Dynamic Microphone

In a dynamic microphone, sound waves hit a thin metallic diaphragm that is attached to a
coil of wire. The diaphragm vibrates the coil in response to the sound wave. A magnet that is
positioned inside the coil produces a magnetic field.

Moving coil microphone

The dynamic or moving coil microphone relies on the fact that if a wire held within a magnetic
field is moved then an electric current is induced. This is the same effect as seen in an electric
generator and many other items.
This diagram is of how it is recording.

Ribbon Microphone

A ribbon microphone is used in the music industry because of it’s low signal to noise ratio

Condenser microphone

Due to its extremely low mass, the diaphragm of a condenser microphone can follow the
sound waves more accurately than that of a dynamic microphone with a (relatively) heavy
moving coil attached. Condenser microphones, therefore, offer superior sound quality. Of all
microphone types, condensers have the widest frequency response and the best transient
response (transients are fast bursts of energy, e.g. the attack of a drum or the “pick” of an
acoustic guitar). Also, condenser microphones usually offer much higher sensitivity (i.e.
output) and lower noise than dynamic microphones.
Rifle microphone

A rifle microphone looks very similar to a gun barrel and is very long.
The sound quality of these microphones is inferior to normal mics so they are only used out
of necessity.
Cardioid Microphone

cardioid microphones can pick up what they are aimed at, but reject 
sounds to the side and rear. 
 
Hypercardioid
A hypercardioid mic is like a supercardioid but a stronger version the front pickup angle is
even narrower and focused, which results in greater rejection of unwanted noise and
feedback. To give you an idea, the typical pickup angle on a supercardioid mic is around 115
degrees, whereas a hypercardioid can be as low as 105 degrees.
  
 
Unidirectional
Picks up sound predominantly from one direction. This includes cardioid and hypercardioid microphones

Omnidirectional
Picks up sound evenly from all directions (omni means "all" or "every").

Bidirectional
Picks up sound from two opposite directions.

 
 

References
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Teach me audio. (2018). ​Dynamic Microphone.​ Available:

https://www.teachmeaudio.com/recording/microphones/dynamic-microphone/. Last
accessed 5th march 2019.

electronics notes. (2019). ​Dynamic Microphone: Moving Coil Microphone.​ Available:

https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-video/microphones/moving-coil-dyna
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Vintage King Audio. (2019). ​AEA R84A RIBBON MICROPHONE.​Available:

https://vintageking.com/aea-r84a-ribbon-microphone. Last accessed 5th march 2019.

Georg Neumann GmbH . (2015 ). ​MICROPHONE BASICS What is a Condenser

Microphone?.​ Available:
https://www.neumann.com/homestudio/en/what-is-a-condenser-microphone. Last
accessed 5th march 2019.
Mellor, D. (2003). ​Rifle microphones.​ Available:
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march 2019.

Bartlett, B. (2018). ​How A Cardioid Microphone Really Works.​ Available:

https://www.prosoundweb.com/channels/study_hall/church_sound_how_a_cardioid_mic
rophone_really_works/. Last accessed 5th march 2019.

Henshall, M. (2015). ​Specialist Polar Patterns: Hypercardioid and Subcardioid.​ Available:

http://blog.shure.com/specialist-polar-patterns-hypercardioid-and-subcardioid/. Last
accessed 5th march 2019.

mediacollege. (2019). ​Directional Properties.​ Available:

https://www.mediacollege.com/audio/microphones/directional-characteristics.html. Last
accessed 5th march 2019.