MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

DATA TYPES
Type 1 (Individual items)
X
10
12
15

Type 2 (Discrete series)

X f
20 4
25 6
30 2

Type 3 (Group data)

There are two different group data's
(1)Continuous group data
X F
10------20 4
20------30 6
30------40 2

(2)Discontinuous group data

Group F
10------19 4
20------29 6
30------39 2

Important Notes when you solve the questions

(1) When you solve Mode, Median, Quartiles, Deciles or Percentiles in Type 3, it must be in
continuous form. If it is discontinuous form you will convert into continuous form with the help of
Class Boundaries (C.B)
(2) When you calculate Median, Quartiles, Deciles or Percentiles in any data type, it must be in
arranged form
(3) When you calculate Median, Quartiles, Deciles or Percentiles in Type 2 or Type 3, you will make
the column of cumulative frequency (C.F) and put the value of "∑f " in the place of "n"
(4) When you calculate Mode, Median, Quartiles, Deciles or Percentiles in Type 2 and you have
continuous variable, then you will convert into Type 3 with the help of C.B and apply Type 3
formulas while Discrete Variables & Continuous Variables are
Discrete Variable
A variable which can assume only whole numbers is called discrete variable, e.g. No of students, etc.
Continuous Variable
A variable which can assume any value between the two specified intervals is called continuous
variable, e.g. Height, Weight, Wages etc.

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 ARITHMETIC MEAN (A.M or
In Type 1 In Type 2 & In Type 3
(I) Direct formula (I) Direct formula
A.M =
Where "n" is the total number of values
(II) Shortcut formula
(II) Shortcut formula A.M = A +

Where "D= X – A", and "A" is any (III) Step deviation or coding formula
arbitrary value A.M = A +

(III) Step deviation or coding formula

Where " ", A is any arbitrary

value and is the class interval
WEIGHTED MEAN ( )

COMBINED MEAN ( )

Properties of A.M
(i) Mean of a constant is constant itself
(ii) Sum of deviation from mean is always zero, i.e.
(iii) Sum of square of deviation from Mean is minimum, i.e.
(iv) If Y = aX + b, where "a" and "b" are constant, then
MEDIAN (
In Type 1 & In Type 2 In Type 3

Where
L = lower limit of the median group
h = class interval of the median group
f = frequency of the median group
c = C.f preceding the median class
MODE (
In Type 1 & In Type 2 In Type 3

Most repeated value Where

L=lower value of the model class
h=class difference of the model class
fm=maximum frequency
f1=frequency above fm
f2=frequency blow fm
Relationship between A.M, G.M and H.M
A.M ≥ G.M ≥ H.M
Empirical relationship between Mean, Median and Mode
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean

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 HARMONIC MEAN(H.M)
In Type 1 In Type 2 & In Type 3

GEOMETRIC MEAN(G.M)
In Type 1 In Type 2 & In Type 3

OR

QUARTILES(Q1,Q2 and Q3)

In Type 1 & In Type 2 In Type 3

Q1 is called lower quartile and Q3 is called upper quartile

DECILES(D1,D2,…..,D9)
In Type 1 & In Type 2 In Type 3

PERCENTILES(P1,P2,P3,……,P99)
In Type 1 & In Type 2 In Type 3

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 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
DATA TYPES
Type 1 (Individual items)
X
10
12
15

Type 2 (Discrete series)

X f
20 4
25 6
30 2

Type 3 (Group data)

There are two different group data's
(1)Continuous group data
X F
10------20 4
20------30 6
30------40 2

(2)Discontinuous group data

Group F
10------19 4
20------29 6
30------39 2

Important Notes when you solve the questions

(1) When you solve Mode, Median, Quartiles, Deciles or Percentiles in Type 3, it must be in
continuous form. If it is discontinuous form you will convert into continuous form with the help of
Class Boundaries (C.B)
(2) When you calculate Median, Quartiles, Deciles or Percentiles in any data type, it must be in
arranged form
(3) When you calculate Median, Quartiles, Deciles or Percentiles in Type 2 or Type 3, you will make
the column of cumulative frequency (C.F) and put the value of "∑f " in the place of "n"
(4) When you calculate Mode, Median, Quartiles, Deciles or Percentiles in Type 2 and you have
continuous variable, then you will convert into Type 3 with the help of C.B and apply Type 3
formulas while Discrete Variables & Continuous Variables are
Discrete Variable
A variable which can assume only whole numbers is called discrete variable, e.g. No of students, etc.
Continuous Variable
A variable which can assume any value between the two specified interval is called continuous
variable, e.g. Height, Weight, Wages etc.

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 RANGE & Coefficient of Range(In any type)

QUARTILE DEVIATION(Q.D) & Coefficient of Q.D(In any type)

MEAN DEVIATION(M.D) & Coefficient of M.D

In Type 1 In Type 2 & In Type 3

VARIANCE(S2) & Coefficient of Variation(C.V)

In Type 1 In Type 2 & In Type 3
(i) Direct formula (i) Direct formula

(ii) Shortcut formula (ii) Shortcut formula

(iii) Step deviation or coding formula (iii) Step deviation or coding formula

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 STANDARD DEVIATION(S.D or S) & Coefficient of S.D
In Type 1 In Type 2 & In Type 3
(i) Direct formula (i) Direct formula

(ii) Shortcut formula (ii) Shortcut formula

(iii) Step deviation or coding formula (iii) Step deviation or coding formula

Moments about Mean ( )

In Type 1 In Type 2 & In Type 3
First four moments about Mean First four moments about Mean

Raw Moments (
In Type 1 In Type 2 & In Type 3
First four moments about Zero First four moments about Zero

First moment about zero is equal to A.M First moment about zero is equal to A.M

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First four moments about any value First four moments about any value

Using shortcut method Using shortcut method

Using step deviation method Using step deviation method

Relationship between moments about mean and raw moments

When you calculate raw moments with the help of step deviation or coding method

Moments Ratios
&
If b1 = 0, the distribution is symmetrical otherwise skewed
If b2 = 3, the distribution is normal or mesokurtic
If b2 < 3, the distribution is platykurtic
If b2 > 3, the distribution is leptokurtic
Sheppard's correction for moments

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 Properties of Variance & S.D
(i) The Variance and S.D is zero if all the observations have some constant value, i.e.
Var (a) = 0 & S.D (a) = 0.
Where "a" is a constant
(ii) Variance and S.D do not change by change of origin, i.e.
Var(X + a) = Var(X) or Var(X – a) = Var(X)
S.D(X + a) = S.D(X) or S.D(X – a) = S.D(X)
(iii) Variance and S.D are affected by change of scale, i.e.
Var(aX) = a2Var(X)

Relationship between M.D, Q.D and S.D

, ,
(In any Type of data)
(i) Pearson coefficient of Skewness

or

(ii) Bowley's coefficient of Skewness

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 INDEX NUMBERS

INDEX NUMBERS

UNWEIGHTED WEIGHTED

FIXED CHAIN
BASE BASE LASPEYRE'S METHOD
METHOD METHOD
PAASCHE'S METHOD
FISHER'S METHOD
ONE MORE THAN ONE MORE THAN PRICE
COLUMN OF ONE COLUMN OF ONE RELATIVES MARSHAL'S METHOD
PRICE COLUMNS PRICE COLUMNS ARE GIVEN AGGRIGATIVE EXPENDITURE
OF PRICE OF PRICE
METHOD
FAMILY BUDGET METHOD

Price relative

Link relative

Simple aggregative price index number

Simple average of price relatives

Laspeyre's price index number (also called base year weighted price index number)

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Paasche's price index number (also called current year weighted price index number)

Fisher's price index number

Marshall's price index number

Aggregative Expenditure method

Family Budget method

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 PROBABILITY
Sample Space when a coin tossed

Sample Space when two coins are tossed

Sample Space when three coins are tossed

Sample Space when a die

Sample Space when two dice are rolled

CARDS
Red Cards Black Cards
HEART ♥ DIAMOND ♦ SPADE ♠ CLUB ♣
♥2 ♦2 ♠2 ♣2
♥3 ♦3 ♠3 ♣3
♥4 ♦4 ♠4 ♣4
♥5 ♦5 ♠5 ♣5
♥6 ♦6 ♠6 ♣6
♥7 ♦7 ♠7 ♣7
♥8 ♦8 ♠8 ♣8
♥9 ♦9 ♠9 ♣9
♥10 ♦10 ♠10 ♣10
♥K ♦K ♠K ♣K
♥Q ♦Q ♠Q ♣Q
♥J ♦J ♠J ♣J
♥Ace ♦Ace ♠Ace ♣Ace

Total Cards = 52
Black Cards = Red Cards = 26
Spade Cards = Club Cards = Diamond Cards = Heart Cards = 13
2's = 3's = 4's = 5's = 6's = 7's = 8's = 9's = 10's = J's = Q's = K's = A's = 4
Picture Cards = 12

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Factorial

Permutation

Combination

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OR + ᵁ
AND ∩

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At least 10 mean 10, 9, 8, 7 …

At most 20 mean 20, 19, 18, 17…

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P (AUB) = P (A) + P (B) when A and B are mutually exclusive events

P (AUB) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A∩B) when A and B are not mutually exclusive events

P (A∩B) = P (A) P (B) when A and B are independent events

P (A∩B) = P (A) P (B/A) when A and B are dependent events

= P (B) P (A/B)

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Conditional Probability

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