THE LANGUAGE OF A COMPUTER FLOWCHART

 Uses Digital Signals  Programmer prepares flowchart before

o All 0’s and I’s (Binary) coding.
o Bits (Binary Digits) MOST COMMON FLOW CHART SYMBOLS
 Data and Commands Stored in Binary
o 8 bits in b Flow lines
o ASCII character stored in a byte
o Integers Storage Begin/End

Initialization
EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Decision
 Early computers programmed in
Machine Languages
o All Binary numbers

 Assembly language used mnemonic THE LIFE CYCLE OF SOFTWARE:

codes  PHASE I : Specification
o Codes translated into o Prototype Program
machine language by a  A program that
program called the stimulates the
assembler. behaviour of portions
ASSEMBLY MACHINE of the desired software
LANGUAGE LANGUAGE product.
Load 100100  PHASE II : Design
Stop 100110 o Includes :
Mile 101110  Dividing the program
Add 110110 into modules.
SOB 100111  Specifying the purpose
of each module.
 Specifying the data flow
EVOLUTION OF PROFRAMMING LANGUAGES among modules.
 High level languages read like  PHASE III : Risk Analysis
combination of English and Algebra. o Building software entails risks
o Techniques exist to identify,
Languages: assess, and manage the risks.

1. Program Language
 PHASE IV : Verification
2. Machine Language
o Formal methods can be used to
3. Assembly Language
prove.
4. High Level Language
 JAVA BACKGROUND
HISTORY
- Java was created by James
Gosling et al. Of Sun
Microsystems.
- Initially called Oak, in
honour of the tree outside
Gosling’s window.
- It was changed to Java
because there was already
a language called Oak.
- The original motivation for
Java was the need for
platform Independent
language that could be
embedded in various
consumer electronic
products like toasters, and
refrigerators. One of the
first projects developed
using Java was a personal
hand held remote control
named Star I.
- At about the same time, the
World Wide Web and the
Internet were gaining
popularity. Gosling et.al.
Realized that Java could be
used for Internet
Programming.
WHAT IS JAVA TECHNOLOGY?
 A Programming Language
o As a programming language,
Java can create all kinds of
applications that you could
create using any conventional
programming language.
 A Development Environment
o As a development
environment, Java Technology
provided you with a large suite
of tools; a computer, an
interpreter, a documentation
generator, a class file packaging
tool, and so on.
 An Application Environment
o Java Technology applications
are typically general-purpose
programs that run on any
machine where the Java
Runtime Environment (JRE) is
installed.
 Garbage Collection
o Man programming languages
allows a programmer to
allocate memory; there should
be a way to deallocate that
memory block in order for
other programs to use it again.
In C, C++, and other languages
the programmer is responsible
for this. This can be difficult at
times since there can be
instances where in the
programmers forget to
deallocate memory and
therefore results to what we
call memory leaks.
o Garbage Collection Thread –
responsible for freeing any
memory that can be freed. This
happens automatically during
the lifetime of the Java
program.
CODE SECURITY PHASES OF A JAVA PROGRAM:

- Attained in Java through The following figure describes the process of

the implementation of its compiling and executing a Java Program.
Java Runtime Environment
(JRE).
- The JRE runs code complied
for a JVM and performs
class loading (through the
class loader), Code
verification (through the
byte code verifier), and  The first step in creating a java
finally code execution. program is by writing your programs in
a text editor. Examples of text editors
CLASS LOADER
you can use are notepad, vi, emacs, etc.
- Responsible for loading all This file is stored in a disk file with the
classes needed for the Java extension java.
Program.  After creating and saving your java
- It adds security by program, compile the program by using
separating the name spaces the Java Compiler. The output of this
for the classes of the local process is a file of Java byte codes with
file system from those that the file extension class.
are imported from network  The class file is the interpreted by the
sources. Java interpreter that converts the byte
- This limits any Trojan horse codes into the machine language of the
application since local particular computer you are using.
classes are always loaded
first. After loading all the TASK TOOL TO USE OUTPUT
classes, the memory layout Write the Any Text File with
of the executable is then program Editor Java
determined. This adds extension
Compile the Java Compiler File with
protection against un-
Program Class
authorized access to
extension
restricted areas of the code (java byte
since the memory layout is codes)
determined during runtime. Run the Java Program
Program Interpreter Output