Jonas L.

Miranda Human Anatomy and Pathophysiology

BSP 1-3 PH-PHR-121
Submitted to: Ms. KJ Navarro
Types of Tissues (*Please refer to the Class Tabulation(1-3))

Membranous-

Types under Membranous Location Function

Simple squamous Alveoli of lungs Absorption: by diffusion of
Lining of blood and lymphatic respiratory gases between
vessels alveolar air and blood; by
Surface layer of the pleura, diffusion, filtration, and
pericardium and peritoneum osmosis; by diffusion and
osmosis; also secretion
Stratified squamous *Keratinized- surface of the Protection
(Keratinized and skin
nonkeratinized) *Nonkeratinized-surface of
the mucous membrane lining
the mouth, esophagus and
vagina
Transitional (Relaxed and Surface of the mucous Permits stretching and
Stretched) membrane lining the urinary protection
bladder and ureters
Simple Columnar (Without Surface layer of the mucous Protection, secretion,
surface specialization, With lining of the stomach, absorption, and moving
microvilli, Ciliated, and With intestines and part of the mucus
goblet cells) respiratory tract
Pseudostratified columnar Surface of the mucous Protection
membrane lining the trachea,
large bronchi, nasal mucosa,
and parts of the male
reproductive tract
Simple Cuboidal Ducts and tubules of many Secretion and Absorption
organs, inc. exocrine glands
and kidneys
Stratified Cuboidal/Columnar Ducts of the sweat glands Protection
and mammary glands; lining
of the pharynx; covering
some of the epiglottis; lining
portions of the male uterus
Glandular Glands Secretion
Jonas L. Miranda Human Anatomy and Pathophysiology
BSP 1-3 PH-PHR-121
Submitted to: Ms. KJ Navarro
Connective Tissue-

Types under Connective Location Function

Fibrous: Loose Fibrous Between other tissues and
organs; Superficial fascia
Adipose Under skin; padding at
various points
Reticular Inner framework of spleen,
lymph nodes, bone marrow
Dense Fibrous: Irregular Deep fascia; dermis; scars;
capsule of kidney, spleen,
lymph nodes, etc.
Regular collagenous Tendons; ligaments;
aponeuroses
Elastic Walls of some arteries
Bone: Compact bone Skeleton (outer shell of
bones)
Cancellous bone Skeleton (inside bones)
Cartilage: Hyaline Part of nasal septum;
covering articular surfaces of connection between
bones; larynx; rings in
trachea and bronchi
Fibrocartilage Disks between vertebrae;
pubic symphysis
Elastic External ear; auditory tube
Blood In the blood vessels
Connection
Protection; Insulation;
Support; Energy reserves;
Heat production; Regulation
of other tissues
Support; Filtration; Blood
production; Immunity
Connection; Support
Flexible but strong
connection
Flexible, elastic support
Support; Protection; Calcium
reservoir
Support; Provides framework
for blood production
Firm but flexible support;
structures
Transportation; Protection

Muscle-

Types under Muscle Location Function

Skeletal Muscles that attach to
bones; extrinsic eyeball
muscles; Upper third of the
esophagus
Smooth In the walls of tubular viscera
Movement of bones; Heat
production; Eye movements;
First part of swallowing
Movement of substances
Jonas L. Miranda Human Anatomy and Pathophysiology
BSP 1-3 PH-PHR-121
Submitted to: Ms. KJ Navarro
of the digestive, respiratory, along the respective tracts;
and genitourinary tracts; In Change diameter of blood
the walls of blood vessels vessels, thereby aiding in
and large lymphatic vessels; regulation of blood pressure;
In the ducts of glands; Movement of substances
Intrinsic eye muscles; along ducts; Change
Arrector muscles of hairs; diameter of pupils and shape
Wall of the heart of the lens; Erection of hairs;
Contraction of the heart
Cardiac ---- ----

Nervous-

Type under Nervous Location Function

Nervous Brain; Spinal cord; Nerves Excitability; Conduction

Pathophysiology of Cancer

According to Mandal (n.d.), Cancer has a complex Pathophysiology. Pathologists are

physicians who are concerned primarily with the study of disease in all its aspects. This
includes cause of the disease, diagnosis, how the disease develops (pathogenesis),
mechanism and natural course of the disease. They also deal with biochemical features,
progression, and prognosis or outcome of the disease.

Pathology of cancers and other complex disorders have undergone a sea change
after development of technologies like immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and
molecular biologic approaches to cancer diagnosis.

Genetic changes

In normal cells, genes regulate growth, maturity and death of the cells. Genetic changes can
occur at many levels. There could be a gain or loss of entire chromosomes or a single point
mutation affecting a single DNA nucleotide.

There are two broad categories of genes which are affected by these changes:
Jonas L. Miranda Human Anatomy and Pathophysiology
BSP 1-3 PH-PHR-121
Submitted to: Ms. KJ Navarro
Oncogenes – these are cancer causing genes. They may be normal genes which are
expressed at inappropriately high levels in patients with cancers or they may be altered or
changed normal genes due to mutation. In both cases these genes lead to cancerous
changes in the tissues.

Tumor suppressor genes – these genes normally inhibit cell division and prevent survival
of cells that have damaged DNA. In patients with cancer these tumor suppressor genes are
often disabled. This is caused by cancer-promoting genetic changes. Typically, changes in
many genes are required to transform a normal cell into a cancer cell.

Genomic amplification

Sometimes there may be genomic amplification. Here a cell gains many copies (often 20 or
more) of a small chromosomal locus, usually containing one or more oncogenes and
adjacent genetic material.

Point mutations

Point mutations occur at single nucleotides. There may be deletions, and insertions
especially at the promoter region of the gene. These changes the protein coded for by the
particular gene. Disruption of a single gene may also result from integration of genomic
material from a DNA virus or retrovirus. This may lead to formation of Oncogenes.

Translocation

Translocation is yet another process when two separate chromosomal regions

become abnormally fused, often at a characteristic location. A common example is
Philadelphia chromosome, or translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, which occurs in
chronic myelogenous leukaemia, and results in production of the BCR-abl fusion protein, an
oncogenic tyrosine kinase.

Tumors

A tumor in latin means a swelling but not all swellings are tumors in the modern
sense of the term. Some of them may be caused due to inflammation, infections, cysts or
fluid filled lesions or due to benign growths. A cancerous tumor has the capacity to grow
rapidly and to metastasize or spread to other tissues. Some tumors like leukemia grow as
cell suspensions but most grow as solid masses of tissue.
Jonas L. Miranda Human Anatomy and Pathophysiology
BSP 1-3 PH-PHR-121
Submitted to: Ms. KJ Navarro

Solid tumor parts

Solid tumors have two distinct parts. One of them is the parenchyma that contains
cancer tissues and cells and the other is the stroma that the neoplastic cells induce and in
which they are dispersed.

Tumors that originate from epithelial cells have a basal lamina that separates clumps of
tumor cells from stroma. However, the basal lamina is often incomplete, especially at points
of tumor invasion. The stroma is juxtaposed between malignant cells and normal host
tissues and is essential for tumor growth. The stroma contains nonmalignant supporting
tissue and includes connective tissue, blood vessels, and, very often, inflammatory cells. All
solid tumors require stroma if they are to grow beyond a minimal size of 1 to 2 mm.

In addition, tumors that are cancerous also have the property of new blood vessel formation.
Blood vessels are only one component of tumor stroma. In fact, in many tumors, the bulk of
stroma comprises interstitial connective tissue, and blood vessels are only a minor
component of the stromal mass. The stroma also contains tissues and cells from blood
including water and plasma proteins, together with various types and numbers of
inflammatory cells. There are in addition proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, interstitial
collagens (types I, III, and, to a lesser extent, type V), fibrin, fibronectin, fibroblasts etc.

Reference: Mandal, A. (2018, Aug. 23). Breast Cancer Pathophysiology. Retrieved

from News Medical Life Sciences: https://www.news-medical.net/health/Breast-
Cancer-Pathophysiology.aspx