1
A Novel Approach of Power Flow Analysis
incorporating UPFC
S.Mary Raja Slochanal, S.Latha, and K.Chithiravelu
Abstract-- This paper proposes a new and efficient approach of
load flow analysis for UPFC embedded power systems. Main
characteristic of the approach is that an equivalent network is
obtained easily, according to two basic schemes of UPFC control
and it is used for load flow analysis of original system including
UPFCs. Then control parameters of each UPFC are determined
by the load flow solution. The analysis is carried out with the aid
of ETAP package (Electrical Transient Analyzer Program).
Hence it inherits entire advantages of the conventional techniques
in load flow analysis. IEEE 14 and New England 39-bus systems
are used to validate the effectiveness of this approach.
Index Terms—FACTS, UPFC, load flow analysis, ETAP
I. INTRODUCTION
E lectric utility industry is undergoing rapid changes world
wide as seen from structural reformation of the electricity
market in many leading countries. Following the trend of
deregulating electric power industry, the demand for flexible
power flow control is becoming a technical need feasibly
achievable by the innovative power electronic technology. In
terms of load flow control in the transmission network,
operator can not do much traditionally except turning on and
off the circuits at their terminal. The parameters and
configuration of network are almost fixed and the system is
virtually and dynamically uncontrolled. The network is slow in
response to contingency cases and is difficult to cope with
system load flow control required in terms of speed and
versatility. The mechanical switched/control equipment simply
can not match with the trend of fast on-line decision making as
required in EMS. In this regard Flexible AC Transmission
system (FACTS) [1] is reckoned conceptually a target for long
term development of power systems in the coming decades. It
suggests that control of transmission power can be affected by
changing three parameters namely impedance, voltage
magnitude and voltage angle difference between the ends of
the line. Among the various FACTS devices, Unified Power
S.Mary Raja Slochanal is with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai-15, India (e-mail:
elecsmar@yahoo.com ).
HT TH
S.Latha is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Thiagarajar
College of Engineering, Madurai-15, India (e-mail: vengaimal@yahoo.co.in)
K.Chithiravelu is with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai-15, India (e-mail:
ctrvel2000@yahoo.co.in ). TH
Flow Controller (UPFC) is regarded as the most effective
version since it serves to control the three parameters at the
same time.
With the development of the concepts of UPFC, new
tools of power flow analysis are required for the system
operation of power system with UPFCs [3-5]. There are two
kinds of power flow analysis for power system with UPFCs.
The first one is using the control parameters such as the
parallel reactive current, the series voltage magnitude and
phase of each UPFC as given variables to analyze the power
flow of systems [5]. The second one is using the power flow of
UPFC branch, the control objective of UPFC, as given
variable to analyze the power flow and the control parameters
of each UPFC device. In real world, the second one is more
useful and realistic in the system operation and generation
dispatch.
A novel and efficient load flow analysis method for power
systems with UPFCs is proposed in this paper. An equivalent
electric power network [4] is developed using two basic
schemes of UPFC, considering the power flows of UPFC
branch as control objective. The benefit of this method is the
usage of commercial software of power system analysis for
load flow solutions of systems with UPFCs. This method
keeps the conventional techniques in load flow analysis such
as the Newton-Raphson Load Flow (NRLF) method, P-Q de-
coupled load flow method, etc., intact, hence it inherits entire
advantages, in both speed and convergence, of conventional
techniques and therefore it can be used in real time
applications. Equations for analysis of UPFC control
parameters are developed. Case studies on the IEEE 14-bus
and IEEE 30-bus test systems are given to indicate that the
improved UPFC load flow approach is reliable and efficient.
II. UPFC MATHEMATICAL MODEL
The schematic representation of the UPFC [2] is shown in
Fig 1. It consists of two voltage source converters and a DC
circuit represented by the capacitor. Converter 1 is primarily
used to provide the real power demand of converter 2 at the
common DC link terminal from the AC power system.
Converter 1 can also generate or absorb reactive power at its
AC terminal, which is independent of the active power transfer
to (or from) the DC terminal. Therefore with proper control, it
can also fulfill the function of an independent advanced static
VAR compensator providing reactive power compensation for
the transmission line and thus executing indirect voltage
regulation at the input terminal of the UPFC.
 2

Series transformer
Transmission Line I Bus k Bus m
Bus l rlm+jxlm
V
IT + Iq V'

Shunt Converter 1 jblm/2 jblm/2

Converter 2
Trans Pksp-Pk’+jQksp-Qk’ Pl' + jQ l'

Fig. 3 Equivalent power system N2 of N1 without UPFC for Power Flow

analysis
DC link

Practically the power flows in UPFC branches are taken as

Fig .1 Schematic diagram of UPFC
Converter 2 is used to generate a voltage source at the
fundamental frequency with variable amplitude ( 0 ≤ VT ≤
VTmax ) and phase angle ( 0 ≤ ΦT ≤ 2π ), which is added to the
AC transmission line by the series connected boosting
control objectives. Usually, there are two control schemes,
which are listed below, in system operations.
Scheme 1: Pl’, real power flow, of sending terminal of UPFC
transmission line takes as the control objectives and ,bus k and
l taken as PV nodes
Scheme 2: Pl’ and Ql ’, the real and reactive power flows of
B

transformer. The converter 2 output voltage injected in series sending terminal of the UPFC transmission line are taken as
with line can be used for direct voltage control, series the control objectives .For this scheme, bus k can be taken as
compensation, phase shifter and their combinations. This PV node and bus l can be taken as PQ node.
voltage source can internally generate or absorb all the Assume that the solution of bus voltage is denoted
reactive power required by the different type of controls by X = [V1,......Vn − r −1,θ1,......θ n −1]T Where Vi and θ i denote the
applied and transfers active power at its DC terminal. magnitude and phase angle of voltage of bus i,, and n represent
The main function of UPFC in power system operation is in the bus number and r represent the PV bus number of the
control of the distribution of real and reactive power flow on whole power system. With the solution of control variable of
transmission networks. Real and reactive power flow can be UPFCs such as UT, φT and Iq, which are meaningful for the
controlled in prescribed routes, even loading of transmission setting of UPFCs in load flow control, by calculating the
lines closer to their thermal limits. When UPFCs are installed following equations (1)-(4).
in the power system as illustrated in Fig.2, we assume that a . . .
new bus named l is added in every UPFC branch. Take every V T = VT ∠φT = V l − V k (1)
UPFC out of the power system and with the real and reactive . .
powers compensated on bus k and l as shown in Fig.3, we get . V l − Vm b
Il = + Vl j lm (2)
an equivalent network N2 for power flow analysis with rlm + jxlm 2
additional bus l. It is easy to show that the voltages and power . *
flows distributed over network N2 are just the same as the
ones over network N1. IT = Re(V T I l ) (3)
Vk
. *
Pk' + jQk' Pl' + jQl' Qksp − Qk − Ql' − Im(VT I l )
Iq = (4)
PBkB+jQ Vk
. * .
Bus k UPFC V T Bus l rlm+jxlm Where I l denotes the conjugate of current I l and Qk is
reactive power that flow out of bus k as those shown in Fig. 2
Bus m and 3, the load flow solution of the equivalent network N2.
jblm/2 jblm/2 Another mostly used model is UPFC power injection
model. This injection model requires the modification of
jacobian matrix by addition of appropriate injection powers,
Fig. 2 Power system N1 with UPFC B
where as the model used here is suitable for incorporation into
an existing load flow program.

III. APPLICATION EXAMPLES

The proposed concept is tested with IEEE-14 bus system [5]
and New England 39-bus system [5] with and without
UPFCs using the software package ETAP. The flat voltage
start and a tolerance of accuracy less than 10-5 (p.u) of the
maximum absolute mismatch of nodal power injection are
used in the analysis.

Fig 4. IEEE-14 bus test system
Fig 5. New England 39-bus test system
Table 1 shows the results of IEEE-14 bus system where two
UPFCs are incorporated one in the transmission line 2-4 and
the other in the transmission line 9-14. In 2-4 the real power
flow in scheme1 is regulated as 10MW and in scheme2 the
regulated flow in MVA as 10+j10. With UPFC in line 9-14
power flow is regulated as 1MW in scheme1 and the power
flow in MVA is regulated as 1+j1 in scheme2. The real and
reactive power flows are regulated not only in the lines with
UPFC but also in the adjacent lines. The lines 2-4 and 9-14 are
selected for placing UPFCs because of their high impedance
value.
Table 2 shows the results of New England 39-bus system
where two UPFCs are incorporated one in the transmission
line 2-25 and the other in the transmission line 26-29. In 2-25
the real power flow in scheme1 is regulated as -100MW and in
schme2 the regulated flow in MVA as -150-j10. With UPFC in
line 9-14 power flow is regulated as -150MW in scheme1 and
the power flow in MVA is regulated as -160-j10 in scheme2.
The UPFC parameters are calculated from the results of load
flow analysis using eqns (1)-(4).The results show that all the
UPFC parameters for the specified regulation lie within the
limit.
3
The program is run on a Pentium IV with 1.6 GHz
processor. The computational speed for load flow analysis of
IEEE-14 bus system with UPFC is 1sec and for New England
39 bus system is 2 secs.
IV. CONCLUSION
A novel approach for power flow analysis of power system
with UPFCs is proposed using equivalent power network. The
most salient features are that this method keeps traditional
techniques, such as NRLF and P-Q decoupled load flow
methods intact; hence ETAP can be directly used for analysis
of power system with UPFCs. Numerical computation shows
that this algorithm is effective in terms of computational
speed. ETAP power station provides highest performance
level for demanding applications such as large network
analysis requiring intensive computation, on line monitoring
and control applications. Application examples demonstrate
this novel method provides a useful tool for load flow analysis
of power system with UPFCs.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are thankful to the authorities of Thiagarajar
College of Engineering, Madurai-15 for the facilities provided
to carry out this work.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] N.G.Hingorani, “FACTS-flexible AC transmission system”, in Proc Int
Conf. AC and DC Power Transmission., pp 1-7.
[2] L.Gyugyi, “Unified power-flow control concept for flexible AC
transmission system”, IEE Proc.C, Vol.139, No.4, July 1992, pp 3232-
331.
[3] C.R.Fuerte-Esquivel and E.Acha, “Unified power flow controller: a
critical comparison of Newton-raphson UPFC algorithms in power flow
studies”,IEE Proc.,Gener.Tranm, Distrib., Vol.144 No.3,Sep 1997,pp
437-444.
[4] A.Nabavi-Niaki, and M.R.Iravani, “Stady stae and dynamic models of
unifiewd power flow controller (UPFC) for power system studies”, IEEE
Trans.Power Syst., Vol.11, No.4, Nov.1996, pp 1937-1943.
[5] H.W.Ngan and W.Fang, "Cordinated Power control strategy for Flexible
AC Transmission System” in Proc. 1999 IIEEE Int Conf.Power
Electronics and Drives systems., pp. 677-682.
[6] http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca/
HT
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
S. Mary Raja Slochanal received the B.E degree in electrical engineering in
1981, the Master’s degree in power systems engineering
(with distinction) in 1985, and the Ph.D degree in power
systems in 1997,all from Thiagarajar College of
engineering, Madurai,India.
She has been involved in teaching for the past 20
years. She is currently a Professor of Electrical
engineering at Thiagarajar College of Engineering. She
has published 36 research papers. Her fields of interests are power system
modeling, FACTS, reliability, unit commitment, and wind energy.
 4

S.Latha received the B.E degree in Electrical Engineering in 1985, the
Masters degree in Power systems Engineering (with
distinction) in 1986, from Thiagarajar College of
Engineering, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India. She is
currently perusing the Ph.D degree at Madurai Kamaraj
University, Madurai, and Tamilnadu, India.
She is a senior Lecturer of Electrical Engineering at
Thiagarajar College of Engineering. Her research
interest is in Power system operation and control, FACTS, power quality and
Evolutionary computation.
K.Chithiravelu received the B.E degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering in 2000 from Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai,, India. He
is currently a post graduate student in Power System
Engineering at Thiagarajar College of Engineering,
Madurai. His fields of interests are FACTS, Power system
operation and control, Energy conservation and
Evolutionary Computation.

Table 1. Load flow results of the IEEE-14 bus system with and without UPFCs
Without UPFC With UPFC
Scheme 1 Scheme 2
Sending node line power flow in(p.u) Sending node line power Parameters of UPFC Sending node line power flow Parameters of UPFC
flow in(p.u) in(p.u)
(2-3) 0.6908+j0.0449 0.8354+j 0.0363 0.8550+j0.0810 VT =0.1876 p.u
(2-4) 0.5180-j0.1020 0.1000-j 0.0303 VT =0.1353 p.u 0.1000+j0.1000 ΦT =-120.170
(1-5) 0.6513+j0.1660 0.7740+j0.1230 ΦT =-104.860 0.8170+j0.2276
(2-5) 0.3867-j0.02513 0.6065-j0.0630 0.6440+j0.0100
(9-14)0.0796+j0.0454 0.0100+j0.1000 0.0100+j0.01000
(6-11)0.0565+j0.0042 0.0287-j0.01456 VT =0.0916 p.u 0.0284-j0.0328 VT =0.1136 p.u
ΦT =67.6060 ΦT =9.47890
(6-12)0.0617+j0.0178 0.0787+j0.0084 0.0752+j0.0265
(6-13)0.1433+j0.0456 0.2138+j0.0154 0.1967+j0.0917

Table 2. Load flow results of the New-England 39-bus system with and without UPFCs
Without UPFC With UPFC
Scheme 1 Scheme 2
Sending node line power flow in(p.u) Sending node line power Parameters of UPFC Sending node line power flow Parameters of UPFC
flow in(p.u) in(p.u)
(2-25)-2.3371+j0.8138 -1.000-j 0.8347 -1.500-j0.1000 VT =0.0924 p.u
(2-3) 3.6468+j0.9213 1.2806+j 0.1788 VT =0.0449 p.u 2.9038-j0.1010 ΦT =76.960
(3-4) 0.7497+j1.1300 -1.7834+j0.8647 ΦT =68.560 0.6189+j0.3781
(26-29)-1.9018-j0.2537 -1.500-j0.8116 -1.600-j0.1000
(26-27)2.6849+j0.6746 1.0293+j0.0514 VT =0.0487 p.u 2.5333-j0.1118 V T =0.0672 p.u
B B

ΦT =67.610 Φ T =30.1440
(26-28)-1.4082-j0.2162 -1.8034-j0.6257 -1.7058-j0.8105
B B

(28-29)-3.4761+j0.2829 -3.877-j0.2606 -3.7790-j0.4286