Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Robert Hall
SE Asia Research Group
Department of Geology
Royal Holloway
University of London UK
CENOZOIC TECTONICS OF INDONESIA: Problems and Models Robert Hall
Contents 1 Contents 2
Methods Specific regions
î Dating/Igneous activity î New Guinea
î Palaeomagnetism î Moluccas
î Plate tectonics î Sulawesi
î Provenance studies î Banda
Regional background î Borneo
î Tectonic framework î Java
î Controls î Sundaland
î Tomography Conclusions and commentary
î Heatflow
SUNDALAND MOLUCCA
SEA
BORNEO
SULAWESI
NEW
GUINEA
JAVA
BANDA
SEA
Dating
The most fundamental part of geology is
stratigraphy
Essential part of this is good dating
Traditional biostratigraphic methods remain
important
Isotopic dating important because of
abundance of magmatic rocks in active arc
regions
IZU-BONIN ARC
(Cosca et al., 1998) K-Ar versus Ar-Ar dating
5
frequency
4
YEMEN BASALTS
3
30 (Baker et al., 1996)
2
25 Ar-Ar ages (Ma)
frequency
1
20
Thai apatite
0
15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
5
Ar-Ar ages (Ma)
10
frequency
4 5
3 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
FT dating
K-Ar ages (Ma)
1
6
Turen
14
Je –
volcanic
Palaeomagnetism
1 mb
A breccia
Jember 10 N er
2
7 10 -
Vital for location of palaeo-positions
8
gra
- nod
î But only palaeolatitude
4 iorit
d e The only way to detect rotations
0 i
5 1 1 2 2 3
zircon U-Pb o Ma
date
SHRIMP U-Pb ages 0 0 5 0
r
5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 i 0 0
t
e
26°CCW 1 1
STRUCTURAL
CORRECTION
INCREASES
D = 333° DISPERSION
LAVA DIPS NOT
I = -26° PALAEO-HORIZONTAL
a95 = 4.1°
K = 161
Reconstruction
principles
Plate tectonics
200 Ma
Detrital Zircon from Crocker Detrital zircon from Crocker Formation sandstones
Formation Sandstones
Euhedral shape
Limited recycling
Proximal source
Gondwana
breakup in
Mesozoic: partial
reassembly in SE
Asia during
Cenozoic
30
C QS
SC
PS NP
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Pre-Cenozoic subduction
L
WB S
I
SWB
Metcalfe 1998
around SE Asia
PA
Sundaland ‘core’ amalgamated to Asia by end
0 Si
N
M WS
CENO-TETHYS
Sm Ba
Triassic
ES O
80 Ma In similar geographic position to present day
Ba-Su
30
GREATER
INDIA
B-S
WIJ
reconstruction since then (i.e. close to equator)
Bu
N. GUINEA
55
Current Motions
SE Asia close to equator throughout Cenozoic
GPS observations give information on current
vectors
Current position influences ocean circulation,
atmospheric circulation and history of life
McCaffrey 1996
Major ocean currents in east Indonesia and the west Pacific after Godfrey (1996) Indonesian Throughflow
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
30
SC PACIFIC
C QS Metcalfe 1998
PS NP OCEAN
L
I
SWB
WB S
0 Si PA
N
M WS
CENO-TETHYS
Sm Ba
South China
Sea
Andaman
Sea Hutchison 1996
Leloup et al 2001
Link to Tomography
S20RTS model
SE Asia plotted by Wim Spakman
Regional Heat Flow
Heat flow is high in much of the region
What are the causes ?
î Shallow crust: sediments?
î Crustal production?
î Mantle?
î Tectonically driven?
Heatflow
mW/m2
Heatflow Heatflow
mW/m2 mW/m2
Pollack et al (1993) NGDC dataset + IPA/SEAPEX data Pollack et al (1993) NGDC dataset + IPA/SEAPEX data + estimate for active volcanoes
Subduction Rollback
Also known as
î Hinge retreat or hinge rollback
Charlton, 2000
Possible young extension in Bird’s Neck but no good evidence for rotation of Bird’s Head
Since 5 Ma
Major elevation of New Guinea mountains
Region of very high sediment productivity
SLAB PULL:
THE
WOODLARK
BASIN
A3
A7
New Britain
Trench
New
G u in
ea
Ontong-
Solomon
Java
Sea
plateau
Woodlark
Basin
Coral
Sea
Anomaly 2 ~1.9 Ma
Woodlark Basin
Ocean basin formed in convergent setting
10 Ma to Present east of New Guinea
Extension driven by slab pull at New Britain
subduction zone
Ridge formed since 10 Ma is being subducted
beneath the Solomon Islands at its eastern
end
Spreading centre is propagating west into
Papuan peninsula
Ocean basin is being subducted faster than it
is propagating west
What will remain in 5 Ma?
ARC LINE
S N
EN INSULA
PAPUAN P
5
TROBRIAND
0
–5
–10
–15
Depth (km)
DI
TRO
CORAL
–20 SEA PAPU A OSM GB
N PLA
–25
UGH
TE
AU PUB
–30
M ANTLE PUB
C
–35 LITHOSPH
ON
ERE
–40
TI
NE
HYDRA PHERE
–45 TED CR ITHOS
N
UST
AL
TA
SE
L
AND MAN
CR
ASTHEN US TLE N
OSPHERE T
O
M
LO
SO
de
gititu
Lo n
Recent subduction
beneath Papuan
peninsula postulated
to have contributed to
formation of core Latitude No seismic evidence
complexes for this subduction
PHILIPPINE
SULU
SEA
SEA
Sangihe
CELEBES Arc
SEA
Molucca Halmahera
Sea Arc
Arc-arc collision
500
1000
1500
Moluccas: Pre-Neogene
Intra-oceanic arc
Long history
Cretaceous arc built on older ophiolitic
basement
Eocene-Oligocene arc built on this
Important stratigraphic change in early
Miocene
Different sites
show parallel
tracks, depending
on present latitude
Meaning of Results
All sites are within PSP
Long-term CW rotation of entire plate can
account for northward motions and rotation
EU-PSP rotation pole can be calculated
Past poles are not at present-day position
Pole at Palau
Poles calculated
from SFZ data
Pole positions
Poles can be combined with opening history
of marginal basins
Predicted and observed latitudes and
rotations can be compared
Good fit suggests estimates of rotation poles
are reliable
Model predicts strike-slip motion along SFZ
since 25 Ma
Provides basis for tectonic reconstruction
Rotations: Latitudes:
model versus model versus
observed observed
Geochemistry
25 Ma event was Slivers of continental crust within strands of
Australia-PSP arc
collision, causing
SFZ
change from Geochemistry can help to understand timing
subduction to strike-
slip motion along
of arrival of continental crust beneath arc
SFZ Modern arc volcanics show continental
contamination at south end of arc?
When is this contamination recorded first?
Other models
suggest numerous Melanges and Ophiolites
slab fragments at
depth, based
mainly on
I interpret the ophiolites as part of the
seismicity Sangihe forearc
Collision has stacked the two forearcs and
elevated the central ridge
But convergence has not been
straightforward
Several episodes of failure within Halmahera
backarc , arc and forearc
The arc is the weakest point
Reefs, Talaud
Reefs, Mayu
Molucca Sea
Neogene Halmahera arc active only since
<15 Ma
Arc-arc collision led to repeated failure of the
Halmahera arc by thrusting at the site of the
arc
Halmahera arc currently partly overridden by
the Sangihe arc
What will remain in 5 Ma?
Arcs can disappear with almost no trace (at
the surface)
Sulawesi Geology
Western plutono-volcanic arc
Central suture zone / blueschists
Eastern ophiolite
Microcontinental fragments
Interpretation
Product of arc-continent collision in Early
Miocene
Many different models
End Eocene
East Arm
Ophiolite with Indian Ocean origin, may be
composite
Ages suggested range from Cretaceous to
Eocene
Emplaced by Early Miocene
Late Miocene
Charlton (2000)
Parkinson
(1991)
West Sulawesi
Ophiolite obduction interpreted by Bergman
et al (1996) as Late Oligocene-Early Miocene
Miocene collision interpreted to result from
continent-continent collision
Makassar Straits interpreted as foreland
basin between converging Neogene fold and
thrust belts
Western Sulawesi magmatic arc interpreted
as continent-continent collision product
Bergman et al (1996)
South Sulawesi
Long history of carbonate platform deposition
No obvious record of any Miocene collision
Moyra Wilson
1995
Moyra Wilson
Moyra Wilson
Moyra Wilson
Contraction
Begins only in Pliocene
Has propagated west
No sign of deformation in central Makassar
Straits, even today
Basement involved, not simply thin-skinned
Influence of pre-existing structural trends,
especially NW-SE faults
Makassar Straits
Central Makassar Straits undeformed
î Sediment thickens from Paternoster
Platform
î Sediment thickens from Kalimantan
Asymmetrical: Kalimantan side much wider
than Sulawesi side
Floored by oceanic or continental crust ?
Sulawesi side
Three sections, bounded by older faults,
possibly reactivated
North segment
î Muddy sediment derived from east
î Mainly thrust to NW
Central segment
î Sediment onlaps from west
î Little deformation offshore
Southern segment
î Much sandier, clearly derived from east
î Simple detachments and folding
Evolution
Eocene: rifting
Makassar Straits floored by continental crust?
Oligocene and Miocene shelf sedimentation
in present West Sulawesi
Steep slope to deep basin
Pliocene shortening and rapid elevation
Thrusting, folding propagates west
Detachments within basement
Australian Crust?
Isotopic signature indicating old Precambrian
crust beneath West Sulawesi has been
interpreted to be product of Miocene collision
But no evidence of Miocene collision in West
Sulawesi
Was the continental crust there already?
Are the magmatic rocks products of extension
not collision?
Late Neogene
Extension initiated in Middle Miocene?
î Volcanic evidence
î Bone Gulf
î Gorontalo Bay ?
Important changes in Pliocene
î Initiation of subduction
î Very late strike-slip faulting
î Palu Fault?
î Gorontalo Bay ?
î Walanae Fault?
Present seismicity
West Sulawesi Bellier et al, 2001
volcanic
activity in
Neogene has
extensional Una-Una Only one active volcano:
character. except at east end of North Arm
Unlike
subduction or
post-collision
settings.
GPS motions
Vigny et al, 2002
Timing of collision
Nature of subducted crust
How it acquired its shape Timor
h
rT roug
Timo AUSTRALIA
McCaffrey, 1989
Arc-continent Gravity
collision Sera
m
anomalies
Trou
began in Late g h
highlight
Neogene deep troughs
Weber
Deep
gh
ou
Tr
u
Ar
Structure: solid where active,
dashed where inactive gh
rou
ar T
i mb
Supposed present Tan
or former trench
Normal faults
Strike-slip fault
Active volcanoes
Timor
Most work on land has been done on Timor
Not a melange
Deformed Australian margin forms a lower
folded and thrusted sequence (‘para-
autochthon’)
Upper thrust units of SE Asian origin (‘Banda
allochthon’)
Interpreted as result of collision of Australian
margin and Banda volcanic arc
Many interpreted
collisions conflict with
geological evidence
“SUMBA 8 Ma collision”
GPS shows Seram and Bird’s Head currently converging at high rate
SW NE
Seram Trough
New work (Angelique Pairault) based on new
seismic lines across Seram Trough (TGS- TWT
(ms)
30 km
100 km
Most deeply eroded areas are where unconformity resembles ancient land surface
Unconformity surface was later folded: fold axis is parallel to trough
East
• No subduction
• Early Pliocene
deformation event
produced unconformity
• Later thrusting formed
load on Seram
• Load produced trough
and bulge
• Seram Trough is
foredeep not trench
• What caused
Thrust faults in the trough detach at their contact with the
unconformity surface, but on Seram thrust faults repeat
unconformity?
sequences of Mesozoic–Miocene sediments and detach
at their contact with metamorphic basement.
Pairault et al., 2003
Seismicity
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9
Defines a west–plunging lithospheric fold in
the mantle
Two principal explanations:
Single slab subducted northwards was
rotated and deformed
Two different slabs were subducted from
north and south
Both interpret subduction and collision to
result from northwards movement of the
Indian–Australian plate relative to SE Asia
and the Pacific
McCaffrey, 1989
East
McCaffrey, 1989
West
Present: View
View from West from above
Past: Slab
View from NW undeformed
12 Ma 7-6 Ma
Uplift Subsidence 11 Ma
Arc splits
Slab rollback begins Banda Sea opens
inducing extension in after 6 Ma Arc volcanism ceases on
upper plate north side
X X
Subsidence Uplift Subsidence
10 Ma
Core complex
formation on Seram
3 Ma
Seram Timor
Banda Sea spreading
ceases e.g. 3 Ma
Seram Trough
Present Day Wetar Thrust Timor Trough
Intra-continental subduction
at Seram Trough
Slab break-off below Timor
Subduction polarity reversal
BANDA
Active within-continent Bock et al., 2003
INTERPRETATION
thrusting – new AUS-PAC GPS estimated strain rates
plate boundary forming
Subduction
by rollback of
Trace of former
embayment
subduction ended
by 3.5 Ma
ly t o Extension in
main
due East Banda
r T rough ding
imba n loa region
r-T an st-collis io
Timo po
Subduction of
Indian ocean
Borneo Present-day
No significant seismicity
No significant igneous activity
Harvard CMT
catalogue
Elevation
Borneo is rather low
Central mountain ranges rarely above 1000m
The highest point is Mt Kinabalu (4100m)
Kinabalu is in the wrong place
î It should be in the centre of the mountain
range
Himalayas Andes
Basement
Oldest rocks known from Borneo are
Devonian limestones
SE Borneo broadly connected to Malay
peninsula since late Triassic
Sundaland core includes Cretaceous granites
Cretaceous ophiolites and arc rocks surround
this core
Cenozoic sediments around and above this
This is an example of
how non-existent faults
become part of our
thinking
Paleogene
Eocene rifting formed Makassar Straits
î Oceanic or continental crust?
Large sedimentary fan off north Borneo:
Crocker Fan
Igneous activity associated with subduction of
proto-South China Sea
NE Trending Thrust
and Fold Belt of
Crocker Ranges
"
ene trai
~Middle Eocene
t
Eoc sar S
kas
Continental
Ma
After Dickinson
Landmass et al. 1983
Carbonate shelf
Subhedral
Possibly first cycle
Rounded
Polycyclic history
Eocene to Early
Miocene
Neogene
Major change with significant increase in
sediment production
Begins in Early Miocene
Major deltas build out, beginning with Kutei-
Mahakam
Inversion in Kutei starts in Early Miocene,
progresses east
î Sediments from cannibalised older sequences
î Inversion not due to collisions in Sulawesi
î Must be driven by Borneo events to north and
west
Early Middle
Miocene Miocene
Late
Miocene Pliocene
Carbonates
To north and south of Kutei basin are
carbonate shelf areas
î Mangkalihat Peninsula and Paternoster
Platform
Evidence for strike-slip faulting
î But importance, timing and regional significance
not clear
Sediment Yields
Why is there so much sediment around
Borneo?
Paleogene Crocker Fan
Neogene basins
Very high present-day sediment yields
Sabah Basement
In Sabah exposed basement is ophiolitic
Small granite body exposed on Kinabalu
î Intruded ~10 Ma
î Now exposed at 4 km above SL
Gravity suggests thickest crust beneath
Kinabalu
Ophiolites correspond to gravity highs and
thick sediments to gravity lows
Sabah Neogene
Continental collision in Sabah in Early
Miocene
Argument about nature of NW Borneo Trough
î Subduction trench or toe thrust
More important
î Offshore basins have large volumes of
sediment yet source areas very small
î What causes onland elevation and basin
subsidence ?
î Foreland basins, Sulu Sea related?
MELIAU
Non-deposition OROGENY
Uplifted SRU
Unit II
Belait Kapilit Sandakan DRU/IRU/SRU
U nit I
IRU
Serudong Deep/Intermediate/Shallow
Group Regional Unconformity
Meligan U nit II
Tanjong
Tanjong
Setap Shale U nit I Kalabakan Gom ontong
DRU SABAH
? Wariu Garinono Kalumpang
OROGENY
Ayer
Kuamut
Temburong
Labang
Kulapis
West
Cr ocker Kinabatangan
Group
Simplified from
SARAWAK
OROGENY Allagu Balaguru,
Trusmad i
Sapulut
2001
? ? ? ?
Rajang Group
Ma da i-Ba turong
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? Chert-Spili te Ophiolitic
Basement
Crys talline B as e me nt
MELIAU
Non-deposition OROGENY
Uplifted SRU
Unit II
Belait Kapilit Sandakan DRU/IRU/SRU
U nit I
IRU
Serudong Deep/Intermediate/Shallow
Group Regional Unconformity
Meligan U nit II
Tanjong
Tanjong
Setap Shale U nit I Kalabakan Gom ontong
DRU SABAH
? Wariu Garinono Kalumpang
OROGENY
Ayer
Kuamut
Temburong
Labang
Kulapis
West
Cr ocker Kinabatangan
Group
Simplified from
SARAWAK
OROGENY Allagu Balaguru,
Trusmad i
Sapulut
2001
? ? ? ?
Rajang Group
Ma da i-Ba turong
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? Chert-Spili te Ophiolitic
Basement
Jon Noad, 1998 Crys talline B as e me nt
Tanjong Formation
Changing character of
magmatism
Primitive Mantle
Primitive Mantle
SA9827
K 2O
1
Plio-Pleistocene basalts have 1
Low-K Tholeiite
ocean-island character, implying a
change in mantle beneath Sabah C
1
0.1
0
Rb Ba Th Nb K La Ce Pb Sr Nd Zr Ti Y Rb Ba Th Nb K La Ce Pb Sr Nd Zr Ti Y
48 53 58 SiO 2 63 68 73
SBK12 SBK64
Primitve Mantle
Primitve Mantle
SBK1
87
10 10
0.7045
Tawau I (Mio-Pliocene) 1
0.704 Dent (Mio-Pliocene)
Mt Pock (Mio-Pliocene) A E
Tawau II (Plio-Pleistocene) 0.1 1
Mostyn (Plio-Pleistocene) Rb Ba Th Nb K La Ce Pb Sr Nd Zr Ti Y Rb Ba Th Nb K La Ce Pb Sr Nd Zr Ti Y
Kai Kim Chiang, 2002 0.7035
Kai Kim Chiang, 2002
48 53 58 SiO2 63 68 73
Palaeomagnetism
Suggests Borneo has rotated counter-
clockwise
Evidence of large post-Cretaceous pre-
Neogene rotation (perhaps 45°)
Evidence of large Miocene rotation (45°)
Possible explanations
Collisional thickening of crust and lithosphere
Thickened root causes subsidence
Subsidence causes formation of sedimentary
basins, filled by erosion from Central Borneo
Ranges
Melting induced by thickening of former arc
crust
Root becomes unstable
Delamination leads to influx of new mantle
Rapid elevation as root falls off
Eruption of basalts
Present-day volcanoes
mainly Smithsonian data
Current volcanic
activity largely
subduction-
related
Nias
Sunda Forearc
East Java
Sunda Forearc
There was widespread carbonate deposition and little volcanism in Middle Miocene
Tectonic Setting
Mariana
Luzon Parece Vela
Basin
Manila Trench
EURASIAN PLATE Hainan
ham
Ben teau PHILIPPINE
Trough
Pla
Trench
SEA
Indochina PLATE
Ridge
na
Phili
Continental
ria
Ma
ppin
Palau Kyushu
e Tre
South
core
Gulf of
Thailand
China PACIFIC
10°N
nch
nch
Andaman Sea
Sulu PLATE
Tre
Sea Mindanao
MESOZOIC Sea Soro
SUNDALAND Yap l Tro
ug h
CORE Sabah
Malaya Celebes
Sunda Brunei Sea
Shelf Sarawak Molucca
Sea Ayu
Trough
Halmahera New
SUNDALAND Borneo Guine Trench 0°
Sula a Tren Manus
Su
ch
ait
Platform ng Bird's
nd
Sumatra Soro
Str
a
sar
North Bismarck
kas
Tr
Banda Sea
en
Buru Seram
Ma
Basin
ch
0 50 100
kilometers
1000
Kujung Platform
500
Java: topography and gravity Rembang
Rembang Zone
Zone
0 Kendeng Zone
Presen Kendeng Zone
Bouguer mgals
Present Day V
120
t Day Volcanic
Southe olcanic Arc
80
Arc
40 Southern Moun
rn Mou tains Z
0 ntains one
-40
Zone
East Java
There are many features of this region which
do not fit the conventional models
Volcanic activity began earlier than
reported
Character not exclusively andesitic
0
Basins not rift basins
Their fill has some unusual characteristics
Southern M
ountains
0 50 100 Indian Ocean
0 8mm
0 8mm
Plinian eruption column exceeding 18 km
Crater Peak, Mount Spur, Alaska in August 1992 Helen Smyth, 2003
(USGS Photo Archive)
Large rounded embayments due to melt reaction, Melt Inclusions are diagnostic of a volcanic source
Jaten Formation, Pacitan Nanggulan Formation, Yogyakarta
Helen Smyth, 2003 Helen Smyth, 2003
Angular shards of quartz with conchoidal fracture are common Crystal pits and microcrystalline bipyramidal quartz nucleating on a quartz grain
Source of Quartz
A Sundaland source seems unlikely
Where would it have come from?
How would it have crossed important
Point count analysis of barriers?
the quartz-rich sands A volcanic origin seems quite probable
Implications for reservoirs?
Shapes of sand bodies?
Assessment of sediment maturity?
Toba 2,200,000 sq km
Mt St. Helens
500 sq km
Krakatoa 20,000 sq km
Tambora 35,000 sq km
Kendeng Fold
Rembang Zone
Thrust Belt
????
Southern
Kujung Platform Active Volcanic Arc Mountains
Changes in lithospheric strength (composition) will affect the shape of the depression
4
Sample No. Formation and location U-Pb age Ma Error +/- 2 sigma Inherited ages Ma
JKB21 Kebobutak Fm, Bayat 29.3 1.4 0
JSemQ Semilir Fm, Bayat mean 26 19-31 scatter 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Psam31 Sambipitu Fm, Bayat 12.8 0.2 18.6 +/- 0.2 zircon U-Pb date Ma
Ngawi9 Kerek Fm, Ngawi 9.3 0.3 13 and 17
Pon4 Intrusive, Ponorogo 9.3 0.2
Treng18 Intrusive, Trenggelek 5.7 0.5
SHRIMP U-Pb ages
Pac30 Intrusive, Pacitan 12.5 0.5
Turen14 Intrusive, Turen 550 - 2700
Jember10 Intrusive, Jember 550 - 2700
AN7 Intrusive, Nanggulan 25 500 - 3200
Zircons of the
Nanggulan Fm,
Yogyakarta
Subducted sediments
Continental fragment
beneath the arc
Beibuwan
20°N
Yin
g
Hu g eha
SUNDALAND
Luzon
BASINS
West Philippine
Basin
Phitsanulok e i
South
China
Western Sea
/Kra East
Andaman
Philip
Vietnam
Sea
pine
an
Cuu
law
Long 10°N
Trenc
Pa
Mergui
Pattani
h
Chumphon
Con Sulu
Malay Son Sea
North Sabah
Sumatra West Sandakan
Natuna
East
Celebes
Sib
Natuna Sarawak Sea
olg
Penyu Tarakan
a
Molucca
Sea
Central Muara
Su
Sumatra Halmahera
nd
Sula
ait
Sulawesi
aT
Kutai
r Str
Platform
r en
ch
a ssa
South
Sumatra Barito North
M ak
Banda
Be
Basin Buru Seram
ng
Asem
ku
NW
Often referred to as Sunda NE Java
lu
Java Asem Banda Sea
INDIAN PLATE Buton
u th Ba nda Basin
So
Shield, Craton or plate South Java Inner Banda Arc
Subsidence History
Elevation History
Sediment Yields
Heatflow
Basin Histories
Numerous basins
Many of the ‘backarc’, ‘continental margin’ and
‘extensional’ basins have features in common
Generally extensional
Few, if any, have strike-slip character
Many influenced by older basement fabrics
Anomalous thicknesses of sequences in many basins
Despite long term Cenozoic sea level fall, many
basins become marine very late
What were the causes of extension?
Timing is uncertain: synchronous or not?
Penyu Basin
Malay Basins
Thailand Basins
Comparison of subsidence rates between the
North Sea and three super-deep basins of SE
Asia. The North Sea shows a rift to post-rift
subsidence rate typical of average continental
crustal conditions. The SE Asia basins have
subsided an order of magnitude faster, possibly
indicating unusual continental crustal conditions.
Hall & Morley, 2003
non- marine
marine
marine incursions
non- marine
marine
marine incursions
Neogene MALAY
PENINSULA SUNDA SHELF
Inversion of southern basins
Elevation of Malay peninsula
Karimata Strait Makassar Strait
Elevation of Java and Sumatra SUMATRA 29 m BORNEO 550m
Elevation of Borneo
JAVA
What were causes of uplift?
Lombok Strait
350m
Sediment Yields
Sediment paths
Sediment Sources
What is the source of sediment in Sundaland
basins?
Asia?
Local?
Provenance information
If locally derived, highly radiogenic?
Cr spinel Cr spinel
Zircons
Tourmaline Kyanite
Clark, 2003
Clark, 2003
Clark, 2003
The present-day drainage
pattern of Thailand and
adjacent regions,
superimposed on the main
rift basins and associated
faults. Some of the main
blocks to through-going
drainage such as long-lived
lakes, and structural
barriers (Chainat Ridge) are
highlighted. The present
day drainage pattern
reflects the older syn-rift
pattern (rift-normal
drainage) and late linkage
of rift axial systems.
Hall & Morley, 2003
Heatflow
Malay Basins
low Vs high Vs
150 km (6%)
Geology and tomography
show
long-term subduction history
Geochemical and
isotopic database
Symbols
Metamorphic
Plutonic
Hypabyssal
Volcanic
Basic Plutonic
Basic Hypabyssal
Basic Volcanic
Intermediate Plutonic
Intermediate Hypabyssal
Intermediate Volcanic
Evolved Plutonic
Evolved Hypabyssal
Evolved Volcanic
Past igneous
activity also
largely
subduction-
related
Asian tectonics
Preservation of 50 Ma erosion surface
Descends to SE towards Indochina
Now deeply incised
Weak crust
Lower crustal flow
Clark, 2003
Neither model consistent with regional geological Both models could contribute to some aspects of
history regional geological history
Sundaland tectonics
No simple explanations for extension, or
directions of stresses, forming sedimentary
basins
Region is one of long-term subduction
Has the result of this been anomalously hot
mantle and weak lithosphere?
Very sensitive to changing plate boundary
forces at subduction edges?
Strongly influenced by basement fabric?
RESULT RESULT
Oblique extension Local Inversion
in Sundaland Mountain Building in
Borneo and Sulawesi
ll
ll
pu
pu
ab
ab
Sl
Sl
H
in
H
ge
in
ge
ad
ad
va
va
nc
nc
e
Hinge
e
retreat
Mountain Building in E
boundary forces?
ac
ti o
Hi
ng
es
ta
ti on
ar
va ge
y?
e
nc
ad Hin
During subduction the subducting slab has a tendency to fall away rather During hinge retreat the mantle wedge will be constantly replenished,
than move down a fixed slot, thus inducing hinge retreat promoting continued magmatism
If the hinge advances, or remains relatively stationary, the mantle wedge will not be
replenished, and magmatism may cease despite continued subduction
Hinge
Movements
Boninite Formation
The 50 Ma boninite ‘event’
Boninites essentially high-Mg andesites
Require water, extra high T to melt refractory
mantle at low P
Several hypotheses for magmatism but all
work only in localised areas
Most involve subduction initiation at
transform, and/or ridge subduction
Philippine Sea
Plate origin
after Uyeda and
Ben-Avraham,
1972
Alternative Hypothesis
Subduction begins in region of pre-heated
mantle
Initial heating due to plume initiation Manus
Age about 50 Ma plume
Weak Lithosphere?
Postulated explanations for regional tectonic
events (India indentor, strike-slip, plate SEDIMENTS
motions, backarc extension) do not satisfy, AND
but it is difficult to find alternative models
TECTONICS
SE Asia a globally unusual region of weak
lithosphere and crust
Is the mantle unusually hot, and is this the
consequence of long-term subduction?
Is this region very sensitive to changing
balance of forces at subduction boundaries?
Land-Sea Relationships
Distribution of land modifies local climate
CLIMATE Major increases in area of land/shallow seas
AND 45 Ma
TECTONICS 25 Ma
In past 2 Ma
INDONESIAN THROUGHFLOW Sea level has generally been falling since the
Early Miocene
Major currents in east Indonesia and the west Pacific after Godfrey (1996)
LAND-SEA
and
INDONESIAN
THROUGHFLOW
MALAY
PENINSULA SUNDA SHELF
JGR,101 (C5) 12331-12353
JAVA
Lombok Strait
350m
Indian-Pacific Gateway
fully open
Value of Reconstructions
Help understanding
AN Provide context
UNUSUAL Generate new ideas
REGION Can be tested
Our Knowledge
This huge region, which illustrates so many of
the processes related to subduction and
mountain building…
Probably has been, and is, extremely http://www.gl.rhul.ac.uk/seasia/
important for global atmospheric and
ocean circulation, and hence life on our
planet…
Remains relatively poorly known,
understudied and unfashionable
Has many unusual features which are
overlooked by ‘shoehorning’ them into
models developed elsewhere Royal Holloway
An opportunity is waiting University of London
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