 960 879 1 23 093
9 2 2 85 65 6 1 27 3352 30 7 1 72 721 0 1 4 5 995
1 2 02 97 277 1 23 1314 32 3 1 04 853 1 1 49 8 97

1 2 20 1 8 8880 1 9 3 0376 13 0 1 16 185 3 2 40 2 96
1 3 13 1 0 480 1 1 5 5 8337 03 9 1 38 127 4 2 51 6 92
1~ 3 3 1 2 912o 1 1 5 8499 53 8 1 40 159 6 2 52 2 94
1 3 23 1 3 16 34 2 70 4 451 7 54 8 15 2 181 8 2 53 2 97
1 3 33 15 I 1525 2 3 9 4814 40 0 1 46 113 9 3 64 9 90

1 3 33 I76 81 6 2 392 476 8 40 2 266 145 1 3 66 6 92
1 3 34 I8 8 1 84 2 8 54 438 0 40 5 26 8 168 3 3 67 5 05
376
W O S & H
W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
3 / 8 ” 7 6 /
D I A M .
/ E SS SH E E H
1 0 . E . FLs s.L .
H E
&I 1. M
P
D0 . EI. . FS
s
L s.L .
H &I .
E
1 5 4 3 22 30 57 53 42 22 38 4
1 5 5 4 42 48 65 62 48 33 57 3
1 6 6 5 36 56 73 70 65 45 67 3
1 7 7 6 84 74 81 8] 72 50 86 2
2 8 7 7 50 82 99 90 82 65 1 5 1
’ 9 2 8 26 I5
8 1 0 17 10 2 091 703 1
1 9 9 9 74 1 8 15 12 4 110 812 104 0
2 1 1 10 6 08 106 13 145 1~
22 193 13 9
2 1 1 11 198 124 11 161 134 126 143 09
3 1 1 12 011 132 109 197 145 130 262 28
3 1 1 13 12 2 250 127 14 151 164 281 48

3 1 1 13 413 278 135 413 164 135 291 57
3 1 1 14 14 6 296 143 712 27 126 320 76
3 1 1 25 815 31 4 611 013 257 137 349 96
4 1 1 26 15 0 33 2 189 314 280 268 379 15
4 1 1 27 216 35 0 917 717 369 209 408 24

4 1 1 39 29 8 43 4 521 281 32 22 586 92
5 2 2 41 431 618 125 205 465 359 784 60
6 2 ? 54 33 0 702 829 258 568 471 892 58
6 2 2 66 646 91 6 633 300 731 507 1 10 460
7 2 2 79 58 2 1 10 3470 38 7 837 693 1 48 342

7 3 3 81 861 1 34 312 36 6 986 576 1 86 424
8 3 3 93 73 4 1 68 354 35 6 1 79 8691 1 4 3 617
9 3 3 1 6 8
05 1 1 2 1 4
496 04 8 1 22 2912 1 2 9 899
9 3 3 1 8 98 26 1 6 6 4539 04 1 15 1244 2 01 7 72
1 4 04 1 1 21 0 4 2 00 1 471 7 94 5 157 1876 2 82 5 55

1 4 40 1 3 1 385 2 42 8 514 0 25 1 120 1808 2 64 5 38
1 4 1 4 1 5 41 5 7 2 83 6 556 3 05 9 25 3 1430 3 45 6 11
1 4 42 1 8 1 709 2 24 5 599 7 05 8 26 6 1452 3 27 4 94
1 5 2 5 2 0 61 01 3 6 7 532 2 05 8 24 9 1885 3 18 3 78
1 5 53 2 3 1 242 3 07 9 676 7 06 0 291 2817 4 90 9 52

1 5 35 ; 5 8; 57: ; 4; ; : 16; ; ;: ; ; ;; ; ; ;; : : ; ;
1 5 4 7 4 9
377
WEIGHT OF SHELLS 8C HEADS
W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
1 / 2 ” 9 6 /
D I A M .
V E S
S SH E E L
HEAD
L L S H E L L
1 0 E F L H . L E1 & M
0
H EDI S
F.&D
L L I
1 6 6 4 3 2 47 71 67 50 33 46 9
1 7 7 5 43 58 82 86 68 48 68 1
1 8 8 7 4 6 78 1 2 90 077 55 80 3
1 9 9 8 85 99 1 3 1 1 199 06 4 12 5
2 1 1 19 07 0 10 14 11 7 12 0 175 104 7
2 1 1 12 218 110 14 130 13 1 299 126 9

2 1 1 13 29 4 121 15 165 14 4 145 148 01
2 1 1 14 1
63 142 16 190 160 153 260 23
2 1 1 15 14 8 262 126 121 175 163 282 45
3 1 1 16 015 283 147 152 280 175 204 57
3 1 1 27 16 2 204 168 196 291 180 336 89

3 1 1 28 417 334 278 220 208 207 358 01
3 1 1 29 18 6 355 299 266 226 216 480 23
3 2 2 20 820 486 20 203 330 227 412 45
4 2 2 31 21 0 417 241 253 340 230 554 77
4 2 2 32 22 447 261 293 351 246 586 99

4 2 2 45 35 8 649 233 242 497 386 792 75
5 2 2 59 48 851 325 313 621 425 928 71
6 3 3 62 51 0 1 73 3170 3 7 0 764 555 1 64 771
6 3 3 85 64 1 15 4192 3 3 1 907 649 1 10 933
7 3 3 98 78 2 1 67 4314 42 4 1 30 832 0 1 6 8 296

7 4 4 11 81 1 1 9 2 4536 44 9 1 72 926 2 1 2 6 559
8 4 4 15 94 24 1 1 9 5859 58 6 1 03 , 00 4 2 81 6 12 0
9 4 4 18 7 10 4 2’ 31 8 572 2 54 4 144 . 83 6 2 42 6 75 6
9 5 5 1 1 1 0 66 2 52 8 595 7 53 5 148 . 77 8 2 04 9 38 3
1 5 05 1 4 21 48 2 74 9 618 3 64 8 2 31 . 41 1 3 76 3 02 1
1 5 50 2 7 1 718 3 96 1 632 0 69 3 2 25 . 24 3 3 38 8 66 0
1 6 16 2 1 14 03 3 17 5 65 8 65 9 208 !98 6 4 90 5 20 0
1 6 62 2 4 1 350 3 79 7 789 6 71 8 282 !61 84 4 5 9 2 84
1 6 26 2 7 26 78 4 61 9 703 6 70 9 356 !35 2 4 14 3 49 3
1 7 73 3 0 2 032 4 38 4 728 7 70 2 329 !09 6 5 76 6 04 6

1 7 37 3 4 28 34 5 50 6 842 8 80 6 383 !62 8 5 39 9 69 1
1 7 74 3 7 2 674 5 87 6 867 1 80 3 436 ~216 2 9 4 62
3
378
W O S & H
W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
5 / 8 ” 1
D I A M .
Y E SS SH E E L
H L EL SA H D E H L EL A
1 0 &I1 0P
1 8 7
I
5
?L
4 2
3.L
54
E
96
MD
838 1
~1.
60
‘LS
5
-4
I.L
63
E
&I
1 9 8 7 45 77 19 90 070 5 3 88 8
1 1 1 18 60 6 91 1~
3 17 91 165 1 ~ 2
1 1 1 12 817 104 16 111 134 298 117 7
2 1 1 1y
3 28 0 17 19 14 156 496 132 2
2 1 1 15 214 131 013 178 116 156 156 16

1 1 1 16 15 4 ’64 216 2 11 0 118 178 271 31
2 1 1 17 616 287 319 140 189 183 296 56
2 1 1 29 18 8 201 253 ~81 1 ~16 1 11 31 7o
3 Q 1 ( 2 3 019 324 276 228 125 112 355 95
3 2 2 21 21 2 358 020 267 214 235 480 20

3 2 2 23 242 481 23 218 335 241 415 45
3 2 2 34 23 6 424 426 266 356 250 559 79
3 2 2 35 285 558 720 215 358 372 594 04
4 2 2 37 36 0 591 023 261 409 386 639 39
4 2 2 48 327 624 236 328 471 303 673 63

4 3 3 52 41 8 854 236 312 615 441 807 57
5 3 3 66 545 1 94 2460 31 2 760 459 1 61 711
6 4 3 80 69 0 1 44 462 46 6 934 173 1 35 053
6 4 4 14 763 0 1 4 1 7465 74 2 1 28 387 1 1 9 1 496
7 4 4 18 97 22 1 4 0 1568 35 1 1 23 102 3 1 30 2 39
7 5 5 1 2 1 814 2 04 0 561 6 5 2 15 7 116 5 2 71 4 73
8 5 5 1 6 1 564 2 24 ~ 664 2 ~6 5 19 2 181 7 2 13 8 17
9 6 5 10 1 09 8 2 4 5 668 0 56 1 25 6 185 0 3 55 4 51
9 6 6 2 4 1 31 6 3 45 0 762 9 47 0 22 1 140 3 3 07 1 05
1 6 06 2 8 12 73 3 57 6 776 9 87 1 21 5 1644 3. 49 0 49
1 7 70 2 2 2 168 4 05 4 770 0 87 4 23 9 298 9 4 82 1 84
1 7 17 2 6 24 59 4 25 4 875 2 48 0 35 4 293 2 4 24 3 29
1 8 72 3 0 2 920 4 45 1 879 6 38 9 30 8 237 5 5 67 3 64
1 8 28 3 4 26 35 5 78 7 975 0 89 0 36 3 222 9 6 09 1 00
1 8 83 3 8 2 792 6 95 8 970 6 09 3 45 7 366 3 6 42 1 46

1 9 39 - 4 3)8 13 6 5
2 2 5
1 75 3 1 0 9 4 0 1 35 7 0 7 8 5 0 8 2
I4 9 9 4 6 3 57 4 7 5 ~ 1 71 1 1o 0 7 56 0 6 38 1 5 7 2 8 8 2 9
I —
379
W O S & H
W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
3 / 4 ” 1 6 3 /
D I A M .
~ E S
S SH E E H
L L E L SA H D E H L EL A
1 0 ; ?L i.L E&I1 0DP

M 3I. FLS 3.L &I
E
1 I (JZ 9 7 2 6 10 90 17 57 71 7
1 1 1 18 40 98 16 1 8 29 160 98 4
1 1 1 13 26 104 12 114 14 386 16
1? 2
1 1 1 15 83 120 18 146 16 145 133 09
2 1 1 16 15 0 146 014 175 18 167 I590 16
~ 1 1 18 ~17 272 210 11 169 183 288 34

2 1 1 19 18 4 298 426 253 251 102 205 61
2 2 2 21 610 214 622 296 253 115 333 89
2 2 2 23 11 8 340 828 241 275 430 360 16
3 2 2 24 023 376 124 284 36 259 407 33
3 2 2 36 25 2 402 420 249 318 272 435 61

3 2 2 37 426 448 636 295 370 287 572 88
3 2 2 39 28 6 594 932 353 441 306 629 25
3 3 2 41 839 620 338 315 403 328 677 53
4 3 3 42 31 0 666 634 389 515 34 704 90
4 3 3 54 233 712 930 354 537 453 861 27

4 3 3 69 57 8 960 048 472 752 509 1 23 490
5 4 4 83 462 1 28 3462 49 3 917 646 1 15 813
6 4 4 18 77 00 1 6 1 7545 55 2 1 22 8011 1 7 0 336
6 5 5 13 6922 1 4 2 2528 05 3 1 67 1 563 1 90 3 59 0
7 5 5 18 1 742 2 20 4 601 9 36 7 15 3 1915 2 1 6 73 8

7 6 6 13 181 6 2 02 8 685 7 5669 5 17 8 14 8 2 33 3 7 8
8 6 6 17 1 6 94 2 84 4 769 7 7721 5 25 3 18 1 3 5 2 2 9
9 7 7 22 10 12 3 66 2 743 8 6774 9 25 8 11 4 3 8 3 6 2
9 7 7 ~7 1 656 3 59 ~ 838 1 5826 5 21 4 25 7 4 0 5 1 7
1 8 0 8 2 2 2 18 4 31 4 813 5 2878 4 30 9 28 1 4 32 0 7 2
1 8 80 3 7 2 581 4 14 7 998 0 8930 7 33 4 ~0 4 5 46 5 ~ 0
1 9 1 9 3 1 24 05 5 96 3 974 7 3982 2 31 9 22 8 5 68 5 8 9
1- 9 9) 3 6 2 580 6 79 5 1 50 5 1034
6 0 0 42 43 4 2 6 81 0 5 9
1 1 21 0 4 0 136 2 0 6 52 4 13 6 3 1 1
4 1086 48 03 6 6 7 05 1 1 1
1 1 1 30 4 0 63 62 5 7 35 5 11 2 5 15 1 5 58 1 53 7 0 3 7 28 5 8 8 5
1 1 31 1 5 0 138 0 9 7 18 8 19 9 8 12 2 2 51 1 04 8 5 9 8 42 2 0 5 0
1 1 1 41 5 1 54 46 4 8 92 5 17 6 1 10 2 2 69 2 54 8 0 4 9 65 6 2 3 7
380
W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
7 / 8 ” 1 5
D I A M .
J E S
S SH E E H
1 0 I ?L I.L E&I1 0DP

M . I. SS [ , E
12 1 1 82 50 80 14 12 399 16 0 ~ 80 1
1 1 1 13 472 10 9 13 103 154 386 110 1
1 1 1 15 94 6 12 7 11 132 170 157 130 01
1 1 1 17 18 6 14 6 01 0 177 179 171 150 21
2 1 1 19 17 0 27 5 29 100 117 199 280 41
2 2 1 11 21 9 293 42 7 259 273 111 210 61

2 2 2 23 11 4 2z 2 726 295 25 137 340 91
2 2 2 25 613 35 1 925 242 297 257 370 21
2 2 2 27 25 8 48 0 24 208 359 271 410 41
3 2 2 38 027 42 8 532 257 321 298 450 81
3 3 2 30 29 2 56 7 831 316 313 319 590 11

3 3 3 42 431 51 6 130 382 425 334 640 41
3 3 3 44 32 6 65 4 538 358 427 353 790 81
3 3 3 56 834 70 3 837 326 559 476 740 21
4 3 3 58 46 0 85 2 246 308 511 493 890 61
4 4 3 60 248 81 0 544 481 683 513 950 01

4 4 4 75 54 8 1 86 8401 49 4 899 687 1 31 412
5 5 4 91 479 182 3564 52 4 1 65 873 0 1 1 5 015
6 5 5 1 6 95 20 1 8 0 0627 05 8 1 01 909 2 1 1 8 719
6 6 6 1 2 160 4 2 04 4 681 8 06 4 10 7 1 95 5 2 1 4 13
7 6 6 1 8 1 6 72 2 20 0 745 7 27 5 18 3 1 11 8 2 13 2 17
7 7 7 1 3 18 2 9 2 46 8 709 9 67 8 21 9 1 971 3 16 2 12
8 7 7 2 9 1 724 3 72 9 864 2 38 6 20 5 1 134 3 18 5 27
9 8 8 2 4 10 36 3 99 2 939 6 08 6 ~6 1 2 89 8 4 1 0 22 2
9 9 8 2 0 2 896 4 25 7 995 2 09 0 39 7 2 951 4 41 8 28
1 9 0 9 3 6 2 43 5 51 4 1 50 0 11 0 8 38 0 32 5 5 1 5 17 8 24
1 1 100 3 0 12 87 5
0 78 3 11 6 0 15 0 9 44 0 93 5 0 7 6 10 0 21
1 1 11 0 4 0 734 1 5 6 31 5 17 3 1 10 1 4 4s 1 53 0 4 3 6 13 4 28
1 1 121 4 1 23 05 1 7 94 2 13 0 4 18 2 1 44 1 13 9 8 9 7 27 5 25
}2 1 I 85 1 4 1 36 9 67 7 8 19 7 8 15 2 3 592 74 4. 3 8520 4 22 9
1 1 I }23 52 4 :~4 8 41 6 1 54 5 13 3 8 50 3 34 2 8 1 9 24 5 2 0
1 1: 31 5 92 48 9 8 9 57 6 11 2 2 13 3 6 68 3 94 6 3 7 9 28 8 2 9
1 1 143 6 3 54 4 31 39 8 0 17 2 015 4 863 4 554 9 3, 23 40 2
I
381
WEIGHT OF SHELLS k HEADS
WALL THICKNESS
1*8 1-1/16“
DIAM.
/ESSEL SHELL HEAD SHELL HEAD
1.s. 0.s. ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS 1.s. 0.s. ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS
12 139 117 98 76 93 148 124 104 83 100
14 160 138 118 93 124 171 147 125 102 132
16 182 160 144 113 159 193 169 153 122 170
18 203 181 168 139 198 216 192 178 150 212
~o 224 202 200 162 242 239 215 212 175 259
-)? 246 223 228 187 290 262 238 242 202 310
24 267 245 257 214 343 284 260 277 231 366
26 289 266 288 242 400 307 283 311 261 427
28 310 287 330 273 462 330 306 350 294 493
30 331 308 374 313 528 352 328 397 338 563
32 353 330 421 347 598 375 351 448 373 638
34 374 351 471 383 673 398 374 500 412 7! 7
36 396 372 523 421 752 420 396 562 452 801
38 417 393 579 , 460 835 443 419 614 495 890
40 438 415 637 502 923 466 442 677 539 984
42 459 436 698 556 1015 489 465 741 597 1082
48 523 500 897 698 1318 557 533 953 749 1404
54 587 564 1121 869 1661 625 601 1191 931 1769
60 651 628 1371 1059 2043 693 669 1457 1134 2175
66 715 692 1646 1“268 2465 761 737 1749 1357 2624
72 779 756 1945 1496 2926 829 805 2067 1590 3114
78 844 821 2270 i 743 3427 897 874 2412 1851 3647
84 908 885 2620 2008 3967 965 942 2783 2134 4221
90 972 949 2994 2292 4547 1033 1010 3181 2435 4838
96 1036 1013 3394 2596 5166 1101 1078 3606 2758 5496
102 1100 1077 3819 2917 5825 1169 1146 4057 3099 6197
108 1164 1141 4268 3258 6523 1237 1214 4535 ‘3462 6939
114 1228 1205 4743 3617 7261 1306 1282 5038 3843 7724
120 1292 1269 5175 3996 8039 1374 1350 5498 4246 8550
126 1356 1333 5697 4393 8856 1442 1418 6053 4667 9419
132 1420 1397 6243 4809 9712 1510 1486 6633 5108 10329
138 1484 1461 6815 5243 10609 1578 1554 7241 5571 11282
144 1549 1526 7411 5697 1I 544 1646 1623 7874 6053 12276
382
W O S & H
W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
1 / - 8 1 ” 1 6 - 3 /
D I A M .
/ E SS SH E E H
1 0 . E . FS
L s.L .
H E
&I 1. M
P
D0 . EI. . FS
L
s s.L .
H &I .
E
1 1 1 15 93 2 118 11 100 160 396 117 7
1 1 1 18 14 5 132 115 143 109 1~
61 142 2
1 2 1 10 17 6 166 32 9 183 121 181 178 48
1 2 2 13 180 280 623 229 ~24 116 203 73
Z 2 2 ( 25 12 ) 224 827 275 296 236 238 08
~ 2 2 27 ~
25 358 121 236 279 260 374 34
2 3 2 20 27 4 39~ 435 298 381 280 419 69
2 3 2 32 62 9 436 839 353 314 314 5 45 ’ 05
2 3 3 35 32 8 570 133 321 357 344 590 30
3 3 3 47 03 4 524 637 391 429 368 645 85
3 3 3 49 47 2 67 8 041 374 502 498 701 21

3 4 3 52 49 732 445 460 526 412 686 66
3 4 4 64 41 6 806 849 451 647 541 931 11
3 4 4 67 854 950 343 441 609 566 1 87 670
4 4 4 79 56 0 1 14 7570 47 4 762 659 1 52 121
4 5 4 71 26 9 1 88 3511 55 4 894 691 1 28 782

4 5 5 1 9 8 608 1 1 0 0634 95 9 1 02 189 0 1 4 6 545
5 6 6 1 6 49 32 1 3 6 7
95 8 16 7 1 40 177 3 1 00 3 09 4
6 7 7 1 3 1 050 2 25 4 773 0 37 0 19 7 184 6 2 62 2 64 7
6 8 7 1 0 16 78 2 47 5 897 4 28 8 16 5 132 9 2 25 5 29 2
7 8 8 2 7 1 512 3 69 8 923 8 98 0 24 2 139 3 3 97 1 94 8

7 9 9 2 5 18 25 3 91 5 1 48 6 49 0 6 20 0 2 77 6 4 50 9 50 8
% 1 9 0 2 22260
994 4476
3 4 1081
6 1051
7 3108 2398 4732
9 1 1 0 3 0 920 3 6 5 55 6 18 1 7 18 1 2 39 1 5 2 9 5 2 5 7 7 5 7 4 3
9 1 1 1 3 1 62 86 4 5 79 1 10 8 2 18 2 2 40 2 3 3 7 0 0 6 3 0 3 3 1 9
1 1 01 2 4 2 323 2 1 6 92 9 12 5 8 16 3 6 42 2 0 39 5 7 6 94 3 99 8
1 1 1 03 4 2 13 8 8 7 26 0 14 3 6 12 3 5 56 3 8 76 0 5 757 6 57 7
1 1 11 3 5 3 84 3 5 8 40 3 16 1 7 16 4 8 50 4 64 7 6 3 8 13 3 16 1
1 1 1 24 5 4 54 08 2 9 64 2 18 0 9 12 5 6 66 5 34 2 1 0 9 77 4 75 6
1 1 21 5 6 5 264 4 0 9 89 0 10 9 4 19 6 8 62 5 1 52 7 81 3 2 60 3 3
1 1 1 36 7 5 05 20 71 04 2 0 13 1 914 6 470 6 9 57 4 61 0 7 1 1 0 3
1 1 31 6 7 6 785 6 41 28 6 1 15 9 917 7 589 7 6 66 0 31 6 2 9 2 6 4
1 1 147 8 7 46 43 11 44 3 3 17 0 018 8 188 8 4 60 8 11 2 7 0 3 2 8
383
W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
1 - 1 / 4 ” 1- 5 / 1 6
D I A M .
J E S
S SH E E H
1 0 : [. &1
E 0D
M ]I, ‘LS .;L EI
&
1 1 ] z?7 14 2 17 104 12 185 150
1 127 10
1 2 0 14 14 2 16 9 170 38
1 Q 3 1 6 20 5 20 4 10 4 66
1 2 ~ 5 18 27 8 25 1 13 4 94
2 2 8 J 0 34 l 21 o 260 22
2 3 1 22 31 4 ~7 2 291 50
2 3 3 2 4 47 8 33 4 318 08
2 3 36 36 75 4 2 31 2 340 46
2 3 49 3 8 15 1 6 328 0 377 84
3 4 41 40 67 0 47 2 400 22
~ 4 2
54 4 72 4 4 456 6 439 70
3 4 57 44 81 9 459 0 553 28
3 4 69 5 6 69 7 5 475 1 582 1 860
3 5 72 68 12 4 0 0 54 5 1 671 1 351
4 5 5 75 61 0 19 1 581 56 6 4 684 1 932
4 5 5 87 724 17 8 152 52 8 0 747 1 513

4 6 6 1 5 92 1 8 1 8 2 056 16 61 4 95 1 1 8 557
5 7 7 1 3 1 40 4 2 18 0 50 0 17 9 14 1 53 4 2 1 8 92
6 8 7 1 1 1 87 0 2 38 1 55 4 48 7 13 1 52 8 2 4 1 37
6 8 8 2 9 1 660 3 i 608 5 5 0 79 26 3 01 4 3 3 7 72
7 9 9 2 7 1 44 2 3 89 3 56 9 29 8 23 1 395 3 9 6 18
7 1 1 0 2 0 52 8 8 2 4 92 3 53 0 17 1 24 0 2 19 7 4 3 9 5 5
8 1 1 1 3 1 32 2 4 0 4 95 7 1197
59 3 1159
5 8 37 2 84 5 6 5 2
9 1 1 2 3 1 12 0 7 8 5 $8 4 1281
5 7 9 12 1 34 2 3 59 4 6 0 4 3 0
9 1 1 2 4 2 93 2 6 6 6 92 4 15 4 7 12 3 9 44 3 63 1 4 2 6 54 7 8 8
1 1 01 3 4 3 732 7 4 7 s6 7 16 3 7 14 4 1 58 4 43 7 0 1 7 98 3 86
1 1 1 04 5 4 54 38 2 8 51 3 16 1 0 16 5 9 56 4 34 2 6 9 8 33 2 66
1 1 11 5 5 5 344 9 0 9 55 2 16 1 5 15 6 168 5 14 ( 2 8 9 77 4 05
1 1 1 26 6 5 15 40 81 !0 6 016 3 015 7 692 6 05( 8 61 12 10 4
1 1 21 7 7 6 056 1 61 C51 2 16 3 11 7 70 7 851 5 : 41 68 01 8
1 1 1 37 7 7 86 82 41 1(0 0 16 5 1~ 88 81 8 762 2( 31 03 ~ 2 2
1 18 31 8 68S 68 2I 35 5( 16 3 9 11 9 086 9 56 / 9 11 49 7 3 6
1 19 1 4 9 49 7 24 01 1( 6 426 6 24~ 0 985 0 37 ( 7 01 85 5 5 0
384

W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
1- 3 / 8 ” 1- 7 / 1 6
D I A M .
J E SS SH E E H
1 0 . : . ‘sL s.[L . EI1.

& M
0P
D . I. . sS sI . E .
1 1 1 19 15 2 146 216 132 109 165 56 22
1 ~ 1 1~ 148 165 245 179 138 98 87 3
1 2 2 25 11 6 205 275 226 z66 28 ~7 3
1 2 2 28 ~84 234 204 289 296 53 58 4
Z 3 2 ( 21 27 ) 383 333 245 329 85 09 5
?. 3 3 34 2?0- 423 373 312 365 12 40 6

2 3 3 37 33 4 462 322 384 393 46 80 6
2 4 3 40 366 502 462 368 424 76 31 7
2 4 3 43 49 8 661 401 456 458 01 92 8
3 4 4 56 402 720 451 447 584 33 52 8
3 4 4 59 55 2 890 500 443 612 561 23 39

3 5 4 61 547 969 559 S42 699
43 5o5 4 8o
3 5 5 74 60 6 1 38 5280 54 5 775
70 643 5 41
3 5 5 87 683 1 18 6781 52 7 857
06 706 5 01
4 6 5 80 76 0 1 97 6372 52 9 941
34 379 1 6 623
4 6 5 93 729 1 77 6974 67 2 1 66 802 0 17 3 434

4 7 6 12 1 8 28 1 50 5 758 1 37 4 125 111 3 1 90 2 59
5 8 7 11 1 47 5 2 32 6 833 3 38 1 145 15 0 6 2 13 4 74
6 9 8 10 1 6 90 2 15 1 918 0 08 4 204 14 90 2 35 6 99
6 9 9 28 1 64 2 3 97 8 1 94 6 99 0 2 28 3 17 94 35 8 0 15
7 1 1 0 2 0 72 72 3 4 80 0 18 0 8 13 1 6 23 0 2 25 8 8 48 1 4 32
7 1 ] ] 21 3 62 8 1 4 64 5 1 76 2 12 2 5 34 1 2 27 3 7 40 5 1 59
8 1 1 2 3 2 52 64 1 5 47 3 14 5 9 15 3 0 31 2 1 23 8 6 52 9 1 77
9 1 1 3 4 3 43 0 1 0 6 21 5 12 3 8 12 4 0 44 3 0 33 3 6 64 3 6 05
9 1 1 4 4 3 33 76 9 7 06 0 10 1 0 14 4 5 42 4 9 39 9 5 76 7 3 24
1 1 01 5 5 4 142 2 7 8 80 9 18 0 4 11 5 6 56 5 8 48 5 4 88 ~ 5 44
1 1 1 06 5 5 04 I897 6 9 6 1 16 0 11 6 3 65 6 8 42 ~ 3 90 7 0 64
1 1 11 6 6 6 954 5 5. 40 60 14 1 0 77 7
j 564 7 50 ~8 1 22 90 ~
1~ 1 1 7 7 7 85 1o 4! 1 35 6 13 1 3 12 8 2 75 8 6 52 5 2115 7 1 C6
1 1 21 8 7 8 766 8 3~2 10 8 11 2 8 12 9 4 84 9 5 69 ~ 11 7 3 62 2
1 1 1 39 8 9 56 26 1I3 96 3 ~9 4 5 26 0 3 96 0 4 60 1 01 9 9 1 4 4
1 2 ~
3 0 9 0 478 4 01 72 : 427 5 624 1 696 0 4 76 8 91 1 5 8 5 i
1 2 2 41 1 0 307 4 9I52 58 ~45 9 8 2f ~ 5 1 2 1 3 085 817 3 2 645
385
WEIGHT OF SHELLS tk HEADS

W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
1 / - 2 1 ”
D I A M .
‘ E SS SH E E HL L E L SA H D E H L EL A
1 0 . L . S‘ L s[. . IE&1. M
0DP . II. . sL
‘S sI.L . E&I .
1 2 1 11 162 166 328 152 142 170 177 44
1 2 2 14 410 198 620 292 26 08 20 7
1 2 2 28 13 6 230 922 254 29 42 24 1
1 3 2 21 826 372 334 211 42 73 37 4
2 3 2 34 29 0 324 736 381 16 01 31 8
2 3 3 37 232 466 138 353 09 45 44 1

2 4 3 40 36 4 508 540 339 2 76 57 4
2 4 3 44 639 65 0 942 427 76 03 61 8
2 4 4 57 42 8 722 444 411 49 47 74 1
3 5 4 50 055 884 056 419 82 77 87 4
3 5 4 63 58 2 96 6 658 521 26 04 91 8
3 5 5 76 46 2 1 38 1500 58 3 89 84 1 4 10
3 6 5 80 6 56 1 10 7621 57 5 62 87 1 8 52
3 6 5 93 87 8 1 03 3652 63 8 86 50 1 1 83
4 6 6 96 81 0 1 95 0674 61 1 29 84 1 4 14
4 6 6 1 9 2840 1 7 8 8795 46 5 52 87 1 8 56
4 7 7 1 9 1 438 2 13 8 850 0 87 1 32 87 2 8 51
5 8 8 1 8 14 47 2 39 2 915 6 98 3 82 77 2 8 56
6 9 9 2 8 3 1 10 ’3 65 1 1 71 3 19 0 1 6 2 157 387 52
6 1 1 0 2 0 816 5 3 3 29 2 14 7 5 16 1 5 4 0 22 3 7 3 90 59 4
7 1 11 1 2 72 392 4 82 8 1 C4 7 10 2 4 2 1 2 29 7 4 93 56
7 1 1 2 3 2 728 4 2 5 46 7 16 2 4 12 3 0 4 2
3635 22 5 7 5 97 54
8 1 1 3 4 3 73 04 2 6 C0 0 12 0 4 i33 4 2 44 23 171 6 01 8 62
9 1 1 4 4 4 630 5 1 6 64 6 18 8 7 19 5 9 42 4 23 5 7 7 7 96 8 61
9 1 1 5 5 5 63 16 1 7 ;9 7 14 8 3 13 6 2 5C 5 24 9 4 7 8 90 1 61
1 1 01 6 5 6 524 8 1 8 ?4 1 1C 8 1 15 7 2 64 6 24 3 0 7 9 S5 8 62
1 1 170 7 6 54 084 9 49 9 1 {8 2 16 8 7 68 7 2 5 5 7 71 5 1 90 6
1 1 11 8 7 8? 545 01 2 14 2 6 911
0 19 878 38 57 5 71 6( 4 1 6
1 19 12 7 48 6 08 91 0; 6 22< 3 114 0 58E 9S 368 71 2 (2 2 6
1 2 21 0 8 9 46 6 91 ;6 2
5 32 1: 3 3 2 896 30 69 0 71 9( 43 6
1 2 2 3 1~ 9 37 0 25 1 {2 9429 6 6~ (1 z 10 7; 378 70 1 (5 25 6
1 2 ! 32 1 2 1 087 ( 813 3 6392 ’ 025 3 121 2 308; 717 (2 636
1 2 2 4 3 1 2 2 38 4 817 135 2
2 : 4 9 1 { 4 31 S 3 318 ( 717 (9 84 6
386
WEIGHT OF SHELLS tic HEADS I

W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
1 - 5 / 8 ” 1 /1 - 16 1
D I A M .
1 0 L L [ IE 1 MD
P . II sL
‘S [.L . E&I
1 2 1 13 18 2 186 250 164 143 186 97 66
1 2 2 27 411 211 285 217 286 128 33 92
1 3 2 20 24 6 265 329 273 210 257 79 38
1 3 2 34 828 300 634 244 35 294 25 84
2 3 3 37 31 0 455 039 319 349 337 71 10
2 4 3 41 235 400 44 395 428 368 27 66

2 4 3 44 38 4 54 948 485 436 406 83 12
2 4 4 57 642 609 43 489 539 431 39 68
2 5 4 51 45 8 774 958 488 653 573 0s 24
3 5 4 64 059 858 652 593 647 572 81 80
3 5 5 78 62 2 1 33 2670 52 0 730 694 78 47

3 6 5 81 466 1 18 8621 55 3 854 728 54 13
3 6 5 95 79 6 1 03 6472 63 6 98 731 40 89
3 6 6 98 883 1 97 1714 67 0 1 71 815 0 6 4 55
4 7 6 1 2 86 00 1 2 9 8765 46 4 1 65 969 1 2 4 31
7 7 1 5 90 1 1 7 9 716 57 9 18 1 82 2 80 5 7 1
8 8 1 6 1 05 2 21 2 851 1 78 9 6
19 7
1 35 62 9 5 7
9 9 1 6 1 09 2 5 0 1 97 0 09 0 6 15 0 1 14 9 45 8 3 6
1 1 0 2 0 61 3 1 3 97 1 13 3 9 14 1 8 27 0 1 1 8 4 5 2 8 1 1 8
1 1 1 2 1 72 7 1 4 41 6 17 0 4 18 2 8 24 1 2 2 0 8 5 1 2 9 9 2
1 1 2 3 2 72 2 2 4 84 6 11 8 9 14 3 3 2 2 22 6 6 96 7 0
1 1 3 3799
3 82 2 5 28 15 6 9 1 4 5 3965
7 3 3 3008
7 7 5884
7 6
1 1 4 4 4 83 3 3 6 62 7 10 5 9 15 5 4 4565
8 4 43 2 8 65 4 4 8 4
1 1 5 4 5 93 9 3 7 07 9 14 4 6 14 6 9 5207
2 5 53 0 9 73 9 2 7 2
1 1 6 5 6 94 6 3 8 42 5 18 5 5 10 7 7 7
0 5892 64 4 0 8 14 08 4
1 1 7 6 7 94 3 4 9 87 4 12 5 8 18 8 8 6618
2 8 64 1 0 99 9 89 6
1 1 1 09 7 8 05 80 41 33 0
8 16 3 718 9 2 8
‘7388
9 75 3 1
1 85 1 6 6
1 2 11 0 7 9 045 8 51 79 6 120 2 927 0 28198
4 0 8 68 21 6 1 24 7
1 2 2 21 8 0 16 05 5 1 15 7 324 4 125 1 981 1 9 68 9 31 4 8 3 3 3 1
1 2 22 2 9 1 176 4 5 1 51 3 429 9 521 3 390 2 0 73 8 4 1 2 4 2 5 1 9
1 2 2 33 I0 2 17 24 6 1 98 5 523 6 92C 4 137 3 1081 418 0 1 65 9 9

2 2 4 1 3 28 1 6 1 35 3 727 7 328 5 196 4 1 184 516 8 9 867 3
2 2 5 4 29 7 1 73 821 1 92 6 1 9
!226 5 2 91 7 6 6 7 4 5 0
387

W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
1 - 3 / 4 ” 1 3 6 - /
D I A M .
J E S S
SHELL E L
H E SA H D E
‘ H L EL A
1 0 L ? L [. E1
I& 0DP
M I. ‘S [. E&
1 2 1 25 19 2 107 27 2 186 262 192 117 87
1 2 2 29 242 244 139 233 210 238 256 26
1 3 2 23 26 6 392 437 204 394 273 314 64
1 3 3 36 280 339 934 378 368 315 353 13
20 4 3 30 34 497 242 359 472 355 422 42
22 4 3 44 37 554 749 340 446 392 571 91

24 4 4 58 41 601 346 434 579 427 639 69
26 5 4 51 45 769 954 442 503 560 798 18
28 5 4 65 59 836 451 559 67 500 877 77
30 5 5 79 62 913 068 569 771 649 1 55 350
32 6 5 83 66 1 01 7660 57 9 815 748 1 44 041

34 6 6 86 70 1 98 3632 68 2 979 782 1 43 732
36 7 6 90 84 1 96 2713 63 613 8960 1 2 4 624
38 7 6 1 4 87 0 1 3 9 9785 47 11 7 9801 1 0 4 305
40 7 7 1 8 912 1 0 0 7856 07 7 1 30 1 532 1 90 5 97
42 8 7 1 1 1 53 1 08 1 838 5 17 3 13 4 1 973 1 81 7 89
48 9 8 1 3 1 66 2 30 7 953 3 08 7 126 1 897 2 43 4 44
54 1 9 0 2 41 70 2 26 7 1 79 2 14 0 8 20 0 8 1 6 1 1 3 0 6 6 01
60 1 1 1 2 0 51 5 8 3 49 2 19 6 6 13 1 6 23 1 9 2 4 6 2 3 6 0 3 68
66 1 1 2 3 2 62 0 0 4 73 1 11 4 0 15 3 1 38 2 1 2 0 1 4 4 3 4 4 35
72 1 1 3 3 3 72 5 1 5 97 5 13 2 1 12 4 2 35 3 22 6 7 5 5 98 0 94
78 1 1 4 4 4 93 1 2 6 11 3 16 1 1 11 5 1 49 4 43 1 3 7 6 52 0 53
84 1 1 6 4 5 03 7 3 7 25 5 18 0 8 16 6 6 48 5 63 5 9 9 7 17 4 13
90 1 1 7 5 6 14 4 5 8 50 2 10 0 9 11 7 8 51 7 74 9 6 0 8 72 3 73
96 1 1 8 6 7 24 1 6 9 76 3 12 1 2 14 8 8 66 8 94 1 3 2 9 37 7 35
1 1 01 9 6 8 425 1 8 71 C 8 0245 c 31E 4701C9 53 41 163 0 0

1 2 1 00 7 9 55 86 81 :7 8 126 9 528 1 76 0 2 64 9 51 6 0 92 6
1 2 12 1 8 0 646 5 91 44 2 229 3 825 2 78C 1 4 64 8 71 2 6 63 2
1 2 2 22 9 2 77 02 11 (0 9421 9 223! 49$5 2 73 t 6 81 i 3 5 4 Z
1 2 22 3 0 3 867 2 21 87 2 523 9 62C 4 [87 1[ 4 7 81 010 4 0 6 4
1 2 2 35 1 4 0 8 22 31 C5 5725 3 12 ; 5 I816 C 5 989 21 (55 7 [

1 2 32 6 2 5 189 2 41 22 0 827 9 721 7? 166 02966 166 1 97’3
1 2 2 47 3 6 1J 42 502 5 50 29 942 ( 8I 141 21317 207 2 1465
,
388
W O S & H
W T AH I CLK N L
E S S
1 - 1
D I A M .
4 E S
S SH E E H
1 0 . i . ?sL si.L . E&I1. MD

P . I. s‘S . . &
12
2 2 10 I3~)g 923 Z1 218 20 ~ob
48 08
2 2 24 i 27 33 51 232 9 89
2 3 28 32 733 6: 1 387 9 41
3 3 32 47 423 05 371 7 9:
3 4 36 44 643 91 435 3 64
?1
. . 4 4 40 59 143 87 549 7 25
2 4 5 44 4 65 853 86 523 9 86
~ 4 6 ~58 81 453 09 607 0 48
2 5 7 62 8 90 063 21 721 9 39
3 5 7 066 18 63 0 9 4 886 6 21
3 6 8 70 2 18 374 1 3 ( 8 96 3 1 2Z
3 6 9 484 18 074 3 1 2 1 84 50 3 2
3 6 1 98 06 1 8 074 4 6 7 1 28 71 5 3
3 7 1 892 1 1 9 84 6 4 3 1 12 72 6 4
4 7 1 1 6 30 1 0 0 84 8 6 9 0 13 6 53 7 6
4 8 1 12 0 4 1 1 2 94 9 5 9 8 10 0 14 9 8
4 9 1 1 28 2 4 1 1 45 5 7 0 6 12 3 18 3 9
5 1 2 0 14 2 4 3 7 5 14 2 6 3 1 1 12 5 43 7 4
6 1 2 1 2 70 6 3 1 3 14 9 3 7 2 4 22 8 18 2 4
6 1 3 2 26 2 8 4 5 6 14 7 0 8 4 4 36 0 33 6 9
7 1 3 4 2 82 0 5 9 4 15 6 4 6 5 1 34 3 89 0 9
7 1 4 5 38 4 2 6 3 7 15 5 8 0 6 6 40 5 86 4 4
8 ] 7qo1 5 6 3 14 4 7 8 4 15 5 8 1698
1 7 9 56 7 4015
23 8 5
9 1840 1 5 7 40 8 6 8 3 5 15 6 8 18 9 9 63 0 4552
00 2 8
9 1 6 8 64 6 ’8 9 9. ~5?8 4 0 6 68
5 1947 2 5123
28 7 7
1 0~ (7 ) 25 4( 1 35 3 125 1 12071
6 1 078 5 58 7 17 1 2
1 1 ~10 8 6 282( 1 9 22 6 2
425I95 281 ) 7 69 6 54 0 1
I1 2 9 2 ] 64 4 1~ 8 326 o 3
9 82319 290 9 73~5 9 4
1 ~2 30 f 7 00 j 1 6( 2 52j 0 22443
4 5 904 2 72 3 i 38 5 5
\2 ~ 14 86g 0 1 ( 3 1 62 j 76
5 82567 315 4 84 4 7 63 2 3
1 1 23 2 6 9 20 0 1 1 5 826 4 42692
8 7 5~0 7 91 4 24 6 4
1 32 3 7 89 1 2 2 I4 9 4 16 6 28
6 I6
8 30 9 0 62 6 22 2 9
I4 ~ 48 ~0 4 4 . 2 ( 8 J 13j ( 1 9~940
) 0 4
06 2 71 7 01 5 7
I [
389
WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS I
W T AH I C LK N E
L S S
2 “ 2 1 4
D I A M .
1 2 2
L
29 21 2
L [
259
IE
3 14
MP
2 16
;I
34 0
J
‘LS
21 5
[. L
202
E&I
46
1 3 2 34 425 202 3 57 2 80 39 9 28 1 351 92
1 3 2 38 39 6 364 4 09 3 51 37 36 469 40
1 4 3 2 4 ’ 834 417 4 52 3 34 48 8 47 9 527 09
J 4 3 47 48 O 580 505 4 34 430 42 1 695 67
2 5 4 51 242 643 558 4 36 586 57 3 773 35

2 5 4 65 57 4 715 6 10 5 40 63 4 62 2 841 03
2 5 5 69 651 878 6 73 5 68 77 6 67 1 929 71
2 6 5 74 65 8 961 746 6 87 822 71 8 1 07 591
3 6 5 88 079 1 63 7381 6 2 2 970 864 1 05 472
3 7 6 92 84 2 1 66 8012 7 3 6 1 24 919 0 13 1 25 4
3 7 6 16 488 0 1 9 6 8844 78 2 1 72 1 63 1 1 10 3 36
3 8 7 11 92 16 1 2 8 9567 8.1 1 812 1 16 2 1 91 7 18
3 8 7 15 862
10 1 4 9 9 497 88 5 16 ; 1 57 3 2 72 8 90
4 8 8 19 1 1 40 1 71 2 [ 259 3 91 3 104 1 07 5 21 3 1 72
4 9 8 14 12 5 5 2 02 5 1 51 5 90 0 21( 6 1 56 6 23 4 5 54
4 1 9 0 1 6 158 98 28 6 1 537 1 82 4 2 1( 0 1 51 0 38 8 1 0 1
5 1 1 1 2 1 9 14 4 1 3 6 9 3 11 4 01 6 3 4 252 52 46 4 32 1 3 4 9
6 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 90 3 4 5 2 5 19 2 7164 2 3~ 3 9212 8 46 6 0 8 8
6 1 1 4 3 3 5 26 5 6 5 3 7 2 17 0 01 6 6 73/5 4368 3 50 0 3 2 7
7 1 1 5 4 4 8 3 1 12 9 6 1 4 1 640 1 5 7 1 4 6( 8 3 3 5 7 64 6 1 6 8
7 1 1624
7 4 0 38 8 79 6 1 1 0 4 1 4 9 2 5 : 8 2 4 : 2 2 89 1 6 1 0
8 1 1752
8 5 3 4 1 54 8 7 7 2 41 1 3 0 2 6 9! 7 4 7 0 6 93 7 5 5 1
9 1 1880
9 6 4
6 0 3 9 5 0 2 2 22 2 2 9 6 ; 1 1 5 Z 9
7 0 1 7 3 10 9
9 2 2008
0 7 9 5 16 1 4 2 2 02 825 2 3 74 [ 2 6 66 8 51 1 0 21 3
1 2 02137
2 7 2 25 9 1 28 9 9 2 3 2 275 8 ’3 0 61 ?7 9 1 5 7 93 7
1 2 2265
03 8 56 89 1 0 6 132 22 1 6 98 ’ 5I 5 7? 4 150 5 2 0
1 2 12393
4 9 7 47 8 1 8 3 8 42 4 27C 7 [ 7! 6 9 08( 1
8 84 3 696
1 2 2521
26 1 008 0: 16 6 6291 322 9 14 1 8 3 195 3 18 8 1 870
1 2 22645
7 1 3168 18 4 7329 924 0 [39 1 9 81 2 0 720 2 500 4
1 2 2777
38 1 629 2 18 3 7[ 36 9 4 3; 2 7 1 : 1 2141 1213 6 2008
1 2 32906
9 1 9148 201 1 63
1O 3
2 3 15
5C 2: 2 7 1 5 622 1
1 940 3
1 3 3034
41 1 115 5 4 22 $ 33 3 431 5 [01 4( 116$ 0239 4 6057
390
WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGS
I I E L B R OE W
T U R
N O M . T
N . O MP 9 I 9 P 40 E10 15° 8 ° 8 0 ” 0
P D IW I GP W
N A ~E A
1f O NL L St . LL . R L . . R S . . R . . R . R
T H K .
S I Z E
S .T 0.9
1 0.2 0
D 9 0 0.
XS . T 11 0.3G 4 . 70 01 . 0. 2
1/2 SCH. 160 . 11 8 . 7 3 0
XX STG . 12 9 . 4 7
r 1
S .T 11 D0.2 1 . 30 01 . 0. 1
XS . T 11 0G5 . 40. 05 3. 0. 2
S 1 C . 6 12
H . 10 . 8 9 0
X S . T 23 X G0 . 8 4
I 1
I
S .T 1 D0 3 0 30. 0. 04. 03. .3
XS . T 1 0G 7 90. 1 5. 0. 3
1 S 1 C . H
6 2 0. 5 0 0 00. 1. 06. 14. .3
X S . T 3 X0 G5 0 80. 1. 18. 15. 4.
I
S .T 21 D0 4 0. 00. 13. 06. 14. .4

XS . T 31 0G 9 . 10. 01 9. 1. 5
1?4 S 1 C . 6 32
H 1. 5 0 0. 00. 28. 10. 27. 5.
X S . T 53 X1 G8 0. 20. 2. 14. 29. 8.
S .T 21 D0 4 0. 50. 71. 19. 2.0

6. 4.
XS . T 32 1G 0 0. 06. 26. 12. 2.3
8. 7.
S 1 C . 6 42
H 1. 8 0 1. 11. 93. 24. 3.0
2. .0
X S . T 64 X1 G0 1. 01. 4. 29. 3.4
.0 .1
I I STD I .154 3 1 1. 0. 37. 26. 30. .8

XS . T 52 2G 1 1. 81. 40. 3.0
2. 45. 2
2 S 1 C . 6 73
H 3. 4 0 2. 3 1. 65. 4.0
3. 5.C
2. 6
X S . T 94 X3 G3 2. 62. 07. 5.0
5. 6.3
3. 0
I I I I
I
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XS
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52
72
D3 0
4G 7
2.
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86.
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43.
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61.
78.
.8
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S 1 C . 6L 3
H 5. O 7 0 3 . 53. O1 . 61. 2 84 . .0
X S . T 1 5 X7 3 G5 5 . 23. 71 . 90. 4 10 . .8 0
I I I I I I
L
S .T 72 D5 1 3. 62. 16. 60. 0 70 . .6
3 XS . T 1 3 6G 0 0 4 . 03. 31 . 85. 3 83 . .5
S 1 C . 61 4
H 8. 4 3 0 6 . 84, 31 . 1 5. 8 1 02 . 40
X S . T 1 6 1X 8 G0 7 1 . 05 . 26 . 10 . 2 1 34 . 83
I I
391
WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGs
—
1
E L B R OE TW U R N
N . O 4 M 0
?lPE
T EIF AO
I M 9
L St
. 10
.
1 8 1
T° 8 0
P
S
EI N G
I
N NA
P
Z r E H
N
K
LL .
.
L .
T
R S . R , . R .
I R
ml n
1
% 4
S .T 92 6 2 4.
D 63. 1 .1 98. 3 95 . 5.
3 XS . T 1 3 8G2 1 6 . 84. 15. 14. 6 1 0 2 . 52
X S . T 2 6 1X 2 G3 I 1 6 . 68 .39 . 2 .
2
0 .1 0 2 0 5 8
S 1 .237 ’ 1 90
D 6 . 4. 18. 0. 8 13 . 52
XS .337T 1 1 5G 83 . 6 . 2 0 . 5 .5 15 . 15
4 S C H .438
. 11 2 10 9 1 5 . 70 . 30 . 6. 1 24 . 83
S 1 C .531 H62 1.2 01 8 . 82 . 45 . 0. 0 20 . 85
X S .674 T 2 2X 7 G 1 0 . 1 3 . 45 0 . 0 0 . 20 . 8 5
S .T 1 2 1D 4 5 95 . 8 . 36. 51 0 269 . 1
XS . T 2 3 2 0G 7 1 2 . 5 4 . 48 . 02 4 20 8 . 6
5 S C H . . 1 2 52 20 7 0 1 7 . 0 8 . 50 . 38 5 46 7 . 4
S 1 C . H63 6 3 .3 2 2
0 2 . 5 2 . 60 . 40 5 50 4 . 5
X S . T 3 7 3X 8 G5 2 6 . 0 4 . 67 . 40 2 40 8 . 0
S .T 1 2 2D 9 8 1 4 . 10 8 . 50 2 . 35 0 . 30 5 . 40
XS . T 2 4 3 8G 3 2 5 . 12 3 . 76 7 . 40 0 . 40 6 . 5 0
6 S 1 C . 23 5
H 4 .6 6 03 5 . 22 0 . 94 2 . 26 0 . 60 0 . 6 4
S 1 C . 64 7
H 5 .5 1 03 7 . 38 8 . 13 0 . 207 . 060 6 .0 2
X S ,
T 5 8G 6X 3 6. 4 5 . 34 4 . 12 2 . 380 . 060 7 ,0 8
SCH. 2 . 2 2 3 2 5 02 6 . 10 4 . 47 8 . 45 3 , 54 8 . 2 4
S 3 C . H2 2 4 . 4 7 02 0 . 27 7 . 87 0 . 59 1 . 50 4 . 4 7
S .T 2 3 5D 8 2 3 0 . 22 4 . 96 3 . 60 5 . 50 8 . 0 5
S 6 C . H3 4 5 . 5 0 03 8 . 26 9 . 16 9 . 107 . 771 C8 .4
X S T.500 4G 7 . 3 . 47.51 . 3 . 14 5 4100.00 . 27 .0 5
8 S 1 C .593 H 05 8 .0 05 4 . 4 6 . 19 2 . 6112.00 . 890 .0 7
S 1 C .718 H 26 1 . 0 06 . 05 6 2.6 0 . 018 . 11
230 .34 5
S 1 C .812 H 46 1 . 7 107 . 15 4 2.8 5 . 210 . 1240 3.90
S 1 C .906 H 67 1 . 4 208 . 06 0 2.7 2 . 310 . 1060 ( .00 5
X S T.875 7 G 1 X2 . 1 7 . 86 2.4 0 301 . 165 9[ .80 4
S 2 C . H2 2 5 . 8 5 03 6 . 20 8 .1 0 8 . 18 . 472 .4 3
S 3 C , H3 3 7 . 4 0 04 1 . 37 6 . 1 .2 . 454 388. 1 .7
10 S T . D4 3 8 . 0 6 5 8 . 45 8C . 15 . 7C3 78C .. 5
x s ’ . r 5 5G 1 4 . 0 07 . 75C 0C 2 .7 . 1(3 15C ( . .0
( c o n t . )
I
392

E L B R OE W
T U R
N O M .
NOM. P 9 I 9 P 40 E10 15° 8 T ° 8 0 ° 0
P ) IE S G N
P N
A ” I ’
E1 f A
I O N L L
L St . L . R L . . RS . . R . . R . R
S I Z [ “E H K .
\ ● 4 m n
( c o n t . )
S 8 C . H6 5 .1 4 90 8 . 236 42 13 16 8 77
S 1 C . 07 7
H 1. 7 10 1 . 857 030 29 116 19
10 S 1 C . 28 8
H 1. 9 40 1 . 389 232 25 273 42
S 1 C 1 41.
H 0 2. 004 1 0. 11 2 44 204 223 87
S 1 C 1 61.
H 11 2. 026 1 5. 16 057 330 234 40
S 2 C . H3 2 . 83 50 5 . 04 41 12 165 01
S 3 C . H4 3 1. 3 30 7 . 005 82 18 11 2 44
S T . D4 3 1. 9 7 8 . 526 62 15 13 0 52
S 4 C . H5 4 1. 3 00 8 . 636 62 12 16 8 76
XS . T 6 5 1G 5 0 1 . 068 430 20 124 14
1 S 6 C . H7 5 .1 3 60 1 . 289 232 22 261 41
S 8 C . H8 6 2. 8 80 1 . 711 644 209 236 99
S 1 C . 01 8
H 0 2. 4 08 1 . 316 0 57 338 337 54
S 1 C 1 21.
H 02 3. 005 2 0. 1 5 60 451 327 15
S 1 C 1 41.
H 14 3. 020 2 5. 14 0 63 477 491 64 0
S 1 C 1 .H
61 ! 6 4.3 01 13 2. 25 0 90 620 410 05
S 1 C . H3 2 .1 7
50 7 . 005 20 16 11 0 43
S 2 C 3 H4 .1 6
0 8 , 236 02 12 26 7 76
S T . D5 3 1. 5
7 1 . 568 300 20 125 10
S 4 C . H6 4 30 1
1. 3 . 889 302 23 262 41
XS . T 7 5 2 G2
0 1 . 010 404 205 200 70
S 6 C . H8 5 90 1
2. 5 . 314 406 325 393 23
1
SCH. 80 .750 1 0 310 72 . 154 060 4 369
15 1
S 1 C . H01 9 3. 301 .7 0
S 120 C 1 H1. 05 4. 91 3. 22 08 15 5 3
S 1 C 1 41.
H 27 . 051 0. 0
S 1 C 1 61.
H 49 5. 003 6. 27 108 7820 2 9 66
S 1 C . H 4 2 .1 2 05 9 . 036 0 19 2 2 89
I 2 C . H 5 3 .1 2 01 1 . 278 01 22 25 36
1 ; 3 SC . H T 6 3 .2 3 07 D1 . 510 03 206 12 60
S C SH . 4 8T 05 X2 3 0 C
1 . 017 07 336 24 45
I 6 C . H1 6 0.3 05 82 . 615 03 475 46 78
( c o n t . )
393
W O P A F
E L B R OE W
T U R
N O M . o T
N O M .
P D 1M I G pN‘ A T !EIA O N: l L :O : L: ; O E
;. 5 ;; . 8 : .8 : .
S I ZT EH K .
- ● ● 4 f - -
( c o n t . )
S 8 C . H 18 .4 40 33 352 907 602 500 05
S C H 1. 1 . 1O 0O 3 6 1 5
1 S C H 1. 1 . 12 20 1 9 8 3
S 1 C 1 H4. 2 4. 03 2 8 4
S 1 C 1 H6. 2 5 8. 0 9 54 3 40 1 45 1 096 00 1 5
S 1 C . H 42 .1 50 1 078 31 7 26 258 28
S 2 C . H 53 .2 10 1 21 44 9 219 336 ~ 90
S T. 73 D2 7 1 516 56 1 320 217 36
S 3 C . H 84 3. 30 2 801 60 2 485 315 14
XS . T 95 3G 0 2 041 61 3 406 399 37
S 4 C . H 15 3. 60 20 291 755 509 589 15
1 . 092 87
S 6 C H 17 4. 50 33 948 64 680
S 8 C . 0 19
H 6. 3’ 47 37 1 21 8142 72 6 47
S 1 C 1 0. 2
H 1. 05 0 6 8
S 1 C 1 2. 2
H 3. 07 4 5 4
S 1 C 1 4. 2
H 5. 06 7 2 5
S 1 C 1 6. 3
H 7. 08 0 1 9
S 1 C . H 52 .2 50 1 01 44 3 270 434 89
S 2 SC . H T 73 .3 07 2
D 521 61 9 406 340 10
S C H . 3 .0 X S1 5T G4 0 20 02 875 50 435 56
S 4 C . H 15 .5 09 32 302 1 33 665 0 78 1 73
S 6 C . H 18 .6 01 46 293 157 904 3 87 8 15
20
SCH.80 1.031 209 861 573 431 1722 1146 1021
S 1 C 1 H
0 . 2 2. 08 5 1 6
S 1 C 1. H
2 52 . 0 O9 C 7
S 1 C 1 H
4 . 3 7. 054 0 2
S 1 C 1 H
6 . 3 9. 067 8 9
. 2 5 .2 51 016 57 8 332 424 41

. 73 1 2 2
22 . 83 3 7 519 7 7 94 48 7
. 14 3 0 7 3
. 15 5 0 1 02 1 5 600 5 4 0
{ c o n t . )
394
m r ,. -..!
J O M
L1. DU w
, R E ’ 1 ’ U
N O M .P I P E I ’
V A 9 L 9 L40 10 ’ 15° 8 ” 8 0 ”
P ) IE S I GP N A ’ EI1 FI O N ’ 1
HL S . L
. . R L . R S. . R . . R .
S I Z [ E’ K
● % 4 n n
~ )c o n t .
. 15 6 2 2 9
. 16 2 4 5 3
22
. 16 8 5 8 7
. 17 5 7 0 0
S 1 C . H 62 .3 50 2 011 603 445 628 17

S 2 SC . H T 93 .4 70 D2 562 89 5 503 598 98
XS . T 15 6G 0 32 003 1 95 70 2 62 0 80
S 3 C . H 15 .7 60 4 203 1 71 9254 90 0 41
S 4 C . H 16 .8 80 57 74 1 61 1 626 1 41 9 32
2 S 6 C . H 29 1. 60 37 1 85 8 28 18 93 1 35 7 4
S 8 C 1 H. 2 21. 01 9 4 87 7 27 10 39 1 79 4 65
S 1 C 1 H0. 3 5. 03 6 1 7
S 1 C 1 H2 . 4 8. 01 2 2 9
S 1 C 2 H4. 4 0. 06 8 2 4
S 1 C 2 H6. 5 3. 04 4 3 2
. 62 5 0 7
. 83 1 2 4
. 13 5 7 0 55j 13 J 01 77 0 5
. 14 3 1 7 9
26 . 15 7 0 3 023 16 964 8 5 5
. 15 6 5 2 3
. 16 2 6 5 9
. 16 8 8 8 6
. 99
3 6 1 21306 1 22 1 2 0
30 . 119
3 7 7 4 53367 16 930
44 1 4 6 0
. 158
5 9 0 6 074881 1 . 1235
59 1 8 5 2
395
W O F
150 Ibs, 300 lbs.
S L I S L I P L
O S PN TO U V
D S E N
1 2 . 2. 10 1. 0 2. 0. 2.0 5 .0
% 1 2 . 2. 15 2. 0 3. 0. 3.0 25 .0
1 2 2 8. 2. 1. 0 3. 5 40. 0. 4. 0 20 .0
1% 2 2 1 . 3.0 15 . 4. 5 05 . 1 0. 6. 04 25 . .0
1Y2 4 1 3. 2 1 . 6.0 07. 1 0. 7.07 35 . .0
2 5 6 1 . 4.6 10 . 7. 0 08 . 1 0. 8. 59 40 . .0
2% 8 1 2 .0 71 . 10 . 10. 10 . 0 2 02 . 1 58 . 70 2 . 0
3 9 1 2 .1 94 . 10 . 15. 10 . 3 3 06 . 1 56 . 70 6 . 0
3 1 3 2 1 1 . 3 3 . 10 . 20 . 6 40 0 . 2 55 . 70 1 . 0
4 1 1 2 4 6 .1 7 . 40 7 . 2 0 . 20 . 1 50 5 . 2 04 . 70 7 . 0
5 1 2 3 5 0 .2 7 . 60 0 . 20 . 30 . 6 80 4 . 3 06 . 80 5 . 0
6 1 2 8 7 4 .2 7 . 60 6 . 30 . 40 . 5 1 0 5 .05 0 . 81 0 0 ..0
8 2 4 8 1 2 .4 . 0 06 5 50 . 37 . 4 10 0 . 8 5 . 51 0 1 08
10 3 5 7 1 5 .7 . 510 0 70 5 . 09 7 .2 0 9 .1 0 . 13 0 20 8
1 6 8 0 2 5 1. . 11 0 1 0 5 15 .210 14 0 840 82 9
14 7 1 7 2 1.1 22 0 134 2 11 .361 28 0 464 36 2
93,0 1 254 14 3 220

72 1 2 .40 34 0 28 06 3
18 120 1 278 25 4 0280

5 1 3 .49 30 0 19 95
20 155 1 324 27 5 325

70 2 3 .52 47 0 17 98
22 159 2 32 6 433
34 9 4 .3 52 0 1 9
24 2 260 439
1 4 70 14 1 5 .198 47 0 1 02 5
26 2 270 470
4 4 98 95 3 6 .85 19 6 2 27 5
30 3 375 600
1 6 19 871 82 117. 150 1 3 94 3 8
I I
396
W O F
I 4 l 600 lbs.
S
O
J
L I P
N
S
O
1 L
. O
I
N
P
S N T
G
h 2 3 . 2. 10 2. 0 3. 0. 2.0
.0 10 0
% 3 3 . 3. 2.0
0 3. 5 3 0. 3.0
. 20 5
1 3 4 1 . 4. 1 2.0
5 . 3-0 04 1 0. 4.0
.1 25 . 0
l% 4 5 1 . 6 .4 2.0
5 . 4. 5 05 1 0. 6.0
.4 25 . 5
l% 6 8 1 . 8 .7 35 . 6- 0 08. 1 0. 8.57 35 . .0
2 8 1 2 .0 1 1 . 4 00 . 08 . 10 . 20 . 0 1 51 . 4 00 . 0
V/i 1 1 2 2 4 .1 9 . 07 5 . 10 . 10 . 2 20 4 . 1 59 . 80 5 . 0
3 1 1 5 3 8 .2 8 . 07 0 . 10 . 10 . 5 30 8 . 2 78 . 80 0 . 0
3 2 2 1 4 6 . 29.0
8 . 10 . 20 1 20 1 . 4 6 . 29.0
6 8 . 10 . 01
4 2 3 4 6 0 . 33.07 . 10 . 30 2 30 3 . 8 7 . 41.0
0 0 . 10 . 02
5 3 3 1 9 9 . 44.00 . 10 . 60 2 60 3 .1 8 . 68.0
5 . 21 0 09
6 3 4 9 1 9 .161.0 . 510 .80 9 07 0 .1 3 . 86.0

0 . 53 0 00
8 6 7 3 1 8 1. . 43 0 090 0 10 7 .210 139

. 20 1. 0 0
10 9 1 1 21 .10 35. 0 150 2 10 .375 231

80 277 9 2
1 1 1 32 26 069 20 9 21 .516 295

20 095 6 1
14 1 2 39 33 381 213 8 36 .450 378

40 19 7
1 2 294! 416 5 398 114

3 366 481 564 527 152
1 3 3 41 56 180 400 555

31 672 69 156 6
2 3 4 57 64 168 625 690

83 811 80 242 5
2 4 4 6 6 24 685 07 45 951 23 60
24 5 73 9 299 83 799 1 76 147 1 3 6 0 77
26 6 91 1 3761 8 1 090 119 , 762 3 84 5 0 9
30 8 15 1 2 4 95 3 1 9 150 1 16 2 5 , 3 5 3 5 8 9 2 0 7
1 J
397
z
W FLANGES
9 l 1500 l
N O M .
1
P I P . E
O N
S I W Z E L SG
D
.
V L E I L P D
N E 3E CL$ TIKO Ui
N D E 3S CL
~N IK
T
6 7 . 4. 30 6. 0 7. 0. 4 .2 30 .0
6 7 . 6. 30 6. 0 7. 0. 6 .3 30 .0
7 8 1 . 9 .5 5 . 7. 5 08 1 0. 9 .5 65 . .5
1 1 0 1 0 .1 8 . 0 0 . 10 . 10 0 10 0 . 1 8 . 60 0 . 0
:
1?4 1 1 4 2 4 .1 3 . 0 4 . 10 . 10 4 20 4 . 1 3 . 90 4 . 0
2 2 2 5 4 4 .2 4 . 0 5 . 20 . 20 5 40 4 . 2 4 .10 5 . 02
2%? 3 3 6 6 6 .3 5 . 1 0 5 . 30 9 . 30 6 . 70 6 . 3 0 2 .1 0 5 . 09
3 3 2 1 7 9 .3 2 . 10 2 . 40 2 . 40 8 . 80 8 . 4 5 4 .2 0 8 . 05
3 I
4 5 5 3 9 1 . 5 8 ~ . 25.0
0 4 . 70 . 60 3 1 0 9 . 7 . 13 0 3 0}
I
5 8 8 3 1 6 .8 07 1 0
.433.0 3. 13 2 130 . 12 ( 69.) 40 0
I
6 1 10 118 10. 940.0
.0 10 19 263 16 374 54 6
8 1 1 37 18 162 97 9 20 .37 37 0 16 03
10 2 2 34 26 895 98 5 45 .60 55 0 11 04
12 3 3 62 47 166 12 627 13 7940 3 2 70
14 3 58 4 150 9 958 4 949 4 70

- —
16 4 6 670
5 68 199
9 15 .250 1335
9 1300 570
18 6 9 949
4 82 299
7 84 . 1 06 1 7 2 7 7 5 5
20 7 1 .040
91 1 6 361
12 4 0 ~ 27 0 2 1 5. 2 3 00
22
24 1 2 4 1775
1 82 0 00 7 9 3 39 3 3 1 21 6 8 55
26 1 1 4 1650
6 52 5 02 0 0 1 0 5 2 7 2 5
30 1 2 9 2200
2 93 9 00 0 2 2 5 1 3 5 0 0
398
WEIGHT OF FLANGES
— -
2 l
NOM. -
:S E L I L ;D E L I .L LP I D
SIZE
O E C rP
N OKu 3 D E Cs N K N
3/4
7
9
8
9
1 .
.
.
1 .
30
3 00
0
0 .
.
. 0
4
1 1 1 2 2 3 .1 0 . 60 2 . 0 . 0. 0 0
1 1 2 8 3 0 .1 0 . 90 8 . 0 . 0. 0 0
1?4 25.C 28.0 3 2 8 1 5 . 2 . 0 . C 0
2 38.( 42.C 5 3 5 2 9 . 1 . 0 . C 0
2?4 55.( 52.C 8 5 5 2 6 . 7 . 0 . ( 0
3 83.( 94.( 2 8 5 3 6 . 7 . 0 . ( 0
3
4 .27 1 , 14 ‘ 86 36 5 3 1
5 !10 2 1 24 09 24 0 3 8
6 \23 3 k 37 15 48 40 5 5
8 185 5 5 57 20 36 30 3 2
IC 925 0 1 06 45 28 40 5 5
1 300 6 5 40 66 68 20 4 2
1
20
2:
24
2(
30
399
Manufacturers”Standard Gage for
S S
This gage system replaces U.S. Standard Gage for Steel Sheets.
It is based on Weight 41.82 pounds per square foot per inch of thickness.
In ordering steel sheets, it is advisable to g a g
M M
E S S E S S
3 I . I0 . . I.
4 , . 9 . . 1
5 . . 8 . . 1
6 . . . . I,
7 . . 7 . . .
8 . . 6 . . .
9 I . 6 . . .
. . 5 , . .
. . 5 . . .
. . 4 . . .
. . 3 . . .
. . 3 . . .
. . I 2 . . .
. . 2 . . .
. , 2 . . .
, . 2 . . .
. . 1 . . .
. . 1 , . .
G S
T T
O O
G Equivalent Galv. Lbs. Per E
Lb. per Lb. G
S S G
S
S G ; S
8 1 7 . 0 0 . 3( 0? 1 4 , 2 8 2 158 2 26 8 18 4. 1 . 5 0 .3 1. 1 0 520 6 5
9 1 60 . 2. 4 0 0 . 4. 6 54 2 1 24 5 85 2 8 13 2. 2. 4 0 .0 0 2. 69 5270 65
1 9 5 2. . 7 0. 8 0 4. 1 052 1 21 5 43 2 8 18 0. 2. 2 0 .8 0 3. 18 5280 95
1 8 5 2. . 1 0.5 1 3. 6 S52 1 2485 02 18.5 7 3
1.15625 3.0080295 .0276
12 72.5 4.53125 .031467 .1084 25 16.5 1.03125 .0071615 .0247
13 62.5 3.90625 .027127 .0934 26 14.5 .90625 .0062934 .0217
14 52.5 3.28125 .022786 .0785 27 13.5 .84375 .0058594 .0202
1.5 47.5 2.96875 .020616 .0710 28 12.5 .78125 .0054253 .0187
16 42.5 2.65625 .018446 .0635 29 11.5 .71875 .0049913 .0172
17 38.5 2.40625 .016710 .0575 30 10.5 .65625 .0045573 .0157
18 34.5 2.15625 .014974 .0516 31 9.5 .59375 .0041233 .0142
19 30.5 1.90625 .013238 .0456 32 9.0 .56250 .0039062 .0134
20 26.5 1.65625 .011502 .0396
400
WEIGHT OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear Foot
Thickness, Inches
‘idth
In. 15<6
? % % % 1
% . . . 1 . 2 . 2 . 63 . 13 . 7 4 . 2 4 7 ~5 . 3 5 . 8 . 3 67 . 8 4
‘ . . /. 3 . 4 . 25 . 26 . 3 71 3 81 4 9. 4 . 1 50 1 61 . 1 6. 1 7 34 .
% . . . 4 . 61 81 8 9. 1 4 .1 01 . 1 62 . 2 4 .2 85 2 37. 2 9. 2 50 2.
1 . . 1 61 8. 1 .1 40 . 1 52 . 2 64 . 2 8 7 . 9 9 . 2 01 2 13 . 3 3 . 3 4 7 . 9
1 . 1 1 8. 1 .1 %0 . 2 03 . 2 65 .2 38 . 2 91 . 63 . 3 36 3 99 . 3 6 .4 24 . 7
1 . 1 Y1 9. 1 .2 22 . 2 65 . 2 89 .3 92 . 3 15 . 38 . 4 51 4 75 . 4 9 .5 11 . 4
1 1 1 . 1 .2 1 .2 %4 . 2 2 8 . 3 92 .3 66 . 4 39. 03 . 4 87 5 50 . 5 2 .5 98 . 2
2 1 1 .2 .2 2 .2 7. 3 8 1 . 3 05 .4 39 . 4 54 . 88 . 5 02 5 36 . 6 5 .6 85 . 9
2 1 1 .? 2 .2 4 .3 49 . 3 33 . 4 18 .4 93 . 5 78 . 53 . 6 37 6 02 . 7 8 .7 62 . 6
2 1 2 .? 2 .3 5 .3 41 . 4 96. 4 31 .5 67 . 5 92 . 27 . 6 53 7 88 . 7 1 .8 49 . 4
2 1 2 . 2 .3 7 .4 %3 . 4 59 . 5 45 .5 20 . 6 16 . 92 . 7 88 8 64 . 8 4 .9 36 . 1
3 1 2 . 3 .3 9 .4 5. 5 11 . 5 58 .6 94 . 7 31 . 67 . 8 03 8 40 . 9 8 .1 12 . 90
3 2 2 . 3 .4 0 ;4 %7 . 574. 6 61 .6 5. 8 7 4 52. 3 . 82 39 9 16 .: 1 .1 090 61

. 2 2 3. 3 .4 2 .5 %9 . 537. 6 84 .7 22 , 8 69 . 16 . 9 54 1 91 .1 4 01 8 61 .1
3 2 3 . 3 .4 3 .5 %1 . 699. 7 97 .7 85 .8 8 3 . 8 1 .1 89 1 770 [ 7 11 7. 2 .2
4 2 3 . 4 .5 5 .5 4. 652 . 7 01 .8 59 . 9 08 . 5 6 .1 05 1 531 1 0 11 5. 2 .3
4 2 3 . 4 .5 7 . 6 %6 . 71 5 . 8 14 .9 23 . 9 2 2 . 2 1 .1 30 1 391 1 3 21 3. 3 .4
4 2 3 . 4 .5 8 . 6 %8 . 7 7 7 . 8 37 .9 8 6 .1 4 6 . 9 601 55 1 1. 2 1 6 31 5. 4 .5
4 3 4 .3 5 .6 0 . 7 h0 . 8 3 0 . 9 40 .1 5 0 .1 6 00 7011 8. 1 8. 3 1 1 41 1. 5 .6
5 3 4 . 5 .6 1 .7 2. 8 9 3 . 9 53 .1 1 4 .1 8 50 451 1 0. 1 6. 3 1 6 41 7. 5 .7
5 3 4 . 5 .6 3 . 7 %4 . 8 5 5 .1 6 6 .1 8 801 9 91 1. 21 3. 1 0 . 41 2 51 3.6 .7
5 3 4 . 5 . 7 5 . 8 %6 . 9 1 8 .1 8 0 .1 4 101 1 31 8. 21 5. 1 5 . 51 7 61 9.7 .8
5 3 4 . 6 . 7 6 .8 % 8 . 9 7 1 .1 9 3 .1 1511 3 72 5. 31 8. 1 0 . 51 2 71 4.8 .9
6 3 5 . 6 .7 8 . 8 1 .1 3 3 .1 0 601 8911 5. 2 3. 41 2. 1 5 . 61 8 72 0.9 .0
6 3 5 . 6 .7 9 .9 %3 .1 8 6 .1 1 901 4321 7. 3 0. 41 6. 1 0 . 71 3 82 6.9 .1

6 4 ?5 . 6 J. 8 1 .9 25 .1 4 9 .1 3 211 1 621 9. 3 7. 5 1 1. 1 4 . 82 8 92 2.0 .2
6 4 5 . 7 .8 3 .1 %7 .1 0 10 1 4 611 1. 21 1. 4 0 . 51 5. 2 9 . 82 3 02 8.1 .3
7 4 5 . 7 .8 4 .1 9 .1 6 40 1 5 911 4. 31 3. 4 4 . 61 9. 2 4 . 92 9 02 4.2 .3
7 4 6 . 7 .9 6 .1 %
1 .1 2 70 [ 6 221 (. 31 4. 5 8 .7 2 3. 2 9. 0 ~ 4 12 0. 3 .4
7 4 6 . 7 .9 7 .1 %3 .1 8 91 1 8 521 1. 41 6. 5 2 .7 2 8. 2 3. 0 2 9 22 5. 3 .5
7 4 6 . 8 .9 9 .1 %5 .1 4 21 1 9 931 2. 41 8. 6 5 .8 2 2. 2 8. 1 2 5 32 1. 4 .6
8 5 6 . 8 .. 1 .1 80 1 0 51 1 0 . 31 (. 51 2 . 7 9 .82 6. 2 3- 2 2 0 32 7. 5 .7
8 5 7 . 8 ., 2 .1 %00 1 6 72 1 1. 41 ;. 51 5.7 3 .9 2 0. 2 8. 2 2 5 42 3 . 6 .8
8 5 7 . 9 .1 4 .1 %201 2 02 1 3. 41 :. 61 8.8 6 . 92 5. 2 3. 3 2 1 52 9 . 7 .8
8 5 7 3. 9 .1 5 .1 A411 8 33 1 4. 41 (. 62 2.8 0 .0 2 9. 2 7. 4 2 6 62 5 . 7 .9
9 5 7 . 9 .1 7 -1 611 4 53 1 5. 51 (. 72 5.9 4 .1 2 3. 2 2. 4 2 1 63 0 . 8 .0
9 5 7 . 9 .1 9 .1 %811 C 83 1 6. 51 :. 72 8.9 8 .1 7. 2 7. 2 7 73 6 9 .
9 6 8 .1 .1 0 01 %021 6 . 4 1 8. 62 1 . 82 1 .0 1 .2 2 2. 2 2. : 3 2 83 2 :0 .
9 6 8 .1 .1 2 01 %221 2 . 4 1 $. 62 4 . 82 4 .0 5 .2 2 6. 2 7. 6 3 7 93 8 .1 .
6 8 .1 .1 3 01 52 1 8 . 4 1 (. 72 6 . 92 8 .1 9 . 32 0, 2 1. 7 3 3 93 4 .1 .
I I
401
WEIGHT OF PLATES
‘idth
In. 11J6
5/6 % 5 3% 1
6 8 .. . 1 5 0 1 7 31 3. 511. 72 9 . 9~ 1 . 1 3 , 42 4. 3 6 .8 8 03 o. . 4
6 8 .. . 1 6 1 1 9 31 9. 5 ~ 31. 72 2 . ~4 . o2 6 42 9. 3 ..9 3 13 5. . 5
6 9 ., . 1 81 1 1 31 5. 6 ~ 4. 8~ 4 . o2 7 . 2~ 0 . 52 37 . 3 6 . .9 8 2 34 1. ,. 6
1 7 9 . !1 . 1 0 1 13 4. 1 1 6 ~ 5. 8 2 7. 12 0 . 3Z 4J . 53 7. 3 o . 80 4 23 7. .. 7
1 7 9 1. [ .1 1 2 1 %5 4 1 7. 6 ~ 6. 92 0 . 12 3 . 3~ 7 . 63 18 . 3 5 . .1 9 3 3’ 3. 7. 8
1 7 19 . 1 Y. 1 3 21 27 4 1 3 . 7 ~ 8. 92 2 . z2 7 . 42 1 . 63 6 . 93 o.1 4 . 43 9. 3. 9
1 7 9 1. 1 .1 4 21 %9 5 2 9 . 7 2 9. 02 5 . 22 0 . 53 5 . 73 0 . 03 5.2 0 . 54 5. 0. 0
1 7 1 .1 0 1 6 21 2. 5 2 5 . 7 22 . 0 2 83. 23 . .53 9 83( 4 . 03 ).3 5 . 54 1. 6. 0
1 7 2 1 ?. 1 0 1” 9 31 2. 52 7 . 8 26 . 12 3 . 32 9 . 63 6 . 93 3 . 13 9.4 6 . 74 2. 9. 2
1 8 1 .[ 11 2 3 1 3. 62 9 . 9 ~1 . 22 8 . 43 6 . 73 3 . 03 1 . 33 9.5 6 . 84 4. 2. 4
1 8 1 3. 1 11 6 42 %. 72 1 . 0 25 . 32 3 . 53 2 . 83 1 . 23 0 . 44 8.7 7 . 04 6. 4. 5
1 8 1 .1 11 9 42 4. 72 3 . 0 ~9 . 32 9 . &3 9 . 93 8 t 23 8 . 54 3.8 8 . 14 7. 7. 7
1 3 1 4. 1 2 1 2 52 %. 8 2 4 . 1 23 . 43 4 . 73 5 . 03 6 . 34 7 . 74 7 . 0 8 . 34 9. 0. 9
1 9 1 .1 2 1 5 52 5. 9 2 6 . 2 28 . 53 9 . 83 1 . 13 3 . 54 5 . 84 7 . 1 9 . 45 1. 3. 1
1 9 1 5. 1 3 1 8 62 %. 9 2 8 . 3 22 . 63 5 . 93 8 . 23 1 . 64 4 . 94 6 . 2 9 . 65 2. 5. 2
1 1 1 01 3 2 . 72 6. 0 2 2 . 3 36 . 73 0 . 03 4 . 44 8 . 74 2 . 04 6.4 C.75 4. 8. 4
1 1 61 0 1 Y4 2 . 72 2. 125 . 4 30 . 83 5 . 13 0 . 54 5 . 84 1 . 24 6.5 1.95 6. 1. 6

1 1 1 0 1 4 2 . 82 7. 128 . 5 35 . 83 1 . 23 7 . 64 3 . 94 9 . 35 5.7 1.05 7. 4. 7
1 1 1 71 1 4 2 . 82 %. 22 2 . 6 39 . 93 6 . 34 3 . 74 0 . 04 8 . 45 5.8 2.25 9. 6. 9
1 1 1 1 1 5 2 . 92 8. 33 5 . 6 33 . 03 1 . 44 0 . 84 8 . 24 6 . 55 4.9 3.36 1. 9. 1
1 1 81 1 1 Y5 2 . 92 2. 33 8 . 7 37 . 13 7 . 54 6. 94 5 . 35 5 . 75 4.1 3.56 2. 2. 2
1 1 1 2 2 6 2 . 02 9. 43 1 . 8 32 . 24 2 . 64 2. 04 3 . 45 3 . 85 3.2 4.66 4. 5. 4
1 1 1 92 2 6 2 . 02 %. 43 4 . 9 36 . 34 7 . 74 9. 14 0 . 55 2 . 95 3.3 4.86 6. 7. 6
1 1 2 2 7 2 . 12 . 53 8 . 9 30 . 44 3 . 84 5. 25 8 . 65 0 . 15 3.5 5.96 8. 0. 8
1 1 32 72 . 13 . 63 1 . 0 34 . 44 8 . 94 1. 35 5 . 75 9 . 26 2. 6 6. 16 5 . 3. 9
2 1 1 32 72 . 23 1. 63 4 . 1 49 . 54 3 . 04 8. 52 4. 95 7 36 2. 8 X,2 7 1 . 6.
1 1 32 82 . 23 . 73 7 . 2 43 . 6 4 8 ;. 15 4. 5C .505 6 46 1 .9 .. 4 7 : . 8.
2 1 1 42 82 . 33 2. 83 0 . 2 47 . 74 4 . 25 1. 65 7 . 16 4 . 66 1.0 $.5 7 4. 1. 4
2 1 1 24 2 92 . 33 %. 83 3 . 3 41 . 84 9 . 35 7 . 75 5 . 26 3 . 76 ( .2 $ . 6 7 ( . 4.
2 1 1 42 92 . 43 3. 93 7 . 4 46 . 94 4 . 45 3. 51 .836 1 86 (. 3 $.8 7 $ . 7.
2 1 3 2 5? 2 0 3/ . 53 z. 04 0 . 5 ~0 . 04 0. 5 0 . .95 C 46 0 . 96 $ .4 { . 9 7 : . 9.
2 1 2 52 03 . 53 4. 04 3 . 5 44 . 05 5 . 55 6 . 16 7 . 66 8 . 17 : . 6 (. 18 1 . 2.
2 1 2 5 2 13 . 63 5. 14 9 . 7 43 . 25 6. 75 9. 36 2 . 86 5 . 37 8 . 9 1 . 48 4 . 8.
2 1 2 6 2 23 . 73 6. 34 6 . 8 41 . 45 6. 96 2. 56 7 . 07 2 . 67 7 . 1 : . 78 8 . 3. 8
2 1 2 7 2 33 . 84 7. 44 2 . 0 50 . 55 7. 16 4. 76 2 . 37 9 . 88 6. 4 4.09 1 . 9.
2 1 2 7 2 33 . 94 8. 54 9 . 1 58 . 75 8. 36 7. 97 7 . 57 6 . 18 6 . 7 ! .3 9 5 . 4.
2 1 2 8 3 43 . 04 9. 74 5 . 3 57 . 96 8 . 56 C . 17 1 . 78 3 . 48 5. 0 (.69$ . C.
3 1 2 9 3 53 . 14 0. 85 1 . 4 55 . 16 $ . 77 33. 7 t . .08 0 68. 4 .2 ! . 91 1 . 5.
3 1 2 9 3 63 . 24 1. 95 8 . 6 54 . 26 $ . 97 5 . 57 1 . 28 7 . 99 :.5 : . 21 5 . 1.
3 2 2 0 3 74 . 44 2. 05 4 . 76 2 . 46 ( . 17 8 . 88 ( . 48 4 . 19 :.8 ( . 51 8 . 6.
1
402
WEIGHT OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear Poot
T Inches
{idth
In.
) 7 % ‘ 4 %’ 11/6 6 ? % 1
3 2 2 13 84 .54 3. 2 5 0. 96 1 . 6 1 . 37 1 . 8 1 .7 1 49 1. 1 . 81 1 2.
3 2 2 13 84 .65 4. 3 5 7. 06 9 . 77 1 . 57 4 . 28 6 .9 8 . 61 0. 1 3. 1 50 7
3 2 2 23 94 . 75 5. 4 5 3. 26 8 . 97 2 . 68 6 . 48 1 .1 5 . 91 9. 1 4. 1 80 3
3 2 3 33 04 .8 5 6. 5 6 0. 36 6 . 17 3 . 88 9 . 69 6 .4 2 . 1[ 9. 1 5. 1 20 8
3 2 3 33 14 .95 7. 7 6 6. 575 . 27 3 . 08 2 . 89 0 .6 9 . 41 8. 1 6. 1 51 4
3 2 3 44 24 .0 5 8. 8 6 2. 673 . 48 4 . 28 5 . 09 5 .8 6 . 61 7. 1 8. 1 81 9
3 2 3 44 34 .1 5 9. 9 6 9. 87 2 . 68 4 . 49 7 . 29 0 .1 3 . 91 6. 1 5. 1 21 5
4 2 3 54 45 .2 5 0. 1 6 5. 97 0 . 88 5 . 69 0 . 51 5 .3 0. 1 50. 1 C 1 51 2
4 2 3 64 45 .3 6 1. 2 6 1. 17 9 . 98 6 . 89 3 . 71 0 .5 7. 1 40. 1 1 1 82 5
4 2 3 64 55 .4 6 2. 3 7 8 . 28 7 . 18 6 . 09 6 . 91 5 .8 4. 1 30. 1 $ 1 22 7
4 2 3 74 65 .5 6 3. 4 7 4. 48 6 . 39 7 . 21 8 .1 0 . 10. 1 21 1 4 11 2 0
4 2 3 84 75 .6 6 4. 6 7 1 . 58 4 . 49 8 . 41 1 . 31 5 . 80. 1 21 1 5 13 3 2
4 2 3 84 85 .7 6 5. 7 7 7. 68 3 . 69 8 . 61 4 . 51 9. 50. 1 11 1 6 15 3 5
4 2 3 94 95 .8 6 6. 8 7 3 . 88 1 . 89 9 . 81 7 . 71 4. 20. 1 01 1 8 18 3 7
4 3 4 04 05 .96 7. 9 7 C . 98 0 . 99 9 . 91 9 . 91 9, 91. 1 92 1 5 10 4 0
4 3 4 05 06 .1 7 8. 1 8 6 . 19 8 . 1. 0 .1 2 .1 40. 61 1 82 1 2 12 4 2
4 3 4 15 16 .2 7 9. 28 2. 29 73 . , 1 . .31 5 1 3 90. ,1 1 72 14 15 4 5
5 2 4 15 26 .3 7 0. 38 9. 49 5 . 5, 1 . 15 8 . 1 40. 01 1 62 16 17 4 8
5 3 4 25 36 .4 7 1. 58 5. 59 46 . 1 2 . .71 0 17 9. ’1 1 53 1~ 19 5 0
5 3 4 35 46 .5 7 2. 68 2. 7 9 28 . I 3 . .19 3 1 4 4 1. ’2 1 53 11 12 5 3
5 3 4 35 56 .6 7 3. 79 8. 81 1 . 01 3 . 1 6 0. 1 8 1 12 1 13 13 14 5 5
5 3 4 45 56 .7 8 4. 89 4. 01 9 . 11 4 . 1 9 0. 1 3 1 82 1 33 15 16 6 8
5 3 4 55 67 .8 8 5. 09 1. 11 8 . 31 4 . 1 1 0. 1 8 1 52 1 54 17 19 6 0
5 3 4 55 77 .9 8 6. 19 7. 31 6 . 51 5 . 1 4 0. 1 3 1 23 1 74 19 11 6 3
5 3 4 66 8 7 - 0 8 7. 2 9 Z . 41 5 . 61 6 . 1 7 0. 1 8 2 93 1 94 1 1 13 7 5
5 3 4 76 9 7 .1 8 8. 4 9 ( . 61 3 . 81 6 . 1 C 1. 1 3 2 63 1 14 1 3 16 7 3
5 3 5 76 0 7 . 2 8 9. 51 6 . 71 2 . 1 7 0. 1 2 1 1 8 2 0 3 1 35 1 5 28 7 1
6 3 5 g6 1 7 - 3 89.3
0. 6102~ . 1150 . 128
8 1405 153 166 179 191 204
6 3 5 ~6 17 . 4 90.7
1. 71 5 . 1179 . 1 8 0 1 8 156 3 1 44 182 194
06 207
3
6 3 5 96 27 .5 9 2. 91 f. 21197 . 1 S 0. 1 1 1582 3 1 54 185 198
27 211
5
6 4 5 06 38 . 6 9 3. 01 2 . 3121
6. 1 9 0. 1 3 1617 3 1 74 187 201
47 214
7
6 2 5 06 48 .8 9 4. 11 t. 51224. 1 C 0. 1 6 1632 3 1 95 190 204
67 218
0
4 5 16 58 . 9 9 . 21 < . 61243 . 1 1 1. 1 $ 1667 3 1 15 193 207
88 221
2
% 4 5 27 68 . 0 9 . 41 1 . 81261 . 1 1 1. 1 2 1682 4 1 25 196 210
08 224
4
6 4 5 27 78 . 1 9 7. 51 ; . 91280 . 1 2 1. 1 4 1717 4 1 45 199 214
28 228
7
6 4 5 37 78 . 21 8. 61 <. 8 0. 1 2 1 1 ; 1731 41 65 202 217
58 231
9
6 4 5 47 88 . 31 9. 81 (. 7 0. 1 211 ( 1 3 41 76 2057 220
79 235
1 6
7 4 5 47 98 . 41 0. 91 (. 5 0. 1 411 2 1 4 41 96 208 7 223
99 238
4 9
7 4 6 57 09 . 5l 1. 01 2. 4c . 1 4 21 4 1 K 51 16 211 8 226
19 241
6 1
7 4 6 57 19 . 61 2. 11 !. 2 0. 1 !21 $ 1 7 51 26 214 8 230
39 245
8 4
I
403”
WEIGHTS OF PLATES
? 546 7 % %6 1
7 4 6 67 29 . 71 3. 3 15 . 1 1 .0 16 21 1 41 9 52 472 08 50
233 2 11 6
7 4 6 77 29 . 81 4. 4 12 . 1 9 .1 16 21 4 41 0 52 67 2 28 70
236 2 32 9
7 4 6 77 39 . 91 5. 5 18 . 1 8 .1 17 21 6 41 2 52 872 39 90
239 2 52 1
7 4 6 88 49 . 01 6. 6 15 . 1 6 .1 18 21 9 41 3 62 972 59 21
242 2 82 4
7 4 6 98 59 . 11 7. 8 11 . 1 5 .1 18 312 41 5 62 182 79 41
245 2 02 6
7 4 6 98 69 . 21 8. 9 17 . 1 3 .1 19 315 41 6 62 382 99 61
249 2 23 9
7 5 6 08 71 . 31 9. 14 0. 12 1 19 3 11 52 8 62 482 10 81
252 2 53 2
8 5 6 18 81 . 51 0. 10 0. 10 1 10 3 12 52 9 72 682 30 02
255 2 73 4
8 5 6 18 81 . 61 1. 16 0. 19 2 11 3 13 52 1 72 8 82 50 22
258 2 94 7
8 5 6 28 91 . 71 2. 13 0. 17 2 11 3 15 52 2 72 9 92 70 42
261 2 24 9
8 5 7 28 01 . 81 3. 19 0. 16 2 12 4 16 52 4 72 1 92 91 62
265 2 44 2
8 5 7 38 1 . 91 4. 16 0. 14 2 13 4 17 62 5 72 3 92 11 93
268 2 65 4
8 5 7 49 21 . 01 5. 12 0. 1 3 2 1 3 4 18 62 6 82 592 31 13
271 2 95 7
8 5 7 49 31 . 11 6. 18 1. 1 1 2 1 4 4 20 62 8 82 60 2 51 33
274 2 15 9
8 5 7 59 41 . 21 7. 15 1. 1 0 2 1 4 4 21 62 9 82 80 2 62 54
277 2 35 2
8 5 7 69 41 . 31 8. 11 1. 1 8 3 1 5 5 22 62 1 82 00 2 82 74
281 2 66 4
8 5 7 69 51 . 41 9. 17 1. 1 7 3 1 6 5 24 7 2 2 82 10 2 0 2 94
284 3 8 6 7
5 7 79 61 . 51 . 14 1. 1 5 3 1 6 5 25 7 2 4 92 31 2 2 3 14
287 3 0 6 0
; 7 9 71 61 :. 1 1. 1 4 3 1 7 5 26 7 2 5 92 51 2 4 3 35
290 3 3 7 2
9 7 9 81 71 2. 1 1. 1 2 3 1 8 5 27 7 2 7 92 61 2 6 3 65
293 3 5 7 5
9 7 9 91 81 3. 1 1. 1 1 31 8 5 29 7 2 892 81 2 8 3 2%8 5 3 7 7 7
7 9 91 91 . 1 2. 1 9 42 9 6 20 8 2 002 02 2 0 4 0
300 6 3 0 8 0
; 8 1 01 1 0;. 1 2 1 8 4 21 6 21 8 2 10 2 22 2 2 4 2
303 6 3 2 8 2
9 8 1 11 1 60. 1 2 1 6 4 22 6 22 8 2 302 32 2 4 4 4
306 6 3 4 8 5
9 8 1 31 1 80. 1 2 1 3 4 24 6 25 8 2 60 2 722 7 5 87
312 3 99 0
1 8 0 51 10 . 1 2 1 0 42 7 28 9 2 91 2 032 1 5 37
319 3 49 5
1 8 0; 61 12 . 1 3 1 7 5 2E 7 20 9 2 21 2 333 5 6 78
325 3 80 0
1 8 01 81 1 4 1. 1 3 1 4 5 21 7 23 9 2 52 2 743 9 6 18
332 3 30 5
1 9 01 01 1 6 1. 1 3 2 1 5 23 8 25 0 2 82 2 043 3 7 59
338 3 81 0
1 9 01 1 1 8 1. 1 3 2 8 6 25 8 28 0 2 13 2 453 7 7 09
344 3 32 5
1 9 11 31 1 0 1. 1 4 2 5 6 27 8 20 1 2 43 3 753 0 8 40
351 3 72 1
1 9 11 51 1 2 1. 1 4 2 2 6 29 9 23 1 2 73 3 063 4 8 80
357 3 23 6
1 9 11 61 1 4 2. 1 4 2 9 7 21 9 25 1 2 04 3 463 8 9 21
363 3 73 1
1 9 11 81 1 6 2. 1 4 2 6 7 23 9 28 2 2 34 3 773 2 9 72
370 3 14 6
1 [ 11 1 0 1 82 2 5 20 725 0 21 2 3 65 3 1 73 6 0 12
376 4 65 1
1 1 21 1 0 1 02 2 5 22 728 0 23 3 3 95 3 4 83 0 0 53
383 4 15 6
1 1 21 1 ( 1 23 2 5 2M 820 0 26 3 3 25 3 7 83 3 1 93
389 4 56 1
1 1 21 1 0 1 43 2 5 25 822 1 28 3 3 56 3 1 93 7 1 44
395 4 06 6
1 1 21 1 0 1 63 2 6 27 824 1 21 4 3 76 3 4 93 1 2 84
402 4 57 1
1 1 21 1 0 1 83 2 6 29 926 1 23 4 3 07 3 8 93 5 2 25
408 4 98 6
I I
404
W C P
ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
m T
1T
!m
CIIA 3/16 ‘ 5 318 /7116 1% 1 %6 A ?486 ‘1/16
- - -
1.00 .056 . .08: 0 .097 7 .125 .139 0 .153 .223
.087 . .130 1 0 .196 .217 9 .239 .348
.125 . .188 1 5 .282 .313 6 .344 .501
.170 . .256 2 1 .383 .426 3 .468 .681
.223 .556 .612 .668 ,723 .8W

.282 .704 .774 .845 .915 1 1.126
.261 .348 .869 .956 1.043 1.130 1 1 1.391
.315 ,421 1.052 1.157 1.262 1,367 1 1 1.683
.375 .626 1 1 . 1.252. 01 11 0 2 1

1.627 1 6 1 z
.441 .734 . 1 81 . 1 . 081.469
. 11 2 311 7 8 1.910
2 5 2 2 2 2.350
.511 .852 1 1 . 1 . 01 . 1 1.704
2. 3 1 9 252 6 2 2.215
3 3 2 3 2 2.726
.587 .978 1 1 . 1 . 11 7 . 52 6
. 3 1.956 372 6 9 2.542
6 4 2 0 2 3.129
:
4.00 .668 .890 1 1 1 . 1 . 32 . 52.225
3. 7 2 5 50 2.670
8 8 0 0
2.893 3 3 3 3.560
4,25 .754 ! .005 1 1 1 . 2 . 52 , 72.512
0. 0 2 5 72 3.014
0 8 6 9
3.265 3 1 3 4.019
4.50 .845 1.126 1 1 1 . 2 . 62 . 92.816
9. 2 3 7 05 3.379
5 1 3 3
3.661 3 4 4 4.506
4,75 .941 1.255 1 1 2 . 2 . 82 . 1 3.138
8. 5 3 9 38 3.765
1 6 2 0
4.079 4 4. 5.020
5.00 1 1 1.738 2 2 . 2 . 03 . 4 3.477

8. 7 3 3 61 4.172
8 4 2 1
4,520 4 9 5 5.563
5.25 1 1 1.916 2 2. 33 . 3 0. 6 3.833
.+ 0 4 8 34 4.600
6 3 5 6
4,983 5 0 5 6.133
5.50 1 1 2.103 2 2 . 3 . 53 . 9 4,207
2. 3 4 4 47 5.048
6 5 8 5
5.469 5 6 6 6.731
5.75 1 1 2.299 2 3 . 3 . 74 . 2 4.598
5. 6 5 1 91 5.517
7 8 3 8
5.977 6 8 6 7.356
6.00 1 2 2.503 3 3 4 4 5.006 5.507 ; 6.508 8.010

6.50 1 2 2.938 3 4 4 5 5.875 6.463 7.638 9<401
700 2 2 3.407 4 4 5 6 6.814 7.496 8 8.858 ~;.:
7.50 2 3 3.911 4 5 6 7 7.822 8.605 9 10.16
8.00 2 3 4 5.340 6.230 7.120 8.010 8.900 ;.;? 1 [1.57 14.24

8.50 3 4 5 6.028 7.033 8.038 9.043 10.04 1 13.06 16.07
9.00 3 4 5 6.758 7.885 9.011 10.13 11.26 i2,39 1 14.64 18.02
9.50 3 5 6 7.530 8.785 1 1 12.55 [3.80 1 16.31 20.08
10.00
10.50
i 1.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
1
1
4
4
;
6.00:
6.51
3
7.05
3
7.60
5
6
6
7
8
8
1
9
$
7
1
1
1 0 1
1 0 1
II
8,344
9.199
10.o9
11.03
.1
.1
9.734
10.73
11.77
12.87
10
18
20.02
21.72
11.12
12.26
13.46
14.71
1 !2.02
6 ~3.q3
?5,85
1
1
1
1
24.03 26.03
26.07 28.24
. 1 . 10 1 41 40 , 1 06 .2 7 8 1,211 50 430. ;;::8 5. 30.55
. 1 0 15 2 . 1 50 .2 1 7 .2 60 3 . 222 7. !7.87
1 0
7 50. 2 4 . 32.94
8 7
1
1
1
1
.5.29 16!68
.6.86 18.39
18.5U 20.19
~13,23 22.06
18.07
19.93
21.87
23.93
32,90
5 5 35.25
3 1 38.01
35.48
22.25
24.53
26.92
29.42
——
30.03 32.04
30.42 32.59 34.76
0 37,60
4 40.55
1 I I
1 4
8.17 1 .; 0 0;
16.35 . 19.070 . 21.80
9 ; 0
24.53 27.25$ ~ 32.70 35.43 38.1540.88 4
; ;
8.71 1 : 1 ;
17.54 .20.46; 23.39
6 26.319 29.23 3 35.08 38.00 40.9343.85 4
9.38 1 1 2 5
18.77 . 21.90 :25.03
5 6 1
28.16 31.284 3 37.54 40.67 43.8046.93 5
1 5
10.02 1 .1 3 56
20.04 .23.380 .26.72
3 7 6
30.06 33.410 1 40.09 43.43 46.77 50.11 5
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 35.60 39.16 42.72 46.28 49.8453.40 5

1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 37.86 $1.64 45.43 49.21 53.0056.79 6
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 40.18 14.20 48.22 52.24 56.2660<28 6
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 42.58 46.84 51.10 55.36 59.6263.88 6
1 1 1 22.52 27.03 3 3 4 45,05 49.56 54,06 58.57 63.0767.58 7

1 1 1 23.79 28.55 3 3 4 47.59 52.35 57.11 61.87 66.63 71.39 7
1 1 2 25.10 30.12 3 4 4 50.20 55.22 60.24 65.26 70.2875.30 8
1 1 2 26.43 31,72 ‘ 4 4 52.87 58.16 63.45 68.74 74.0379.31 8
16.6E 22.25 2 33.37 38.93 44.50 50.06 5 6 6 72.31 77.8783.43 8

17.5: 23.37 2 35.06 40.90 46.75 52.59 5 6 7 75.97 81.8187.66 9
18.3! ;;:5; 3 36.79 42.92 49.06 55.19 6 t 7 79.72 85.8591.99 9
19.2[ 3 38.56 44.99 51.42 57.85 6 7 83.56 89,9996.42 1
405
W C P
iLL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
,
DIA % ‘ h ‘ 1
4— .
2 2 4 4 5 0 6 7 6 7 0 8 11
78 49 71 4 10
& 2 2 1 4 4 5 1 8 ! 2 8 99 1 69 1 40
2 2 2 3 4 53 5 2 : 9 ; :
7 4 8 19 ;1 91 :1 0; 81
2 2 3 3 3 4 5% 6 3 6 1 7 8
8 6 9 4191 11L 701 0I 21
2 2 3 4 4 54 64 ‘4 7 2 w 0
8 8 9 61
21 1 01 18 62
2 2 3 4 4 5 % 6 5 7 3 8 9
2 01 1
501 71 301 21 02
2 3 5 :5 7 5 9 21 !101 01 11 62 43
2 ; 3 5 : 5 6% 7 ! ; 6 z ; 9 41 31 0;1 21 11 92 93
4 6 8 9
71 1 61511 01 42 1 33 34
& 3; : ; : 6 ; 0: 8 : 9 ;1 ;1 81811 0;1 821 73 74
2 4 6 77 8 9 11 1 11 101
121 11 131 24 25
2 3 4 7 5 6 7% 8 2 9 21 31 31 521
401 411 531 64 65
2 3 4 5 6 8 8 3 9 41 51 51 381
01 721 941 05 16
2 3 4 8 5 6 ;% 9 41 51 61 801 231
1:1 021 341 45 66
4 7 8 9 1 71 1 001 211
541 421 751 96 07
% % 4 2 7 8+ 9 1 81 :1 301 941
521 731 151 36 58
3 3 5 6 7 80 1 81 01 301 511 821
35; 031 56; 87 0:
3 5 0 9% 1 1 21 01 11 121
65 341 96 28 5
3 : 5 : : 91 1 :1 31 0; 1 2: 1 062
431 741 472 78 00
3 4 5 1 6 8 9% 1 11 51 911 321 731
462 051 872 29 60
8 1 1 1 01 11 521 872
041 451 282 79 11
: : : : ; f 8 1 i 1 :1 0: 11; 1 831 341
272 862 792 20 62
3 4 6 7 9 1 3 1 51 101 621 131 682
651 162 192 71 22
3 4 6 3 7 9 1% 1 71 201 821 441 952
082 572 60250 21 73
34 48 64 84 96 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 2 2 4
3 5 4 6 8 f 9 1 i 1 0 1 611 331 941 662 282 992 612 23 94
6 8 1 1 1 01 811 531 252 972 682 302 022 73 45
: ; 7 : 8 1 1% 1 0; 1 021 841 552 372 092 812 522 34 06
7 9 1 1 1 01 221 041 862 682 492 212 032 85 67
: ; : 9 1 1% 1 1: 1 31 342 16 08 802 7 2 5 2 45 1
3 5 ; 9 1 1 7 1 711 3: 1 552 47 39 20267 1 286 03 9
3
— 5 7 7. —. . ? 1 --1—4 —1 9911. — 8351 8 2— . 767 79 —~1.274—
6 2j3 63 — 5
3 6 8 1 1 18 01 021 042 062 082 102 122 143 163 ;1 t 10
3 8 8 1 ! 1 14 01 21 242 362 482 402 522 643 663 78 70
3 ! 8 1 1 19 01 2: 1 542 662 792 ~812 932 053 273 39 41
3 6 9 8 1 ! 1 14 0i ? 531 752 8 2 092 212 343 563 783 90 02
4 8 1 1 10 11 32 952 172 402 622 843 063 383 51 73
4 : 0 9 1 ? 1 14 11 3; 2 162 482 702 022 253 573 893 11 44
4 7 9 1 1 11 11 042 462 782 012 433 753 083 403 ?2 15
4 7 1 9 1 ! 1 14 21 242 62 092 412 843 263 683 013 33 15
4 7 9 1 1 12 21 42 872 392 722 243 673 193 513 04 46
4 7 2 1 1 Y 1 01 z 22 52 072 602 123 653 173 603 124 65 17
4 7 1 1 1 01 3 22 752 382 902 433 053 683 103 J34 36 98
4 7 1 3 1 1 01% 32 952 582 212 833 463 183 713 344 96 69
4 8 1 1 1 01 4 32 162 882 512 243 863 593 224 954 67 30
4 8 4 1 1 ! 1 11 4 32 362 092 823 543 373 003 834 554 38 01
4 8 1 1 1 11 5 42 462 392 123 953 783 513 334 264 09 82
4 8 1 5 1 1 12 % 42 672 502 433 353 283 014 944 874 70 53
4 8 1 1 1 12 6 4.2 82 8702 733 763 693 524 554 484 41 34
4 9 1 6 1 1 22 % 52 082 013 043 013 003 134 164 194 12 15
4 9 1 1 1 22 7 52 282 313 443 473 503 634 664 794 83 96
4 9 1 7 1 1 22 % 52 482 623 753 883 014 144 274 405 53 77
4 9 1 1 1 22 8 62 692 823 053 283 424 654 884 015 24 48
4 9 8 1 t 3 i 2 82 1 3 63 93 24 264 494 72 05 39
4 1 1 ! 0; 3; 9 :2 0; 3 4; 3 ;63 :04 :34 764 105 43: ?6 10
4 1 9 1 1 ! 02 32 4 72 203 633 073 404 944 374 705 145 57 91
406
W C P
ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES .

WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
‘/16
1
=
1
‘/4 5/16 3
0~
EIE
32 2 4o
/9/16
943
% [ ‘/16
13 g
8
~
‘3/16
4 344 88
4422
1
=
855 2
1
7
1 1 02 42 2 61 243 83 3 4 854 49 2 565 0 6
1 1 02 42 2 91 553 83 7 4 364 9g 3 275 8 4
1 1 12 42 2 12 853 94 1 4 864 50 4 975 6 3
1 1 1K 52 3 33 06 0 3 3 1 8 ~
1 1 12 5? 3 533 36 0 04 8 7 5
1 1 12 52 3 733 67 1 45 3 3 2 6
1 1 1~ 52 3 933 97 1 95 9 8 8 6
1 1 E 22 62 3 243 28 2 36 4 4 5 6
1 1 22 62 3 443 58 3 87 9 0 2 6
1 1 22 62 3 653 89 3 27 4 7 9 6
1 1 22 73 3 953 10 4 78 0 3 6 6
1 32 3 3 163 0 4 29 5 9 2 G
1 32 3 3 364 1 5 60 1 5 0 7
1 32 3 3 674 1 6 10 6 1 + 76 7 ?
1 32 3 3 874 2 6 61 2 8 544 4 6 7 9
2 2 3 33 8 2 475 1 5 7 41ii55 67 5 10
2 2 3 33 8 3 885 6 5 3 12;66 77 4 11
2 2 3 43 9 3 285 0 5 9 1
73678 87 2 12
2 2 3 43 9 4 695 5 5 5 44689 97 2 13
2 3 3 54 0 55 005 0 Q0 15701 7 1 8 1 5
2 3 3 54 0 55 505 5 60 76713
d 7 98 0 6
2 3 3 54 1 65 915 0 21 46724 7 7 8 9 7
2 3 3 64 1 65 325 6 82 17736 ~ 7 6 8 9 8
2 6 5 75 36 8748 ~ 8 598 8 0
& 2 380 J435 5 25 47 9 8 308 8 1
2 386 7442 5 66 57 0773 ~6l8 218 7 2
2 8 5 06 67 1 8 128 7 4
2 399 8456 56 6 2 8 9 7 4
2 8 96 6 3 9 9 6 4
2 9 46 7 4 0 9 6 5
2 + 9 86 7 5 1 9 6 6
m % E G % x E 9
3 0 7 6 7 7 39 6 8
3 1 2 6 7 8 49 7 9
3 1 7 6 7 9 69 7 0
193 , 2 5 7 7 7 0 79 7 2
&
69
1
199 !2
2 9 6
6
6 1
5
7
7
7
7
1
2
89
99
8
8
3
5
69?A 2 2 0 6 2 9 7 8 3 01008 9 6
70 2 E 0 477 545 4 6 8 8 1 1 8
?Oti 207 I2 7484 553 6 6 8 9 2 1 9
71 210 ~2 8491 561 6310 7 771 8 0911 981 410521 112; 1
71% 2 2 1 83498 569 . 6404 7 — 8 1924 995 5 1 .3
2 % % 14 505 577 63 7 3 8 29 6 13 5
;:!4 2 2 14 9:512 585 93 2 7 9 8 39 7 15 ?
73 2 2 24 9519 593 24 6 7 5 8 49 8 16 9
73!4 2 3 24 0526 601 55 1 7 1 9 5! 03 1 7 2
74 2 K 2w 5 6 8 3- 0 9 3 9 9 1 % 9 4
74?4 2 3 34 0540 617 26 9 7 3 9 71 02 2 0 6
75 2 3 34 1548 626 56 3 7 9 9 81 03 2 1 9
15% 2 3 34 1555 634 87 7 7 6—9 91 05 3 3 .1
76 2 m 4z 5 6 1 68 4 9 201 3 06 3 4 4
76% 2 3 44 2570 651 48 6 8 8 9 11 07 4 5 7
77 2 3 44 35 6 ?9 078 6 5 9 721 0 08 5 7 9
77%
—— 2 3 55 31585 668 10 4 8 11 31 0 0 05 8 2
!
407
W C P
iLL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
DIA
I 3/lfJ ‘/4 %6 % 7%6 ‘A ‘/16
I
?8 ‘‘\16 ‘% i3/16 ~8 ‘5/16 1
18 2 ; 4 5. 5 592 3267? 40761 : 846 3 8

7 2 8 4 t 55 i
600 ?686 717 8 8 47 5 1 7
7 2 3 4 65 46089 3694 027 7 8 4 18 6 1 8
7 2 ! 3 43 65 %
5615 3703 427 2 8 9 79 7 1 9
6 712 801 28 39 0
6 7 8 39 2 1 10 1 1 1
639 730 8 9 2 11 1 2
& ++6 7 8 49 3 3 72 9 1 4
+ - l
785 883
894 993
. . 703 804 - 904 1005 I
8 305 I .-. I
712 813
I 309 I 411 I 823 926 1029
832 936 1041
842 947 1053
537
3 5 3
3 5 7
3 6 1
3 6 5
1 3 5 2
373 497
377
‘-1 502
w
1 1 31570 417010 1832319638 20949
; 3 ; 5 6 ? 97 29 $ 61 791 9021 111 5331586954171982 1851051 2 2 49 1
1 8 7
1 8 8
1 9 0
1 T 9 2
1 1 82 92 00 42
1 1 82 92 21 62
1 1 82 92 41 82
1 2 82 02 61 02
2026 2170
2045 2192
2065 2213
2086 2235
2 2
2 2
2 3
2 2 3 4
408
W C P
.LL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
~lA 3/16 ‘/4

I
5/16 ‘/8 7/16 1/2
I
‘/16 ?8 1‘/16 3/4 ‘3/16 % ‘5/16 1
I
i 4 6 0 7 69 21 6 81 9031 521 9141 5851 4072 0682 6102 3712 933 585
1 4 0 6 76 79 31M 81 3141 121 0941 651 4272 2782 0302 7922 553 305
1 4 6 0 7 19 31 7 91 8151 721 1641 7551 5372 4992 3502 2122 173 125
1 4 0 6 87 89 41 % 01 2161 321 2441 8461 5472 6092 6602 7222 884 855
1 4 6 0 8 89 41 8 11 7171 921 3141 9361 5672 8232 0812 2422 404 675
1 4 0 6 88 99 51 H 1 1181 531 4941 1261 6782 0392 3012 7622 124 596
1 4 6 0 8 99 61 9 21 6191 131 5641 2161 7882 2592 7112 2832 744 316
1 5 0 6 89 01 61 M 031 011 0731 6451 0362 7082 4602 1312 7032 465 136
1 5 6 1 8 01 71 0 041 511 1331 7151 0462 8182 6802 4512 ’ 31 2 1835 96
1 5 1 6 80 01 71 % 041 911 1931 8951 9562 9282 8902 8622 8332 805 877
1 5 6 1 8 1 81 1 051 411 2531 9751 8772 9482 1102 2822 3532 525 697
1 l5 6l 8 Y1 91 Z 061 921 3231 1451 7872 0592 3202 6022 9742 245 527
1 5 6 1 8 21 91 2 071 321 4831 251 7972 1792 6402 0122 4942 966 347
1 15 7 2 8 ?21 01 4 081 821 5441 3051 6072 2892 8612 4322 0142 686 268
1 5 7 1 8 31 1 3 081 321 6041 4851 5272 3992 1712 8532 6342 306 188
1 5 1 7 83 31 1X 091 721 741 5661 5372 4192 3912 2732 1552 126 008
1 5 7 1 9 41 21 4 001 221 8341 6461 4482 5292 6012 7832 7652 847 93
1 5 1 7 94 41 21 M 01 721 9941 7262 4582 6402 9212 1032 3852 577 85
1 5 7 1 9 51 31 5 121 221 0641 8062 3782 7502 1322 5232 9052 397 77
1 15 7 5 9 ?51 41 4 121 721 1241 9862 3882 9702 4522 0442 5252 117 69
1 5 7 1 9 61 41 6 131 131 2941 1662 3982 0802 7722 4542 1462 838 62
1 15 7 6 9 Y 61 51 z 141 631 3551 2462 2182 1902 0822 9742 7663 658 540
1 5 7 1 9 71 61 7 151 131 4151 3272 2292 3102 3022 3942 4863 478 460
1 5 1 7 97 71 61 X 161 631 5851 4072 2392 4212 6232 8142 0063 298 480
1 5 7 1 9 81 71 8 161 131 6551 5872 2492 5412 9332 3352 6273 019 410
1 15 7 8 9 81! 81 4 171 631 7151 672 2692 7512 2532 8452 3473 839 33
1 5 7 1 9 91 81 9 181 131 8851 7572 2792 9712 5632 2652 9673 669 35
1 5 1 7 99 91 91 % 191 631 9451 9372 2892 0812 9832 7852 6873 489 38
1 6 8 2 1 01 001 0 21 0141 0162 1082 2002 2022 2042 2063 3083 300 30
1 62 8 0I 0! 0 4 6 8
9 2628
9 2649
8 2670 5 3338
7 2692 0 3364
9 2035 7 2713 9 3165 3391
6 2734 2 31!30
7 2067 6 2756 2985 3215 3444
1 2083 6 2777 8 3240 3471 3702
6 2099 2332 2565 2799 3032 3265 3498 3731
0 2115 2350 2585 2820 3055 3290 3525 376[
5 2131 2368 2605 2842 3079 3316 3552 378!
2 1671 9 2148 2386 2625 2864 3102 3341 3580 381[
3 1683 4 2164 2405 2645 2886 3126 3367 3607 384t
4 1696 8 2181 2423 2665 2908 3150 3392 3635 387:
5 1709 3 2197 2441 2686 2930 3174 3418 3662 390(
6 1722 8 2214 2460 2706 2952 3198 3444 3690 393(
— 9 1487 1735 3 2231 2478 2726 2974 3222 3470 3718 396(
409
W C P
DIA 3/16 ‘A 5/16 ~8 ‘/16 ‘/2 ‘/16 5/8 ‘ 1/16 Y4 13/16 ~8 15/16 1
I I
1 7 9 3 1 41 291 4 41 4972 992 9422 8942 8473 8993 7423 4 793 74!7 69 3
1 7 3 1 14 051 21M 052 572 6002 8622 9153 1673 3103 4623 6154 777 920
1 7 1 3 1 061 21 5 152 6072 4202 7722 1253 4873 8303 1823 4454 898 140
1 7 3 1 1 5 061 21 X 252 1672 1302 7822 2453 7983 3503 8033 3654 918 470
1 7 1 3 1 071 21 6 252 8282 9402 6032 5 353 01.83 803 7 5233 2864 948 701
1 7 3 1 1 6 071 21 X 352 9782 650Z 6132 !57 38 43j3 ! 3 13 gj 233 I l064 )68 921
1 7 1 3 1 081 31 7 452 0382 4602 5232 6683 74813 813 ( 9733 I364 199 251
1 7 3 1 1 7 081 31 X 552 198, 2712 2 54 2 80363 0 83 6 3213 6943 9564 219 582
1 7 1 3 1 091 31 8 552 2582 9812 4532 9163 4893 9413 4143 8774 349 802
1 38 1 8 1 0?01 31 + 662 3082 7012 4642 1363 7093 4623 1344 8074 460 132
1 8 1 3 1 001 3 19 7462 682 3 5112 ,842 2463 11Y3 9823 8j44 7274 690 462
1 38 1 9 1 01f 31 i 862 5282 2212 3942 4673 4393 5023 6754 6474 710 783
1 8 1 4 1 01 31 0 962 6892 0312 3042 5873 8593 1223 3954 6784 840 113
1 48 1 0 1 0Y 21 31 j 962 7492 8412 3243 7973 2703 6423 1254 5384 061 443
1 8 1 4 1 121 31 1 062 8992 6522 2343 9173 5803 2633 8454 5184 191 874
1 48 11 1Y 131 ’ 31 z 162 9592 4722 2453 1273 1 903 88)33 664 68 444 32!1 14 3
F 8 1 1 141 41 262 0192 2822 2653 2483 3203 3033 4864 4694 542 524
1 48 12 1! 141 ’ 41 j 362 1792 0922 2753 4583 7413 9233 1064 4894 672 955
1 8 1 4 1 151 41 3 372 2392 7022 2953 6783 1513 4 543 92614 494 . 892 285
1 8 4 1 1 3 151 42 % 472 3902 5122 2053 8983 5713 1644 7574 4304 022 605
1 8 1 4 1 161 42 4 572 4502 3332 2153 0083 9913 7844 5774 4604 243 036
1 8 4 1 1 4 171 42 % 672 5102 1432 23f3 2293 3113 3044 3974 4804 473 466
1 8 1 4 1 171 42 5 772 6702 0532 2463 4393 7323 9254 1184 4004 603 996
1 8 4 1 1 5 181 42 % 772 7302 8632 2663 6593 1523 5454 0384 4314 824 327
1 8 1 4 1 181 42 6 872 8902 6732 2763 9793 5623 1654 8684 4514 154 757
1 8 4 1 1 6 191 42 ~ 972 9502 4932 2863 1893 9823 8854 6884 5814 384 277
1 9 1 4 1 201 52 7 082 0212 2043 3073 3003 4033 4064 5094 5024 605 608
1 9 4 1 1 7 201 52 % 182 1812 0143 3173 5203 8233 0264 3294 6324 835 138
1 9 1 4 1 21 52 8 182 2412 8243 3373 8303 2433 7464 1594 6524 165 568
1 4S 1 8 1 2Y 21 52 j 282 3012 7443 3473 0503 7633 3664 0794 7824 386 9 09
1 ’ 1 4 91 21 252 9 382 6412 5543 4673 2703 1734 0874 9904 7034 616 529
1 9 4 1 1 9 231 52 X 482 5212 3643 7 47 3 58!13 6 44 3 7074 7104 8334 I946 059
1 9 1 5 1 231 52 0 582 6912 2753 4983 7013 0144 3274 6404 953EIO06 266 58
1 9 5 1 1 0 241 52 % 682 7522 0953 5083 0213 5344 0574 5604 0845 597 010
1 9 1 5 1 251 52 1 692 8122 8053 5283 2313 0544 7784 4814 1045 827 530
1 59 1 1 1 2?51 52 4 792 9822 7153 6383 5513 4754 3984 3114 2345 147 061
1 9 1 5 1 261 62 2 892 0422 5253 6483 872i 9954 ’ 01 4 28314 3 45 5 478 691
1 59 1 2 1 271! 62 4 992 1022 4453 7693 0823 4154 7384 1524 4855 808 121
153 977 1302 1628 19532279 2604 2930 3255 3581 3906 4232 4558 4883 szog
153ti 983 1311 1638 1966 2294 2621 2949 3277 3604 3932 4260 458J 4915 5243
154 989 1319 1649 1979 2309 2638 2968 3298 3628 3958 4287 4617 4947 5277
154% 996 1328 1660 19922324 2656 2988 3320 3651 3983 4315 4647 4979 5311
155 1002 1336 1671 2005 2339 2673 3007 3341 3675 4009 4343 4671 5012 5346
155!4 1009 1345 1681 2018 2354 2690 3026 3363 3699 4035 4371 4708 5044 5380
156 1015 1354 16922031 2369 2707 3046 3384 3723 4061 4400 4738 5076 5415
156% 1022 1362 17032044 2384 2725 3065 3406 3747 4087 4428 !768 51095450
157 1028 1371 1714 20577399 2742 3085 3428 3771 4113 4456 4799 5142 5184
157% 1035 1380 1725 2070 2415 2760 3105 3450 3795 4140 4485 4830 51755519
158 1041 1389 1736 2083 2430 2777 3124 3472 3819 4166 4513 4860‘52075555
158!4 1048 1397 17472096 2446 2795 3144 3494 3843 41924542 4891 52405590
159 1055 1406 1758 2109 2461 2813 3164 3516 3867 4219 4570 4922 52745625
159!4 1061 1415 17692123 2476 2830 3184 3538 3892 42454599 4953 53075661
160 1068 1424 1780 2136 2492 2848 3204 3560 3916 42J2 46284984 53405696
160H 1075 1433 1791 2149 2508 2866 3224 3582 3941 42994657 5015 5374 5732~
161 1081 1442 18022163 2523 2884 3244 3605 3965 4326 46865047 5407 5768
161% 1088 1451 1814 2176 2539 2902 3264 3627 3990 4353 4715 5078 54415803
410
W C P
.LL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
DIA
1095 1460 1
J/4 5/16
2
ZE 82
~
‘
12!320
/
2532859 365055 4
%
0 4380
‘3/16
5 04
I
2
5
I 15/16 I
175
1
15 544 0
1102 1469 1 2 82 229383533050 367267 4 3 1 04 5 375 15 975 4
1108 1478 1 2 82 229564533251 369578 4 7 6 04 5 685 15 405 7
1 1487 11 2 182---- 2297455633463 371890 4 1 2 04 5 885- 25 935 0
G
I
1 1 1 61 4 2 26184 9 2992 2 33666 4 14 5 18 x2 46 3
1 16 1 41 5! 2 26344 0 3010 9 3387 53 4 7 14 65 385 326 996 6
1 1 1 61 5 3 26505 1 30296 34074 3 4 7 14 85 695 636 526 0
1 16 1 51 5t 4 2666i 2 30473 34284 3 4 8 14 05 995 936 057 3
1 p 1 6 5 6 3 3066! 34493 3
2682 G 8 4 35 9 2m
E 3 8 6
1 6 1 6 5 2699
M 43084 34702 3 4 8 25 55 405 536 117 9
1 1 1 6 1 5 6T27157 531034 34911 3 4 8 25
+ 75 605 846 648 3
1 1 6 1 1 1 17 11 1 51 72% 91 62 031 53 171 43 311 39 1501 2 241 116 1481 25214 916 25 1 05 8 75 2
I
1 1 11 52 792 733 7673 0513 2454 5494 7335 0275 2115 5146 708 09
1 1 6 1 11 8 52 892 % 733 5773 9613 4654 9594 4535 9475 4415 8356 339 a2
1 1 1 6 11 52 992 9 833 2873 9813 6854 3794 0735 7775 5615 2656 969 66
TT
1 16 1 9 11 52f 992 i 933 9973 8913 8~5 7994 i9 5 6957 6 15 559 6 99 94
1 1 1 7 22 62 002 0 043 608 8124 91 4 1104 3 45 51~8 226 92 6 120 3
1 1 7 1 22 0 62 102 % 143 328 7224 13 4 6304 0 45 4485 426 3566 750 16
1 1 1 7 22 62 202 1 243 038 7424 34 4 0504 6 45 3658 726 6686 381 90
1 1 7 1 22 1 62 202 % 343 748 6524 56 4 4704 3 45 299 936 006 911 8
1 1 1 7 22 62 302 2 443 458 66G
2 78 4 89 4 0 55 19 ~ 236 3 541 7
1 1 7 1 22 2 62 402 % 543 168 5834 994 3114 755 0395 536 867 272 69
1 1 1 7 22 62 402 3 643 989 5934 11 4 7314 3 55 0659 746 289 812 24
1 17 1 3 22 6!2 502 A 753 699 4134 33 4 2415 0 65 9805 046 628 542 36
1 1 1 7 22 62 612 4 853 309m 42z3 544 66= 7*6 8= 36 6 13
1 1 7 1 22 4 62 712 G 953 019 4434 76 4 1825 4 6: 8305 5:6 5896 8;3 12
1 12787 1704 2129 5 2555 2981 - 3407 3t 4 4 25 6 515 8 6 9196 5 3 16
1 1 7 1 22 5 72 812 % 153 5493 3748 8 2954 0255 8175 7415 2156 4963 264 09
1 i 17 ] 6 1221 1 5 4” 1 2795 8 -5 1 23 0 1215 1 33 44436 4 8 35 1m7 0a1 7 3 6 86= 8 4 9
B 4 4 359 75 316 6966 2906 534 96
1 17 1 7 32 72” 013 - 463 7703 3144 8594 4835 0275 552: 1966 72 6 26;5 8
1 17 1 7 32 7?2 113 4 563 4903 3254 1694 9035 7485 582 3266 15 7 095 8
1 1 1 7 32 72 622 84 6 34 2013 32 54 0 3198 m m p
424 4 6 850 6 G 4 6% 7
II I
5792 6238 6684 7129
6 7 6
181 ] 1367I 1822 i 2278I 2734 I 3189 I 3645 I 4100 I 4556 I 5011
$
186 1443 1924 2406 2887 3368
186Y? 1451 1935 2418 2902 3386
187 1459 1945 2431 2918 3404
187X 1467 1956 2444 2933 3422
188 1 1966 42458 2949 7 3441 5
188X 1 1977 42471 2965 8 3459 2
189 1 1987 42484 2981 9 3477 0
189fi 1 +1998 42497 2996 9 3496 8 + 5 9 9 3 1 6 4i 9 2 1 6 9 9
-
411
W C P
ILL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES WEIGHTS IN POUNOS
DIA 3/16 ‘A 5/16 ~% 7/16 ‘/2 ‘/16 5/8 ‘ ‘/16 3A ‘3/16 ~8 ‘5/16 1
K
4 1 2
W B
W s iqh ua e t h a ea rhn xn die ap u gs o p o d1u t n n es d 0 n s
Length D i ao Bm i eI to n e rc l h f te n s
U
Inches % Y2 9 % % 1
2 6 . . 3 2 1 8 3 4 1 8 . . 9 1
2 6 . 1 . 7 2 47 1 4 5 . 1 1 . 0 . 5 8
3 7 . 1 . 0 2 54 5 4 7 . 7 6 4 . 1 9 7 5 . 0
. 6 . 3
3 8 . 1 . 3 2 62 9 4 9 . 3 7 6 . 5 9 0 9 . 5
. 3 . 8
3 8 . 1 . 7 3 79 3 4 1 . 9 7 9 . 81 4 . 4 1 . 10 44 4
4 9 . 1 . 0 3 97 6 5 3 . 5 7 2 , 11 7 .5 ~ . 01 9: 9
4 1 . 20 4 3 0. 0 5 5 .5 8 5 . 51 2 . 6 . 1 206 0 4
4 1 . 21 7 3 1. 4 5 7 .3 8 8 . 81 6 .7 1 . 12 213 16 9
5 1 . ; 2 0 3 : . 7 6 9 .0 9 1 . ;1 0 . 8 1 . 2 221 26 4
5 1 . 2 4 4 . 1 6 1 8 9 4 . 1 4 .9 1 . 2 229 47 9
5 1 . 23 7 4 5. 5 6 4 :5 9 7 , 91 8 . 0 1 . 32 237 58 5
6 1 . 24 0 4 7. 9 7 6 .3 1 0 . 21 . 10 1 42 246 3 8 0
2 4 4 8 7 8 . 1 3 , 61 . 20 1 43 254 7 9 5
6
6
7
2 .
.
6 .
2
3
7 59
1 .5 1
2
6
0
7
7
0
2
. 1
. 61
6
9
. 91
. 31
. 31 ;
. 31
53 262 1 :
53 271 5
1
6
7 7 . 3 4 .5 2 3 8 4 . 31 2 . 61 . 41 2 63 2 91 2
7 . 3 7 53 7 8 6 . 1 5 . 91 . 52 2 63 2 32 7
8 ; . 3 1 :5 5 1 8 8 . ;1 8 . 31 . 62 2 74 2 72 2
8 9 . 3 4 .6 6 4 9 0 . 61 1 . 61 . 73 2 74 ; 13 8
8 2 . 30 7 6 8. 8 9 2 .4 1 4 . 01 . 83 2 84 64 3
9 2 . 31 1 6 9. 2 9 4 .1 ; 7 . 31 . 9~ 2 84 3 :4 8
; 2 . 41 ; 6 0. :1 6 .7 . 401 72 09 3 5 3
2 : 2 6; . 1 8 .5 1 . ;01 74 2 9 3 ; 8 76
0 2 : 3 7 . 11 0 3 1 . 02 85 2 60 16 4
0 2 4. 4 74. 41 2 .0 1 . 402 95 2 90 3 67 9
0 2 4. 4 75. 71 5 .8 ; . 812 0: 2 21 3 :8 4
1 2 4. 5 77. 01 7 .5 , 112 12 52 3 8 0
1 2 4. 6 78. 41 9 .3 1 . 512 26 2 82 3 89 5
1 2 4. 7 89. 71 1 .0 1 . 822 37 3 13 3 20 1
2 ; 8 8; . 1 5 .6 1 . ;22 58 3 74 : 01 1
3 0 8 . 1 9 1 1 . 32 78 3 35 93 2
3 51 9 7. 1 3 :6 1 . 932 93 96 4 74 3
33.1 6 90 1 8 . 2 . 642 10 3 57 ; 55 4
34.6 6 \: 3 1 . ; 352 2; 3 18 ;7 4
36.2 6 6 1 . 052 3 79 : 8 5
37.7 6 1 8 1 . 12 763 03 3 30 09 6
2 3 79 1 1. ; . 212 3;3 53 4 :1 5 81 6
2 7 %1 4 . 12 03 94 4 2 5 62 7
3 7 1 6 1 . 22 783 35 4 23 5 43 8
3 7 %1 9 1 . 22 483 76 4 84 5 35 9
4 8 I 1 21 32 .93 17 4
45 5 16 9
4 8 %1 4 2 . 32 80: 57 4
0; 6 97 0
5 8 1 7 2 . 42 50 08 ;
6 6 7 ;
5 9 %1 0 2 . 42 213 49
29 6 6 2
1 9 61 2 2 . 43 914 80 5 80 6 42 2
Per Inch
\dditional 1 3 .5 .8 3 .1 0. 1 2 42 6 . 4 2 1 , 1 3 7. 5 3
N R S B A B 8 a n Si f .i nHn u Aei N Isx 2 hda B1ute8.2.
gsd o t n
This table conforms to
413
W O
NOZZLES
W A Wi Ne N lt F dS ael ihR aenI ic nngP nf go k r ce ia nd g
( fT Q a R ue b of iel r ec n r c k e )
CLASS
S
150 300 600 900 1500
1 6Y 11 2 13 1 18
2 9 12 15 2 3
3 1 25 4 6 4 7 0
4 2 4 6 5 7 0 1 0
6 4 7 1 5 120 250
8 6 1 11 5 2 70 365
1 9 1 0 24 5 3 85 675
1 1 2 32 32 5 5 60 955
1 1 264 58 5 7 15 75
1 2 316 67 5 9 90 65
1 3 63 8 91 1 1 30 3 5 7
2 4 72 0 108 2 1 8 4 6 5 9
2 5 1 84 1 1 9 3 8 3 1 1 0 5 4
NOZZLES
for Quick Reference)
C
S
150 300 6 900 1500
3 2 4 6 5 771 1 0
4 4 6 1 2 1 07 12 1
6 7 1 22 1 2 00 36 6
8 1 11 39 0 4 11 65 4
1 26 57 5 6 12 1 6 6 1
2 44 60 5 9 64 1 6 0 6
2 59 82 6 1 91 2 3 6
4 84 100 3 1 0 0 6 3 0 0 5
5 1 4 0 1 0 0 6 2 0 0 2 4 0 5 4
7 1 0 2 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 8 5 0 0 7
1 0 1 0 8 2 0 8 9 5 5 9 1 9 0 4 3
S C R C EO U
W P E L DI N G S
% 1 2 3
3 l 00 0 0. 0 2. 0 b 45.2 46.3 31.4 961. .30
6 l 00 0 1. 0 5.2 b 0.4 01.7 31. 0 187 . 3 57
414
WEIGHTS OF PACKING
P oP Cu Fnu e d bo s i or c t
S I R Z A SR E C HI I G
N P RG A I I L N N TL A
C E R C
S A
AM R
T CI E CBA EORC
S
NA R LB
L T OP E N
B AO S N
E L T I
% 6 1 4 3 0 3 6 5
% 6 9 1 4 5
% 5 7 2 5 5 7 4
% 1 3 2
~ 5 6 8 6 3 2 7 . 72
x 5 5 3 0 2 4 4
x 9 4
1 4 3 2 2 3 9 5 7 . 4 05
1 7 1
l 4 6 x 3 6 2 1
l 4 4 % 3 3 2 9 4 4 . 4 67
l 4 % 6
2 4 3 2 1 2 7 4 7 . 4 45
3 3 2 2 7 5 3 3
3 % 4 . 2
4 3 6
T d c o ah n f d et nt r e se aec l odhi nt oei m

t rc Ua aeS t Sl u t rh o e Cn e w
f ea
T w e o hi c g a s h r i et t p bse er o c fo eneo n tmlt a egn hSe t t aae ilf nr s l
S 1t C0 e o 15 e p A2% l pl 0u,e 3 m r%M
i n7 o, ou N m%ni 1 ce , 1k l e 5r
WEIGHTS OF INSULATION
P O PU C N U
FDE SB O I R OC T
C A LS CI LI IU C M A T E 1 2 .
FOAMGLASS 9.0
M I NW E RO A LO L 8 .
G LF AI B
S SE R 4 -
F O A M G L A S S 8 - 1
F m ec hod a neo i v cs r aea il 8 s g t st n d ew0h f el we i d cg%hs hoot i e t v sc e

w eo s i j eag c ahak t et a lt b i f n snm
, h ogo ri sb d t e e u d r e .
.
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES
METALS 62°F. N-octane

............................0,70fjrl Sulphordioxide
............................ z.z50
Aluminum .............................. 2.70 Cyclopentane .....................0.7501 Water vapor
................................. ().fjz3
Antimony ............................. 6.618 Methylcyclopentane ..........0.7536
Barium...,,.,,..,,..,,.,,,,,,,,,,.,.,..,,. 3,78 Cyclohexane .........,...........,0,7834 MISCELL~NENJS SOLIDS
Bismuth ..... .......................... 9,781 Methylcyclohexane ...........0.7740
Boron...................................2.535 Benzene..............................0.8844 Asbestos..................................
“ 2
B 8r C 2a . . s. .0 . . s . . Toulene..........,......,,.,.,,.......O.87l8
. .:Z. . . 0. 8, ,. 6 0 A s p...............................
h a l t , u m
7 C 3O . . . . . . . .Z . . . . . 0. 8, , .4 4 B ......................,..!,
o r ............. aH x
6 C 4O L
. . . . . . . Z. . . . 0. 3., . .. 8 I 6Q F U 6 I B 2D c r S o m° c . m.k
..........................
i o,
5 C 5O . . . . . . . Z.A . . A.c 0. ...........................
2., e. .. c 8 t 1.06 i0i Brick, c fire.................................
d H
B r9 C o1 . n. . .z0. . .. e. . A. : .T .l c. 0.c7o., . om , . .8 m h. . e.o. .r8 .l cB . .,i . ha.r ................................
l 8. i. .a 0 c 2.ok3r ,
Cadmium............................... S,648 A l p c o uh
......................... o
0 l r B , . p r e r i 7 e c s
....................... 9
2,2ks e ,
C a ..................................
l c i 1 u ~m . “ . ~” ” 50 ” 0 ~” ~” 4” . . ~” a. jo . ~. ~~o~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ t[1~”~ . ~. -
C h ...............................
r o m i6 u m . ..................................
9 .3
Cobalt.................................... 8.71 Bromine .................................. 2 C . eP ; r m t l a 9n de ( s e nt )j :7: lt : : j ;, j j
Copper................................... 8.89 C a a c ri d , ,b. . . . o. . . . .0l. , , . i. . C, . c. . .,. . . ...h.. . , . . . , 9. . a. . . . . . . . . .2l, 6, . . . , . . .k, , . .
Gold....................................... 19.3 C da i s u l rp h i d be , . .1. .o. . . .Charcoal,,....,,...,.......,........,...,,.
. .n. ,. . . . . 2 06
Iridium................................. 22.42 C o t to o n -
......................s 0 e i e C d .a no t l 9h a r a
....................... 1l3c i , t
I - c a s tr, . . . , ,7. .o. . . . .0, . .E3. n, . -.s .t 7u .hl.................... 7p e3 h 0.72 ur rCoal,bituminous
,i c ..................... 1.3
I -w rr . , o .7 ,ou . , 8g. .Fluoricacid
0 nh, - , t 7. ...........................
. , , 9 0 1.50 Concrete................................... 2.2
Lead................................... 11.342 G a s o l
................................ i0.70n Earth,dry.................................
e 1.2
Magnesium,.,,..,...,..............., 1 K. e ................................
7r o 4s e0 1 n E e . w ae t , . . , , r. .8. , . . . t. . . . . .1.0h. . , , . . . .,. . ,
g a n e7 s L e i o ............................
M a n............................... n, s e 0.94
i 3e Emery d .......................................
l 4.0
M M
e( Fr . . c. 6. . u. . . .r, 8. . y. .5 . . .° . 1) 34 io i l , n. . , , , ,e, . . . . r
. .
0 . .6. a
. . . G
. . .l . . ........................................
. . . , l 9 a 2
s2 s
y b d e 1n u Mm 0u a c ird , . i. .. . . .a. . . .t1. .2, . i. , G
M o l .......................... , . c. , ,. .r.....................................
.., a 2n i 2 0t e
Nickel...................................... 8.8 N a .................................
p h t 0.76h Gypsum a .................................... 2.4
P l ..............................
a t i n2 u 1m NitricAcid , ............................
3 1.50
7 Ice ............................................ 0.9
a s s 0i u O.m o ................................
P o t............................ 8l i7 i 0v0 I e s.l a gl, , . r. , . . . ,9, . . . . . , .o. , , .2. 2, . . . . . . . .n, . . .
S l 1 v0 . e4 2Palmoil
.......................
i r- 1 .................................
0 . 5 3 0,97 Limestone................................ 2,6
S ...............................0
o d i u , m9P e to 7 r o l
.........................
1 2 i u Mm . . . a. , , . .l. . .r.8, . , . . .b, . . . , .2.2.l. . . . , . .e, . . .
e
0
Steel ....... .............. ... ........... 7.85 P h o a s .................... p h c o 1 r i Mi c . a ................................... sd 7 o n 28r y
T a .................................
n t a l1 u Rapeoil
m 6 .................................
. 0.926 Mica......................................... 2.8
l l u r i6 u Sulphuric
T e ................................ m . acid .......................
2 1,845 Mortar...................................... 1.5
Tin,.........,,..............,...,..,,.......7 ‘ . “. ” : ” + < ”2. ; ” ” . ” 1” 9” . ” po w . .ho o 0“ sc :p. . h” . o. ”1r0” ”u ” ”s ”
T i ...................................
t a n i 4 u Tm u r o .pd de . n,......... . t. 0, i ,5 .n P . e, ,. l,o .P . a, ........................
8 sa t 1r 7 e ri
T u ....n................
g 1s - t e 8Vinegar
1 n ...................................
9. . 6 1,08 1 Quartz...................................... 2,6
Uranium................................. 18.7 W . . . . . a. . , , . . . . . ,t, . . , , . . ,1,e. . . 4 . .S. . .r. ...d,r. ya. . . . . . . .0. .n. . , , . . . , . d1. .0, . . . , . . ,,, , ,
V a .................................
n a d i 5.6u Wm s a...............................
t e e 1 r S , .w a.a, . . . , , 0, .n. . , , .e. , ,2d. 3. , , . . , , ,. . ,
Z .............................
i 7 n . 0 Whaleoil 4 c - ...............................
7 . 1 6 0,92 Sandstone................................ 2.3
Slate......................................... 2.8
HYDROCARBONS 60/60°F. GASSES32°F,
Ethane .............................................. 1.ON Soapstone
................................0.3564 Air.. Sulphur
..................... .........2.7
....................................2.0
Propane.,,...,,,,..,,..,,,.,,0.5077,,O.5O77‘cetY’ene ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~„0920 ~~~bituminous ........................ ~.~
N-butane ............................0.5844 ........................................... .
I s o ..........................0
- b u t a .n e 5 , 6 3 1 ,
Taprock................................... 3.0
N - p..........................0
e n t a n. e 6 3 1 0
[ s o -.............
p e..........0n t a . nC e 6 ma 2o .r . n, ,4 . b,o , . 07,x,o, , i, . ,nd,, , , e, . , , . %
. 7
N - ............................0
h e x a n. e 6 , 6 4 0 .
, ,
a
.
3 - m e t h .y .1 . p. e. .n. t. a. .n6.e . . . 6. . . 0 8 9 .
2 2 - d i m e t h y l b u t a n, e
, . .,
2 3 - d i m e t .h y. l ..b u. t .a6 n., e . 6. . . 6 0 4
.......................... 0 . 6 8 8 2
2 - m e t h. .y . l. h. . e. . x. .a . n6. e. . . ., 8. . , 0 3 0 .
. N i .
. .
o xa
l - d i m e t h y l c y c 0l o p e n. tOa n e7 . .x, , . .5, . ,y, , . . .9. , ,g, , . . 2, , , e, , . , , . . ,n, , , . . . , ,
416
V S A H
I.D. Cylindrical S1-iELL/LIN.FT. 2:1 ELLIP. HEAD*

of
w o t . f w o
Vessel
in. Cu.Ft. Gal. Bbl. Water Cu.Ft. Gal. Bbl. Water
lb. lb.
12 0.8 5.9 0.14 49 0.1 0.98 0.02 8.17
14 1.1 8.0 0.19 67 0.2 1.55 0.04 12.98
16 1.4 10.4 0.25 87 0.3 2.32 0.06 19.37
18 1.8 13.2 0.31 110 0.4 3.30 0.08 27.58
20 2.2 16.3 0.39 136 0.6 4.53 0.11 37.83
22 2.6 19.7 0.47 165 0.8 6.03 0.14 50.35
24 3.1 23.5 0.56 196 1.0 7.83 0.19 65.37
26 3.7 27.6 0.66 230 1.3 9.96 0.24 83.11
28 4.3 32.0 0.76 267 1.7 12.44 0.30 103.8
30 4.9 36.7 0.87 306 2.0 15.30 0.36 127.7
32 5.6 41.8 0.99 349 2.5 18.57 0.44 155.0
34 6.3 47.2 1.12 394 3.0 22.27 0.53 185.9
36 7.1 52.9 1.26 441 3.5 26.47 0.63 220.1
38 7.9 58.9 1.40 492 4.2 31.09 0.74 259.5
40 8.7 65.3 1.55 545 4.8 36.27 0.86 302.6
42 9.6 72.0 1.71 601 5.6 41.98 1.00 350.4
48 12.6 94.0 2.24 784 8.4 62.67 1.49 523.0
54 15.9 119.0 2.83 993 11.9 89.23 2.12 744.6
60 19.6 146.9 3.50 1226 16.3 122.4 2.91 1021
66 23.8 177.7 4.23 1483 21.8 162.9 3.88 1360
72 28.3 211.5 5.04 1765 28.3 211.5 5.04 1765
78 33.2 248.2 5.91 2071 35.9 268.9 6.40 2244
84 38.5 287.9 6.85 2402 44.9 335.9 8.00 2802
t 90 44.2 330.5 7.87 2758 55,2 413.1 9.84 3447
96 50.3 376.0 8.95 3138 67.0 501.3 11.94 4184
102 56.7 424.4 1o.11 3542 80.3 601.4 14.32 5018
108 63.6 475.9 11.33 3971 95.4 713.8 17.00 5957
114 70.9 530.2 12.62 4425 112.2 839.5 20.00 7006
120 78.5 587.5 13.99 4903 130,9 979.2 23.31 8171
126 86.6 647.7 15.42 5405 151.5 1134 27.00 9459
132 95.0 710.9 16.93 5932 174.2 1303 31.03 10876
138 103.9 777.0 18.50 6484 190.1 1489 35.46 12428
144 113.1 846.0 20.14 7060 226.2 1692 40.29 14120
*vo]ume within the straightflangeis not included

71
7I
V S A H
I . A DF &D. . M
S HEAD* E HEMIS.HEAD*
of
Vessel !, wt. of wt. of
i Cu.Ft. Gal. Bbl. Water Cu.Ft. G-d. 13bl. Water
i n . lb. lb.
12 ~ 0.08 0.58 0 4.83
. 0.26
0 1.96
1 0.05 16.34
~~ i
0.12 0.94 7.83 0.42 3.11 0.07 25.95
0.02
16 0.19 1.45 0.03 12.08 0.62 4,64 0.11 38.74
18 ~ 0.27 2.04 0.05 17.00 0.88 6.61 0.16 55.16
20 I 0.37 2.80 0.07 28.33 1.21 9.07 0.22 75.66
22 0.50 3.78 0.09 31.49 1.61 12.07 0.29 100.7
24 0.65 4.86 0.12 40.49 2.09 15.67 0.37 130.7
26 0.82 6.14 0.15 51.15 2.66 19.92 0.47 166.2
28 1.10 8.21 0.20 68.40 3.33 24.88 0.59 207.6
30 1.30 9.70 0.23 80.81 4.09 30.60 0.73 255.4
3’2 1.64 12.30 0.29 102.5 4.96 37.14 0.88 309.9
34 1.88 14.10 0.34 117.5 5.95 44.54 1.06 371.7
36 2.15 16.10 0.38 134.1 7.07 52.88 1.26 441.2
38 2.75 20.60 0.49 171.6 8.31 62.19 1.48 519.0
40 3.07 23.00 0.55 191.6 9.70 72.53 1.73 605.3
42 3.68 27.50 0.65 229.1 11.22 83.97 2.00 700.7
48 5.12 38.30 0.91 319.1 16.76 125.3 2.98 1046
54 7.30 54.60 1.30 454.9 23.86 178.5 4.25 1489
60 10.08 75.40 1.80 628.2 32.73 244.8 5.83 2043
66 13.54 101 2.41 843.9 43.56 325.8 7.76 2719
72 ] 17.65 132 3.14 1100 56.55 423.0 10.07 3530
78 22.32 167 3.98 1391 71.90 537.8 12.80 4488
84 28.47 213 5.07 1775 89.80 671.7 16.00 5606
90 35.56 266 6.33 2216 110.4 826.2 19.67 6895
96 42.51 318 7.57 2649 134.0 1003 23.87 8368
102 52.14 390 9.29 3249 160.8 1203 28.63 10037
108 60.96 456 10.86 3799 190.9 1428 34.00 11914
114 73.66 551 13.12 4590 224.5 1679 39.98 14012
120 84.35 631 15.02 5257 261.8 1958 46.63 16343
126 97.32 728 17.33 6065 303.1 2267 53.98 18919
132 108.7 813 19.36 6773 348.5 2607 62.06 21752
138 127.0 950 22.62 7915 398.2 2978 70.91 24856
144 147.9 1106 26.33 9214 452.4 3384 80.57 28241
*VO1umewithin the s flange k not included

418
PARTIALVOLUMESIN HORIZONTALCYLINDERS
t o Partialvolumesof horizontalcylinder
t equalstotal volumex coefficient
(found from tablebelow)
3“
‘E EXAMPLE
HORIZONTALCYLINDERD = 10 ft., Oin. H = 2.75 ft. L =60 ft., Oin.
TOTALVOLUME:0.7854 x D2 x L Find the partialvolumeof
the cylindricalshell
Totalvolume: 0.7854 x 102x60= 4712.4 cu. ft.
Coefficientfrom table:
H/D= 2.75/10= .275
Refer to the first two figures (.27) in the column headed (HID) in the table
below. Proceed to the right until the coefficient is found under the column
headed (5) which is the third digit. The coefficient of 0.275 is found to be
.223507
Total volumex coefficient= partial volume
4712.4 X .223507 = 1053.25CU.ft.
cu. ft. multipliedby 7.480519 = U. S. Gallon
cu. ft. multipliedby 28.317016 = Liter
COEFFICIENTS
H/D O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
.00 .000ooo .000151 .000429 .000600 .001212 .001445
.001692 .oo~223 .002800 .004077 .004421
.004773 .005503 .006267 .007886 .008310
.00s742 .009625 .010534 .012432 .012920
.04 .013417 .014427 .015459 .017593 .018141
.05 .018692 .019813 .0203g2 .02095.5 .022115 .022703 .023296 .023894

.06 .o~4496 ,025715 .026331 .026952 .028208 .028842 .029481 .030124
.07 .030772 .032081 .032740 .033405 .034747 .035423 .036104 .036789
.08 .037478 .038867 .039569 .040273 .041694 .O4241O .043129 .043852
.09 .044579 .046043 .046782 .047523 .049017 .049768 .050524 .051283
.10 .052044 .053579 ,054351 .055126 .055905 .058262 .059054

.0598!50 .061449 .062253 .063062 .063872 .066323 .067147
.067972 .069633 .070469 .071307 .072147 .074686 .075539
.076393 .078112 .078975 .079841 .080709 .083332 .084212
.085094 .086866 .087756 .088650 .089545 .092246 .093153
.15 .094061 .095884 .096799 .098638 .099560 .100486 .101414 .102343

.16 .103275 .104211 .105147 .1060.s7 .107973 .108920 .109869 .110820 .111773
.17 ,112728 .113686 .114646 .115607 .1.17538 .118506 .119477 .120450 .121425
.18 .122403 .123382 .124364 .12.5347 .127321 .12831O .129302 .130296 .131292
.19 .132290 .133291 .134292 .135296 .137310 .138320 .139332 .140345 .141361
.20 ,lh~~ig .143398 .144419 .145443 .146468 .147494 .148524 .149554

.’21 .152659 .153697 .154737 .155779 .156822 .157867 .1.58915 .159963
,,22 .163120 .164176 .165233 .166292 .167353 .168416 ,169480 .170546
.23 .173753 .174825 .175900 .176976 .178053 179131 .180212 .181294
.24 .1845.50 .l&5639 .186729 .187820 .188912 190007 .191102 .192200
.25 .19.5501 .196604 .197709 .198814 .199922 .’201031 .202141 .203253
.30 .2.5’2315 .253483 .254652 .255822 ,256992 ,25fj165 .259338 ,260512 .261687 .262863
.31 .264039 .265218 .266397 ,267578 .z68760 ,269942 .271126 .272310 .273495 .274682
419
PARTIAL VOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS COEFFICIENTS (Cont.)
H/’D O 1 4 5 6 7 8 9
.277058 .2~()&?7 .2S1820 .283013 .284207 .285401 .28659/3

.WvW2 .’294995 .’296198 .297403 .2!3M5(i5
.301O2I .307068 .3082S0 .309492 .310705
.35 .311918 .313134 ,319219 .320439 3~1660 .3~~8~l
.36 .3YI104 ,:3~532~ .3314.51 .332678 .333905 .33.5134
.37 .336363 .343751 .3449%5 .346220 .347455
.38 .348690 .349926 .3.56119 .357359 .358599 .359840
.39 .:16108’2 .362325 . .308545 .3697!)0 .371036 .372282
.:{74778 ,:]8102+ .382274 .383526 ,384778

.3872X? .393.553 .394S08 .396063 ,397320
.399834 .406125 .407:384 .MM645 .409904
,41~42fj .418736 .+19998 .421261 .42’2.52.5
,4~,5(j5~ .43137s .4:12645 .433911 .435178
.437712 .444050 .445318 .446587 .447S57

.450394 .%)6741 .458012 .459283 .460554
.463096 .469453 .470725 .4719!97 .473269
.475814 .482176 .483449 .484722 .4S5995
.488542 .494906 .496179 .497452 .498726
.50 .mOOOo .501274 ,507640 ..508913 .,510186 .5114.58

.51 . ,5~o~69 .,521642 ..522914 .524186
. ..533090 .534362 .53.5633 .536904
. 7 ,345799 .547068 .548337 .549606
. ,558486 .559754 .561021 .562288
..55 .5635.55 .571154 .572418

.56 .576212 .583789 .585051
57 .588835 .596392 .597650
.58 .601423 .608956 .610210
.59 .61397(I ,~~147(-j ,622725
.(WI .630210 .63.518!)
,61 .638918 ,64264] .647598
.(351310 6. .6!5501.5 .659946
.:: .667322 .672226
.Iii .679561 .684434
.691720 . -. . - .696562
.66 .702.597 .703802 .706207 .708610
.fii .714599 .71.5793 .716987 .718180
.(;s .727690 .728874 .730058
.(icl .739488 .740662 .7418 :)5 .74417X
.70 .7.511s 1 ;,~j:]$; .753.506 .7.5.%+27

.71 .7627X+ ,763909 ,76.50.59 .767356 .768.502
,;~ .~74’21i .77.5:35.5 ,776493 77876.5
.~%547 .7! Ui(ii4 ,7S779,S 1 li900-K\
.i94,jl i J9674? .797859 ,708969 .8011x6
.Tii . .805600 yoml .’W7X(XI

.S08XW4
. .X11(-M .812180 .813271 .814361
.76 .X16537 .817622 .X18706 .819788 .R20N;9 .821947 .%23024 .825175
.77 .x~731~ ,s~~387 .S:30.520 .831584 .832647 .8:~~i08 .835824
.7X .8:17934 .S38987 .841(R5 .842133 .X43178 .844221 .846303
,79 .847341 .84X37R .84941:1 ,%51476 .8.52506 .%5:{532 .%54557 .856602
.80 ,S57622 .858639 .X5965.5 .861680 .H62690 .863698 .86470’4 .866709

.81 .867710 .868708 .869704 .871690 .872679 .873667 .874653 .876618
.82 .877.597 .87857.5 .881494 ,882462 .883428 .884393 .886314
.x3 .887272 .888227 .X8918(I .891080 .892027 .892971 .893913 .895789
.x4 .896725 .897657 .8985S6 .900440 .901362 .!302283 .903201 .90502!3
.905939 .906847 .!)07754 .9095.57 .910455 .91135o .912244 .914021

.914906 .!-)15788 .916668 .918419 ,919291 .920159 .921025 .922749
.923607 .9~4~(jl .925314 .927089 .927853 .928693 .929531 .931198
,93~0~8 ,Q~~~$~ .933677 .935313 .936128 .936938 .937747 .939352
.940150 .940946 .!)41738 .943312 .944095 .944874 .945649 .947190
.90 .947956 .948717 .949476 .950983 .951732 .952477 .953218 .954690

.91 .9.5.5421 .95614S .956871 .958306 .959019 .959727 .960431 .961829
.92 .962522 .963211 ,!-363896 .!%5253 .965927 .966.595 .967260 .968576
420
PARTIAL VOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS COEFFICIENTS (cont.)
H ( /1 2 D3 4) 5 6 7 8 9
,!13 .96922S .!l(}!)Kifi .!)70.51!) .97 11,5X .971792 ,972422 .973048 .973669 .974285 .974897
.!-)4 .97.5.504 .976106 .!)76704 .977’297 .9778%5 .978467 .979045 .979618 .980187 .980750
.95 .!)s1:{0s .wlw!) .!)82407 ,982!)48 ,9S:34S.5 .98401.5 .984541 .985060 .985573 .986081
.9(; ,9s6.7%3 .r)xiotu) .Wii.ww ,!)XS().YI.WM530 .Wmol .989466.989924 .990375 .990%21
.!)7 .99I‘2.5X.!)!)1(}90 .9!)’2114 .!)w2,5:{().992939 .!3!)3340 .993733.994119 .994497 .994966
.98 .{}!).5~~~.!)!)5,579 .995923 .9!)6257 .!)96581 .996896 .997?00 .997493 .997777 .998048
.99 .!)98:30s.!)!W.5.5.5.!)98788 .!KX)O(M.!?99212.9!39400 .999571.999721 .999849 .999947
1.00 I . 0 0 0 0 ( M )
421
P A R
V TO IL I A
H
U O LMR IE Z C SO YN L
T A N
I NL D E R S
( p e r Rc e e n olt Daa gi t e at i Vmo oen tl eu f r m e . )
L *
4 2 2
PARTIALVOLUMESIN ELLIPSOIDALHEADSANDSPHERES
D
I
Partial volumesof ellipsoidalheads and spheres
= total volume x coefficient (in the table
0.0 below)
Two 2:1 Ellipsoidal EXAMPLE:
Headson Horizontal D = 10ft., Oin. H = 2.75 ft.
Vessel Find the partial volume of (2) 2:1 ellipsoidal
Total Volume: 0.2618 D3 heads of a horizontalvessel. The total volume
of the two heads:
O2618 XD3 = O2618 X 103 = 261.8 CU.ft.
QAQ ,Oe;ficientfromtable
Two 2:1 Ellipsoidal HID= 2.75/10= .275
Headson Vertical
Vessel Refer to the first two figures (.27) in the
Total Volume= 2.0944 D3 column headed (H/D) in the table below. Pro-
ceed to the right until the coefficientis found
under the column headed (5) which is the
third digit. The coefficient of .275 is found
to be .185281
O.u Total volumex coefficient= partialvolume
261.8X .185281= 48.506 CU.ft.
Sphere cu. ft. multipliedby 7.480519= U.S.Gallon
Total Volume= 0.5236 D3 cu. ft. multipliedby 28.317016= Liter
COEFFICIENTS
1/D O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s 9
.00 .0000oO.000003.~~lz .ooO02i.ooOOM.000075.000108.000146.000191.000242
.01 .000298.oao360.0004Z9.~503 .000583.00066S.000760.00085T .0009~ .001069
.02 .001184.001304.001431.m15G~.0017m .001844.001993.00’2143 .002308.002474
.03 .002646.~~szs .003006.0031%.0033R9.003589.00379.5.m~~ .004zzz.004444
.04 .004672.WMN15 .00514~.ms:~~~.00.5638.005893.006153.006-i19
.006691.006968
.05 .007250.00753S.OM’831.008129.008433.008742.009057.009377.009702.010032
.06 .010368.010709.01105.5.01lM7 .011764, . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
.08 .018176 .01!3620 .019069 .0195~:3 .019983 .020447 .020916 .021390 .021869 .022353
.09 .022842 .023336 .023835 .0243:]S .024847 .025360” .025879 .026402 .026930 .027462
.10 .028000 .028542 .029090 .029642 .030198 .030760 .031326 .031897 .032473 .033053
,
.137.56S 1:18042 1:;9719 ,140799 .141883 .142969 .144059
.24 .145152 .146Z18 .147347 .148449 14!)554 .150663
423
P A R
V T
O ILIN ELLIPSOIDAL
A
U L
M E HEADS
S A SPHERESN D
COEFFICIENTS (Cont.)
H/D O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
,
.15625(3 .157376 1.5X5(X3 . .161912 .163054 .164198 .165345 .166495
.26 .167648 .168804 . 16!I!W3 ,17~~~9 .1734.56 .174626 .17.5799 .176974 .1781.53
.27 .179334 . 1s1705 .184086 .18.5281 .186479 .187679 .188S82 .190088
.28 .191’296 J937Z() .19615,5 .197377 .198601 .199827 .201056 .20228S
.29 .203<522 ,~0599~ .2084s4 .2097:30 .210979 .’212231 .21348.5 .214741
. . .218526 19792 . . . . .
.31 .228718 . .~:]1289 .232578 0 . . . ,
.32 .2416CA . .244280 . . . . . .
.33 .254826 . .257483 .258815 . . . f .
,:{4 .~fj~lgz . .270889 .272240 . . . . .
.35 .281750 .283116 .284484 .285853 .287224 .288597 .289972 .291348 .292727 .294106
.36 .295488 .296871 .298256 .299643 .201031 .302421 .303812 .305205 .306600 .307996
.37 .309394 .310793 .312194 .313597 .31504)1 .316406 .317813 .319222 .320632 .322043
<38 .323456 .324870 .326286 .327703 .329122 .330542 .331963 .333386 .334810 .336235
.39 .337662 .339090 .340519 .341950 .343382 .344815 .346250 .347685 .349122 .350561
.40 .352000 .353441 .354882 .356325 .357769 .359215 .3fXM61 .362109 :363557 .365007
.41 .366458 .36791O .369363 .370817 .372272 .373728 .375185 .376644 .378103 .379563
.42 .381024 .382486 .383949 .395413 .386878 .388344 .389810 .391278 .392746 .394216
.43 .395686 .397157 .398629 .400102 .401575 .403049 .404524 .40f3000 .407477 .408954
.44 .410432 .411911 .413390 .414870 .416351 .417833 .419315 .420798 .422281 .423765
. .426735 .428221 .429708 .431195 .432682 .434170 ,435659 .437148 .438638

. .441619 .443110 .444601 .446093 .447586 .449079 .450572 .452066 .453560
. .456.549 .458044 .459539 .461035 .462531 .464028 .465524 .467021 .468519
. .471514 .473012 .474510 .476008 .477507 .479005 .480504 .482003 .483503
. .486501 .488001 .489501 .491000 .492500 .494000 .495500 .4970W3 .498500
.50 .500000 .501500 .503000 .504500 .506000 .507500 .509000 .510499 .511999 .513499
.51 .514998 .516497 .517997 .519496 .520995 .522493 .523992 .525490 .526988 .528486
.52 .529984 .531481 .532979 .534476 .535972 .537469 .538965 .540461 .541956 .543451
.53 .544946 .546440 .547934 .549428 .550921 .552414 .553907 .555399 .556890 .558381
.54 .559872 .561362 .562852 .564341 .565830 .567318 .568805 .570292 .571779 .573265
.55 .574750 .576235 .577719 .579202 .580685 .582167 .583649 .5S5130 ..586610 .588089
.56 .58956S .591046 .592523 .594000 .595476 .596951 .598425 .599898 .601371 .602843
.57 .604314 .605784 .607254 .608722 .610190 .611656 .613122 .614587 .616051 .617514
.58 .618976 .620437 .621897 .623356 .624815 .626272 .627728 .629183 .630637 .632090
.59 .633542 .634993 .636443 .637891 .639339 .640785 .642231 .643675 .645118 .646559
.60 .648000 .649439 .650878 .652315 .653750 .655185 .656618 .658050 .659481 .660910
.61 .662338 .66376.5 .665190 .666614 .668037 .669458 .670878 .672297 .673714 .675130
.62 .676544 .677957 .679368 .680778 .682187 .683594 .684999 .686403 .687806 .689207
.63 .690606 .692~4 .693400 .694795 .696188 .697579 .698969 .700357 .701744 .703129
.64 .704512 .705894 .707273 .708652 .710028 .711403 .712776 .714147 .715,516 .716884
.720976 .723695 .725052 .726407 .727760 ,729111 .730461

. .734497 .737178 .738516 .739851 .741185 .742517 .743846
. .747823 .750464 .751781 .753096 ,754410 .755720 .757029
. .760943 .763541 .764837 .766130 ,767422 .768711 ,769997
. .773843 .776396 .777669 778940 .780208 .781474
.70 .784000 .78.5259 .786515 .787769

.71 796478 .797712 .798944 .800173
.72 .808704 .809912 .811118 ,812321
.73 .820666 .821847 .823026 .824201
.74 .83235’2 .833505 .834655 .835802
.75 .843750 .844873 .845994 . .848226 .849337 .850446 .851551 .852653 .853752
.76 .854848 .85.594r .857031 . .859201 .860281 .861358 .862432 .863502 .864570
.77 .865634 .866695 .867753 . .869858 .870906 .871951 .872992 .874030 .875065
.78 .876096 .877124 .878148 . .880187 .881202 .882213 .883220 .884224 ,885225
.79 .886222 .887216 .88S206 . .890176 .891155 .892131 .893104 .894073 .895038
.80 .896000 .896958 .897913 .898864 .899811 .900755 .901695 .902631 .903564 .90449:1
.81 .905418 .906340 .907257 .908171 .909082 .909988 .910891 .911790 .912685 .913576
.8z .914464 .915348 .917103 .917976 .918844 .919708 .920568 .921425 .922277
.83 .923126 .923971 .925648 .926481 .927309 .928134 ,928954 .929771 .930584
.84 .931392 .93~19f3 .933793 .934585 .935373 .936157 .9369:36 .93771’2 .938483
424
PARTIALVOLUMESIN ELLIPSOIDALHEADSANDSPHERES
COEFFICIENTS(Cont.)
H/D O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
. . . 1. , . ,!kl:]i(j-! .!)-ll,-)O1 .!)4 .-,j:j.l .!l.l;f)(j:l

.S(} . . . . . . . i( . .
.{\ i . . . . . . , , . .
. , . . . , , , . .
,!)(j(j:](j~ .!)(jtj%li . . S . . . . 1
, 9 . . . , + , 1 , . 1ti,j .
. , 1 . . .!J7!J,53J .!)S()()17 .!)S0477 .!)S0!):11 .!)X1:{S()
,q~ ,!)~I$J24 ,OS~~(}~\ ,9~yyj7 .9%{126 .!)s35.70 .9S:N69 ,WLHw .!)s47!)1 .9S3L94 .!)%359:;
,!):; .!)S5986 .9X6374 .986757 .9s71 ;\.; .9s7507 .!)S7S74 ,f)SS2:3[i.{)8,WJ9:1.9%S94.j .9S920 I
,94 ,!)H96:{2 .98996S .q~om)~ .99062!3 .9!W943 .9!)1’2.5S.091.567 .!XI1871 .992169 .992462
,gj ,J)9~750 .9!)3032 .!)93:;09 .993.581 .!)!):;s47 ,~\)4107 ,f)~~~(j~ .994(jlj .!194S,56 .9!).50!).5
.{)6 .9!).5:VZ3 .~q.5.5.56 .!)9.5778 ,<)~.50{)4 ,~)f)(j~ofi ,!)!)ti~11 .9!)(X311.!IWLX(),5.!)96994 .997177
.{)7 .9973.54 .997.526 .99769z .997SS2 .9!)S007 .!)!)S1.56 .998:300 .!)!)S4:17 .WXWIX).Wl!lfi!)ti
.q~ .!-)9s816 .998931 .!)99040 .9{19143 .!)!)9240 .9w:J32 .999417 .999497 .9!W.J71 .999(L!O
.99 .999702 .!J9W’5S .!)99809 .WXW54 .!NW89’2 .999925 .999952 ,!10!)!)73 .WW9N3 .999997
1,001 ,()()(XM)O
425
A S
( S qF Iu e a e r n et )
* a o straight
mr e isnot
flanges e i an f ci t l f u i do tgeh t ud ar nhbe e sl
O u t C ys l i i nd d 2er i c a lA : S M 1 eE
H m W F i s l
D i a S
m eperht eE e rl l il p F s l ol ia ad a n pl gh n ee rd H i dc
e a
of Vessel Lineal Foot H e D a iH ds ehH* e ea d a d d
Di n ( c n- x D)
h e . s D 0( 92
8 X0 D ( . . x 59 D
2) 7 ( 1 0 x D .)28 71 X
1 3 . 1 21 . 04 0 . 19 9 . 02 5 .
1 3 . 1 46 . 16 4 . 28 2 . 15 1 .
1 4 . 1 61 . 19 9 . 24 6 . 14 7 .
1 4 . 2 87 . 21 4 . 35 0 . 17 5 .
2 5 13 0 . 23 0 . 42 5 . 26 3 .
2 5 . 3 27 . 36 6 . 56 1 . 20 2 .
2 6 . 4 42 . 38 3 . 66 6 . 38 2 .
2 6 . 5 68 . 41 1 . 72 3 . 32 0 .
2 7 . 5 83 . 52 9 . 82 0 . 40 5 .
3 7 . 6 08 . 55 8 . 91 7 . 46 8 .
3 8 . 7 23 . 67 7 . 16 5 1 5.3 1 .
3 8 . 8 49 . 70 7 . 15 3 2 6.9 1 .
3 9 . 9 64 . 83 8 . 12 2 4 7.9 1 .
3 9 . 1 89 0 9.4 9 . 13 2 5 7.1 7 .
4 1 0 1. 0 42 17. 01 1. 1 27 08. 4 .
4 1 1 1. 2 03 10. 13 1. 5 29 59. 2 .
4 1 2 1. 8 57 17. 44 2. 7 75 10. 21
5 1 4 2. 4 12 14. 80 3.9 61 10. 58
6 1 5 2. 0 7 2 1. 33 3. 0 69 10. 92
6 1 7 3. 6 23 2 8. 71 4. 0 87 20. 35
7 1 8 3. 2 89 3 5. 32 5. 0 06 20. 85
7 2 0 4. 8 46 32. 80 6. 0 86 35. 33
8 2 1 5. 4 93 49. 54 7. 0 06 30. 89
9 2 3 6. 0 51 56. 12 8. 0 68 40. 43
9 2 5 6. 6 29 50. 88 1. 0 0 9 0 50 . 05
1 2 0 6 7. 2 78 60. 68 1. 0 1 2 3 55 . 64
1 2 0 8 8. 8 28 77. 42 1. 5 2 3 7 65 . 32
1 2 1 9 9. 4 88 85. 32 1. 5 4 0 1 70 . 07
1 3 2 1 1. 0 0 5 9 90 . 20 10. 5 0 7 70 . 80
1 3 2 2 1. ~
6 9 ( )
1 9 .
0 10 11 . 7 8 3 58 . 62
1 3 3 4 1. 23 5 21 6 . 1 0 1 10 . 9 5 0 09 . 50
1 3 3 6 1. 84 2 41 0 . 2 0 1 20 . 0 5 7 10 . 0 7 2
1 3 4 7 1. 4 5 7 71 0 . 3 0 2 20 . 2 2 6 10 . 1 2 3
D I
W M II L L ITEMQ EU THI V
E A
R L E N T S
Milli- Milli- M
D e ‘ c i Dm ” ea m
cli i - mDecimala l
m
Decimal
meter
g 9A
. 7 . 1 . i
: 1 . 7 . 1 . 2
; ; 2 . 8 . 1 . I
9 1 2
. 3 . I9 . 1 . 2
. 4 . 1
1 . 1 . 2
. 5 . 1 ; 1 . 2
6 ~ 1 1 1 2
D AF
INCHES
In. o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0 .0000 . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ;
. . . . . . , , . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
X . . . . . . . . . . .
. , . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
~ . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . , . . . .
~ . . . . . . , . . . .
. , . . . . . . . ,
. . . . . . . . . . .
1 . . . . , . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . , .
427
METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
This systemhas the advantagethatit is a coherentsystem.Eachquantityhasonlyone

unitandall baseunitsare relatedto eachother.Thefractionsandmultiplesoftheunits
are made in the decimal system.
U O M M
unit symbol equivalent of
Length meter m 39.37 in
Area meter2 1.196 sq.yard
Volume meter 3 1.310 cu.yard
Weight/massl gram 0.035 Oz
Time second second
Temperature degree Celsius O“C = 32°F
100”C = + 212°F
MUL~PLES AND FRACTIONSOF UNITS
S y m prefix
b o I l Unit Multiplied by I N a
m i k ]r o( ) m i. l l6 i o
m m i n 1 i 0 t .h o u 3s a n
c c e n 1t i 0 h . u n d2 r e
d d e c 1 i 0 t - e 1 n
D d e k 1 a t 0 e
h h e k 1
t o 0 h u n 2 d r
k k i l 1 o 0 t h o 3u s a
M m e g 1 a 0 m i l 6 l i
EXAMPLE:Unit of weightis gram; 1000 gram is one kilogram,1 kg
1,000m= 1 kilometer,km
MEASURESOF LENGTH
UNIT: METER, m
z
I
*1 decimeter, dm = O.lm
Z ~ 1 centimeter, cm = 0.01 m
gs
~ ~ 1 millimeter, mm = 0.001 m
*not used in practice

428
T
LLJ
1,()()0,000m2 = I < ~
= I
= 1 a*
MEASURESOF AREA
UNIT: SQUARE METER, m2
2
o+
*I sq. decimeter, dm2 = 0.01 m2
r ~ 1 sq. centimeter, cm2 = 0.0001m2
~ -J 1 sq. millimeter, mm2 = 0.000,001m2
~ L
L o i p r a c t i c n e
MEASURES OF VOLUME
UNIT: CUBIC METER. m3
1 hectoliter, hl = O.lm~
1 liter, 1 = 0.001m3
cu. centimeter = 0.000,001m3
$I ~
cu. millimeter = 0.000,000,001m3
1 g= 1t t G
100,000 g = 1 quintal, q
~~
1,000 g = 1 kilogram, kg
10 g = 1 dekagram, dg ~ ~
1
MEASURES OF WEIGHT
UNIT: GRAM, g
L
E
o~ centigram, cg = 0.01 g
G ~
~ -J milligram, mg = 0.001 g
&L
429
4
M S O M
,
M E A OS LU R
E EN S G T F H
k m d c mm p mm m m
1 km 1
l m
~ &
1c 1 1 0 1 0 . m1 0 - 5 1 - 2 104 1 107 0
1m 1 1 0 1 0 - m 1 0 - 6 10 - 3 1 - 21 10 0
I 1 p 0
1 1 0 - . 1 0 - 9 1 0 - 6 10 - 5 1 - 4 30
1m 1 p 1 10 -
MEASURES OF AREA
k h ma 2 a m m
1k 1 1m 1 01’ 01 201 40 0 6 1 8
1 ha 1 10 1 - 1 201 01 201010 40 6
l 1 0
10-’ 1 a - 1 4 1 01 01 20 40
1 m 1 1 0 1 0 - 21 0 . 6 1 - 41 201 0 4 20
1d 1 1m0 1 0 - 1z 0 - 8 1 0 - 6 102 -. 4 1 2 0
1c 1 01m -1 0 1 ]z 0 - 0 (1 . 8) 1 0 6- 1 - 4 20
1m 1 010-10
m - 1 1 12 0 2 1 0 - 1 0 - 8 10 - 6 - 4
M E A OS VU R
O EL S U M F E
m h 1 d 3 cl m m m 3 m 3
1m 1 1 1 3 1 0 1( 0 1 33 0 3 0 6
1 hl 10-1 1 1 1 0 1( 1 32 0 2 0 5
1 1 10 0
1- 1 1- 3 1 2 1 0 0 3
1 d 1 m10 01- s 1 -3 1 2 1( 3 0 3
1c 1 m10 10- s 1 0-6 10 .5 1 -3 3 0
1m 1 m1 0 10 - J 1 0- 9 1 0 -8 10 - 6 -6 3
MEASURESOF WEIGHT
t ~ kg dg g Cg mg
It 1 10 103 105 106 108 109
lq 10-1 1 102 104 105 107 108
1 kg 10-3 10-2 1 102 103 105 106
1 dg 10-5 10.4 10-2 1 10 103 104
lg 10-6 10-5 10-3 10-1 1 102 103
1 Cg 10-8 10-7 10-5 10-3 10-’2 1 10
1 mg 10-9 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-3 10-1 1
EXAMPLE CALCULATION
Weight of the water in a cylindrical vessel of 2,000 mm inside diameter and
10,000 mm length: 3.1416 x 1,0002 x 10,000 = 31,416,000,000 mm3
31,416 liter, 1
31.416 cu. meter, m
(The weight of one liter of pure water at the maximum 31416 kilogram, kg
density (4”C) equals one kilogram.)
430
RECOMMENDED
PRESSUREVESSELDIAMETERS
Diameter Diameter in Diameter Diameter in

in inches millimeters in inches millimeters
24-30 630 66-72 1,600

36 800 78-90 2,000
42-48 1,000 96-120 2,500
54-60 1,250 126-156 3,150
RECOMMENDED
TANKDIAMETERS
,
Diameters Diameters Diameters Diameters
in API feet in meters in API feet in meters
10 3.15 70-80 20.00

15 4.00 90-100 25.00
20 5.00 120 31.50
25 6.30 140-163 40.00
30 8.00 180-200 50.00
35-40 10.00 220-240 63.00
45-50 12.50 260-300 80.00
60 16.00
The recommendeddiameters are based on a geometricprogression,called Renard

Series(R1O)of PreferredNumbers.*
Dimensionson drawingsshall be expressedin millimeters.The symbolfor millime-
ters, mm (no p e n r n ib e s o odh eot )d o r da w
Hwht oei n tw
n f gen o esv l . r el h ro ,wm
s b hs oah t d ol a r w
l aA
h w
e D
ni In M
ng LE
es N
: A S II OM
L NI LSR L I M E T EE
D i m ea n s5 bd i o ii onm s ig lv l i mi em t ea txs e pyrin rsm eeb ts ese1r e s 1dm

( e 0. g
Scales @Metric Drawings: enlarging the object, 2, 5, 10, 20 times reducing the
object in proportion of 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000
* Reference: M a i with
k Metric,
i The
n National
g Board
t of Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Inspectors.
431
1 I
2
0
v
I
i 1
’32
433
434
435
I
I I
t
t
II
I
II
I
I I
I
I
436
.
II
2
I
t
II I
II I
II
I
I
437
I Oulclcnm -me -F
I 00 - r
‘]“
4
T ‘“
m * A G - - c i
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- r-l w) e w, @ r- m m
438
—
h
—
—
—
*
—
m
—
N
—
.
I
1
439
t i
5
440
1 1
r
I
t 1
1
: I I
I
.
441
CONVERSION TABLE – DEGREE

D E GT R A
E E
D SI A NO S
1 DEGREE = + = 0.01745 RADIANS
—
D e w e e s— M i n uS te ec so
1
0
120° o
~
1 0.0174533 121 1 1 0
2 0.0349066 i2 122 2 2 0
3 0.0523599 ;3 [23 3 3 0 , 0 0
4 0,06981
32 ;4 [24 4 4
5 0.0872665 ;5 125 5 5
6 0.10471
98 ;6 [26 6 6
7 0.1221730 57 127 7 7
8 0.1396263 58 128 8 8
9 59 129 9 9
[0 70 130
11 71 131
12 0 . 2 072 9 4 3 9 132
5
13 0 , 2 273 6 8 9 2 133
8
14 0 . 2 474 4 3 4 6 134
1
15 0 .9 2 75 6 1 7 135
9 4
16 0 .2 2 76 7 9 2 136
S 7
17 0 . 2 977 6 7 0 6 137
0
18 0,3141593 78 138
19 0,3316126 79 139
20 0.3490659 80 140
21 0.366S1
91 81 141
22 0.3839724 82 142
23 0.4014257 83 143
24 0.4188790 84 144
25 0.4363323 85 145
26 0.4537856 86 146
27 0.47123
89 87 147
28 0.4886922 88 148
29 0.50614
S5 89 149
30 0.5235988 90 150
31 0.5410521 91 151
32 0.5585054 92 152
33 0.5759587 93 1s3
34 0.5934119 94 154
35 0.6108652 95 155
36 0,62831
85 96 156
37 0.6457718 97 157
38 0,6632251 98 158
39 0.6806784 99 159
40 0.6981317 00 160
41 0.715S850 01 161
42 0,7330383 02 162
43 0.7504916 03 163
44 0,7679449 04 164
45 0,7853982 05 165
46 0.8028515 06 166
47 0.8203047 07 167
48 0,8377580 08 168
49 0.8552113 ’09 169
50 0.8726646 ‘lo 170
0.8901179 171
0.9075712 172
0.9250245 173
0,9424778 174
0.95993 175
.09773844 176
0.9948377 177
1.01229 178
179
180
— — — — —
442
C T – D
R A DT DI A
E G
N R
S E EO S
1 R A = ~D =I 5 A7 .N
D 2 E 9 G5 R7 8E E S
Ten-
R a d i Tenths
a n siiundrcdths Thousandths t
1 ’ 5 ’ 6 o ~’ j O0 0 “.6
2 114035’29“.6 11027‘33“. O I 0 8’41”.3 00 6‘52”, 5 00 0’41“.3
3 171053’14“.4 1701I ‘19“. 4 1043‘Q7“.9 O010‘!8 1
4 229010’39“.2 6 1 f 5
5 2 I1 1
6 3 O
7
8 1I 8 2 1
9 O
E X A M P L E S
1 C h 8 a 2 3n t 7gr. 6 ea 4 d ° i ’ ”a o n
S o l Fu t t i r oo a o n po: b p ol m s a ei tn ge
8 = 1 . 75 1 r 8 a 4 03d 5i 4 a n s
26’ = 0 . 0 0 r 7 a5 6d 3i 1 a n s
3 = 0 . 40 0 r 0 a1 ”6d 4i 8 a n s
~ 2 3 =7 14 6 . 5 27 r0 6 sa 1 ’ 6d 4i 3 a n s
2 C h 1 a . r n 5a t g. dd2 eie 6 ag 2 nr se e o s
S o l Fu t t i r ao a n bo: b o lm v e e
1 a =
r 5d 1 i 4 a 47 n7- 8 0 t > ’
0 . = 2 3 5 5 82 8 . °4 ’ ”
0 . = 01 8 4 2 5 . 30 ’ ”
0 . 0 = 00 2 3 6 7 0 . 6° ’ ”
0 . 0 =0 0 0o 4 2 1 . 30 ’ ”
1 . 5 =2 8 86 2 2 26 31 . °4 ’ °
= 8 2 4 71 6 . 04 ’ ”
443
CONVERSION TABLE – DEGREE
MINUTESANDSECONDSTO DECIMALSOF A DECREETO

DECIMALSOF A DEGREE MINUTESANDSECONDS
, 0 o 0 ‘ “ o ‘ “
o 0 o’ o“ 30’ 0“
1 1 028 001 o’ 4“ 51 30’ 36”
2 0333 2 056 002 o’ 7“ 52 31’ 12”
3 0500 3 083 003 o’ 11” 53 31’ 48”
4 0667 4 111 004 o’ 14” 32’ 24”
5 0 5 0 0.005 O’ 18” 0.;} 33’ 0“
6 6
7 7
8 8
250 009
13 0.1667 1; 0 0.00 o’ o“ O.:\ 36’ 0“
3’ o“ 39’ 0“
o% 6’ 0“ 0.%
0 0.i: 9’ 0“ 0.% 45’ 0“

26 4333 26 722 16 9’ 36” 76 45’ 36”
27 4500 27 750 17 10’ 12” 77 46’ 12”
28 4667 28 778 18 10’ 48” 78 46’ 48”
29 4833 29 806 11’ 24” 47’ 24”
30 0.5000 30 0.00833 o.% 12’ 0“ O.;’b 4.8’ O“
31 5167 31 861 21 12’ 36” 81 48’ 36”
32 5333 32 889 22 13’ 12” 82 49’ 12”
33 5500 33 917 23 13’ 48” 83 49’ 48”
34 5667 34 944 14’ 24” 50’ 24”
35 0.5833 35 0.00972 o% 15’ 0“ 0.;: 51’ o“
36 6000 36 01000 26 15’ 36” 86 51’ 36”
37 6167 37 028 27 16’ 12” 87 52’ 12”
38 6333 38 056 28 16’ 48” 88 52’ 48”
6500 083 17’ 24”
:: 0.6667 :; 0.01111 o% 18’ O“ 0.% 54’ o“
41 6833 41 139 31 18’ 36” 91 54’ 36”
42 7000 42 167 32 19’ 12” 92 55’ 12”
43 7167 43 194 33 19’ 48” 93 55’ 48”
44 7333 44 222 20’ 24” 56’ 24”
45 0.7500 45 0.01250 0.:: 21’ o“ 0.32 57’ o“
46 7667 46 278 36 21’ 36” 96 57’ 36”
47 7833 47 306 37 22’ 12” 97 58’ 12”
48 8000 48 333 38 22’ 48” 98 58’ 48”
49 8167 49 361 23’ 24” 59’ 24”
50 0.8333 50 0.01389 0.;: 24’ O“ 1.% 60’ O“
51 8500 51 417 41 24’ 36” 10 66’ O“
52 8667 52 444 42 25’ 12” 20 72’ O“
53 8833 53 472 43 25’ 48” 30 78’ O“
54 9000 500 26’ 24” 84’ O“
55 0.9167 :: 0.01528 0.1: 27’ O“ 1.% 90’ o“
56 9333 56 556 46 27’ 36” 60 96’ O“
57 9500 57 583 47 28’ 12” 70 102’ o“
58 9667 58 611 48 28’ 48” 80 108’ O“
9833 639 29’ 24” 114’ o“
% 1.000 ;?) 0.01667 o% 30’ 0“ 2.;: 120’ o“
, 0 ,9 0 0 ‘ and “ o ‘ and “
444
+
‘mIwl
o
&
o
d-
.
445
446
C F
( c o Fn fv ea mor cs e t i t seor ton t a or itnh Ss ndm a g s er hdyert s st rAe t f ieEe f1S3cm 8e , 0T
M U L T I P L Y B T O Y
B T A
c e n t ........................................
i m e t e r s 3 . x 2 8 fl 0 8 e& 3 e2
c e n t ........................................
i m e t e r s . 3 9 3 7
...............................
:ubic feet ...........................................
:ubic feet ...........................................
:ubic feet ...........................................
.......................................
......................................
......................................
.........................................
. ... . .... . . .. . .... . . ..
........................................
.....................................................
.....................
.....................
.....................
...................
...................
.........
. . . .. . . .. . .... .. ... . . ...
...........................
..............................
.................................................
d ....... ..................... l
.............
iters ...................................................
meters ............................ ...................
meters ................................................
meters ................................................
statute .....................................
..........................................
..........................................
............................
...........
...........
radians ...............................................
............................
....................................
....................................
......................................
......................................
.......
...........................................
.. . .. . . ... . .... . ... . . ... . .
.. . . .. . . ... .. ... . ... .. . .. .
.. . . . .. . . .. .. .... .. .. .. ....
..........................................
..........................................
y ...... a
447
PART IV.
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
3. CenterofGravity .................................................................................. 452
4. Beam Formulas..................................................................................... 455
5. DesignofWelded Joints ....................................................................... 458
6. ExampleofCalculations ....................................................................... 461
7. Bolted Connections............................................................................... 463

448
S A S F T
DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS s~ = Bendingstress,psi
A =Cross s e c a t i i r o n en a s l a 2= Shearstress,psi
, . ~
AR = RequiredcrosssectionalArea, in2 S~ = Allowabletensileor compressive
I =Moment of inertia, in4 stress, si
M =Moment, in-lb S~* = AlIowat le bendingstress,psi.
M* = Allowablemoment,in-lb s~~ = Allowableshear stress,psi.
P =F olb r c e , Y = Distance from neutral axis to
PA = Allowable force. lb extreme fiber, in
s =Tensile or compressive stress, psi Z = Section modulus, in3
TYPE OF LOADING EXAMPLES
p-p ;:i;;;, The stress in a 2 x % in. bar made from

SA 285-C steel due to 5,000 lb. tensional
J load is:
A, = $:in21
TENSION Area, A = 2 x V4= 0.5 in2;
. s = + (psi) S = $ = 5~~0 = 10,000 p s
P
PA = AS4 (lb)
A+
p (in2)
AR = — To support a load of 11,000 Ibs. in
COMPRESSION s~ compression, the required area of steel
P bar m f aS 2r sd 8io t e 5em
s . p ( p s ~i > )
P
AR = — = E = 0.5 inz
PA = AS~~ (lb) s~ ,
.L. -
mA AR =$~~n2)
p Single
The required area of bolt made from
SA-307 B steel to support a load of
>J2~ s~ = ~A(psi) 15,000lbs. in double shear:
~P
P = 2AS~~ (lb) AR =~ A=
P/2+—
Q 2s,4 .*~51’~~o~=0.75 in’
Double A – p (in2)
SHEAR 2ss~
M = P/ (in-lb) The maximumbendingmomentat the
MA = ZS~ (in-lb) sup ort of a cantilever beam due to a
P[ loaJ of 1,000 Ibs. acting at a distance of
M (in3)
zjQ= sr-- 60inchesfrom the support:
M =Pl = 1,000 X 60 = 60,000 in-lb.
Q s = ; (psi)
BENDING S* = ~, (psi) Section modulus

mm If dimensionb =2 in. and d=4
-Y axisof moment on the base. 1=42.67.
d Z= I/y = 42.67/4 = 10.67 in3
z=~ axis of moment throu h center, 1= 10.67,
y
Z=Ily = 10.67I2 = ! .335 in3
u b
SECTION MODULU s
449
A STRESSES
FOR NONPRESSUREPARTSOF VESSELSANDOTHERSTRUCTURES
TYPE OF STRESS ALLOWABLESTRESS SOURCE

& JOINT
;TEEL CODE
Bearing 1.60x The values of UCS-23
Shear 0.80x 1 tables UCS-23 Notes
Compression 0.60x Specified

rension (except pin eonneetion) 0.60 x American
minimum Institute
Bending 0.66 x
0.40 x yield stress of Steel
~hear } C o n s t r
Bearing (on projected area of bolts 1 x
Min.
.
tensile 5
i s oh c o en n ea c tn ir o n ) s t r e n g t h
W E J L OD S EI TD N E T E F L
Full penetration groove weld same as for the

tension, compression, shear steel welded
Partial penetration groove weld American

1. tension transverse to axis of weld, Welding
shear on throat 13,600psi Society
2. tension parallel to axis of weld or same as for the
compression on throat steel welded
Fdlet weld, shear on throat 13,600psi

(using throat dimension)
9,600 psi
(using leg dimension)
Plug or slot weld same as fillet weld i
1,
.- -
P O SR
D E F I ON S I Y
T I MO BN O I JF j
r = Radius of gyration, ~~
A = A i zr e n a Y =, D . i s t a a n [ ec xxe f t i i ir b
1 = i ’ z =n . i ’ n
A = bd
f = I=
y
Z =
r = 0.289a
.
:
,
::,
.,.
,.,,
::
.
:,: Z =
r = 0.577d
E&
A =
y = Yzd
d h “~~ . ~~
1
:’ I
“i Y
Z – d
1----1 a
r = 0.S77a
u
k
b
‘=
L a
, ,..
—’:”
,
. , .
A = az
,,
y =
I=
.
: .
a
. ,:
.
A = ‘~ bd
I=
\@ a 2 Z = 0.118 a~ Z =
r = 0.289a r = d
A =
I =
Z =~’– Z =
a—
r = 0.289 U2+ b2
K -r = 0.408d
A =
b
A =
a Y= +
y = 0.707a
/ ~= +
\ ( b a
/“ — ~
I 12
~ - ( +4 a +b a
Y Z =(0.118a’ –
a :“,,.:.”’
\
r = 0,289 + w 1 ( 2 a
E!h
A = bd A =
y = Y2d Y=
-
I= I =
‘ ‘ I Z=
r = 0,289d 1
- .. -
Z =
r = Q
451
P O SR O
D E F I ON S I TY I MO NB r O. LF S
A = z c x f { ii r be
1 = Moment of inertia, in.4 z = Section modulus, ,
A = A =
,. ~ =: ~ – +
y = ➤ [
? ,,,.,,,.
:,:,.-- ,.,.:,.
.,., .
.:::.:. F
I= i =
, . Y ,
L ,.,,
:,:.,.:,:,:.:.:
,.,.;.:.:.:.
......., -(a -
Z = 0.098(D4-d4 )/D
d z =I /
w r u r = f
S e o t c w t hai ol‘ i n l ef n dA = b—t)

4
c y wl Ri 1 nh d e e r0 n ~
> 1. b – ((l?d+ a)+ dz
R ~ ; , ~ + 7
A =
.::
::::— 1=
Y
IGi 1 = R’( r
[ I i 5z = ! 3
z = R’[ r ~
a r
r = O. L
A = bd - h (b – t)
A =
Y =
Y= d
E
Z=
d s
r = 0.132 d 6
A =
Y=
I
Z
r
A =
y =
i = [bd’–h’(b–O]
/12
Z
/4 = bs + h( A =
?..... y = :
... -
:~,: + 2
i ~ fj != 1
...............
Y
z =
r
452
C G E
‘ center of gravity
h of an area ore body is the point through which about any axis the
loment of the area or body is zero. If a body of homogeneousmaterial at the center of
ravity were suspended it would be balanced in all directions.
‘he center of gravityof symmetricalareas ass uare, rectangle,circle,etc. coincideswith
h geometrical center of the area.e For arqas w1 i c n hsymmetrical
. a oor whichare
r e t
Ymmetricalabout one axn only, the center of gravitymaybe determinedby calculation.
-+
. Y
The center of gravity is located on the centerline of
symmetry. (Axis y –y)
To determine the exact location of it:
1 Divide the area into 3 rectangles
area of each. (A, B, C)
. and calculate the
25
2. Determine the center of gravity of the rectangles
and determine the distances a b and c to a
I selected axis (x – x) per endicular to axis y – y.
c 3. Calculate distance y to rocate the center of -gravity
C.g” by the f o r m u l a :
x I
Y ~-
Y
b
a
x
A
y = Aa+ Bb +
s
A +B+ C
s f ua mo rr i eon c e tg Aa= 16,
an B=
gr l14
s e sf :
and C= 12 square inches and for the distances of
center of gravities: a = 1, b = 5 and c = 9 inches.
EXAMPLE #1
y = 16X 1+ 14X5+12X 9 = 4462in.
16+ 14+ 12
The area is not symmetrical about an axi:s. The

center of gravity may be determined gy calculating
the moments with reference to two selected axes. To
determine the distances of center of gravity
- to these
a x e s :
Y 1 Divide the area into 3 rectangles
. and calculate the
c1 areas of each. (A, B, C)
2 D e t t e c r meo ig hn .r oe t a r ev e eli r hct f
h , a t d i sn at hb aa n c t c ad e xes na, x t%e , -i
d i s al,t bl, ac, t n a c y –e sx iy o s
( ... 4cj- -
3. Calculatedistancesx and y by the formulas:
- x
c \ -+-
A. x = AuI +Bbl + Ccl
b ccl+ A+B+C
1 Y
- ‘A
x 1’ t x
a y = Aa+Bb + Cc
—al A+B+C
Y
A s s f ua mo rr i eon c e gt A a= 1an Bgr=14
l s e sf 6
E X A# M P aL CE 1 s n qi2 una f ac dd =rih 2sn oeeto a s n
c eo g nr a at = v 1 ibe=t c=
i r 9:
e sf 4, : b,=1
5
and c,=3
~ = 16x 4+ 14x 1+12x 3 = 2.71 in. = 4.62 in.
y = 16X 1+ 14x5+12x8
16+ 14+ 12 16+ 14+ 12
4
C O G E
A T R I
A N G L E
rh \
\ E
T
w
c
bh
eo g h n r i at a t evi e n itr e t rhof sly e AD
the
i isides
s BC
c itsa it eoBE,
nn
c eand Ahc Thet p e r Cp e nd d ii c .s u l t a
e
L B
A
‘ a
c
f
t
t cr
t hh
eo\ g ohn r t anyta mone
ve ofe the
pei e hr i pr e gnt dt ih side.
i r sides
t is
ce u tHence,
f yequal too
hl a ra = ha+ 3 o t
T R A P E Z O I D
. I B- ” D 7
T c eo g h n r i ot a t vel e ji r ot i thf iym n n isp ni hedon e dgi
r r p a l r AB a i l DE.
ln e el s
h e
= ~ (a + 2 b) ~ = h (2 a + b)
c
3 (a+ b) 3 (a+ b)
1 m a + 2
‘D
f!J--
IEd e =
1--- 3( b a + )
SECTOR OF CIRCLE
Distance b from center of gravity to center of circle is:
2 rc = r2c = 38 ~g, r sin a
rA b
‘T E - o!
T /< i w A h= of
i sector,c an ih e x p i rd e e s g s r e sed
a For the area of a half-circle:
4 b = A r + 3 T = 0.4244r
For the area of a quarter circle:
@ b
b = 4 & X r + 3 T = o.6o02r
F t a o a os r h o ai c e irx er a t c f lh ef :
b = 2 r + T = 0.6366 r
SEGMENT OF CIRCLE
r 1 The distance of the center of gravity from the center of the circle
C is: ~3 r3 s a i n
b = —
b 12A = 3 A
l=$kl in which A ==area of segment.
R PART OF CIRCULAR RING

r
b from center of gravity to center of circle is:
b = 38.197 ‘$~$a
& h A a in e x g p i rdegrees.
l e s e s e sd n
FRUSTUM OF CONE
} For a solid frustum of a circular cone the formula:
a = h (R2 + 2 R + 3 rz) r
•i-r 4 (R2 -i- Rr r2)
T l o oc th a c t eoi g ohen r no tta c vef eo isr nhtu foi yar c f f
o h frustum of a cone is determined by:
I – h( 2r R + )
3 * P
d a – 3 (R+ r)
4
C O G E
EXAMPLES
A 1 -o 0 0 ’ “
1 = I
I
2r-o”-
80 Ibs
75000 Ibs b
lb
’600 Ibs lb
2’-6” 1800
x I
lb
600 lb
78880 lb
75000 x 50’ + 80 X 2’ + 1800 X iO’ + 800 X

102’ + 600 X 2’-6” + 600 X 97’-6” =
x= Ibs
4,017,760
= 50,935’ = 50” – I 1.1/4”
= 78,880
B 108’-0” 9
t’ 56’4’)” 2’ *
6’-0”– 42’-0” 2’-0”
(24000 Ibs) ~ (17000 Ibs)
5’-0”
2400 I b 1900 lbs s & I = 1000 Ibk
t , +
A[
weight:
x 17000 lb
1400 lb
1 l 9
. -
●
2400 x ~’+ 24000x 27’+ 100ox 49’ + 1 77 1 0 14

8 0 1 ( 0 0 1’ J
9. x7 O 0+ ’ X1 0 +
x =
4 Ibs.
7 , 7 o O
2200,900
=—= 46.14’ = 46’-1] ’16”
47.700
4
B F O
D E F I ON S I TY I M
O NB O W’L F
= Sload, lb.
E = V =
r = ! v =
I = u n i d f i os trl r mi bl ouy t e
w =
= M oo f m io l e r n c nt x b e= fD , i .p s . at t ara Xan i lcx l e e i ln
P= F o co o n r c le ncl t or aeA t ae=f dD
b de f il , e c. t i on n ,
R = e =
Cantilever fixed at one end – Concentrated load at free end
R V P = =
K
A s u p p = Po r tt , 1
R M X = P X
~
x
1 A free end, Arnu = $& Ax
t = ~6EI ‘2’3 – 312X+ X3)
Cantilever fixed at one end - Concentrated load at any point

P R= V=P
a b A support, = P t b
Y When x>a = – a)
R Pb3
At free end, Amu = ~ (31 - b)
-II
Whenx<a Whenx>a
p , -j A -
= Pb2 (31 _ 3X – b) AX = p – ‘)’ (3b – I + %
x
6 E 3I E
Cantilever fixed at one end – Uniform load over entire span
R = V = Wi
Vx = Wx
R W12
A support, l14max
= ~ t Mx= +
W14 A = - ( !– 4 +
! 3 1 _X 1
At freeend, = —
8 2 E 4 I E
Cantilever fixed at one end – Load increasing uniformly from free end to support
R V=w Vx=WA = M x =
12
WI
R w= -+- A support, = — t
3
W13 A a= & x
At free end, A = ~m & x () – 1 E5 4 1xr
W12
free end, O = + —
Z2EI
456
B F O
5 Supported at both ends Concentrated load at mid-span
P R] = R2 = v = P/2
12 1/2
A load, = —
Pl W xt < h M1 e ~
P
1 n x
RI R2 4
x P 1 3
l Ao = —a m Ad e a , e =nx– ~ = d- t ,
1 4 8 E 1 I 6 E
B W x < h1 ‘ ‘e ‘ /( n– 4~ 3 2 X X/ 1 x ’ ’
6 S u p a pb o e r to C e no dn tc e ld n t tah ra aospt e d oa n i d nt
Max w a < b h R~ = V/ e= —
Pb An l o = —a d
1 1
P
Max when a >b R2 = V2 = — W x h e<
MX = —
Pbx
a b 1
~ when a > b A rnti = — i 1– b~)s
RI A l A o. a
2 &> 3
x ~bx
1 W x<a h Ax = 3(1’
e – nb’ –X2)
m
91=– & (2al + $ –3a’
)
A ends, t
= + —
-
7 S u p a pb o e r T
ot e nu d tn cw
deo t nhq c seul n ota oer al qat s e uddpf a sea l r , cl
R V=P = =W x<a h MX= PX e
P, P2 (3f’–t 4a2)
a a A center, Arnax
=~
W x h = —e – n3a2 – X2}
RI R :1 I
’31a
x When X>u AX
but x <(1– Q) = ~ (3h - 3X2– az)
1
B At ends, 6 = Pa 2EI(1 – a)
8 Supported at both ends Two equal concentrated loads, unequally spaced from ends
+ P2b ~2 = + P2(1- b)
RI = V1 =
PP I 1
a b
Whenx = – PI
when RIQ1 Ml = RI a
but X – v
Max w
RI R1 h M2 = R2eb
W x<a h M. e= RI X n
1
B W x ah e n >
but x < (1 - b) MX = RI x – (X – a)
) a both ends Uniformload overentirespan
WI
V=W l
R = = - -
(—-j
2
V
)
-
W M ~ ( - xx) P =
~ ‘ c e ‘ n ‘ t -e m r t- ’ j a -
1
center,Arnu= ~ Ax – +
‘ ’
1
*
At ends, O= —
24EI
m
457
B F O
o ends Uniform load partially distributed over span’
Max w a< h = e= ~ (2cn + b) c
,l~lR lvlaxwhena~:V =~(2.,~)
W X hb x< e>+ b) u n= ( –a –t a
2
x Mmax = RI a+
At x = a + ~
2W w
I When x <a =RIX
‘b
When x>a but Mx = R ~ ( I – a)2 X –
W x h b)
> =e( –a n +
F a ib e x oC oen n ct de l nd ta hrm ao sti e dd a- s pd a t n
12 p 1/2 $tte;e~;er and M... . ~
R= =; V
8
$ <, ‘ P
i $ W xx < h M.1 =e ~. (4x/ –n 1) 2
‘ \ \ ~
/ A = & A = - 4
~ Fixed at both ends Uni~orm load over entire span

\ R = V = V x+ = -7 w x( )
\ / / II[i ;IIII1] ‘
R A e n = Wd
JA
s center,
t , M = t
x
M = W/2 (61x– i2 – 6XZ) .
1 W14
A ‘ ‘
At center, (1 - X)2
I
= —
= 3
3 Both ends are overhanging Uniform load over entire beam
x R = V{ + V2 = w(a + l\2) VXI = WXI V. = W(X– 112)
m
For overhang, = ~ A support, M = $ t
u
I!!
B e s t u wp pe =o e ~ r n(lx
M. t –s X2–
, a’)
A ~ – 4 t
x
a a Whena = . x total length or A = .3541
R, WP
RI M == — M C
1 6
458
D W J
FOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS
GROOVE-AWELD
Groove w a u ac o t b m F g W t s o
s i a a f t m t t j t
FILLET WELD
S of w u e l e d
throat The size of an equal-leg fillet weld is the leg
/ dimension of the largest 45° ri ht triangle inscribed
,.‘... in the cross section of the wel8 .
b
I-1---J%’ The size of an unequal-legfilletweldis the
face shortestdistancefrom the root to the face of the
filletweld.
,,
Throat dimension= 0.707 x leg dimension

K root
MinimumWeldsize*
\ over
Thicknessof the thickerplate, in. 1/2 3/4 ‘/2 ZY4 6 6
Minimum fillet weld size, in. 3/16 ‘/4 %6 % ‘/2 5/8
* Weld size need not to exceed the thickness of the thinner part joined
Economyof filletwelding
1. Use the minimumsizeof filletweldrequiredfor the desiredstrength.
Increasing the size of a fillet weld in di~ectproportion, the volume (and costs) of it
will increase with the square of its size.
2. L ow tc a e a e vc t c l e oen t t b r diri c oei dat acy ,c d ea s i i s doli oebwy l n e- ,w e l d
p o s i t i o n .
3. A f p wi pt lr ae l nl s t vyet l e f r t s t edoa l hyc rg h r csi o ete e rea ve ot ne eg tr h
/ )# ,
AllowableLoad
The strength of the welds is a function of the welding procedure and the electrode used.
For carbon steeI joints commonly used maximum allowable static load 9,600 (9.6 kips) lbs
er 1 square inch of the fillet weld leg-area, or 600 Ibson a %6” le x 1“ I f W
Fo e x at am l p l l oh eowr a: %
ao xb 1 ell ae f oi d 4 xln%
w 0 ne =“l 2 4 0“eIlg t db
C o mL b oi n ae d d s
S s h at eb r e aoe ntn sord r sis s t niddr og t e ne sac r slcul e o nsm
a t bd r ec ii oo cn am g b
v e c t Io i r b i a ola tl ye s. l t ea hhat ss pde t r noiaoesn vcir mi ya pd cl edoi nsf s i ne e r dv
m e t h o d .
-rd7
D W J
FOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS
~ subjectedto bendingmoment,in2
V =V e sr thk i e c i aa l r p ,
A = Length of weld, in. W = F wi l l d e i l m eiel n ts i d o
f = A l l l o ow w$o b9 elk ae l ~i .=ddL n op , f o 6 wi s k al e p l li d e nd
p m .l e eg - a rr e a l ii o nw n e ea c l l h
= B e m n o d k mi en i ng t ps , = Avera se vertical shear on fillet
P = Allowable concentrated axial weld, Eips per lin. inch of weld
? w~ = Bending force on weld, kips per
w
“ “
COMPRESSION VERTICAL SHE,AR BENDING

RESULTANT FORCE: W = ~W,2 + W22+ W32
EXAMPLE #1
Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld is all around 8.5
inches and the tensional load 20 kips.
20,000 Ibs.
~ . -P- .’ 20
—= 2.35 kips per lin. in.
A,,, 8.5
o
w
w =
=— 0.24; use X“ fillet weld
$ f .
EXAMPLE #2
Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld 12 inches (6” each
side) and the load 9 kips.
& 62
Section modulus, (from table) SW= ~= ~= 12 in’
9,000 lbs
3’ M 3x9
Bending Force, ~ = — = 2.25 kips per lin. inch
w 12
v
Shear ForceW, = ~W= ~ = 0.75kips per lin. inch
Resultantforce, W =<W~2 + WJ2 =

d ~ 2 + 0 = kips per lin. inch.
W 2.37
Fillet weld size, w = — =— = .247”; use K“ fillet weld
f 9.6
460
DESIG~ OF’ W J
PROPERTIES OF WELD OUTLINES
1 I
d2
x—. -- x s. = —6
t
s ‘ ~d z
I
S = b W d
— —
L
b d ( + d 4 b )
S ( =t~ o p w )
iY - dl ( + d 4 3 b )
— + S— ( b o= —tx t o mW )
+ 6 (2b + d)
i x
r I r at bottom)
(max.stress
I Y
--b-
Y
1-l
s . b + : W d
x
,v I
d ( + 2 d b )
b S ( = t~ o p w )
1
Y
d (2b + d) 2
I
x ;W = ( b o~ t t o m ) )
d A‘ ~ – +
I ( fm a ob a o r x t ct . o e m t )
Y
b
t - SW. hi l
d x - x
1 +
d 2
S . ~ w
dx – x
1 0
461
E C AX
E C AX
EXAMPLE #2
A vertical vessel is supported by two
beams.
I The weight of the vessel is 20,000 lbs
._===------=--- _-.---=
=---- .- .
1 = 120 in Assume pin joint
The load on one beam:
Moment:
P 10,000x 120 l
M =—= = 300,000 in-lb
4 4
I
d 10’-0” Required section modulus:
z=!!
S*
Assuming for allowable stress, SA: 20,000
psi,
I
Section modulus:
z= 300,000 = 15 in3
b: I :
20,000
I The section modulus of a wide flange
8WF 20 is 17 in3
Moment of inertia: 69.2
Stress at the center of wide flange:

M 300,000
Sz=—= = 17,647psi
10,000 lbs 17
I Deflection:
A A
10,000x 1203
A = ~ =
48EI 48 x 29,000,000 X 69.~=
.1794 in - %6 h.
463
B C
FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
REQUIRED LENGTH OF BOLTS

NOMINAL REQUIREDBOLTLENGTH=
BOLT GRIP+ D1MENS1ONS
BELOW,i n h c e s
D I * Ny W” : A T S1EW HR AE 2 W
SRO A
SH SE H R E R S
1 I1 / 7 A , I / 6 8
% 7 1f / 1~ 8
1 1~ 1 5 / 1 6
7 1i 1 1y16
1 1~ 1%6 f ?46
1 1E 1 I1 1
1 1l
1 l 1 2
1Y 1 7 ‘ 2/ z ~ 8 1
~ 6 1 6
MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCE AND SPACE

The minimumdistancefrom the center of bolt hole to any edge
BOLT MINIMUM
EDGEDISTANCE
DIAMETER A S H E AA R
R EOTO D L L E T D R
m
o
7 7 2 / 3 8 / m z 4
—
3
5
1~ 7 / m g 8
.
3 / 1y 4 1 4 m
1y2 1~ .-
1/8
1 1 ~ 1? 4 4
1% 2 l y z
y1 45 4 L /E D
1 ‘ ~2 D I S8 T
2 y l 8- y B
BOLT HOLES shall be ~16° larger than bolt diameter.
ALLOWABLE LOADS in kips

SA 307 unfinished bolts and connected material: SA 283C, SA 285C, SA 36
NominalDiameter vi 3 7 1/ 1y / 11 4 l 8 1E / y
o B o l f t
T eS n t s r i el es s
0 .0 2 .0 23 .0 634. 0 0466 . 0 5107 . 1 7569 . 1 7361 . 3954
A i r e a , n
A l lL o wo a ba l e4d s , 9 51 . 162 2 125. 9 2 9.1 3 23 .21 8. 37
6 .
i T e n s i o n n
A l l o w a Sb l i e3 n 4 g. 6 l . 07e . 49 7. 10 2. 182 1 194. 5 7.2 4
L i o a d s n
S h e Da o 6r u 8 b. 1 l . 12e 185. 4 2 9.0 4 24 .73 39, 81 5.5 8
PARTV.
.MISCELLANEOUS
1. Abbreviations........................................................................................ 466
2. Codes, Standards,Specifications.......................................................... 470
3. Boiler and Pressure VesselLaws.......................................................... 474
4. List ofOrganizations Sponsoring or Publishing Codes,

Standards or Specifications Dealing with Pressure Vessels . . .. . . . . . 476
5. Literature............................................................................................... 479
6. Definitions ............................................................................................ 483
7. Index ti_~.___~~_~~~fi~ti.~.ti.~~~.~~~mu~~tiomofiu.ti.ti.
m.o.ti.~. 494
466
A
COMPILED:From 1 ASAZ32.13-1950ABBREVIATIONS
. FOR USE
ON DRAWINGS
2. ASAZIO.I-I941 ABBREVIATIONS
FOR
SCIENTIFIC& ENGINEERINGTERMS
ADDED: ABBREVIATIONS GENERALLYUSEDON
VESSEL& PIPINGDRAWINGS
AB AnchorBolt Ccw CounterClockwise

AISC AmericanInstitute cfm CubicFoot per
of SteelConstruc- Minute
tion CFW ContinuousFillet
ALLOW Allowance Weld
Allowable CG CommercialGrade
ANSI AmericanNational CG Centerof Gravity
StandardsInstitute cm Centimeter
ASA AmericanStandard Centerline
%
Association Centerlineto
%to%
API AmericanPetroleum Centerline
Institute co Company
APPROX Approximately CONC Concentric
ASB Asbestos CPLG Coupling
ASME AmericanSocietyof CORR
MechanicalEngin- ALLOW CorrosionAllowance
eers COUP Coupling
ASTM AmericanSociety CRS ColdRolled
for TestingMat’ls. Steel
AVG A v e r a g Cse Carbon Steel
bbl Barrel c
to c C et C n e t n e t
B B C oi Cr l c Cl t e CT e n R t e
B BE e vV e C l C u bu i
B BL l iD n c df Cu t F u bo. . i o
B BO oo P t Pt i o C mp f eC l o c kw w i s
B BO o t Tt o Cm HW u Wn deT ri e g
B R B rK a cT k e D t D o w n cc o m e
b Bt rT i h t ue i r s mD h a l DE oE u xH b t l
U n i t H e a v
B B We Wve e l D l d DE e t T a i
B BW i r m Wire
i Gn g h a DIA
m Diameter
Gauge DIAM Diameter
c Degree Centigrade DIM Dimension
CA Corrosion Allowance DP Design Pressure
467
ABBREVIATIONS
(cont.)
DT’L Detail HLA HighLevelAlarm

DWG Drawing HLL HighLiquidLevel
EA Each HLSD High Level Shut
EH Extra Heavy Down
EL Elevation HR Hot Rolled
ELEV Elevation HT Heat Treatment
ELL Elbow ID Inside Diameter
ELLIP Ellipse, Elliptical, in inches
Ellipsoid INCL Including, Included
EQ Equal, Equally INS Inspection
ETC Et Cetera INT Internal
EXT External JE Joint Efficiency
F Fahrenheit kg Kilogram
F-F Face to Face 1 Liter
F&D Flanged & Dished lb Pound
FF Flat Face lbf Pound Force
FIG Figure lbs Pounds
FIN Finish LC Level Control
FLG Flange LCV Liquid Control Valve
FS Far Side, Forged LG Long
Steel LG Level Gage
ft Foot, Feet Lin. ft. Lineal Foot (Feet)
FT3 Cubic Foot LLA Low Level Alarm
FW Fillet Weld LLC Liquid Level Con-
13 Gram trol
GA Gage LLSD Low Level Shut
GALV Galvanized Down
gal Gallon LR Long Radius
GG Gage Glass Ls Low Stage
GOL Gage of Outstanding LWN Long WeldingNeck
Leg m Meter
gpd Gallon per Day MB Machine Bolt
gpm Gallon per Minute MK Mark
GR Grade MAT’L Material
HVY Heavy MAWP Maximum Allowable
HD Head Working Pressure
HEMIS Hemispherical MAX Maximum
HEX Hexagonal MH Manhole
HH Handhole MIN Minimum
HL Hole MK’D Marked
468
7
ABBREVIATIONS
(cont.)
mm Millimeter RAD Radial

MMSCF MillionStandard REF Reference
CubicFeet REINF Reinforcing
MSCF ThousandStandard REPAD ReinforcingPad
CubicFeet REQ’D Required
MW Manway RF RaisedFace
N North RJ RingJoint
N&C New& Cold RTJ RingType Joint
NLL NormalLiquidLevel RV ReliefValve
NO Number s Schedule
NOM Nominal s/c ShopCoat
NPS NationalPipe Size SCF StandardCubicFoot
AmericanNational SCH Schedule
Taper PipeThread SCR Screw
NS NearSide SCR’D Screwed
NTS Not to Scale SDV ShutdownValve
OA Overall SERV
OD OutsideDiameter Sht. ServiceSheet
OR OutsideRadius SF StraightFlange
OSHA OccupationalSafety and SHT Sheet
HealthAdministration SM Seam
Oz Ounce SMLS Seamless
Ozs Ounces so SlipOn
P Pressure SPA Spacing
PBE PlainBoth Ends SPEC Specification
Pc PressureControl SPGR SpecificGravity
Pcs Pieces SQ Square
Pcv PressureControl SR Short Radius
Valve Ss StainlessSteel
PI
—. PressureIndicator s-s
k Plate s/s Seamto Seam
PROJ Projection STD Standard
PSE PlainSmallEnd STL Steel
psi Pound per Square STR Straddle
Inch SUPT Support
psia Pound per Square SYM Symmetrical
Inch Absolute T&B Top & Bottom
psig Pound per Square TC TemperatureControl
Inch Gage TBE ThreadedBoth Ends
-
ABBREVIATIONS (cont.)
Psv Pressure Safety Valve TYP Typical

R Radius USAS United States of Ameri-
TEMA Tubular Exchanger ca Standards Institute
Manufacturers VA Valve
Association VOL Volume
THD Threaded, Thread v With
THK Thick WG Water Gallon
TI Temperature WeldingNeck
Indicator ~ OUT Without
TLE Threaded Large End WP Working Pressure
TOC Top of Concrete WT Weight
TOS Top of Steel XH Extra Heavy
TS Tube Sheet Double Extra
TSE Threaded Small End Heavy
T-T Tangent to Tangent XX STG Double Extra
TW Tack Weld Strong
TW Thermowell
470
C STANDARDS,SPECIFICATIONS
PRESSURE VESSELS, BOILERS
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 1995

I P B
I M S p
I N P P C
Iv H B
v N E o
V R R f C a O o H e
B
V R R f C o P B e
V P V —D 1 D 2—A
R
I W a B Q u
x F P i P V b
X R f I I o N P P
Components
British Standards Institution (BSI)
1500 —Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels for Use in the Chemical,
Petroleum and Allied Industries
1515 —Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels for Use in the Chemical,
Petroleum and Allied Industries (advanced design and con
struction)
Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

B-51 -h41991 - Code for the Construction and Inspection of Boiler!
and Pressure Vessels
TANKS
American Petroleum Institute (API)

Spec 12B Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production
Liquids, 1990
Spec 12D Specification for Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Pro-
duction Liquids, 1982
CODES,S S
S 1 S f p
Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Pro-
duction Liquids, 1988
Std 620 Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of
Large Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, 1990
Std 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 1988
U L I ( n a
N 1 S A T f F a C b
t L
N 5 S U T f F a C n
t L
A W W A (
D AWWA Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water
Storage
N F P A ( r
N 3 F &C L C l
N 5 L P G S a H
N 5 L P G a U G P
PIPING
A N S I ( m
B —1 P P
B —1 F G P
B — 1 C P a P R P
B — 1989 L P T P S r
B —1 R P w 1 A e
B —1 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
HEAT EXCHANGERS
E J M A I a x
S 5 E w 1 A a P G tt E
s J
PIPES
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

ANSI B36.19-1976 Stainless Steel Pipe
ANSVASME B36.1OM-1985 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
CODES,STANDARDS,SPECIFICATIONS
F FLANGES, AND VALVES I

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ANSI B16.25-1992 B E u
ANSI B16. 10-1992 F a E D o a
F V
ANSI B 16.9-1993 F W S B a
F
ANSI B 16.14-1991 F P P B a L
w P T
ANSI B 16.11-1991 F S F S a
T
ANSI B16.5 1988 P F a F F S N
A a O S A
ANSI B 16.20-1993 R G a G f S P
F
M A
The American S f T (ASTM)
a M
1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 1 Iron and Steel
Products
Volume01.O1/SteelPiping, Tubing and Fittings, 131 Standards
Volume 01.03/Steel Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Wire, 95 Standards
Volume 01.04/Structural Steel, Concrete Reinforcing Steel,
Pressure Vessel Plate and Forgings, Steel Rails,
Wheels, and Tires — 135 S
M I
I C o B O n ( o
U B C — 1
S S P C ( t
Steel Structures Painting Manual
Volume 1, Good Painting Practice
Volume 2, Systems and Specifications
U B a P V L S
S o B a P V L R a R
b S C C a P ( S a C
—
473
CODES,STANDARDS,SPECIFICATIONS
Environment P r
C o Federal Regulations, Protection of Environment, 198840- Parts 53
to 60
(Obtainable from any Government Printing Office)
A S o C E (ASCE)
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
ASCE 7-88 (Formerly ANSI A58.1)
TABULATION OF THE
BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL LAWS
OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
JURISDICTION I II XV VIII(1)VIII(2) XI
Alabama NNNN NN
Alaska YYYY YN
Arizona YNYN NN
Arkansas YYYY YY
California YYYY YY
Colorado YYYY YY
Connecticut YYYN NN KEY:ASMECode
Delaware YYYY YY SEC
Florida YNYY NN I P B o o wi
1 ( 1 1 )
Georgia YYYY YY
Hawaii YYYY Y y VIII(l)- PressureVessels
Idaho YYYY Y N VIII(2)-PressureV e s
Illinois YNYY YY XI-I n Is n e s r p ve
Indiana YYYY YN N u c l e
I o wY Y a Y Y Y Y Y
Kansas YYYNNY N- Lawdoesnotcover
Kentucky YYYYNN *-Onlyportionsof
YNYN NN Codeorcall
Louisiana jurisdiction
Maine YNYY YN
Maryland YYYY Y Y SOl.JRCE:
Massachusetts YYYYN y T c o h nt da be io un ls
Michigan Y Y Y Y* N Y ::;;:t$;n ;::5:::0;::5;;
Minnesota YNYY YY Law5RulesandRegu,ation~
Mississippi YNYY N N CoP~right 1994 uniform
Missouri YYYY Y y Boilerand PressureVessel
Montana YNYN N N LawsSociety.
Nebraska YNYN N N [t doesnotlistalltheexemp-
Nevada YNYY Y N tionandvari~cesinthem
New Hampshire YNYY N N laws and regulations.More
New Jersey YYYY YY detailedinformation is avail-
New Mexico YNYN NN :::5u;::;:;:n:::;:;:n:;;
New York YNYY N N beobtainedfromthejurisdic-
North Carolina YYYY Y Y tiomlauthority ortheSociety.
North Dakota YNYY YN
Ohio YYYY YY
Oklahoma YNYY YN
Oregon YYYY YY
Pemsylvania YYYY YY
Puerto Rico YYYY YY
Rhode Island YYYY YY
South Carolina NNNN NN
South Dakota YNYN NN
Tennessee YYYY YY
Texas YYYNNY
Utah YYYY YY
Vermont YNYY YN
Virginia YYYY YY
.
475
TABULATION OF THE
BOILER A P V L
OF T U S A C
(continued)
JURISDICTION 1 11 IV VIII(1) VIII(2) XI

Washington YYYY YY
West Virginia YNNY NN
Wisconsin YYYY YY
Wyoming YNNY NN
Alberta YYYY YY
British Columbia Y Y Y Y Y Y
Manitoba YYYY YY
New Brunswick YYYY YY
SEC
New Foundland & Y N Y Y Y N I P B o o wi l
Labrador
Northwest Territories Y N Y Y Y N IV-HeatingBoilers
Nova Scotia YNNY YN VIII(l)- PressureVessels
Ontario YYYY YY VIII(2)-PressureVessels
XI-1nservice Inspection,
Prince Edward Island Y Y Y Y Y N N u c l e
Quebec YYYY YN
Saskatchewan YYYY YY Y-RequiredbyLaw
N- Lawdoesnotcover
Yukon Territory Y Y Y Y N N *- Onlyportionsof
Albuquerque YNYN NN Codeorcall
Buffalo YYYYNN jurisdiction
Chicago YYYY YY
SOURCE:
Denver YYYY YY Thiscondensedtabulationof
Des Moines YNYN N N dataistakenfromSynopsiso
Detroit YYYY Y Y B ao P i r Vel n s ee s
Los Angeles YYYY YN L R a a R
u we g l u s nl ae
Memphis Y Y Y Y Y Y :::::i;;: ;;e;:urJn;:;::
Miami YYYY Y N
Milwaukee YYYY YN
New Orleans Y Y Y Y Y Y ::O;O:::;;::;C:; ;::;’;::;
New York City Y N Y y N N lawsandregulations. Morede-
Omaha YNYY N N tai]~di n f oi ar m v aa t i i
St. Joseph YYYY Y N u t nS o Sdc yhi ene ot
St. Louis Y N Y Y Y N ‘Urther‘nformation.may
be
Y Y Y Y y y obtainedfromthejurlsdlc-
tlonalauthorl~orthe
socie~
Seattle
Spokane YNYY YN
Tacoma YYYY YN
Tucson YNYY YN
Tulsa YNYY YN
UniversityCity YNYY YN
Dade County YNYY YN
JeffersonParish YYYY YN
St. Louis County Y Y Y Y Y N
District of Columbia Y Y Y Y Y Y
476
L O
S O P C A S OP
S D W P PA P V
~AME& ADDRESS
4MERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING
15Eisenhower Drive
~mmm, NJ 07652 (201) 368-9100
ENGINEERING & SAFETY SERVICE

hMERICAN INSURAN CE SERVICES GROUP, INC. AISG, INC.
\5 John Street, New York, NY 10038
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE**
11West42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 (212) 642-4900 ANSI
K*F U Sn oti A at m S etet a rIde n ni ds(s c a tfUarai d tS s u At ne S ) d
p t 1r A i m9 Se o t r 6a Ai rns c osd 6ao(a cn r i A
da ts i S o n A )
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
1220L Street, Northwest API
Washington,D.C. 20005 (202) 682-8375
AMERICANSOCIETYOF MECHANICALENGINEERS
345East47thStreet ASME
NewYork,N.Y. 10017 (212)705-7722
AMERICANSOCIETYFOR TESTINGANDMATERIALS
1916RaceStreet ASTM
l?hiladelphia,
PA 19103 (215)299-5585
AMERICANWATER WORKS ASSOCIATION
6666WestQuincyAvenue AWWA
Denver,CO 80235 (303)794-7711
AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY
P.O. Box 351040 AWS
Miami, FL 33135 For Orders Only 800-334-9353
BRITISHSTANDARDSINSTITUTION*
389ChiswickHighRoad BSI
LondonW44AL
*BfitishStmdwdPublications
areavailablefrom
The American N a StandardsInstitute
t i o n a l
CANADIANSTANDARDSASSOCIATION
178RexdaleBlvd. CSA
Rexdale,ONCanadaM9W 1R3
COMMERCIALUNIONINSURANCE COMPANY
OF AMERICA
1 Beacon Street
Boston, MA 02108 (617) 725-7304
L O
SPONSORING OR PUBLISHING CODES AND STANDARDSOR
SPECIFICATIONS DEALING WITH PIPING ANDPRESSURE VESSELS
N & AA D DM R EE S S A B B R E V I A T
COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC.

1725 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1004 CGA
Arlington, Va22202 (703) 412-0900
EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
25 North Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 EJMA
HEAT EXCHANGE INSTITUTE, INC.
1300 Summer Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115 (216) 241-7333
I N T E R N A T IC OON N A LF E R O E N C E F
B U I O L FD F I I N C GI A L S
5 S Workman
3 Mill6 Rd. 0 . ICBO
Whittier, CA 90601 (310) 699-0541
THE NATIONALBOARDOF BOILER AND
PRESSUREVESSELINSPECTORS
1055CrupperAve.,ColumbusOH43229 (614)888-8320 NBBI
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
P.O. Box 9101, Batteryrnarch Park NGPA
@incy, MA 02269 (617) 770-3000 (800) 344-3555
O C C U P A T IS O NA A ALF E TN Y D
H E AAD M L I N IT
S T RHA T I O N
2 Constitution
0Avenue,N.W. 0 O
Washington,D.C.20210 (800)344-3555
S TT E
I AN S E T N IL T UK T E
5 OakwoodRd.,LakeZurich,IL60047
7 0 (708)438-TANK
STEEL STRUCTURES PAINTING COUNCIL
40 24th Street, 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 SSPC
Telephone: (412) 687-1113 Fax: (412) 687-1153
TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS
25 North Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 (914) 332-0040
U N D E R W R LI T
A EB R
O SR A T OI R I E SN, C .
3 PfmgstenRoad,Northbrook,
3 3IL60062 (708)272-8800 UL
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD
2100 Second St. S.W., Washington, D.C. 20593 (202) 267-2967
U N I B F OO A IR P M LR E
EN S R S U DR E
V E L S S SA O E C W LI E ST Y
3 N Evergreen
0 Rd., Suite 240 8 . UBPVLS
Louisville,KY40243 (502)244-6029
L O
S O P C A S OP
S D W P P A P V
NAME& ADDRESS ABBREVIATION
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY
401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460 USEPA
WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL

345 East 47th St. WRc
New York, NY 10017 (212) 705-7956
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
345 E. 47th Street ASCE
New York, NY 10017 (800) 548-2723
LITERATURE
1. S. Timoshenko, Strength of AZateria/s, 1955, D. Van Nostrand Co.,

New York.
2. S.P. Timoshenko, Theory of P[ates and Shells, 1959, A4cGraw-lYiii

Book Co., New York.
3. R.J. Roark and W Y F f S a S 5th Ed.

1975, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
4. K.K. Mahajan, Design of Process Equipment-2nd Ed. 1985, Pressure

Vessel Handbook Publishing, Inc., Tulsa, OK.
5. L.E. Brownell and R.H. Young, Process E D V

D 1 John Wiley and Sons, New York. (Out of Print)
. 6. M.B. Bickel and C. Ruiz, Pressure VesselDesign and Analysis, 1967,
Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York.
7. H.H. Bednar, Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, 2nd Edition, 1986, Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York
8. S.S. Gill, The Stress Anaiysis of Pressure Vesselsand Pressure Vessel

Components, 1970,
9. J.F. Harvey, Theory and Design of Modern Pressure Vessels 2nd Ed.
1974, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
10. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)
Volume I. Analysis, 1972, ASME.
Volume II. Components and Structural Dynamics, 1972, ASME.
Volume III. Materials and Fabrication, 1976, ASME.
13. W. Soedel, Vibrations of Shells and Plates, 1981, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,
New York.
14. W. Flfigge, Stresses in Shells, 2nd Ed. 1973, Springer - Verlag, New
York.
15. R. Szilard, Theory and Analysis ofPlates, 1974, P r e n t i cI e - Hn a l l c ,
E n g C
l e lN
w io of d f J s , .
16. M. Hetdnyi, BeamsonElasticFoundation,1974,TheUniversityof Michigan
Press, Ann Arbor.
1 Foundation Design
7 Handbook
. (Collected 1968,Hydrocarbon
Processing,Houston,TX.
18. Design of Flarzgesfor Full Face Gaskets, Bulletin No. 45, Taylor Forge&
Pipe Works, Chicago,IL.
19. M. L. Betterley,Sheet Metal Drafting, 1961,McGraw-HillBook Co., Inc.,
New York
20, B. F. Forman:PressureVesselComputerPrograms,1995,PressureVessel
HandbookPublishing,Inc., Tulsa, OK.
21. M. H. Jawad & J. R. Farr, Structural Analysis and Design of Process
Equipment, 1984, John Wiley & Sons,New York.
22. Kohan, AnthonyLawrence,Pressure VesselSystems, 1987,McGraw-Hill
Book Company,New York,NY.
23. M Do eR s Pressure
n s n Vessel
. ,i Design
s Manual,
, 1987, Gulf Publishing
Co., Houston,TX.
481
S
COVERED BY THE WORK(S) LISTED UNDER LITERATURE
( n uT r m t theb w e fo der r hse wk at r( s l oi su ei b) n hj t eg c ht .e
B n y d l iSi n h nd e r gl i l c s af , l — Flange
e O C 1 4Design&Analysis,—8
B A
e n n o aSmooth,—6
dl ys s , i s fFlangedandFluedExpansion
Joints,—4
BoltedJoints,— 9 FlangesandClosures,—11,24
BrittleFracture,LowStress,—6 FlangeswithFullFaceGasket—21
Buckling,—6 FlatClosurePlate,—6, 24
ofFlatandCurvedPlates- Formulas, —3 FlatPlates- Formulas,—3
BucklingofShells,—6 Stressesin.,—9
CastIronPressureVessels,—9 FloatingHeads,StressAnalysisof,—4
CodesofVariousCountries,—24 Foundation Design,—20
Collapse,FatigueandIncremental, —6 Fracture,—6
Composite Materials,
—12 FractureMechanics,— 10
ComputerAnalysisofPressureVessels,—8 FracturePropertiesofMaterials,—12
ConcreteforPressureVessels,—12 Heads,StressAnalysisof—8, 11,24
Cone,ConicalSectionwhenHalfApex HeatExchangers, ShellandTube,—4, 24
AngleisGreaterthan30°,—7 HighTemperature Materials,—12
ConicalHeadsandReducers,—6 HubFlanges,Rotationof,—4
Corrosion,— 6 HydrogenEmbrittlement,—12
CorrosionResistantMaterials,—12 LegSupportforVerticalVessels,—4
Cracks,Development of,—6 LigamentStresses,Analysisof,—8
CreepEffects,— 8 LimitAnalysisandPlasticity,— 10
CylindricalShells,Analysisof,—6 LobedPressureVessels,— 9
DeadLoads,— 7 LocalLoading,StressAnalysiso~—8, 11
Deformations inPressureVessels,—3 LocalStressesinVessels,—7,23
DesignofFlanges,—4 LowStressBrittleFracture,— 6
Rectangular Tanks,—4 LowTemperature Materials,—12
TallStacks,— 4 LugSupportforVerticalVessels,— 4
TallTowers,—7 MaterialsforVessels,—6, 7,9,24
DiscontinuityStresses,—7, 9 MembraneStresses,— 7,9
Division2 ofASMECodeComparison MitredBends,Analysisof,—6, 8
to Division1,—4 ModularConstruction, —9
DynamicStability,—11 Non-BoltedClosures,—9
DynamicandTemperature Stress, Nozzles,—11,24
Formulas,—3 Nozzles,Intersection StressAnalysis,— 8
EarthquakeLoads,—7, 24 Nozzles,StressesinVesselsExertedby,— 15,
EconomicsofDesignandConstruction,—9 16,17
ElasticStability,—8 NozzleThermalSleeves,—9
PlatesandShells- Formulas,—3 ObliqueNozzles,— 6
ElasticStressAnalysis,— 6 PerforatedPlatesandShells,—11
ElevatedTemperature Effects,—10 PipeBends,StressAnalysiso~—8
EllipticalOpening,StressConcentration,
—9 PipeSegmentExpansionJoints,— 4
ExpansionJoints,FlangedandFlued,—4 PipeSupportsat Intervals- Formulas,—3
PipeSegment,—4 PipeLoads,— 7
ExternalLoads,—10,24 PipingSystems,StressAnalysisof,—6, 11
ExternalPressure;StressAnalysis,—8 Plasticity,—10
Fatigue,—9, 10,12 PlasticCollapse,— 6
Fatigueandincremental Collapse,—6 Plates,TheoryandAnalysisof,—18
Filament-Wound PressureVessels,—9 PrestressedConcreteVessels,—9
FlangeDesign,— 4 Rectangular Tanks,Designofi—4
S U B (J c E a Cz T
f hS u e d )
R e i n f oo rO c p e em n e i n2n t g s , — 7f S, u o Vp 4epb Lso sur4 etg l sf s , ,

R S u i p p on ~ — g2 6 S u Lugs,Stresses
p p Eoxerted r t
R o o t H a F tl ai n uo g ne s , f—b 4 inVesselsby,— 24
S a D d oe d s ~2l ie — ,g 7n , TallStacks,
4 Designof,—4, 24
S e A i n as l11my s i i sc , — TallTowers,Vibrationof,—4
SelectionofMaterials,—6 Tanks,DesignofRectangular,—4
ShallowShells,—14 Temperature,EffectsofElevated,—10
SheetMetalDrafting,—22 TemperatureStresses- Formulas,—3
ShellandTubeHeatExchangers,— 4 ThermalStresses,—7, 9
ShellsofRevolution,Analysisof,—6, 24 ThickCylinder,— 9
SlidingSupportsforHorizontaland ThickShells,Anslysisof—6
VerticalVessels,— 7 TubeSheetDesign,Fixed,— 4
SphericalShells,Analysisof,—6 VerticalVesselsSupportedbyLugs,—4
StressandStrainDueto Pressureonor Vibration,—1 3
BetweenElasticBodies- Formulas,—3 AnalysisofTallTowers,—4
StressConcentration,
—9 InducedbyFlow,—11
StressesinHorizontalVessels WeldDesign,— 7
SupportedbyTwoSaddles(Zick),—7 WeldedJoints,Designof,—6,9
StressesinFlatPlates,—9 Welding,—12
StressesInVessels,—8,14,24 Wind-Induced DeflectionofTowers,—7
Formul~—3 Wind-Induced VibrationofTowers,—7
Stacks,DesignsofTall,—4 WindLoads,—7, 24
StructuralDynamics,—11
SupportofVesselsbyLegs,—4, 7
DEFINITIONS
—T r e o m s h uo m rv a fate ael rc f i e a l — W e w l e d iq i
f a s r t o h otn rf l r o imai uc hy tocgdi oht nm i aew l o pe h en t r inef f onc t r ht hm i s
a n s o a ol t i ol ha gq ieo cu rod im ,bad i n, a tr i s o r n
t h e r e o f . T
e q u mi po mm en a np t e a t r o y f
Pressure— The pressureabovethe l o a aL I d n o il tn ow
n a gd o i hdn rg
absolutezerovalueof pressurethattheoretical-
ly obtainsin emptyspaceor at the absolute — Material backing up the joint
zeroof temperate, as distinguishedfromgage duringweldingto facilitate
pressure. obtaininga sound w a e
t r o h o t
—A o al n na uo s r m u b ygbs f t e ea a n r c e f s B a S c i atkb i a r nc
h am ev p t r i ao anpl cel gor i nt ocisn ei s t i dn g i a f f o a s o t rr
t o m e lw o ew mf er xino c tr ete sept ;t i o h nh ws , e
c o m ap uo n s me un er et at sl ale lml e le y in ct s .
— T t e f nha w s i i
—A n e g p l i
l d ge a if b
os o rl a tmeo ai r t c
i d o
i i n t e pr s bel c eta zi t n(nn gw ee ed seumr n c e t o t ia al el .
b j aou 9 di ( t cn n e jot t o(r) g i dnC n0 e. to a r ) d . e
— M a at se tr b i ba ar rl s
U A - 6 0 ) w t hs hp r eh a cen t pnoi e c yra m w
l
d i s b t o fe r a t f i ool n u r r e e
—Av ua s ol t u gv a e ll h ,l o y b f e e
t i w y t hpi a ieno h acu,l a rn t h e il e r Bt e gd u —t sh e h t t i
a n g l e s . Ap f f i c nt o gtnp a npi o e nce
w a f i ef im t l t a sat hl Ii ri i ean g
h po w l i l ln ia t oe ue xwt tr t hnng e rah r
—
j — A w
o et i m nle i m w
l a yp p r oi ix ti m n a
s p a lB wa m uen
S?3
j oi p i r vne s et
c o n s t s r u hc h t i
CDc
f
o
u
m
p e p n le a t e r t
s i o n
T o by w p jeu oel
—Ag o rw e po lr oud c i ep ns f sg e sJ
m=
S
So
oi D n oB g ue l
qBi J un ou at
w
w
h c oe a r l i epe s rci eob n nhd c eu ca e t s d i
m
n y Fg P e un e tP r l aa t
a e i l a e wt c ort w rhi i i ntc tc t h , o hh u r t P e e n eB t J r a o ut i i
a p p ol pi c r aa et w i s oo w
s n iuni t r t f e t h od h h u r t B Je wou o w i it in
u o f m i s el tl a ee f l r . b a s c t kr i i n
m d
e t c to r uc ar o o m wls bfi e oi oi lnn
—T p ih to p iao lt ahn at t rt nh n ue f
eea a s f t et air i e n g s g us e e s .
a a b a t o h xw n ru t ohmi t u oyio g s hmch e h
n e t f
— A threaded sleeve u t c so n
t a i z ri hc e o iewr nt ec o aii oesd ; ehntt ts pt hTei e hwrp i h f en a t t s eho ea bv. rr yne eoa
g r o t a a vm a i rt he t a r a iyi ea nl fif ez i ae n de i t t f
eens l nx yt t dhieu prr sne i oaa t r l pd
t h o m h o ag uei n ne p o i nnu l fs ao r td m e .
— i d e f o r m
—T l o i w n e o s f
u c n o o ndd es c tes r a etT rna t r st i ie nersh
m
i n t e fr mw i i te i tl el nl dt ei nt g n
u s u uw ra s e l i ft tl ee b ryt ee odhn hhca
at o l j ioe w ai h n e i tr p c, n h
m ue t tn e a a e nd ll st eee simv p orae r nt a
t i n c or whe me i e l n dTte ss i i ny f migh o eia m
n l l ad ua et i crenn r g iod
o l a a pi np r o r xn i m e a te e el y
I db I p r s e i st u s rs c i uepva aelsf l l ao s l l sl s ye
opposite to t i ht o sh e n e
f l o w .
other line.
—T l u es h tona a r se
— A
d e t s a i a fgl tn l l e d uo o iw g d ko i a f v
i a g m
e nn
i a o a n tvc de od e
r r ni
m
p t h a i or d o s - u-i I 1
gn s r h 1 t
en e c o s ie t r w vo
r h i ae mic n neae u
f ,l d m n t e
tion o A cn o t l m y ym .o p n f se e b r toe ev fo ii noc hr olner I rte i m
h a p s ls a u as p te s n ed eo d m d t b p a hr o e d x i u csy c oeo bi ss neys g i
t t r h e f v ah a e l r i t s oe e d wc >a c u t or s a i aec en x ceg cr eoup sa os r
gravity in forcing the plate b c a f u a c s tr i aie ncxgy kcgs ui e nt es gs
against a seat, shutting o f f r od r e un ip n t g u , r
r ef v l e ro s we . h a e r .
—C hi t fa o n o hg
—O m eo r nt e m
sh ou o evr dii ft n d fa gi cmo aeehb n p s r oi nbooes nd dt u r cf
d e s fa s e u f cm i ot cs s a s s f euhl r s arle s m o i ro s u mf f t st es ntec oe sr s n iao
p a wr t omi arI e nl eklt l y ie a mt doi l n a. t ehf or td , f e c o m ps or et s r s
d e m f c ie t ac gh tt rrt hs fo ri ut n gyh i a hsd he o tee rn d u s i od n
m a It t e d r e ai raf h le e b. mmc r oft ee vs ea e isd s n d y e s uf o a r d mc i a s t oa i hpo np
o ag t t ot “a dr ee h s coef “ asr m hs i ecn mrg a ” e ro m s f rtop - erv r ead m e ls af ons i rf e m ; na
i “ i u sn e dg s . s d e uf o ar r mc ea ot m ri h o ean o m i no
—A s t r e s s .
a —T p r u e ih sd s e u
a m ti m n i pi n he nir mt mgih suioes cm i bk
p h c yh a sr a ico ttce dr ai is lt pf i cfhos ea r
— h o c act v u e( r ssU h C- s A eo - l e d 6. 0e
r o t e ve bn a hets se di -u rmer e f te aa l c x e s -
— T m m he e
p fo w s e el od s i dn gr .
t e m p ( e t r ath t t ru h ro i e euc h xkg nph e e
— Penetration w e h ui xo cn p echd ro -an ef dt t i prtn ic g o o anh so
tended completely through the joint. s i (d Ue C r G eo -d d.2 0e )
Corner —Aw je a lt o j d u i en hcn d t ti ot e n — As oo u
o t p
l a owa pcr p ra ot f xat oir mes a itd e s l yg o t s hir t n tt eetr n swsia f ai schi afa rt ni fi o n e
a tn e
og atl eh c se or h . r e l l a p t a i oo va sre t l t aryg ihu a coe t n nu
— e o o s t ii o osn i ln ge en sy i os fft i o fc vas en oe ths c r r t ta ern
r b m
o m oa gvG e i r d n ane srt d gt o srau u . ac tp l i aoo on t s t t f ear a w urh c E nh t x uro na r e m le
m o ae d lt c o g s
hla peu orl m os ri cy c e e uas o sl e c s rt r d uio s
h cc o
t snau t h irf n
s e
a u ila t i r de
a o x io t d a a toc a ic hto hs na ie mgo r ei esn c a naf fh ll at n eg . ejn - utl on n- cs l ho t ead ilz l o z n
j u nb c e st t io hdw o i needf s ifel aeo n l m r ee
— Damageto or failureof a t h i c k n e s s e s .
— As oo u m r t fe c a c te oo n f at ic rn ilu o oaunm s l
s ots ir t n t e r n swsia f ai scih afa rt ni fio n e t c c t wjht fs eo Ua h eii cp s nr ne v e e ssete s
r e l s a v t mi oo vm eal al a uytdl enm lr o eni c o n
a f oel s w t dr bus c otht t i awo n ee i ncl h nd
h a
a s i a g en i o vfft i o fc vase en eo tth c r r ta enl e slc c Ae b
s ssw i jrb u ell obe e . l lti e cdnl t t r
s pt ao ro t as t t iear a w urnh c nh t ur on r e le w e s e s . x i raa a ndmi olgig r nfa lp eh ei d
lb e hd
E x aa s m f pmr il r s aea l s m d ll t f
ei ea l i t l , hl l e (ue n U C gi l W ( t o( r -h l d 1. a
a t t a ac hp m ape en r nt sw et , t ire a a tdl i l od n s . — B
e n d l u o rai ma anmi uct eesi m r u it ea af
— A b j uo t mi t a sn x ht wti t m c r hb ur ee im e as va c es
w fe bl sr d o i e o i ddtn dm eel fh ni n.a iuo t t re mlw yi gbi p m te e h
— A d f
u r c a c i t nu r g e .
w t ho v ei er h l c ad p h p g ee d e — As ot a mt s ae c
? A o t m e t bmhj b o e fi fr e r ns e a sef o ue t d lcc r t o i m een oh bgf o i f m n
a w ae trl l e d o d e ehe n dgr a ocg e o se r s ir n o o s ni o dn .
o b m eo m b t e r f hs .
— Aj w o p h ri p io n m
— T a bo a m i h lt se i t t te r yp ea i fn t otl cj o ph s boo t ia e i bts upt so n
a b e p enc r mod a nem ed fwn eot i l r yt ml ho e n odg ei u tx u tp id tai pnn a l s l di i tho i n
b r oe c a r kaD ci u kni c mi gt en i bgalr .si htu y r ee s d a yt .
t p e r rc h ee nd i tau a ca ge tp er i e o rnne c ne a nd -
t e l ao on t g bga t e i aeo n s r F
f t . oa S c —
a T t rf oo e t a l
r ht t t f y o hi
w c o f a uao a m ui l l eos sdu mt rer bue c
—Al o c oo m o pa la o n eotd t n rl t ta i oi fh hm d u pa i i aoos ep sde rte o s
n ot a g r c ims r eavo a m col e t eoi s in m os b n — Te f e r on m ds a e tt nf e cr r yai a
e c w c er n e ti t t s r s ip t echi ei dc ch t a t iuo oomt n nre e dapf toes a tse ni ctt ori norys n i sed
n a t h to r cc oe nuT ht pg rt eho irh l ed pt . te eu nhe l -s t s hsiat t m ars ane t t ne egi
d i d ci f su t t l l ra oa an r i cohc t e t n m i e hoe f n f e
l t e o p i r tci a n eha c i ndtie epot x r a cr l aFhci Sl ei — st An tsber u- ef e c oss r n r vs t oee n m i
t rw ri ecti t si a ptt h xey ch i a t ds o t et . l on n go t ih t teou cd neoi m ns eap lir e
s i t a b r o oe e m st eass h m unt mbeb
a WeldedJoint —Theefficiency b e I n i s d o i m un e tg t d . is m et te sne s
of a weldedjoint is expressedas a numerical s a t t p r o peo hmos i r is neof tn e mt t rs
quantityand i u i t ds oe a j ehs a ao i s d t gi nn e nena fub h tx t t s r i auee hs l r,
m u l o tt i a pp lp ir a heo l rp l rs oi afw t et aer b pel re es f f tse pr a uhA bo pl f e loi s
v (a lC u o e d . e c o n v et n Li oe n cg heei t, l u deo i mn e a
f i lo w a ma b he mn i te i as mc aaay f hg
—C a o sp u a s s tb a t l i ner i ne f g s s
c o ma c p foa is rl eb ld e e r e ds
u s e d
t d ce o nn t f t oo l r ot m s ot ie r ht e ays s - s ot e r wa—ifAnw o a pe p r o txl i m a
p r o p o r t A i o en a l l si t ya o.t es r lt eai n cs t s i a r c n c g s r u e j l oc ao t
s it a s r ot sa r wti e trin es ats l s hi a h r ins nt i ie tc s u na r w pf pa
l i m i t . m a r t a i e nt gl g
t h e ro oat ah c t e
T l s e t th wa r c h es iae s at u ls ts l e
T e f sf t erh e cs s t - ci a
p e r s m a ne e n t t .
area of a fillet weld is
— A w e processl ind i n g a s t sb t u p m r eo h
w c ho n ise ul m ce aac fbth ilr eoa d r nee s tl e do to t e hd ih r m oe
g
j c oo n fit a t ilnc n ui um t n r hgt xer e ; l% n eh tt a s t el oe tn whn ge
a t n h d e F wi al e s l p l e e rc d
b t l dh i me e e n i s
T t dh i hrm o aeo e n als eq i eft o ungi gla f n le l ed t
w i 0 et . t i l l7d im m 0 dh e es n7 s s i oe ng ,
F w i m leb e l m l aepa s d l t owrs y ey e ne d g l it s cdh a r ( sr c be omfi e dg n etnr i s ta e
f p r p e os va s ewu r s rt ir lset t ie shml hFf isii n etn - agal eru am - i i nn ues m d -, skt i lt le e ed e
b p a r t s i uc su ctl gae r rpa lept yhi i bt il z ea
t g i i Ti o U va no Wt eb Cs - T nl o n1h e d 2 h e f e . e
a l l l o o wf oa w i b s l lea e hl tl qd e a dn ut l hs a l l e
—A w m be d ae pl o d s
p r o to w d a u( e hc bor m t la i ef sen d ie a m d u n m
f m i i aleg l rbt eo a
l d i m et en a s l i lo s noh g)vw t , ai r a b ele l e s u s e n
t e o tn m s a ib t howe e nre a i ilaf ae d nl e n gd , d
j o i n e d
j e of f oii 5 c i( 5n e U n0C t c W 7yT o -0 fd 1. h e8 ) e
S t sa noh g d ar a o pr o d
a l l s o v tw fa r f b lwel i eau s loet et s l la s ce dhr t i sn g
V Ua n
n o a tz r z eh i lnn f eo t r vcs ei m ea de snr t ss er l o s e
( s 4h o ies9 vat 9 f rr atn ’ v)e l 0es o uf hss se re e l
S vt raf g el r us oo se
m a (t e ( Cr U i oaW l - .d 1 e5 )
w i t e e 7 l na i sd4 i s
— s 6 h o 0t e s 0 a t 7hrr
aw e l d . v oa v lem asu t s ee
j ob t iw (n e heC l d
FullFillet —Af w i w l se h li eoil t s dz e UW-15) e s
e t tq t hu io tcha t k hnl m e ioh se n s mn feb e r e r
j o i n e d . — T e ( e n h co nal c o y s l u ei r nde d )
s T h m ec o loh mu l m t s .o s hy ne tl epey
— T a mb wh o t hu naie h the c m iy s hr pe h l ee l r ii fpc aes ll o ,a ia d an l
t a o b p s t r o e e l a xstu asc tl um ee a r eb h e ddi es (i t t on ers i t s phc h -e oera i fcn da l i ) l, c n a
m o sp pr he e s r s i u c r e .
— H t r e oe p a ea t r i a
G a l v —aA n pi zapci ln o goy z a i t tn igi p en rngef o fit rc p m to r e hc od h ed i a ur n c
f e a rr At r pi po c lm uli b cebs ahs t d .i a o n m oe i c yph era y on to pipt ec m ar tla oi t t eh e s r
p r o e o l e c c t e r o s l y s s i sr . r e i sm t a ocx t o ri r rm e r e ous s is ms i t
T a ht p eh r rit r r n o yche e it ep erea le e
G W e — Al ag d o rwi ne spo glr oud c imep nsa f esng en nnes o a r lm t aia nlp; i g oz , is n nt g -,
w h c oe a r l i epe s rci eob n nhd c eu ca h e t ts dr i e na y t g m a e n tt .
w a g f i w l o wta a i i a phtm p t hslo ie o c hau tr ti o n f
p r a e w s o sw uin i t r ut e ot hf do hi h us rl t l e ee — f S r c to n let a iae n
m e t a l . p e r co e n l t oea gtm et ces anhh tr f se ba
G —a A t te , — Low ductility o a
II
m d et i a t b us aoo ht r ylp tgde i or o s ona
(f!!b
a
w m ho d i c aua ec cl r e hc pui t yr r nor ol yg
S u co d hcu l r eA aik n nlai n arn g bgos . c r w
v ha l l a ve ev ss e s t l e n e s s .
H y d T r o— sT t ce a o t m i v cs hp f el ei ts t l
— O w a in t we w h s i a b s h u
t t b t a a e jt hep l rc r et le e es d
&
s o mg e s lw hbh o a t obp ee d d w i y h
e t iq 1 t c u t 1 i mha m a s / l x h eoi
w a m i a rn t u ao a i lh l s y e a d l l wr o ow p a
r r b tk e b l m
i
s e s
n ao u g rr
l o d ww ew i h cr ehils d oc e c s h et n v d oe 1 ths t si d 1 epeme rl hs b e r % is s
r o ae s s as t ep t r ae s vn te o nas o g t r b e ee t mtu eaw nt esm t h e a nnne h u
p a o a sf s l a u g ie d f . t (u U rC Ge o - r d 9 . 9e )
— P r e c i o p c i t aai t i r o n b o —f F n p oun a ri n m e r tc p i eoe
t f o g o r h a ag prb roh ue i mnaa otd f ae i r m
i ten acs b ,ta s e u r sad- i pd fa epl o n l lyr i y ce
c i c u as i ri tr s b e le os re fenvon i l o csn nu e gg h
a 7b 7a o C 5 sv ° -an tFe 8 b M, e 7 od 5e Q v ” l —eFD e .t e r om t i dn a toe i o hgn
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u b n e t nd eda eitn nos lr g rin to, sl a ie od dh ns ; e
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4 b t t p eoh o t r t a ri o ho t n f e
o w i ah i i c i c tensile a c stress. lnt h l t s e t
s u o t r o f m at hc he e e f me r -
b w ih e ix p c ro hs e s d — L o n g i t u
t h t rh oT ohu h g l ohh e e l . e( me e r Si s d i to n ra l
+ m o m n ab f a i o yl r ly et eC di r c u m f( e r heS n t oi a
c o m wp wl em i t eee l tyt l a h l d s . t r e s
S a S c ma n e l m l b
—T r o t a d h eto a n h i s e oi tf e y ( df i a sp h f t r v a r g m e
m a t t t e d r e io nsha lss oti oa t e n ym d af e r d
s h eaa f v ilo i g n
m a t s e a r wui a a al a c ,s t p eh e c s i rS f i t e dr e v o l u t i o
t e m p fe er a x t 4ua roome6 , po (0l° e r ° , f R F+
g aa a s s t eca i o ns n dod) p ai rrt r it e do s n ss u
a t e m p ne r a t u r d e .
u
C or . B r r e s n t d r i
r f eS s h t
D i s c o s n t ia rna u e i t s
er ae
ne
s
a bc hri t uah i pn c
W e — El l e cd t r ii c - rnwe s iges it a ln c ed i n g o s n o hthe vessel. a p
w f h iu l i si t am csi ai ohmdt ni era rs d e l e oc lt al y
b e t te lw et e ch eti r n op de es . —At h fr ae wsa itda hete ndh e e
w t h i o ro eet o a b dnhe ns o n n
– ( E S l t aa T bs i t l i t i chth yf r )l e e a(ue nd U Ceg l Ad t o -h l d 6.
s t o r a v e t enr gbs e t u s ohs cw eki fr l l si i o nnt gk l r -
i d t a c nox um psi r teTg as ser s oti el v a esh b s i . l ie - — A a w e lr
t o a v ie s es a v s f e byf erof e oe l c l st y eu d p r w o h c c
y t f e
o ea r l is e p e s s rci eob n n d c eu
r o u n d n e s s . h e w a a a t io ia b
n t reg r a bt h w cn a
m e el eo e tc l t e aar c to t wldr oTe odn he r
w e i s l h d b i a ibe n l o gdga re n sa d kn
— T f w u m s a o it t o ew b r lP oi re hai enr l s skn
l o ii n t n e rf mewi t etisl ea tl nf l td ei u net a ~f s m in ie onlee b l f t dt ae eda ir r n l l
o l j oi w ai t hin n rcti por h,ec m n eht n eat r s s o o mff ne d at s uir epm p dle eo sm e
U ( G
S - 2C 5 )C .
3 T “ n to h m i ici t knt .nhae e i l s chs
—Aw m t eh ap lo o aad dsrl ee a tolc d oe ms cm faet rvec aai d aai ls lls yb nl
w e il p d m
ra l e o i nu g ptt n nf em n e rit n ph t nit tl mla a i en ul fhei amc ted u r oxt e e r a;c
w a em l a r dd se e . d te h si ( c i k Cn g e osn s . d
—Aw je a lt o j d u i oen hnc d t ti — to e u n F n fWi d l e el l er
t partslocatedapproximately
w at rightangles
o
to eachotherin the form of a T. — F p t l m oa a pt x h ie r
m i u sn d s e ri t i otb l sel r m ae v n caohe a l
— T m a sxh ait 0 i
m r ue e m s o . t s dn0 te h 1hsi ( c. i kr Cn g
m a s t u e bt r aj si e t ac r tle etc cd oh i on aagU G - d 1 n 6 )
w i tw h i st t e a ha n ro d i u n t g T . m a n u h
f u
a n
c d
t ue r t
i eo on lw
ge r a n
t h io hc k pe n a aeip si dpsp e s sfn ife t, h t
— d e vb ae m l ao tp be t dr ii a aay lckn a c t e not e hun n eenoh at
b e t a el r n oi s n ia g l d e . c o m wm t e hr acim ic t a k bll un hea ssl s
—T t p r t r it v ohai es vuhls a io es t l U
tae e b — l s en iM vP e o ri pl s a al l l
f t d pe or hs e s i s gru e r n e . r to w l b iv l e rde r a twdot ia ot chl e a y
S H y d rt eo P s ent ae t t su ei mce t a t s ,it ch t ib hc . ok r nr i e z o so snl t aly l s
(UT)—a nondestruc-
— T r e q u ihf r d e m e e n eott s e r r -
tivemeansfor locatingand identifyinginternal
m ti t np r i ebhe n os ac sgs a lus ce rut lee discontinuitis
a t id o nnby sdetectingthe reflectionsthey
a o u i t U r l G i f - nt 9 he e9y d d( o r Chno )sproduceof
t a r t aeibeam c of ultrasonicvibrations
t a i U e G -nf s 1t 0p 0n t (edot buhn )me (CodeUA-60)a t rs ie c t .
T b f ca ah l s t c opu i rl eiaees t s eri ssd ut r th e e n r
o t p ha r iae t g h r s ai p pf ege h r shm i e s ss ei tb l e
i n p t r e a e dr se n ts aeb utrl drm ei e n ehss d i — Agy g e n rm oie t o l b n vt eea
f o r f me ue l l a oao te s v ,mc ue e r hssnh m ts i a e d
ef en l t j t t ta g o caa w e a h ln lo e
ut eon
f bi w m l ele et l da y ld .
n o t hm i ci w k nc n oea i sra l srl e lo ts o s wi aoh n n c e s
i n ac u l tu sa d nl eil s doh vntw daar gb lele e u s — U e s t s esn ni t t se i r il a lot h
f t t e m opo het rt a ( t eur U reCh e sA o -tt f dpe 6 u. i l0e e )un eonc o gm ni npst rr hietti s ; s r
t s h o p r hu t l e ne uni e snne gsg nih t r eh
— T d e v e ohl c o p y m ei cetn ct l hi i a fha c( n rn ab gsd e it e lt a nw
t h g e r arp drm io haed c nlu ttciy s i chn gl g l oe iri h i ra gcrn i a- n ie atn e l gslog y ahtl teh
m s t a r s aeu bs ls sn ec e qlo r su ao e c dcn t k a i nl g f
m a t e r i a l . —T a mo s ho p t u u or n een
a r e a .
— A s e l f - bs a l pta n cr i rVessel n eg — As o s -
d bu a n c o n eu d ni dis tf roy i r b mu t i o n f
t e m p o e b r d a it uft r f he ec er o i r r neym g f a f l i -
c io e e x pn aT nt hs si e o trifn .mr ae l s s s
d e v i ae s l b o o w p ehol daev ni done dvl ye u r m e
o m a i pt r e e fr v ai e sarnf tsl t s ue os m d ii h m n gz e e
a s t h i n n aho sr p madhu ae oa ln t lu t yd l ed r
c hi t e a m pn e r g a t eu r en . — A t e c o hd en pi woq s u i e
m i we t hte l iaei o ch s clt c fr ni ho l dl er
s t s i i dd ee o .
1 T “ r e t hqh ui ici t kr . cen edh s o s ’ a m s t -
p b ut f ot ir t ehmD ui dh vbl y ia ee s si i f o n—onsA l , ro cc e oa a l l oi em zs pce ee d n
c o ra rl ol i sao iw ( odaU nn G dsc e- e 2ed s 2d b uf )e .w uc o swe i ii u d too ft yh n i o s
2 T “ d t he h i si ct kis n.og eet ns h s u m’ hae s we t mo af ein l ,t d h
r e t q h u ia i ct rck oen raden rhls ols os iwd oae nn c e
—T mr ee hfs tut fl r at ei f lnho ugu o i t m rgs ew - me e h l a, d d i n e n s
s o t bi m aao het f tsm
n i nf aeehl e t ll t adea hewl r eop. lr r sodw c iheet neesc sgr le e sh
t d r n f oo u t ddr oee n pem i oh s es t i ht t
—T m j e o hp i t r u n oia i ec s nl e g s e s d n
m aw ke il nd gs . W r I o — I u r g ert h aopf t ilso nna t esn
r
I t c o n s oth vr u etc tws in oeespn leh dl ri fai ps nu oe f dg u d I -ri l c nhi a anrn abcg ct te e .r i
c ae r es s bs t t r r Ce i (c s t Uo heea W d d- p y 2re oe7a s) 3 peb c ns o ocs iee eru rl fe nt g u
f o l l o w s : m w i p ix i a u ae r t 0 bdrp noc h o e . enu
1 S h mi ea e ls ud rt be a .mdag ec r r l gc e, aa dc r b , os n .
m a eg t rut a n paagc lasr l at a , e tsrcs n o m c,m a i , c so
—T l a htww rs e h et s e i rs
h y m d ra eo gx rgt e wy n aef ce l u la d le ,i i l nne gcws rc, i ei tan- ishcs e ro tFs e usr a t e s o seo
t r a o e s l lb e an c e g t , r a od m n p . u i r i i p m o pt s do ei r s stbt ai e nnt sgt t u
2 P r we se p srl ou df c r i.ei l e s n nsa ge dtss upper : uh y c , ph i - w o e i i th esln i at td chr ,
t r ei s pi o s r t t ean hns ace s, pe r u, r mre nies w t s t, uhs trd r iee sdh s c -i sf at hbr agi ei nr c r a
g a s . h o r ia z t o l n yt oan p lhi , wo ei i hed eln
—T m a t d eh e r it a a t l sies ol, m el hdea o aw hclw aeo nmst en ost r t sr
m e a tp hr u
ai o ncn d it v t is po c l red v so he d d u w n t h
nc e -m
d c i ee o h nct rt dt ihe a n fe u l
t o awi je ol di n en f dt . O a f mn a e
t l
e e xa tr hyi y api r w
li b os ie u
f s m ao ott t e m ir s i eo rah meul e sr t is
R —F mi o i el w otl r daei lra sr o, y n n oew n yr yd smi ito ru s eset n l g h t
IN: E
Abbreviations ...........................:.........466 Checklist for inspectors...................255
Abrasion
.............................................483 Checkvalves..................................... 367
Absolutepressure..............................483 Definition..................................... 484
Accessopening,ticknessof.....,........, 140 Chemicalplant piping.......................
Allowableloadonsaddle..................110 Chemicalresistance
Allowablepressure ........................ 18-25 of gaskets..................................... 224
Allowablepressure, flanges................28 Metals........................................... 224
Allowablestressesfor paints........................................... 253
non-pressureparts ........................ 4 4 9
Chipping............................................ 484
A l l oo pw ab nl e c . .ena. s. .d . t . i.Circles,circumferences
. f .ne. . g. 2 3 6
A ..................................................
l l o y 4 8 of, ................................
and areas 3 300
A nb d c e........................
oh s o l i r7 g t7C n i -divisionof..
r c 8 4
l..........................
e s ,
Anglejoint .........................................483 Segments of ................................ 290
Anglevalves ......................................366 Circularplate, weightof... ................ 404
definition ......................................483 Circumferencesand areas
Annealing...........................................483 of c e 300 s
i ......................................
r c l
API 650 tanks ....................................204 Circumferentialstress ......................... 14
API 12Ftanks....................................203 Clad vessel........................................ 484
Appurtenances, Coderules relatedto
Preferredlocations.......................241 Services......................................, 181
Arc welding .......................................483 Thicknesses.................................
Area of circles....................................300 Codes ................................................. 470
Planes............................................ 258 Combinationof stresses...................... 69
Area of surface, Combustibleliquids.......................... 184
Cylindricalshell head...................425 Commonerrors
ASMEflangedand dished Detailingvessels..........................
head, allowablepressure.......... 20-24 Completefusion................................ 484
Dimensionof m....., ......................... 335 Cone,allowablepressure,
Externalpressure............................34 Internal.................................... 20,24
Internalpressure....................... 20-24 Externalpressure........................... 36
Automaticwelding ...........,.,...........,..483 Frustrumof...,.......................,......276
To cylinderreinforcement........... 159
Backing..............................................483
Wallthicknessfor
Base ring design ............................ 79-83
Beamformulas...................................455 internalpressure.................20,
Bend allowances Conicalsection,
Allowablepressure..................20, 2
of Steelphltc .................................236
E x p t r e ....................
e r s n s....... a u3l r e
Bendingof pipe and tube ..................234
W t h a i .........................
c k l n 2e 2l s s 0
Ilcnt pipe ............................................ 280 C o n s to rV u Cc t S i oS n C I S f ,
B ao p ir el n s e s ru rd e
,‘ p a c i ................................
f i c a t i o 13n 9
v le ....................................
s a s e w 4l s 7 4
C o n to r a c t i o n f
Boltedconnections............................463 H o r vi z e .........................
o sn t s a e9l l s
Bolts,weightof ................................. 4 C
1
o n ,vd e e r cs i i o mn a
2
l s
B rf ri ...................................
a t c t t l u e r4 e 8 3
o a degree................................... 443
f
B r i t..........................................
t l e n e s s 4 8 3
Degreesto radains....................... 441
B u ............................................
s h i n g . . 4 8 3
Factors......................................... 446
B Weld...........................................483
u t t
Gallonsto liters ........................... 439
Capacitiesof fabrication....................232 Inchesto millimeters...................431
Carbonsteel, propertiesof ................186 Kilogramsto pounds...................438
Centerof gravity................................452 Litersto gallons........................... 439
Centigrade,conversion Millimetersto inches...................433
to Fahrenheit..................................444 Poundsper sq. in, to kilo-
Ccntroidof an area ............................484 gramsper sq. centimeter......,. 440
Chain intermittent Poundsto kilograms.................... 438
IiIlcl Weld ...................................... 484 Radiansto degrees ...................... 442
Sq. feet tosq. meters ..1................437 Eccentricity........................................485
Sq. meterstosq. feet ..............,....437 Efficiencyof weldedjoint .................485
Cornerjoint ....................................... 484 Elastic ................................................485
Corrosion...................................215,484 Elasticlimit........................................485
Fatigue ......................................... 484 Elasticstability ....................................67
Corrosionresistantmatcrinls........,....2 Illcctroslagwelding...........................485
2 2
Creep.................................................. 484 Ellipsoidalhead allowable
Couplings.......................................... 468 pressure .................................... 18, 22
Definition..;.................................. 484 area of surface..............................425
Lengthof............................,,138, 139 dimensionsof ...............................335
Weightof ..................................... 413 externalpressure ............................34
Wchling........................................ 361 locatingpoint on ..........................293
Cylinders,. partialvolumeof... .......................
partialvolumeof..............,...418,421 wall thicknesst’or
Cylindricalshell allowable internalpressure..................18$22
Pressure.................................... 18,22 Endurancelimit,..................................485
Area of surface............................. 425 Engagementof pipe...........................235
Externalpressure........................... 32 Erosion...............................................485
Thicknessfor internal Examinationof weldedjoints ............177
pressure............................... 18,22 Expansionjoint ..................................485
W ..........................................
e i g h 3t of horizontalvessels
7 ......................99
5
of metals....................................... 191
D a ms a ................................
t g ri ne g 4s s
Extensionof8 openings.......................
4 128
Davit .................................................. 312 Externalpressure .................................31
D e oc a degree, i m a l s f charts ........................................ 42-47
conversion.................................... 443 stiffeningring .................................40
Decimalsof an inch........................... 426
Decimalsof a foot ............................. 426 Fabricatingcapacities........................232
Definitions......................................... 483 Fabricationtolerances........................200
Deflection............................................ 68 Factors,conversion............................446
Deformation,strain ........................... 484 Factorof safety ..................................485
Degreesto radians,conversion.........441 Fahrenheit,conversionto
Descriptionof materials.................... 192 centigrade.....................................444
Designpressure,definition...............484 Fatigue...............................................485
internal........................................... 15 Fiber stress.........................................485
external .......................................... 31 Filler metal.........................................486
Designspecification.......................... 195 Fillet weld ..........................................486
steel structures............................. 447 Fittings....................................... 126-127
tcmpcraturc.................................. 484 welding.........................................361
tall towers ....................................... 52 dimensions...................................361
weldedjoints ........................ 1 448 7 weight...........................................390
4 ,
D e tofpressure
a i vessels
l i .............
n g 240 Flammableliquids............................. 184
Dimensionsofheads......................... 335 Flangedand dished head,
pipe............................................... 330 allowablepressure....................20, 24
Discontinuity.............................484,485 area of surface..............................425
Divisionof circles ............................. 289 dimensionsof ...............................335
Doubleweldedbuttjoint ...................485 externalpressure ............................34
lapjoint ........................................ 485 thicknessfor internal
Drop at intersectionof nozzle pressure...............................
and shell ....................................... 291 Flangedfittings,prcssure-
Ductility.............................................485 temperaturerating ..........................28
Flrmgc
Earthquake........................................... 61 dimensions,...................,..,......,....341
map,of seismiczones.................... 64 pressure-temperaturerating ...........28
Eccentric ......................
weightof ......................................395
Eccentricload...................................... 66
F h
w l t e h aia ......................
ca k l t n 2d e ls o scylinderand plane................... 6 2S1
f
F r
ou c s o tn crc e.u . n. m .o t. . r . .i f. ncof
. .cylinderand
. . . 2e 7 sphere.................
6 2S6
e c cc e ..............................
n ot r i n2c e nozzleand
of 7 shell,drop 9............. 291
F g p u i..................................
ape i l n2 s gIsotropic..................................,.......4.
0 8 487
F f wiu ...................................
l el l el l 4 t Joint d !efllciencies.......................
3 6 172, 174
definition..................................... 487
Gage .....................................
Joint penetration............................... 487
Gallonsto Junctionof cone to cylinder............. 159
........................................ Killedsteel ........................................ 487
.................... Kilogramto pounds,conversion...... 438
welding .......................................486
Gaskets,chemicalresistanceof......... Ladder .............................................. 315
Gate valve ..........................................486 Laminatedvessel............................... 487
dimensions...................................365 Lapjoint ............................................ 487
Generalspecifications.......................243 Laws,boilerand pressurevessel ...... 474
Geometricalconstructions.................268 Layeror laminatedvessel ................. 4S7
f o .......................................
r m u l a 2s Leg support5 .......................................
8 102
p r .......................................
o b l e m 2s dimensions...................................
6 8 108
G s i f hu 1 ml Lengthof
oer ..............................
r t m a a arcs ...................................
6 297
G v l ........................................
ao l b v e 4 e Lengthof pipeand
8 coupling 6
d i m e...................................
n s i o n 366 s for openings......................... 13S, 139
G i r t i....................................
a z a p t i h o4 n of stud bolts.................................
s 6 237
G rw .......................................
o eo v l e 4 dLethalsubstances..............................
s 6 487
Liflingattachments........................... 119
Ileads .................................................334 Liflinglug ......................................... 118
definition.....................................,486 Ligament........................................... 487
volumeof .....................................416 Linedvessel ...................................... 487
weightof ......................................375 Liquidpenetrantexamination........... 487
Heat treatment....................................486 Liquidpetroleumpiping...................210
1Hemispherical head, allowable Literature ........................................... 479
pressure.................................... 18,22 Liters to gallons, conversion ............ 439
area of surface.............................. 425 Loadings ...................................... 1 3 , 4 8 7
dimensionsof ...............................335 L o pointson c a t i n g
externalpressure ............................34 ellipsoidalheads.......................... 293
wall thicknessf o Locationsof r vesselcomponents....... 241
i n p t r e . e. r . .s n. . s1. a .2 u. l. Longweldingneck............................
.r . . e. 8. . . . , 2 34I
I { i gs h ..................................
- t a l l e o y 4e l
Longitudinal 8 stress..............................
6 14
1Iingc,......+........,..........,.......,.....,....4 ,..314 [,OW-dk)y S(CC] .................................. 487
flydrogenbrittleness..........................486 properties of ................................ 187
I[ydroslatictest ..................................486 L temperature operations o w 185
.............
Hydrostatictest presssure.................... 1S Lug,lifting ...,,,.,,.,..,,,.,...................,,, 118
1hydrostatictest pressure Lugsuppport..................................... 109
for flanges ......................................28
Magneticparticleexamination......... 487
Impact stress ...................................... 486
Malleableiron ................................... 487
test ................................................ 486 Materials,descriptionof..................,.192
Inchesto millimeters, propertiesof ................................ 186
conversion.................................... 4 3 1
test report..................................... 487
I n s op e p c............................
et i n o in 1 n g of foreigncountries.....................
2 3 194
l n s pc c h c e...........................
t oc r k ’ l s 2i s Maximum t 5
allowablepressure, 5
I n s uw l aoe t .......................
i i fo ng , .4 h . tflanges.1...........................................
4 28
I n t e w r m................................
i t et e n t l 4 dfor pipes.......................................
8 7 142
I n p t r e ............................
e r s n s a u 1l r1 e stress5.............................................. , 8 13
I n t e or cs e c t o i o n n f e
stress values........... 16, 189$190,487
and cylindcr .................................. 28S workingpressure................... Is, 487
...........................
Measures ............................................ 321 wall t
h i f c k n eo s s r
Measurement, metric system of... ...... 427 i
n p t r e ......................
e r s n s a1 u l r e 4
Membrane stress ................................ 488 w oe ......................................
i g h 3t f 9
Metal arc welding .............................. 488P f i si t y ...........................
t pm i b n eo 3 g l s 6
Metals, chemical resistance of... ....... 224 P ci .......................................
po i d n eg 2 s 0
Metric System of measurement .........427 P l a ............................................
s t i c i t y 4 8
P
Mist extractor .................................... 316 b l e a nal l d o. t . iw . . . a.ne. n. . g.c. . e. . s. . . . 2 3 7
Mitered pipe ...................................... 2
P o ul 8 n t a eh i qt c0 uk en a ef ls s ,
M i l lt i m n e tc e hr s e s ow , e o ....................................
l d i n 1g f 7
c o n ..................................
v e r s i o 4n P t .hl 3 i rca ke tnlt. 3e a s et s ,i o n o
M i t n h i oi m c u k mn s s r a df i oe gx r a a mp. i.h .ni . ac. .t . i . o. . n. . . . 3
s ah h e ...........................
e l n al 1 s d Pd sl w 8a oe ................................
t i e g2s ,h 4 t f 0
M o e ld a . u.s . .t . l .i .1 .c i. 4.i . .t f.P8y. . l. . ..............................................
a7. 8 t f o, 8r m 3 1
M o o rd i u ...........................
g l i u d s 4i t Pf y v 8..........................................
l a lu 8 v g 4 e 8
M t 4 i Plug
oo i m n..............................
ee nr f a weld .........................:.................
8 8 489
Pneumatictest................................... 489
Nameplate......................................... 317 P
o ir s ....................................
sa o nt ’ si 4 o 8
Needle valve...................................... 488 P
o ..............................................
r o s i t y 4 8
Neutralaxis........................................ 488 P
w h o t e r ees....................
al t a tm4 d e nt t 8
Surface......................................... 488 P oper sq.uinch ton d s
Nipple ................................................ 488 kilogramp s e q r .
Non-pressurewelding....................... 488 c e n tc i o m n e .v .t . e.e . r.r . s., . i. . o. . .n . . . 4 4 0
Normalizing....................................... 488 P ot k ui l cn o o gdn .rv s. ae . rm. os ., i . o, n. 4
strength ........................................ 488 P po ci w.............................
p oei nr 2d g e 0
test ................................................ 488
P r el fo eco rva r t ee i dos n s s e f l
Nozzledetails.................................... 244 c o m p..................................
o n e n t 2s 4
Nozzle loadings................................. 153 P po ci w.............................
p o ei nr 2d g e 0
Nozzleneck thickness...............122, 140 P r el fo eco rva r t ee i dos n s s e f l
Nozzleweightof ............................... 413 c o m p..................................
o n e n t 2s 4
Openings............................................ 122 P r e ..........................................
h e a t i n g 4 8
detailingof ................................... 244 P r o e f s ...................................
sl u ur e i2 f d
extensionof.................................. 128 P r e s s u r e - T e m r
p e r a a
. t u
. r
. e. t . . . i . . . n. . . .g . 2
reinforcementof..,................. 129-137 P r v e s
...................................
e s s u r
s e 4
e l 8
weightof ...................................... 413 d e ........................................
t a i l i n 2g 3
weldingof .................................... 244 l a w
............................................... 4s 7
Operatingpressure....................... 15,488 P r r e vse s ..........................
la u i
r l e e4 v f e 8
temperature.................................. 488 P r welding................................489
e s s u r e
optimum vesselsize.......................... 272 Primarystress.........................,,.!,...,,,.489
Organizations..................................... 476 Propertiesof pipe............................... 3 2
Oxidation........................................... 488 o s e ....................................
c t i o n4 f s 5
s t as i......................
n t l e , . s e 1s. , ,l . 9,
P-number........................................... 489 o s ...................................
t e e .1 f l. . . 9 .
Packing,weightof ............................. 414 o t .........................................
u b e 332
f s
Paintingof steel structures................247
Partial v oo c l y lu, . i . m .n . d. e. Qe4 1r f8uas, 4n e2 n1..............................
ne a c l ih 4 n g 9
h e a d
............................................ 4s R a to 2degrees,conversion.........442
d i a 2n s
s p...........................................
h e r 4e 2 2
Radiographing...................................490
P a s s 4
.................................................... 8
Radiusof gyration 9
.............................490
P e t refinerypiping
r o l e.................208 u m Radiographicexamination.................174
P b ei ..............................
n dp i 2 n e 3 g 4 relationto , 2 platethickness..............30
8 0
d i m oe ...............................
n s i o n 3s f 3 0
Randomlength...................................490
e n g a..................................
g e m e n 2t Reactionof 3 5
............................. 1 5
l eo f on p e ng i n got1s , .1h. . . R 3. f. e.r . c, t38t a n..............................
ag ,u l9n a r 2 k s 1
m i ,....0..,.,..............................
t e r e 2d R e f 8..........................................
r a c t o0 r y 4 9
p r o o p.................................
e r t i e 3s f 2 2
R e f r i pg e ri. . .a. . t.p. i. . .o. . in. . . . : .n. . . . .w.g. . 2thicknessfor
I( a internal l l
R c i n f o Cr c ct m c co yn t...... l, 1 in n dpressure
e eS o ..............................
r $ 18,22
R e i n o f o o pr c...........
e i nn 1 gi 1 n Spot 2g f welding.....................................
s 39 , 7 491
R e wq t u h i ai r c e k l d n e Squarefeet ls s to squaremeters,
for internalpressure................. 18-2; conversion................................... 437
Residualstress ................................... 49( Squaremetersto squarefeet,
Resistance welding ............................ 49Q conversion................................... 437
Right triangles, solution of... ............. 27(! Stabilityof vessels............................ 491
Ringjoint flanges ...............................356 Staggeredintermittent
Ringsmadeof sectors........................ 274 filletweld..................................... 491
Rootof weld ......................................490 Stainlesssteel, propertiesof...., ....... 190
Stair ................................................... 313
Saddledesign....................................... 98 Standards........................................... 47o
dimension..................................... I Statichead ........................................... 29
Scale...................................................49a
definition..................................... 491
Scarf ...................................................49(I Steelstructures,designof................. 447
Scheduleof openings ........................245
Stiffeningring, externalpressure .......40
Screwedcouplings.............................368
construction................................... 48
Seal weld............................................49o Strain ................................................. 491
Seamlessheadjoint efficiency..........176 Stressand strain formula;.................448
vesselsection ............................... 176
Stress,definition............................... 491
Secondarystress ................................ @O
Stressvaluesof materials.................. 189
Section modulus ................................ 49o
Stresses,combinationof... .................. 69
Sections, properties of ....................... 450
in cylindricalshell......................... 14
Segments of circles ............................ 290
in largehorizontalvessels
Seismicload.........................................61
supportedby saddles................86
map of seismiczones ..................... 64
in pressurevessels................. 13,491
Services,Code rules .......................... 181 Structures,designof ......................... 447
Shapeof openings ............................. 122
Structuralmembers,weldingof...,.... 458
Shearstress ........................................49o
Stud ................................................... 491
Sheet steel, weight.,...........................399
Shell, definition.................................49o Studbolts, lengthof.......................... 237
volumeof .....................................416 Studdingoutlets ................................ 357
Subjectscoveredby literature.......... 481
weightsof ..................................... 375
Submergedarc welding .................... 49]
Shieldedmetalarc welding ...............49o Supportof vessels,leg ...................... 102
Single-weldedbuttjoint ....................49o
................................................ 109
lapjoint ........................................490
.............................................
Size of openings................................ 122 checkwdvcs........................... 367
vessel............................................ 272 ~ymbolsfor pipe fittings.................. 369
weld .............................................. 49o
Shop weldedtanks............................. 203 I’ackweld .......................................... 492
Skirt design..................,.,,.,,...,.,..,,,..,,,. 76 rail towers,design.............................. 52
openings.......................................319 ranks, rectangular............................. 212
Slag .................................................... 491 ranks, shop welded........................... 2 0
Slendernessratio................................ 491 for oil storage .............................. 204
Slot weld ............................................491 ree joint ............................................ 492
Solutionof right triangles .................270 temperature,conversion
Specificgravities...............................415 centigradeto Fahrenheit.............. 444
Specificgravitydefinition.................491 rensile strength................................. 492
Specificationfor design stress ............................................ 492
of vessels...................................... 195 rest .................................................... 492
Specifications.....................................470 rest pressure ..................................... 492
Sphere,allowablepressure............18, 22 rest pressure,external........................ 31
externri! pressure ............................ 34 rhermalexpansionof metals............ 191
partial volIImc of .......................... 412 [’hcrnmlfa[iguc................................. 492
rhermalstress ........,..............+........... 492
Thicknessof VCSSCI wall,’ for pipes ....................................... 148
definition......................................492 Weaving............................................. 482
code rules related t ..................... 1 8o 2 321,374
Weights.....................................
for full vacuum...............................49 bolts..............................................412
charts .,.,,,..,,,...,,,,,..................... 49-51 c i pr ...............................
cl u a l ta 4r e s
for internalpressure................. 18-27 couplings......................................413
for nozzleneck............................. 140 flanges..........................................395
of pipe wall .................................. 148 galvanizedsheet ...........................399
Threadedand weldedfittings............126 insulation......................................414
Throat.................................................492 nozzles..........................................413
Tolerances,definition........................492 openings.......................................413
Tolcranccsof fabrication...................200 packing.........................................414
Topicscoveredby literature..............481 pipes and fittings
Transitionpieces........................ 287-288 plates ............................................400
Transportationof vessels...................246 sheetsteel .....................................399
Tube, bendingof..,.............,............... 234 shells and heads ...........................375
propertiesof .................................332 vessels ............................................59
Typesof w e l
....................... d e dWeld,definition.................................492
metal.............................................493
U. M. plate .........................................492
sizes f o p ................ e on 1i n1 g r2 s 24
Ultrasonicexamination......................492 W je c l oa dt .....................
ei eg ond r1 i t e s 7
Undercut............................................ 492 designof ....................................... 174
Unequalplatethickness examination.................................. 177
weldingof .................................... 178
locations....................................... 174
Unit strain ..........................................492 Weldedsteel tanks.............................204
stress.............................................492 Welding,definition............................493
V~]VCS . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JtjS fittings ..........................................361
Vessel,definition............................... 492 of nozzles .....................................244
Vessel,components, procedure...;..................................493
preferredlocations.......................241 of pressurevessels ...................... 170
Vibration..............................................60 rod ................................................493
Volumeof cylinders, symbols........................................ 179
partial ....,..........,...................418,421 Wind load ............................................52
of shells and heads.......................416 Windspeed map ............................54,57
of solids........................................ 264 Workingtcmpc.mturc.........................488
Vortex breaker...................................320 Wroughtiron......................................493
Wallthicknessfor internal Yield ........................................ 493
pressure.................................... 18-27

Pressure Vessel Hand Book Magesey 10th Edition Eugene F Megyesy PDF

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Welcome to the CD-ROM edition of

the Pressure Vessel Handbook.

Click on the arrow buttons on the tool bar above to page

It is intended for single user use. Information about site licenses

Pressure Vessels Incorporated

© 1996 Adobe Systems Incorporated.

This CD-ROM was produced by:

7322 Ohms Lane • Minneapolis, MN 55439

PRESSURE VESSEL PUBLISHING, INC.

Engineers who design equipment for the chemical process industry

First he must familiarize himself with the latest version of the

Mr. Megyesy has recognized this problem. For several years he

This reference book is prepared for the purpose of making formulas,

In order to provide the greatest serviceability with this Handbook,

The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor

The authorwishesalso to thank all those who helpedto improvethis

PART I Design and Construction of Pressure Vessels .................................... 11

PART II Geometry and Layout of Pressure Vessels ...................................... 25’7

PART III Measures and Weights .................................................................... 321

PART IV Design of Steel Structures .............................................................. 447

PARTV Miscellaneous ................................................................................. 465

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSEL

LOADINGS (Code UG-22)

STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL

T c o m p sh r edt s t se r i xev epetu r es a e r t ss n e sse a onudntl trs i r e in pe lt ud r ese e r ss n se a ou l r

H=% w Hh= C er h i r oet t i ei foc ga w l h e t t r f , .

V e w s tsh me e al xhasr li l emwo uweo m ap r br k l el ei si nbs m t gu i r t e eh d

P tr t e oe s s ot m a t afb lxa s i li sol mhwo uwo m pa r br k l ew ei s t ns h gu r ehe n

T s it t h rg se i whs e ger s oiot na ew

T f o rf htm g u s l io aeh c serc o r t rda ei nh g ml y :

B SPHERE HEMISPHERICAL HEAD

I)c[crmincIhc rcquird lhicknms, SEE DESIGN[),N”f’A

+ C.A. () 125 in. 17500 x ().X5 x ().5(M)

fJse: ().50() in, pkrfc

The head furnishedwithmrtslraigh[ Ilwrge.

Use: ().3125 in MIN. HEAD

Dctcrrninethe requiredthicknessot’a SCJMICSS

100 X 96.25 Determinethe maximumdlmv:iblc U[wkingprcwurc. P

Use: o 437s in, MIN. THK. HEAD

1 CONE CONICAL SECTION

1 T h a a a h apnn g lg re. t el e3 fo e axh ,t e0a t

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE

G3) ~ 1 U s t su iat t l hr sl .e i yogh seo e v snS e arn en g

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE

t=d ~ 0.13 PISE = 24 ~ 0.13x300/15,000 x 1 = 1.223 in.

Theratio ofhead thickness to the diameter of the shell is satisfactory

SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE

t = d = = 24 0.26 x 300/1 ~,000 x 1 == 1.731 in.

Use 1.75 in. plate

0.214 x 300/15,000 x 1 = 1.57 in.

PRESSURE – TEMPERATURE RATINGS

150lb. 300 l 4 l 6 b lb.

-20 to 100 285 740 990 1480 2220 3705 6170 -

500 170 600 800 1200 1795 2995 4990

750 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 4200

950 35 105 140 205 310 515 860

Ratings apply to materials:

Flangesof ANSIB16.5shall not be used for higher ratings exceptwhereit is

Ratings are maximum allowable non-shock working pressures expressedas gage

Temperatures are those on the inside of the pressure-containing shell of the

A Stress values at tem~.