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OH OH OH OH
CH 3
CH 3 C CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH 3
CH 3
OH OH OH
CH 3
HO C OH
OH
CH 3
C 15 H 27
(CH 2)8
CH 3
RESOLES NOVOLAC
(THERMOSETTING RESINS) (THERMOSETTING
RESINS)
Formaldehyde Reactions
-Monomers react with formaldehyde under different
conditions to make different products
-Reacting under acid conditions yields thermoplastic
resins (Novolaks)
-Reacting under base conditions yields reactive resins
(Resoles)
-Resole resins can be used for curing of elastomers
Curing Of Resin
Catalyst:
F/P Ratio : Softening Range
4-6 pH With Divalent metal salts as
catalyst: High Ortho (57-58%: o-o, 1:065 : 60-70
40-42%: o-p and 2-3% p-p)
1:075 : 70-75
Oxalic Acid: (25-26%: o-o, 48-50%: o-
p and 25-30% p-p) 1:085 : 80-100
Phosphoric Acid: (23-25%: o-o, 50-
52%: o-p and 25-30% p-p)
Distillation;
Concentration, the period the resin is held under vacuum and heated
to advanced to the desired viscosity;
Cooling.
Chek Points
A. Free Formalin:
Sample+ Acetone+25ml, 10% Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride +
Bromophenol Blue V/s 0.1N NaOH (Yellow to Violet)
% Free Formalin= ( B-S) X NX 3.003
-----------------------
W
B. Free Phenol:
Sample ( distillate)+ 25 ml Brominating Solution+ 10 ml of 10%
KI V/s 0.1N Sodium Thisulphate using Starch solution ( Blue
to) Colorless
% Free Phenol= ( B-S) x 0.001566x100xV
--------------------------------
V
Different types of phenolic resins
There are two types of phenolic resin - Novolac and Resol
Where Novolac is two stage compound. And Resol is one stage
compound.
Phenolic resin Modifications
Use of phenol derivatives like alkyl phenols.
CH 2 -Cl
O + O-CH 2 -CH-CH2-0-
OH
CH 2 CH 2 CH 2
O O O
CH CH CH
CH 2 CH 2 CH 2
O O O
CH 2 CH 2
n
Condition for preparation of epoxy phenolic resin
1. Ratio of Resol to epoxy resin : 15:85 and 40:60
Chemistry : The hydroxy methyl groups of the Resol react with the
hydroxyl groups of the epoxy resin in addition to the reaction of the
phenolic hydroxyl groups with the epoxide groups to form cured,
flexible coatings.
Properties:
Combination of resols with epoxy resins are of high suitability in the
production of stoving enamels which are cured at above 2000C to give
chemical resistant, highly elastic and firmly adhering coatings.
Applications:
1. Used in marine anti-fouling paints in combination with chlorinated rubber.
2. Used in interior and exterior coatings for packaging, drums and cans.
3. Coating of panels for containers and packages for storage and packaging
of food stuffs and other products.
*Epoxies made with Bis F, a Bis F and Novolac mixture, or Novolac resin
exhibit greatly improved chemical and heat resistance compared to the much
Fast curing.
Used as Single component polyurethane coating.
Used as crosslinkers in polyester powder
coatings.
Suceptible to thermal dissociation.
Urea, melamine Modification
OH OH O
O
CH2 OH -H2O CH2-NH-C-NH2
+ H2N-C-NH2
COOCH2 CH2 OH
COOH
Rosin modified phenolic resins are used in printing inks, in oil lacquers
and in additives to alkyd paints because of their good compatibility with
natural oils in which they improve the drying and gloss.
Properties
1. Good adhesion.
2. Abrasion resistance.
3. Good water resistance.
Applications
1. Anticorrosion primers.
2. Quick drying road marking paints.
3. Protective coating on metals.
Boron-modified phenolic resins
-The prepared BPR is intended for use as the innermost lining in a multilayer
HX
Si X
OH
R
+ R Si O + ROH
Si OR
H2O
Si OH
Phosphorus modified resin
These resins are obtained by esterification of novolacs with phosphoric
acids or by reaction with phosphorus oxychlorides.
These exhibit excellent heat resistance in oxidizing media.
Outstanding flame resistance.
OH OH
CH2 CH2 O P O
+
Cl P Cl O
2HCl CH2
CH2
O
Heavy metal modified resins
Heat and flame resistant resisns are obtained by reaction of
phenol or phenolic resins with
Metal halides like molybdenum trichloride, titanium tetrachloride,
zirconium oxy chloride, tungsten hexa chloride
Metal alcoholates like aluminium trimethoxide, titanium
tetramethoxide.
Metal organic compounds (acetyl acetonates).
Applications
1. Manufacturing of high temperature resistant phenolic resins.
2. Deeply coloured resins due to the presence of ionic bound metal.
Example : phenol reacted with titanium tetramethoxide gives red
coloured titanium modified resins
Nitrogen modified resins
Some polycondensation products of formaldehyde with aromatic amines
are characterized by significant stability.
The most thermo stable materials are polycondensation compounds of
formaldehyde with p-amino phenol.
Example : p-amino benzyl alcohol undergoes polycondensation by loss of
water.
Application
1. Production of laminates and molding compounds for electrical applications
2. High tracking resistance and favourable elecrical properties.
3. Used to modify wood and mineral fiber binder and foundry resins
H2 N CH2 OH NH NH CH2 NH
Sulfur modified resins
Direct reaction of phenols and sulfur occurs in presence of
alkaline catalyst at 1300C -2300C.
The simplest compound resulting from this reaction in dihydroxy
diphenyl polysulfide which can be further reacted with
formaldehyde or crosslinked with resols.
Applications
1. Manufacturing of resins with high plasticity.
2. High water solubility.
Vegetable Oil Modified Phenolic Resin
The phenol-added vegetable oil is react with an aldehyde to form
a vegetable oil-modified phenolic resin.
# Paper industry
- Carbonless Copy paper
- Paper impregnation
#Electronical
- Coating of capacitators, resistors
- Electrical laminates
Surface Coating Application of Phenolic resins
Effective properties of Phenolic coatings
High metal adhesion.
Marine paints
Automotive coatings
Modern automotive enamel topcoat is acrylic resin crosslinked with
MF resins
Vehicles like maleic anhydride, epoxy ester, alkyd and acrylic resins
are crosslinked with phenolic resins for better corrosion resistance
and throwing power of the coating.
Second coat consists of oil and rosin modified phenolic resins having
anti corrosive property.
Other Applications
Foam for floral arrangements
Adhesives
Floor Polish
can Coating
Toll manufacturing
Printing Ink
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