International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 9, Issue 13, December 2018, pp. 63–81, Article ID: IJMET_09_13_008
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

IDENTIFICATION OF THE OPTIMAL

CONVERTER TOPOLOGY FOR SOLAR WATER
PUMPING APPLICATION
P.R. Chandrasekhar
PG student, Energy and power electronics, SELECT, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, India

Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree

Associate Professor, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India

ABSTRACT
This paper envisages to identify an optimal topology of DC-DC converter for the
solar pump application, by comparing the performance indices of the three advanced
non-isolated converters namely Landsman converter, Luo converter and Zeta
converter. The identified best topology of the non-isolated DC-DC converter, which
basically operates in the mode of buck-boost converters cascaded to a three phase
voltage source inverter (VSI), which is connected to a permanent magnet brushless
DC (PMBLDC) motor. The whole system is front ended to a PV panel. In order to
obtain the maximum power transfer to the load, a popular maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique, Perturb and Observe (P&O) has been implemented. The
whole system is simulated under the environment of PSIM.
Keywords: PV system, Perturb and Observe, MPPT, PMBLDC, DC-DC converter

Cite this Article: P.R. Chandrasekhar, Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree,
Identification of the Optimal Converter Topology for Solar Water Pumping
Application, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(13),
2018, pp. 63–81.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13

1. INTRODUCTION
Extinction of the fossil fuels globally making world to concentrate on the renewable energy
sources. Non-conventional energy sources being pollution-free, almost does not affect the
environment. The initial installation cost may be more, but the running cost will be very low
compared to the non-renewable energy sources. Upcoming concepts like distributed
generation, smart grid and micro grid can be easily implemented with the renewable energy
sources.
Solar energy being more economical and stable compared to the remaining sources of
renewable energy, may be the scope of power for the future [11]. The solar power generated

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 Identification of the Optimal Converter Topology for Solar Water Pumping Application

is DC. The switching power converters have to be employed in order to have control over the
generated power and to operate at MPP. There are many MPP techniques such as P&O [15],
[21-24], incremental conductance [19-20], hill climbing, etc. [17-18]. Depending on the
application, the controlled DC power is directly used or can be converted to AC, employing
the DC-AC converters [4].
There are a lot of applications for the DC-DC switching power converters in the solar
power based applications [1] - [3]. This gives scope for the development of various topologies
of the switching power converters. Topologies based on isolation, interleaving, etc., are
developing to ensure the safety of the consumer [6], [12].
As it is a known fact that the running cost of the conventional DC motor is more because
of the presence of the brushes and the commutator. Generally the induction is widely used for
the water pumping application, because of its ruggedness and other factors.
But the same doesn’t hold good for this type of solar applications. The reason is that, it
requires an intricate control and is liable to be overheated if the voltage levels are too low.
These demerits of the above mentioned two machines can be eliminated by the PMBLDC
motor which exhibits low voltage handling capacity, operation at higher range of efficiencies,
less impact of EMI issues, simple control strategies, ability to operate in a different range of
speeds etc., and hence it is chosen for this type of application [5] , [7] -[10], [13]-[14].

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

The DC-DC converter is front-ended with a solar photo voltaic panel. The DC-DC converter
is cascaded with the 3-ɸ VSI which drives the PMBLDC motor. The BLDC motor requires
the position sensors for sensing the rotor position. The outputs of the position sensors are fed
back to the 3-ɸ VSI. The operation of the DC-DC converter in the optimum power point is
ensured by the MPPT. The MPPT technique, Perturb and Observe (P&O) is implemented
here.

Figure 1 Block diagram of the system

3. SOLAR PV DESIGN
The PV panel has been designed to deliver a wattage of Ppv = 6.8 KW @ Vpv = 292.38 V and
Ipv =23.26 A. The design of the solar PV is done with reference to the data sheet BYD_220-
250P. A panel of the power rated at 250W has been chosen from the data sheet, whose
specifications are given below in the Table 1

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 P.R. Chandrasekhar, Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree

Table 1 Specifications of PV system from the data sheet

Specification value

Open-circuit voltage (Voc) 38.00 V

Maximum operating voltage (Vmpp) 30.40 V

Short circuit current (Isc) 8.98 A

Maximum operating current (Impp) 8.22 A

Maximum power in STC (Pmpp) 250 W

No. of cells 60

The no. of panels connected in the series =( )= 10.

The no. of panels connected in parallel = ( )= 3.

3.1. Design of the series connected panels

Total no. of cells = (60) 10 = 600 cells
The maximum power, Pmax = (250) 10 = 2500 W
The voltage at Pmax = (30.40) 10 = 304 V
The open-circuit voltage, Voc = (38.00) 10 = 380 V

3.2. Design for the parallel panels

The maximum power, Pmax = (2500) 3 = 7500 W
The current at Pmax = (8.22) 3 = 24.66 A
The short- circuit current Isc = (8.98) 3 = 26.94
The solar physical model gives the better real time designing experience compared to the
solar functional model in the PSIM [16]. Selecting the solar physical model in PSIM, the
above designed values are to be entered in the solar module given in the utilities icon of the
PSIM software. The values of the series resistance (Rs), saturation current (ISO), temperature
coefficient (Ct), etc., can be calculated in the solar module itself. By adjusting the values of
Rs, ISO , Ct , etc., in the solar module we can obtain the desired P-V and I-V curves. The whole
design of the PV panel is done at the standard operating conditions of irradiance and
temperature, S =1000 W/m2 and T= 25oC respectively. The I-V and P-V curves of the
designed PV panel are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3

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 Identification of the Optimal Converter Topology for Solar Water Pumping Application

Figure 2 I-V curve of the PV Panel Figure 3 P-V curve of the PV panel
The screen shot of the solar physical model designed in PSIM for the above specifications
is shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 4 Screen-shot of the solar physical model with all the designed data.
Hence the PV panel is developed in PSIM which is to be interfaced with the DC-DC
converter.

4. COMPARISON OF THE CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES AND THEIR

PERFORMANCE INDICES
The three advanced DC-DC non-isolated converters namely Landsman converter, Luo
converter and Zeta converter are chosen for the comparison of their performance indices and
their topologies. In order to perform the comparative studies for the three converters, all three

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 P.R. Chandrasekhar, Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree

converters have to be designed on a common platform viz. the switching frequency fsw,
inductor current ripple IL and the capacitor voltage ripple VC, etc., have to be same
respectively for all the converters. The switching frequency, fsw is chosen 20 kHz and the
inductor current ripple, ILis maintained at 3% and the capacitor voltage ripple, Vcis
maintained at 10%.The PV panel is also designed for the standard operating conditions of S
=1000 W/m2and T= 25oC respectively.

4.1. The specifications of the chosen converters

The power rating of all the three converters, Ppv = 6.8KW.
The input voltage to the converters, Vpv = 292.38 V and
The input current, Ipv = 23.26 A.
All the three converters are designed for,
An output voltage of Vdc=310 V and
The output current, Io= 21.935 A respectively.
The switching frequency of the converters, fsw= 20 KHz.
So the duty ratio of the converters, δ = = = 0.514
The inductors current ripples are fixed at 3% and the output voltage ripples are fixed at the
10%.
The circuit diagrams, design equations and simulated results of the performance indices of
all the three selected converters are given below.

4.2. Circuit diagrams and the design of the chosen converters

The three converters are of the Buck-Boost topology.

4.2.1. LANDSMAN CONVERTER

The circuit diagram of the landsman converter developed in PSIM is shown in Fig. 5.
C1

L1

Ppv
V

S
C2
Cpv L2
1000 R

25

Figure 5 Circuit diagram of the Landsman converter

The design equations of the Landsman converter are
Idc = 21.935A, = 0.514, fsw = 20 KHz, Vpv = 292.38 V, Vdc = 310 V

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 Identification of the Optimal Converter Topology for Solar Water Pumping Application

VC1 = Vpv + Vdc = (292.38+310) = 602.38 V

IL1= Ipv= 23.26 A
IL2 = (23.26+21.935) = 45.195 A

Capacitor, C1

C1 = =9 F (1)

Inductor, L1

L1= =1mH (2)

Inductor, L2

L2 = = 6mH (3)

Capacitor,C2

C2 = = 312.7 F; h= (4)
N = speed of the BLDC machine;
P= No. of poles
The simulated results of the performance indices of the Landsman converter namely, the
inductor currents (IL1, IL2), output voltage (Vo) and output current (Io) are shown in Fig. 6
IL1

23.6
23.2
22.8

IL2
46
45.5
45
44.5
44

Vo
310.01
310
309.99
309.98
309.97

Io

21.936
21.935
21.934

0.299 0.2992 0.2994 0.2996 0.2998 0.3

Time (s)

Figure 6 Simulated results of the performance indices of the Landsman converter

4.2.2. Luo Converter

The circuit diagram of the Luo converter developed in PSIM is shown in Fig. 7

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 P.R. Chandrasekhar, Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree

Ppv L2

1000 C1 R
L1 C2

T
25

Figure 7 Circuit diagram of the Luo converter

The design equations of the Luo converter are
Idc = 21.935A, = 0.514, fsw= 20 KHz, Vpv = 292.38 V, Vdc = 310 V
VC1 = Vdc = 310 V
IL1= (Ipv+ Idc) = (23.26+21.935) = 45.195 A
IL2 = 21.935 A

Inductor, L1

L1= = 5.509mH (5)

Inductor, L2

L2= = 11.306mH (6)

Capacitors,C1, C2

C1 = C2 = = 312.7 F; h= (7)
N = Rated speed of the PMBLDC machine
P= No. of poles
The simulated results of the performance indices of the Landsman converter namely, the
inductor currents (IL1, IL2), output voltage (Vo) and output current (Io) are shown in Fig. 8

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 Identification of the Optimal Converter Topology for Solar Water Pumping Application

IL1
45.5
45
44.5
44
43.5

IL2
21.6568
21.6564
21.656
21.6556

Vo
307.51846
307.51845
307.51844
307.51843

Io

21.656226
21.656225
21.656224
0.299 0.2992 0.2994 0.2996 0.2998 0.3
Time (s)

Figure 8 Simulated results of the performance indices of the Luo converter

4.2.3. Zeta Converter

The circuit diagram of the zeta converter developed in PSIM is shown in Fig. 9.
Ppv
V L2
C1

1000 C2
Cpv L1
R

T
25

Figure 9Circuit diagram of the Zeta converter

The design equations of the zeta converter are as follows
Idc = 21.935A, = 0.514, fsw= 20 KHz, Vpv = 292.38 V, Vdc = 310 V
VC1= Vdc = 310 V
IL1= Ipv = 23.26 A
IL2 = Idc = 21.935A

Capacitor,C1

C1 = = 18.397 (8)

Inductor, L1

L1= = 10.644 mH (9)

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 P.R. Chandrasekhar, Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree

Inductor, L2

L2= = 11.306 mH (10)

Capacitor,C2

C2 = = 312.7 F; h= (11)
N = Rated speed of the PMBLDC machine
P = No. of poles
The simulated results of the performance indices of the Landsman converter namely, the
inductor currents (IL1, IL2), output voltage (Vo) and output current (Io) are shown in Fig.10.
IL1

23.6
23.2
22.8

IL2
22.4
22
21.6

Vo

309.95
309.9
309.85
309.8
309.75

Io

21.93

21.92

0.288 0.29 0.292 0.294 0.296 0.298 0.3

Time (s)

Figure 10 Simulated results of the performance indices of the Zeta converter

4.2.4. Topological comparison of the three converters

There are two inductors, two capacitors, a diode and a switch in all the three converters. The
total no. of components is six which is evident from Fig.5, Fig.6, and Fig.7.

4.3. Comparison of the output voltage ripple

The output voltage ripple value of the Zeta converter is very high compared to the two
converters which is observed from the Fig.11.

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 Identification of the Optimal Converter Topology for Solar Water Pumping Application

Vo Vo_(luo converter simulation - Copy) Vo_(zeta converter simulation)

310.4

310.2

310

309.8

309.6

0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2

Time (s)

Figure 11 Waveforms of the output voltages (VO) of the three converters

Red- Landsman converter; Blue – Luo converter; Green – Zeta converter

4.4. Comparison of output current ripple

The output current ripple value of the Zeta converter is very high compared to the remaining
two converters which is seen from the Fig.12.
Io Io_(luo converter simulation - Copy) Io_(zeta converter simulation)

21.95

21.94

21.93

21.92

21.91

21.9

0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2

Time (s)

Figure 12 Waveforms of the output currents (Io) of the three converters

Red- Landsman converter; Blue – Luo converter; Green – Zeta converter

4.5. Comparison of source current ripple

The input current ripple value of the Landsman converter is also very low compared to the
remaining two converters in Fig.13

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 P.R. Chandrasekhar, Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree

Is Is_(luo converter simulation - Copy) Is_(zeta converter simulation)

25

24

23

22

21

20

0.199 0.1992 0.1994 0.1996 0.1998

Time (s)

Figure 13 Waveforms of the source currents (Is) of the three converters

Red- Landsman converter; Blue – Luo converter; Green – Zeta converter

4.6. Comparison table for the three converters

Table 2gives the information about the calculated values of the three converter components,
input current ripple comparisons, output voltage and current ripple comparisons.

Table 2 Comparison of the value of the components and the performance indices of the three
converters.

PARAMETER LANDSMAN LUO ZETA

L1 1 mH 5.509 mH 10.644 mH
Inductor current
ripple (3%)
L2 6 mH 11.306 mH 11.306 mH
Intermediate
capacitor C1 9 F 312.7 F 18.397 F
voltage ripple
Input current Is 0.047 A 4.664 A 0.919 A
ripple
Output voltage Vo 0.034 A 0.001 A 0.994 V
ripple
Output current Io 0.003 A 0.0001 A 0.071 A
ripple
The calculated values of the components are based on the design equations mentioned in
the previous section. The values of the components of the Landsman converter components
are very low compared to the other two converter components. Even though the output
voltage and current ripples of the Luo converter are very low compared to the remaining
converters, the cost of the intermediate capacitor will be very high because of its higher value
compared to the remaining two converters. The cost of the components of the Landsman
converter is very low because of its lesser values compared to the other converters.

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 Identification of the Optimal Converter Topology for Solar Water Pumping Application

Based on the above conclusions, it can be inferred that the Landsman converter is the one,
which is best and ideal for the solar pumping application.

5. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT)

The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) helps the system to operate at the maximum
value of the power that is to be delivered to the load. The MPPT facilitates the load
impedance to be equal to the source impedance, by adjusting the duty ratio of the converter.
Perturb and Observe (P&O) method is used for tracking the optimum operating point of the
PV panel.

5.1. Flowchart of Perturb and Observe (P&O) method

The voltage and current are sensed with the help of voltage and current sensors respectively
and the power is calculated. If the calculated value of power is greater than the previously
calculated value of power, check with the voltage whether the present value of the voltage is
greater than the previous value of the voltage. If yes, increase the duty ratio. If not, reduce the
duty ratio. The flow chart for the P&O technique is shown in Fig.14.

Figure 14 Flow chart of the P&O technique

The pictorial view of the P&O technique is shown in Fig. 15.

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 P.R. Chandrasekhar, Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree

Figure 15 Portrayal of the PV curves for the operation.

Starting from an operating point A, if atmospheric conditions stay approximately constant,
a perturbation V in the PV voltage V will bring the operating point to B and the perturbation
will be reversed due to a decrease in power. However, if the irradiance increases and shifts the
power curve from P1to P2within one sampling period, the operating point will move from A to
C. This represents an increase in power and the perturbation is kept the same. Consequently,
the operating point diverges from the MPP and will keep diverging if the irradiance steadily
increases.

5.2. Analog circuit implementation of the (P&O) technique in PSIM software

The P&O technique is implemented using the analog switches in the PSIM software. The
circuit implementation is given below.

Figure 16 Analog implementation of the (P&O) technique in PSIM

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 Identification of the Optimal Converter Topology for Solar Water Pumping Application

The step- size is initially chosen to be 0.1 so as to facilitate the soft- start of the BLDC
motor. The variation of the duty ratio is being done and the switching frequency of fsw = 20
KHz is set for the carrier triangular wave, so as to operate the DC-DC converter with the same
frequency that is designed to perform.

5.3. Landsman converter with MPPT

Perturb and Observe (P&O) technique [16] is applied to the Landsman converter in order to
deliver the maximum power to the load. The results of the Landsman converter output power
and output voltage are shown in Fig.17and Fig.18 respectively.
Po Po_(landsman converter simulation)

with MPPT
6.8K

6.798K

6.796K

without MPPT
6.794K

6.792K

0.198 0.1985 0.199 0.1995 0.2

Time (s)

Figure 17 Steady- state waveforms of the output power of Landsman converter with and
without MPPT

Figure 18 Steady- state waveforms of the output voltage of landsman converter with and
without MPPT
It is evident from the result that the PV system with MPPT is working satisfactorily.

5.3.1. Cascading the Landsman converter with the PMBLDC motor

The Landsman converter is connected to the PMBLDC motor through a simple 3-ɸ VSI,
operating in the 120o mode of conduction. The control of the VSI is done with the help of the
signals generated from the hall-sensors that are embedded in the machine.

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 P.R. Chandrasekhar, Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree

Basically the Landsman converter is operated in the mode of the basic buck-boost
converter. The worst case design of the Landsman converter follows the basic buck-book
converter’s worst case design.

5.3.2. Need for the worst case design

The inductors and the capacitors in the converters will be designed for only one value of the
supply current or voltage values. But as far as the solar is concerned, the supply voltage or
currents will never be constant as the irradiation levels vary in the wide range throughout a
day. If the converter is designed only for a single value of the voltage or current, the desired
performance cannot be achieved. So, the converter has to be designed for a wide range (worst
case) to achieve a better performance. According to the worst case design, all the components
of the Landsman converter are to be designed at the minimum input voltage (Vmin) and the
maximum value of the duty cycle max. The Landsman converter is designed for the worst
case, such that even if the irradiation varies from 1000 W/m2 to 500 W/m2, its performance is
not deteriorated.

6. RESULTS OF THE BLDC MOTOR INDICES

The BLDC motor that is cascaded to the Landsman converter through the 3-ɸ VSI exhibits the
following characteristics shown in the Fig. 19 and Fig.20
Vdc
400

200

Ia

40

-40

nm
3000
2000
1000
0

Tem_BDCM1
40
20
0

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Time (s)

Figure 19 Waveforms of the performance indices of the BLDC motor@ the irradiance level
of S = 1000 W/m2
The Fig 15 depicts the waveforms of the performance indices of the PMBLDC motor @
the irradiation level of S = 1000 W/m2. The parameters are as below
The DC link voltage is Vdc= 306 V.
The R.M.S. value of the phase- A current, Ia = 23.5 A
The speed of the BLDC motor, N = 2562 rpm.

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 Identification of the Optimal Converter Topology for Solar Water Pumping Application

The electromagnetic torque of the motor, Tem = 21.86 N-m

The load chosen for the motor is the general mechanical load which is equivalent to the
water pump characteristics.
The pump is designed based on the power-speed characteristics as follows

Kp = = = 1.87 10-4 W/ (rad/sec)3

Where Kp is the proportionality constant, is the speed of the motor and P is the rated
power.
The Fig 16 depicts the waveforms of the performance indices of the PMBLDC motor@
the irradiation level of S= 500 W/m2.
The DC link voltage is Vdc=196.66 V.
The R.M.S. value of the phase- A current, Ia = 16.86 A
The speed of the BLDC motor, N = 1817 rpm.
The electromagnetic torque of the motor, Tem = 15.72 N-m
Vdc

200
100
0

Ia

20
0
-20

nm
2000

1000

Tem_BDCM1
30
20
10
0

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Time (s)

Figure 20 Waveforms of the performance indices of the BLDC motor @ the irradiance level
of S = 500 W/m2.
The results reveal that the proposed system with PMBLDC motor operates satisfactorily
according to the variation of the irradiance and hence it is suitable to drive a pump load.

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 P.R. Chandrasekhar, Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree

7. CONCLUSION
The identification of the optimal topology for the solar pumping application has been done.
The identified best topology of the DC-DC converter viz., the Landsman converter is
designed for the worst case. The Landsman converter is front-ended with solar PV panel and
cascaded a with the PMBLDC motor. For operating the converter to operate at an optimum
power point, an MPPT technique named Perturb and Observe (P&O) has been employed. The
soft start of the motor is achieved by setting the initial value of the duty ratio at 0.1. The
performance indices of the whole system are obtained and they are found to be satisfactory.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank VIT University, Vellore for the support in completing this paper.

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