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For many in the BOP lack of transportation—or the high cost
of what is available—is a constant obstacle to looking for work,
getting goods to or from markets, or obtaining health care. All
too often public transit systems in developing countries are
run-down or nonexistent, and the costs of owning a private
vehicle prohibitive.That leaves few options: walking, bicycling,
animal-drawn carts, minibuses or other informal services.
Under these circumstances people cannot easily fulfill their economic
potential. And sometimes, especially in rural areas, they put off seeking
medical care or sending children to school because of the high cost or 9FGjg\e[`e^fekiXejgfikXk`fe
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long hours in getting to the hospital or the school. In urban areas gridlock
and pollution levy an additional toll. Deliberate transportation planning
that involves multiple stakeholders is one promising route toward creat-
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travel to obtain such essentials. Indeed, trans-
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portation impacts every sector covered in this
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report.
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The measured BOP market for transporta-
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@e)''-#X]k\iXp\Xi`efg\iXk`fe#k_\kiXej`kjpjk\dZXii`\[ tion for Africa (12 countries), Asia (9), Eastern
dfi\k_Xe(''d`cc`fegXjj\e^\ij#_X[i\[lZ\[Zfddlk\ Europe (6), and Latin America and the
k`d\jXcfe^`kjiflk\YpXYflk,'#Xe[gi\m\ek\[Xifle[ Caribbean (9) is $105 billion. This represents
*-#'''kfejf]ZXiYfe[`fo`[\\d`jj`fej`ekfD\o`Zf:`kpËj the annual household transportation spending
X`i%I`[\jZfjkXifle[LJ'%*'\XZ_=cfi\j$8i`Xj)''- % of 2.2 billion people in the 36 low- and middle-
8efk_\igifa\Zk#`ek_\G_`c`gg`e\Z`kpf]M`^Xe#Clqfe#`j income countries for which standardized data
i\kif]`kk`e^dfkfiY`b\jÇk_\dfjkZfddfekiXejgfikXk`fe exist. The total BOP transportation market in
m\_`Zc\`e8j`XÇn`k_c\jjgfcclk`e^Xe[dfi\\]]`Z`\ek]l\c these four regions, comprising 3.9 billion peo-
`ea\Zk`fejpjk\dj%K_\gifa\Zk#n_`Z_gcXejkfi\kif]`kk_fl$ ple, is estimated to be $179 billion (see box 1.5 in
jXe[jÇgfk\ek`Xccpj\m\iXck\ejf]k_fljXe[jÇf]dfkfi$ki`$ chapter 1 for the estimation method).
ZpZc\kXo`j#`jY\`e^le[\ikXb\eYpk_\efegif]`kfi^Xe`qXk`fe The largest measured regional BOP trans-
<em`if]`k#nfib`e^n`k_Z`kpf]]`Z`Xcj#dfkfiY`b\fne\ij#cfZXc portation market is the $49.6 billion Asian
d\Z_Xe`Zj#Xe[dXel]XZkli\ij%:`kpf]]`Z`Xcj_Xm\Zfdd`kk\[ market (1.5 billion people), followed by those
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and India, where it is marginally top heavy. BOP transportation spending
9lib`eX=Xjf in Eastern Europe and Latin America is distinctly top heavy and concen-
KFK8CKI8EJGFIK8K@FEJG<E;@E>9P@E:FD<J<>D<EK trated in the BOP2500 and BOP3000 groups. This top-heavy pattern is
9FG*''' exemplified by Brazil, which has one of the largest BOP transportation
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9FG(''' Average annual transportation spending per BOP household varies widely
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within and between regions. In Africa and Asia, however, the median for
K_X`cXe[ this figure among measured countries is remarkably close: in Africa, $211
KFK8CKI8EJGFIK8K@FEJG<E;@E>9P@E:FD<J<>D<EK (Burkina Faso) and $275 (Uganda); and in Asia, $211 (Tajikistan). In con-
9FG*''' trast, the recorded average spending in Africa ranges from $25 a year in
9FG),'' Burundi to $157 in Nigeria, $333 in South Africa, and $517 in Gabon. In
9FG)''' Asia the range is from $101 a year in Nepal to $136 in India and $601 in
9FG(,'' Thailand. Differences in the survey questions asked and data captured
9FG(''' may account for some of the variation.
9FG,'' The median among measured countries in Eastern Europe is $141 a
year (Ukraine), and in Latin America, $521 a year (Paraguay). Average
transportation spending per BOP household in Eastern Europe is gener-
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ally less than in Africa and Asia, probably reflecting that region’s heavily
urban character and its well-developed public transit systems. Russia
also reflects the Eastern European median, recording an average of $141
in transportation spending per BOP household.
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In contrast, in Latin America BOP transportation spending is dis- _flj\_fc[jg\e[`e^
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tinctly higher than in Africa and Asia: in every measured country but ).,
Peru BOP households spend more than $270 a year on average for trans-
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portation. The range extends from $181 a year in Peru to $331 in Jamaica,
$613 in Brazil, and $809 in Mexico. Gif]`c\f]kfkXckiXejgfikXk`fejg\e[`e^
Within the BOP, transportation spending increases steeply—and
often disproportionately—as income rises. While the income ratio
between the BOP3000 and BOP500 groups is 6:1, the transportation ?FLJ<?FC;JG<E;@E>9P@E:FD<J<>D<EK
spending ratio is at least 10:1 in 29 of the 36 measured countries. The 9FG*''' (#',(
ratio varies across the largest BOP markets by region: in Nigeria it is 9FG),'' -*0
32:1; in India, 17:1; in Brazil, 13:1; and in Russia, 5:1. The pattern suggests 9FG)''' .-'
substantial latent demand for transportation within the BOP. Clearly, 9FG(,'' *)*
those in the BOP view spending for transportation—buying that first 9FG(''' (0'
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motorbike—much as they do spending for ICT: a priority for increas-
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(case study 5.3).
Transportation spending in the mid-market segment is higher than in
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