International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 9, Issue 13, December 2018,

201 pp. 1–13, Article ID: IJMET_09_13_001
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

REAL - TIME TRANSPORTATION

MONITORING USING AN INTEGRATED RFID -
GIS SCHEME
Nihad Hasan Talib, Khalid Bin Hasnan, Azlibin Nawawi, Haslina Binti Abdullah
Faculty of Mechanicall and Manufacturing Engineering,
UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Batu-
(Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia)

ABSTRACT
Monitoring the transportation operation in real-time
real time by identifying transportation
mode of the railway vehicles operating condition is vital. Integrating the Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) can facilitate the rail monitoring and keep the railway system stable in theth face
of any potential disturbances. This paper presents a novel method to capture and store
information based on the functional parameters of RFID Network Planning correlated
with the Geographic Information System GIS. Two different methods have been
combined
bined with the aim of enhancing the search domain to solve the RFID network
planning problem based on multi-objective
multi objective function. The first method is by developing
new input representation of tags position. The method was developed by designing a
new computational
tional interface board for reading station image information taken from
Geographic Information System GIS. Then by specifying the stations location, the
board will specify the tags type and position based on the bogies longitudinal location.
Two types of passive
assive tags will be specified in the board, thermal and vibration tags.
Finally the interface board will transfer the data to the cuckoo algorithm to be used as
input parameters. The main feature of the present board is the flexibility in specifying
the train
rain stations location and distributing the tags along the train automatically. The
large, complex, and dynamic RNP network represents a big challenge to the present
method. The second method uses the Gradient-Based
Gradient Based Cuckoo Search (GBCS) to find
optimal reader
der position and numbers. The selected area is more than 11000 meter
square with 3 different locations of train stations. A total of176tags were distributed
based on the train location and length. The paper compared the Gradient-Based
Gradient
Cuckoo Search (GBCS) and Cuckoo Search algorithm in order to investigate their
performance. The simulation observes superior results for Gradient-Based
Gradient Cuckoo
Search (GBCS) in tags coverage and reader numbers generation in addition to
reducing the interference percentage. The data stated by the RFID readers can be sent
wirelessly to control station for monitoring the rail transportation vehicles at real-
real
time.

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 Real - Time Transportation Monitoring Using An Integrated RFID - GIS Scheme

Keywords: Radio frequency identification (RFID), RFID network planning (RNP),

Gradient based cuckoo search (GBCS), GIS technology.

Cite this Article: Nihad Hasan Talib, Khalid Bin Hasnan, Azlibin Nawawi and
Haslina Binti Abdullah, Real - Time Transportation Monitoring Using An Integrated
RFID - GIS Scheme, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology, 9(13), 2018, pp. 1–13.
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13

1. INTRODUCTION
Railway systems provide the cheapest and most convenient passenger mode for suburban
traffic and distance. It plays an important role in industrial and economic growth [1]. Thus,
scheduling different types of activities to obtain a well-functioning railway transportation
system is crucial. Maintenance tasks are considered one of these important activities which
prevent the unexpected breakdown of equipment that may cause unexpected cost due to loss
of service quality and productivity [2]. The main challenge of railway maintenance activities
is the lack of efficient and cheap technology to detect the problems in addition to lack of
proper maintenance procedure [3]. Therefore, the effective strategy of railway maintenance is
to reduce the overall budget cost based on the highest maintenance level, while neglecting the
serviceability level of the machines and equipment [2].
Radio Frequency Identification RFID has undergone great development in terms of
railway application [4].RFID is evolving as an effective technology for tracking and
identifying objects around the world [5]. The main used technology in RFID id the radio
waves that leverage to identify items automatically [6]. RFID system involves two types of
devices: unsophisticated, chip, identifiable tags with unique signal and powerful
electromagnetic reader. The RFID reader ‘sense’ the unique identifier signal and able to
recognize all the stored information in RF tags affixed to objects by transmitting the signal
and communicate with the RF tags [7]. The RFID structure provides an Identification Code
ID, the reader that detects the ID code from the tags and finally the middleware that receives
the IDs set to use for monitoring and tracking materials. The present technology can be used
to track items, persons, animals. Also, it can be applied in personal documents (passport,
driving licenses), warehouse logistics, building access control, public transportation cards and
it is one of the main parts in the Internet of Things paradigm (IoT) [8]. The benefit from
applying RFID system is to provide an efficient handling process, time saving, reduction in
labor and reducing out-of-stock [9]. Therefore, the RFID application has increased and
became essentially to detect assets in large area [10]. It is used as a network planning
technique that provide sufficient coverage for the services requirement based on monitoring the
network and assigning frequencies, parameters of wireless location system and transmitter
locations [11]. RFID reader’s position considers the backbone network and the strategic base
of RFID Network Planning (RNP) [12]. The RNP in large scale problems observe crucial
Quality of Service (QoS) functional parameters. It assigns frequencies, parameters of wireless
location system and transmitter locations [13]. The recent studies investigate the use of RFID
in NP- hard problem to find the optimal evaluation of objective functions. The objective
functions represent the minimum number of readers and minimum interferences in entire
region that covers maximum number of tags. Also, it considers the minimum number of
overlapped tags and shortest propagation area that represents minimum power required to
RFID tag antenna [13].In order to obtain a successful numerical simulation, the network
design must be able to address the universal concepts of RNP mathematical model based on
the effective RFID edge effects [9].

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 Nihad Hasan Talib, Khalid Bin Hasnan, Azlibin Nawawi and Haslina Binti Abdullah

Several RFID network planning algorithms have been developed to optimize the function
parameters. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was the well-known optimization technique
due to fast operation speeds, ease of implementation and fewer parameters that require
adjustment [11]. The latest development for PSO algorithm was multi-colony-global Particle
Swarm Optimization (MC-GPSO) [13]. The state of art optimization based approach includes
many other recently proposed methods such as firefly and ABC algorithms [14][15]. The
simulation results of these methods demonstrate the more efficient optimal solution of RFID
Network Planning (RNP). Density Based SCAN algorithm (DBSCAN) was developed by [9]
by hybridization with the firefly algorithm. The results present a high quantitative
performance algorithm. The clustering strategy based on RFID circular reader range is used to
specify the required readers to improve the performance of RFID network planning. Hasnan,
et al [16] improved Gradient-Based Cuckoo Search algorithm and applied it in large scale
RFID network planning. This method specifies the combinatorial performance of the readers
propagation area based on the evaluation of the tag density and location by using the
Gradient-Based to manage the input representation of the Cuckoo Search. The results
observed high local information for the objective function, which facilitated the choice of
complex RFID Network Planning parameters that enabled the algorithm to work with big data
in large scale conditions. In this paper, the Cuckoo Search algorithm based on Gradient will
be used to solve an actual RFID railway network planning in large-scale area.
The present method uses the Graphical Information SystemGIS to specify the train station
positions and use it as an input data representation. Thenby developing a specific
computational board, the tags will be distributed uniformly to specify the required readers in
the station.

2. RAILWAY NETWORK PLANNING

Deciding where to install the RFID readers to monitor the bogies component in railway
station is a very complex task. It involves two challenges; how to specify the position of each
bogie in multi-line station based on different tags function and; how to identify the parameters
of multi-objective RFID functions. The first challenge is solved by developing a specific
computational board that is able to specify the GIS information of train station, and the
second challenge is solved by developing an evolutionary algorithm to solve the multi-
objective function of RFID network planning system as described in the next subsections.

2.1. Geographic Information System (GIS).

The Geographic Information System GIS is a gathering system designed to store, capture,
analyze, manipulate, manage and present spatial or geographic data. GIS integrate many types
of data and used as a tool that allow users to analyze special information, create interactive
queries, edit data in maps and present the results [17]. Koshak and Nour[18] integrate the
RFID system with GIS to support the planning of Urban Transportation Management system.
Ahmed,et al [19] outlined the role of GIS and RFID and handheld computers in emergency
management. The roles evaluated the suitability of three ubiquitous technologies before their
actual adoption in emergency management. In the present work, the GIS will provide the train
station position selected from the beneficiary in detail. All details can be observed including
the train lines, the station dimensions, number of train stations in the specified area. In this
study, Bandar Task Selatan TBS stationis a Malaysian interchange station located in Kuala
Lumpur selected to test the system method. It is a unique station that contains 3 train lines.
The station serves as both a stop and an interchange for KTM Komuter which involves 10
carts (i.e. 20 bogies), LRT Sri Petaling Line which involves 7 carts (i.e.14 bogies) and the
Express Rail Link's KLIA Transit trains which involves 5 carts (i.e. 5 double component).

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 Real - Time Transportation Monitoring Using An Integrated RFID - GIS Scheme

That means that three trains can work together in the same area but not at the same linein
different bogie designs and different number of bogies as shown in Figure 1 and 2. This is
considered as a hard problem due to different lines with different positions and different train
directions.

Fig. 1TBS image taken by GIS

Figure2 Railway stations taken by GIS

The collected information will be transferred to computational board developed to specify
the tags position and distribution.

2.2. Computational Board

The present computational board, which is developed using MATLAB software, acts like
image editor as it provides important information based on the GIS image. Also, it can receive
input via mouse click and the user can freely specify any required position in the image to
indicate the station or stations boundary. The main function of the proposed board is to allow

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 Nihad Hasan Talib, Khalid Bin Hasnan, Azlibin Nawawi and Haslina Binti Abdullah

a user to define the train line based on the front of the train and the end of the track using a
mouse and capture all mouse events.
The events, including Mouse up, Mouse down and the direction and number of bogies,
will be specified automatically. Mouse down indicates the starting point of the train, Mouse
up denotes the end of the truck and the events in-between specified based on the number of
bogies and the Mouse down and Mouse up is the train length. The dimensions are considered
the real position and length in the GIS image. For every event set, the schema provides a
unique ID and records all the mouse events in terms of their coordinates. Based on these
ordinates and the automatic calculation of bogies number and position, the tags distribution
will take place. The tags distribution considered in case of vibration and temperature passive
type are shown in Figure 3 and 4.

Fig. 3Work space area specified by GPS transferred to computational board

Fig. 4Two types of tags coordinate generated automatically by the board

It is seen from the figure that there are two types of tags denoted in red and white. These
two types of tags represent the vibration and temperature tags. The base of distribution is the

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 Real - Time Transportation Monitoring Using An Integrated RFID - GIS Scheme

number of electrical motor and gear in each bogie. Each motor and gear need temperature tag
and vibration to monitor the motor situation. The tags operation will be described in the next
subsection.

2.3. RFID model

RFID reader. The characteristics of RFID system considered as a critical operational
parameters specified to the RFID readers, propagation model and tags characteristics [11].
The RFID reader has two key parameters: receive sensitivity and maximum output power.
The first parameter determines forward link success while the latter parameter determines
reverse link success. One other important parameter for fixed readers is the reader antenna
gain. Most of reader antennas in the market have 6.7dBigain but if, for any reason, a different
gain antenna is used, that becomes an important system parameter for both forward and
reverse link. The actual application space also contributes to system performance. Primarily
the distance from the reader antenna determines the path loss in the system. Also, any metal
near the tag or high tag population in a small space can drastically alter tag sensitivity leading
to failures. Finally the selected tags were for vibration and temperature measurement.
The reason for these two types is the correlation between the maintenance cause and
effect. Overloading of equipment or machine means the machine is taking more current than
its rated current. That results more current generation associated with temperature raise [20].
High temperatures can cause the deterioration of motor isolation [21]. Also, hydraulic oil
temperature should be monitored continuously during operation of the mower to prevent
catastrophic failures due to high -temperature operation. If the system is operating with
excessive temperatures, the unit should be shut down to allow it to cool, and the source of
overheating should be corrected prior to operating the unit [22].
The vibratory stresses in the motors are another maintenance problem. The connected
machine parts and foundation must be reliably kept within the specified limits. Any violation
of these limits will have a negative influence on the lifetime of the bearings, beside other
negative effects [23]. Virtanen in [24] developed a novel temperature sensor tag for passive
UHFRFID systems and discusses a method to perform measurements in practice. The
developed sensor tag is fabricated from cost-efficient and commercially available materials.
Zhenzhou Ma in [25] designed a UHFRFID passive tag vibration. The effects of motor speed,
mass of eccentric wheel and stiffness coefficient of supporting spring on the performances are
analyzed to lay the foundation for further manufacture. The UHFRFID passive tag vibration is
realized to test the vibration performance, and it is verified that it has good performances to
satisfy the practical applications.
The characteristics of the RFID system based on the operational parameters of specific
RFID reader, RFID tag, and the signal propagation model can be expressed by the read range
of a UHF-based RFID propagation system. It can be calculated by the Friis equation as
follows:
1
= × × × × 1
4×
Where Pt is transmitted reader power, Ptag is power received at tag receiver, Gtis
transmitter reader antenna gain, r is distance between transmitter and receiver, Gr is receiver
tag antenna gain, λ is ratio wavelength. In free space we have n=2 but in loss environments
(n) can be greater than 2 according to table 1:

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 Nihad Hasan Talib, Khalid Bin Hasnan, Azlibin Nawawi and Haslina Binti Abdullah

Table 1 path loss exponent for different environment

Environment path loss exponent (PLE)
Free - space 2.0
Urban -area 2.7-3.5
Suburban - area 3.0 - 5.0
Indoor system [LOS] 1.7-1.8
Indoor system [NLOS] 3.5
Therefore, the chosen path loss in (TBS) station selected to be (n= 2.7) as urban area.
Also, to find the ability to cover the tags is the propagation range (rmax), which can be
found by the formula below:
√Lm ×
2
4ԥ
The present calculations are subject to the railway station boundary conditions with fixed
length and width of the area taken from GIS. The condition of propagation range is calculated
based on the formula:
≥ 3
From the present formulas, the distance between reader and tag can be found from the
formula below:
= − ! − " − "! 4
Wherertd is the distance between the reader center and tag. The initial readers number
needed for station and the primary position of each reader can be expresses in the following
equations are used:

#$%& = ' () − !* 5
,-.
2

/&, ' #$%0 6

,3.

The rate of tags coverage in the railway station is considered a very important objective function. It
can be defined based on RFID system as in equation (7)[12]:
*5!56!5*!)78 #$%&
4 #$% = = ' 7
!$!)9!)78 /!
,3.

1 04 ≥
#$% = ; ?
0 $!ℎ5 >085
Where Covi is rate of coverage for each group of tags.Nt is the tags number distributed in
working domain. Cov is tags coverage in TS range, Ni is reader numbers, t is Tag, RS is the
propagation domain and k is number of groups
The interference between RFID readers can be solved using the following equation[13]:
HLK H

@ABC = ' ' 0 + E − *08! F0, FE 8

&,K I,&JK

Where dist() is the function of distance between readers,N is the number of readers, ri and
rj are the interference range of the readers i and j of the readers receiver, while Ri and Rj are
the readers position.

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 Real - Time Transportation Monitoring Using An Integrated RFID - GIS Scheme

@N!5 45 5*O)78 ∑&,I #$%& ∩ #$%I

4 @ = = 9
O$!)9O)78 /!
Based on the present set of equations, a RNP performance comparison was made in
different RNP environments in order to investigate the algorithms reliability in large scale
conditions. The optimal coverage can be formulated as the sum of the summation between the
differences of the received power of each tag and the transmitted power level.

3. OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE
This section will present the evolutionary algorithm that can solve the presented multi-
objective functions based on the correlation between the actual tags position and distribution
with RFID reader’s propagation rate. The modified cuckoo search algorithm CS which is
correlated with the gradient of the objective function has been selected for this task. The CS
functional operation used the cuckoo species who lay their eggs in the nests of host birds.
Each egg in a nest is considered as a solution, and a cuckoo egg is considered a new solution.
The target is to employ the new better solution (cuckoo) to develop the not so good solutions
in the nests. The SC rules are [26]:
i. Each cuckoo lays one egg at a time, and dumps it in a randomly chosen nest;
ii. The best nests with high quality solutions (i.e. eggs) will carry over to the next generation;
iii. Fixed the number of available host nests, the available host can discover an alien egg with a
probability of ϵ [0, 1].
In this condition, the host bird can either throw the egg away or abandon the nest to
generate a completely new nest in a new location. For simplicity, the last assumption in the
process can be approximated as a fraction pa of the n nests being changed by new nests,
having new random solutions. Based on the present-mentioned rules, the essential steps of the
CS can be summarized as the pseudo code in Figure 1 as follows:
The Xi(t+1) new solution for ith cuckoo search will apply the following Le’vy flight formula:
S0 ! + 1 = S0 ! + T ⊕ V5’%" λ 10

whereT > 0 is the step size that is related to the problem scale. In the present formula,
(⊕) means the multiplications of entry-wise. The Le’vy flight is considered as a step lengths
of the following probability distribution:
V5’%"Z = ! L[ , 1 < ≤3 11
The real application of this algorithm observed the cuckoo’s behavior. It shows that if a
cuckoo’s egg is similar to a host’s eggs, the random walk is less likely to discover the
cuckoo’s egg. In this case, fitness should be related to the difference in solutions. The
modification presented by Fateen and Petricioletin [26] used the local random walk based on
the fraction (1-pa) of the replaced. A fraction (1-pa) of the nest selected at random is
abandoned and replaced by new ones at new positions via local random walks. The local
random walk can be written as:
S& JK = S& + T^SI + S2 _ 12
Where the factor α is a random number given from uniform distribution, SI and S2 are
two different solutions. The present solutions are generated and selected by random
permutation randomly. In the original algorithm, the direction and the value of step, which are
random in walk. Depend on the new nests when they are generated from the replaced nests.
The modification in the present algorithm is that the researcher resaved the randomness of the
magnitude of the step. However, direction is calculated based on the gradient sign of the

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 Nihad Hasan Talib, Khalid Bin Hasnan, Azlibin Nawawi and Haslina Binti Abdullah

objective function. When the gradient is negative, the direction of step will be positive. If the
gradient is positive, the direction of step will be negative. Based on the present sequence, new
nests will be generated randomly from the worse nests but in the direction of the minimum
number of old nests. Thus, (Eg.1) is replaced by:
8!5`& = T^ I − 2 _, xBbJK = xBb + stepB ⨂sign k−lmno
qr
ps (13)
p

where sign function involves the sign of its argument and dfi is the objective function
gradient at each variable, that is, tf/ti [27].

4. OPERATING PROCEDURE
The step by step operating procedure of gradient cuckoo search algorithm CS based on the
specified tags data of vibration and temperature is described as follows.
Step1. Specify the railway area station in GIS.
Step2. Transfer the GIS image to the computational board.
Step3. Specify the station or stations by mouse click up and click down to generate the tags
data coordinates.
Step4. Evaluate the fitness value of each reader based on the objective functions used in the
equations (1 to 9), then record the “Best Solution” of each reader.
Step5. Update the gradient position of all readers by using equation (13).
Step6. Evaluate the fitness value of each reader then compare the results with the previous
best fitnessposition.
Step7. If the achieved fitness value so far is global best with optimal reader position and the
iteration has to be completed, then go to the end.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present method results are obtained through applying gradient cuckoo search algorithm
GBCS based on GIS image that observe superior solutions for the RNP network planning
multi-objective problems. All simulation runs were conducted with 7500 iteration and 50
independent runs. In order to improve the quality solution, several factors and specific
parameters of the RFID network planning were adjusted. The specific values of these
parameters are shown in Table 2:

Table 2 Simulation parameter of RFID system and RNP

RFID parameter RNP parameter
Radiated power [ERP] 0.1-2 W Tag number 176
Tag power threshold based on the train
-17dBm Tag distribution
[sensitivity tag power] location and long
Reader power threshold urban area 2.7 path
-70 dBm Outdoor system
[sensitivity Reader power] loss exponent
Frequency UHF band 915Mhz Reader number 14
11000 meter square
RFID Reader Antenna Cain
7.3 Working space Three different
(Gr)
location
RFID tag Antenna Cain
3.7
(Gt)
(299792458
Speed of light
m/s)

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 Real - Time Transportation Monitoring Using An Integrated RFID - GIS Scheme

The results observe that the RFID readers covered all the tags area as shown in Figures 5
and 6 marked by blue “x” and the reader center marked by white star sign ‘’*’’. Also, the
reader propagation range is indicated by white dashed line for coverage of the upper level.

Fig. 5 Simulation results of GBCS

Fig. 6 Simulation results of CS

The working area scenario was set as 11000 meter square and 176RFIDtags based on the
bogie longitudinal location are distributed in working space (TBS station in KL-Malaysia)
with 14RFID readers distributed to cover all the tags. The initial readers number is specified
based on the maximum possible readers needed in the stations area. The limitation and
primary position of the readers will be generated basically based on the GIS information. The
numerical results shown in Table 3 demonstrate the differences in the solution quality for
railway large-scale RNP problems. The formula was able to achieve 10 readers with the
fitness of 81% based on external path loss condition. 10 RFID readers wereable to achieve
98.9% coverage for 176tags. In the defined space, it can be observed that GBCS can achieve

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 Nihad Hasan Talib, Khalid Bin Hasnan, Azlibin Nawawi and Haslina Binti Abdullah

minimum number of readers due to optimal reader positions with maximum coverage. The
useless readers was removed from the space by GBCS algorithm using skip reader operator in
order to reduce the overall deployment cost and avoid reader-to-reader interference.
The first objective which considered the most important task was to minimize the number
of deployed readers with keeping the tags coverage. It achieves the effective maintenance
strategies that require reducing the overall maintenance budget cost without reducing the
maintenance itself. The second objective is minimizing the interference to avoid reader-to-
reader interference with (again, maintaining the coverage) to improve the quality surface
[QoS].That indicates the significant reliability of the GBCS algorithm in large - scale and
complex area with big tags data. This result is better than the traditional CS algorithm which
presents only 74% fitness. CS algorithm achieved 85% coverage of 176 tags, a result that
indicates that not all train bogies are covered, which means the train is under the non-
expectation condition danger.

Table 3 the comparison results of original CS and GBCS

Number of Number of
Tag Readers
Algorithm tag overlapped Fitness %
coverage % number
coverage tags
CS original 149 84.66 9 0 74.24
GBCS 172 98.9 10 2 81.28

6. CONCLUSION
The impact of GIS system on RFID network planning was tested and compared using the
gradient cuckoo search algorithm (GBCS). The present method was tested by real train station
in Kuala Lumpur TBS, by integrating the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology
and Geographic Information Systems. The present method can facilitate the rail monitoring
and keep the railway system stable in the face of any potential disturbances. It canrail way
machine maintenance by monitoring and scheduling time to conduct preventive maintenance
activities dynamically. Also, this method can optimize the traditional maintenance problem
for large set of instances by providing for any change in the temperature and vibration of train
gear box and electrical motors. The dynamic in time monitoring provides the information in
each train stop in the station. The results observe an improvement in fitness function effect
based on the coverage efficiency and also specified the optimum installation reader position in
each train line of TBS station. The main contributions can be summarized as follows:
• Development of an interface board for generates GIS station image information. This
contribution is useful for detecting the station position based on GIS map and finds the start
point and end point of each station to specify the train domain.
• Improve the RFID network planning in railway field practically by combining the GIS
information with RFID fitness function based on urban area path loss.
• Specify optimal reader positions and numbers based on the Gradient-Based Cuckoo Search
(GBCS)

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 Real - Time Transportation Monitoring Using An Integrated RFID - GIS Scheme

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