Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
NEED OF MODULATION
a) Smaller antenna size (antenna height~𝜆⁄4).
b) To increase efficiency of radiation.
c) To separate out individual signal from complex form (multiplexed form).
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
When the amplitude of high frequency carrier wave is changed in accordance with the intensity of the
signal, it is called amplitude modulation. In amplitude modulation, only the amplitude of the carrier
wave is changed in accordance with the intensity of the AF signal. However, the frequency of the
modulated wave remains the same i.e. carrier frequency. Fig. 1 shows the principle of amplitude
modulation. Note that the amplitudes of both positive and negative half-cycles of carrier wave are
changed in accordance with the signal. For instance, when the signal is increasing in the positive sense,
the amplitude of carrier wave also increases. On the other hand, during negative half-cycle of the signal,
the amplitude of carrier wave decreases. Amplitude modulation is done by an electronic circuit called
modulator.
Modulator
The greater degree of modulation, the stronger and clearer will be the audio signal.
m=1 or 100% is called 100% modulation.
m>1 or >100% is called over modulation.
m<1 called under modulation.
POWER IN AM WAVE
The amplitude of the carrier wave varies at signal frequency fs as shown in fig. 2. Therefore, the
amplitude of AM wave is given by:
Amplitude of AM wave = 𝐸𝐶 + 𝑚𝐸𝐶 cos 𝜔𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐸𝐶 (1 + 𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑠 𝑡) [from fig. 02]
The instantaneous voltage of AM wave is:
𝑒 = 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 × cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
After some algebraic manipulations, the final form is:
𝑚𝐸𝐶 𝑚𝐸𝐶
𝑒 = 𝐸𝐶 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 2
cos(𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑠 )𝑡 + 2
cos( 𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑠 )𝑡 ……… (1)
These two are symmetrically located around the carrier frequency as shown in Fig. 3.
CW
LSF USF
fc -fm fc fc +fm
Fig.3 Upper and lower side frequencies.
The power dissipated in any circuit is a function of the square of the voltage across the circuit and the
effective resistance of the circuit. Equation of AM wave reveals that it has three components of the
amplitude EC, mEC/2 and mEC/2. Clearly, power output must be distributed among these components.
2
(𝐸𝐶 ⁄√2) 𝐸2
Carrier power, 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑅
= 2𝑅𝐶
2 2
(𝑚𝐸𝐶 ⁄2√2) (𝑚𝐸𝐶 ⁄√2) 𝑚2 𝐸𝐶2 𝑚2 𝐸𝐶2 𝑚2 𝐸𝐶2
Total power in side bands, 𝑃𝑠 = + = + =
𝑅 𝑅 8𝑅 8𝑅 4𝑅
𝐸2 𝑚2 𝐸𝐶2 𝐸2 𝑚2 𝑚2
Total power of AM wave, 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑃𝑆 = 2𝑅𝐶 + 4𝑅
= 2𝑅𝐶 (1 + 2
) = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + 2
) [for double side
band]
𝑚2
For single side band, 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + 4
)
Audio Audio
MODULATOR
signal amplifier
Fig. 4. Schematic block diagram of AM transmitter.
Local
oscillator Power
AF
Speaker Amplifier
amplifier
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Table 01: Data for this experiment:
Sl. Em Ec Vmax Vmin VR f Δt T=1/f %m Pc Pr Pt
No. (V) (V) (mV) (V) (KHz) (uS) (ms) (mW) (mW) (mW)
CALCULATION
𝐸2
Pc=2𝑅𝑐 R=1;
𝑉2
𝑟
Pr=2𝑅
Pt=Pc*(1+m2/2);
GRAPHS
i. Plot % of modulation Vs peak value of modulating signal.
ii. Plot Pr Vs % of modulation.
iii. Plot Pt Vs % of modulation.