PRIYADARSHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

NAGPUR

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON

“PREPAID POWER BILLING SYSTEM

WITH
POWER MANAGEMENT”

Submitted to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur

in the partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics Engineering

By

ANISH KUMAR ANAL SHAHEEN HAQUE

ANUSMIRTI SHARMA ANKIT KUMAR

Under the guidance of

Dr. R.V. KSHIRSAGAR

 Department of Electronics Engineering
Nagpur – 440019 (M.S)
Session: 2011 –2012

DECLARATION

This dissertation titled “PREPAID POWER BILLING SYSTEM WITH

POWER MANAGEMENT” is our own work carried out under the guidance of Dr.
R.V. KSHIRSAGAR at Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur. This work in
the same form or any other form is not submitted by us or by anyone else for award of
any degree.

Anish Kumar Anal

Anusmriti Sharma
Shaheen Haque
Ankit Kumar
B. E. 8th Semester
Electronics Engineering,
Priyadarshini College of Engineering,
Nagpur.

2
 Department of Electronics Engineering,
PRIYADARSHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
NAGPUR – 440019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled-

“PREPAID POWER BILLING SYSTEM WITH POWER
MANAGEMENT”
is a bonafide work done by the following students
ANISH KUMAR ANAL SHAHEEN HAQUE
ANUSMRITI SHARMA ANKIT KUMAR
This project report is submitted to the Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj
Nagpur University, Nagpur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
(Electronics Engineering)
2011-2012

Dr. R.V. KSHIRSAGAR

(Project Guide)

Dr. R.V KSHIRSAGAR Dr. M.P.SINGH

(Head of Department (Principal)
&Vice Principal)

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Success is the manifestation of diligence, perseverance, inspiration, motivation and

innovation. We the projectees ascribe our success in this project to our guide Dr.
R.V.KSHIRSAGAR whose endeavor for perfection, zeal, enthusiasm for site,
innovation and dynamism contributed in a big way in completing this project with
considerable case within stipulated time. This work is the reflection of her thoughts,
ideas and concepts and above all her modest efforts.

We are deeply indebted to our Principal Dr. M.P SINGH and Vice Principal Dr.
R.V KSHIRSAGAR, H.O.D Electronics Engineering for the facilities provided and
the moral support given by the department during the course of our project work.

We would also like to thank to all those who have shown there keen interest in this
project and provided much needed encouragement. And at last but not the least, we
acknowledge our parents and all our faculty members for being such a nice source of
encouragement & moral support that helped us tremendously in this aspect.

It is our pleasure to submit this project report entitled, “PREPAID POWER

BILLING SYSTEM WITH POWER MANAGEMENT” in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor in
Electronics Engineering.

4
 ABSTRACT

AIM:
To design the system, that will automate the prepaid billing of electricity using
wireless technology along with implementation of Power Management.

PURPOSE:
To implement a Prepaid billing system for electric supply department which applies
wireless technologies together with electric meter reading and process the data
automatically also with the implementation of power management.

TECHNOLOGY:
The technology which we are going to implement in our project prepaid power billing
system with power management is Wireless Technology.

PREVAILING SYSTEM:
1. Involves the user to go up to the Energy Billing office to manually pay his
bills.

2. The readings are taken by employee and by using analogue meter.

2. The probability of theft is very high.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

1. The central energy billing office has immediate access to all consumer homes
in locality with the help of RF system.

2. The energy meter present in each house is connected to energy billing office
by the help of wireless network.

3. It is possible to connect to remote areas even at power failure as it employs

wireless technology.

4. The new system is user friendly, easy to access and far more efficient than the
existing system.

5
 CONTENTS
1. INTRODUTION 9 - 14
1.1 OVERVIEW
1.2 RECENT DEVELOPMENT
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM
1.4 ORIENTATION

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 15 -33

2.1 MICROCONTROLLER 89C51
2.2 MAX 232
2.3 LM 7812/7805
2.4 BC 546/547
2.5 MCT2E
2.6 RELAY
2.7 TRANSFORMER(12-0-12)
2.8 GSM
2.9 RS 232

3. INTERFACING OF COMPONENTS 34-44

3.1 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT
3.2 MICROCONTROLLER 89C51 AND MAX 232
3.3 TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT
3.4 RECEIVER CIRCUIT
3.5 SERIAL COMMUNICATION
3.6 RELAY CIRCUIT
3.7 HOME AUTOMATION CIRCUIT

4. SERIAL COMMUNICATION 45-49

4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 PARAMETERS OS SERIAL COMMUNICATION
4.3 BAUD RATE
4.4 HOW FAST CAN I TRANSMIT?
4.5 RS 232

5. PCB DESIGNING 50 - 56
5.1 HISTORY

6
5.2 ADVANTAGE OF PCB
5.3 PCB LAYOUT
5.4 TESTING OF PCB

6. SOFTWARE VISUAL BASIC 57 - 61

6.1 WHAT IS VB.NET
6.2 FEATURES OF VISUAL BASIC .NET
6.3 MONITORING APPLICATION SOFTWARE
6.4 MICROCONTROLLER CODING

7. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION 62 - 63

7.1 ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEM
7.2 APPLICATION OF SYSTEM

8. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 64 - 66

8.1 RESULTS
8.2 CONCLUSION

9. REFRENCES 67

7
 FIGURE INDEX

Figure Name Page

1 Block diagram of client section 11

2 Block diagram of server section 12
3 Block diagram of power management system 13
4 Pin diagram of 89C51 17
5 Diagram of max232 21
6 Connection of max232 with rs232 22
7 Pin diagram of lm7805 23
8 Bottom and top view of lm 7805 24
9 Pin diagram of bc547 26
10 Relays 28
11 Relay Logic 29
12 Transformer(12-0-12) 30
13 Gps modem 32
14 Rs232 connection 33
15 Power supply circuit 35
16 Connection of 89C51 with max232 37
17 Transmitter using HT-640 38
18 Transmitter using HT-12E 38
19 Receiver using HT-648 39
20 Receiver using HT-12D 40
21 Serial communication circuit 41
22 Relay driver circuit 42
23 Home automation circuit 43
24 Bit transfer 46
25 RS232 serial port 49
26 Pcb layout of control circuit 55
27 Pcb layout of relay driver circuit 59

8
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW
1.2 RECENT DEVELOPMENT
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM
1.4 ORIENTATION

9
1.1 OVERVIEW

A prepaid metering system replaces the billing system, the reading of meters and the
administration of revenue collection. Implementing such a system means a change of
mindset, a change in the way the revenue collection is managed, a change in IT
procedures, a change in customer service, a change in metering and a change in
consumer behavior. All parties need to buy in to the system and understand the
benefits. It is also necessary to plan the implementation of the project in advance.
Detailed program, schedules, including resource allocation, distribution of
responsibilities and the setting of realistic milestones, are essential for success.

With Smart Card operated system, customers purchase a reusable power

debit card for the amount of energy they desire. These special, easy to use cards are
individualized, keyed to each customer's meter and account number. The customer
simply passes the card a few inches in front of the meter, and using an integrated card
reader, the meter is reset to the number of kilowatt-hours contained on the card. The
system works very much like a bank debit card. Because the meter is completely
sealed and has no moving parts, maintenance is reduced and reliability is improved.
Modern Smart Card operated meters are "stand alone", requiring no separate in-house
keypad or onsite programming. The card captures transaction and power usage
information, sending automatic input into the utility's accounting system at the sales
terminal each time the customer purchases additional power. The card also captures
data critical for load forecasting.

Disposable card type prepaid meters are also in use in certain utilities.
The vending infrastructure for this scheme is much simpler, but it does not offer the
advantage of capturing customer’s usage data.

Smart card operated meters can be used either as prepaid or

postpaid. In some countries, prepaid option is socially not acceptable. In such cases,
each consumer is assigned 50-day credit. After each month, the consumer has to
recharge a card to pay off his negative balance. After full payment, his 50-day credit
is restored. Credit can be time-based or amount-based. Mixed option like 50-day but
not more than certain kWh is also possible.

There are a number of reasons why a utility could consider installing a prepaid
metering system. They include improved cash flow, no need for account posting or
additional billing systems (1-2% savings), and elimination of bad debts (5-12%
average.

10
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAMS

1.3.1 Client Section

Figure no:- 1. Block diagram of client section

11
1.3.2 Server Section

figure no:- 2. Block diagram of server section

12
1.3.3 Power Management System

Figure no:- 3. Block diagram of power management system

13
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of this paper is to make use of new modern technologies and implement
them into more practical fields. Our project deals with the implementation of Wireless
networks in the field of electricity billing. We can make use of this technology to such
an extent such that even complex problems can be handled in a easier way. Wireless
networks are the eminent futuristic replacement of cables and power lines that connect
every household in a particular area. This type of networks can also be used for
creating emergency response networks. Our project eliminates the need for employing
EB meter readers and this set of employers can be used elsewhere. The amount of
time spent in doing all these works manually can be reduced because of this kind of
network implementation. Each household is allocated a particular id so that they can
be uniquely identified. There is very less chance of manipulation in our proposed
system. The network path is also not fixed as it based on GSM technique we can
create paths then and there. This helps in creating a dynamic environment as there is
no fixed path in the network. The long queues in the billing counter can be avoided by
implementing our model. This model is also cost effective, practical and efficient. The
most important feature it is not dependent on electricity. The data sent by the home
unit then and there is automatically stored in the back end database at the office
module. So, all the data and statistics are stored in the central archives automatically
just in case for future references in case of any discrepancies. This saves hours and
hours of manual data entry needed for entering the data into the central system. So our
module is useful in that aspect also.

14
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE
REVIEW

2.1 MICROCONTROLLER 89C51

2.2 MAX 232
2.3 LM 7812/7805
2.4 BC 546/547
2.5 MCT2E
2.6 RELAY
2.7 TRANSFORMER
2.8 GSM
2.9 RS 232

15
2.1 MICROCONTROLLER 89c51

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read
only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-
density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry-standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pin out. The on-
chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or
by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52
is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-
effective solution to many embedded control applications.

2.1.1 FEATURES:

➢ Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

➢ 8KB of In-System Reprogrammable Flash
Memory
➢ Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
➢ Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
➢ Three-level Program Memory Lock
➢ 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
➢ 32 Programmable I/O Lines
➢ Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
➢ Eight Interrupt Sources
➢ Programmable Serial Channel
➢ Low-power Idle and Power-down Mode

16
2.1.2 PIN CONFIGURATIONS:

Figure 4. Pin diagram of 89C51

2.1.3 PIN DESCRIPTION:

➢ VCC:-Supply voltage.
➢ GND:-Ground.
➢ Port 0:- Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port from pin number
32 to 39. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0
can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during
accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal
pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and

17
 outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are
required during program verification.
Port 0 as input:- With resistors connected to port 0 , in order to make it an
input, the port must be programmed by writing 1 to all bits. In the following
code , port 0 is configured first as an input port by writing 1’s to it, and then
data is received from the port and sent to P1.
Dual role of port 0:- Port 0 is also designated as AD0-AD7, allowing it to be
used for both address and data .When connecting an 8051/31 to an external
memory, port 0 provides both address and data. ALE indicates if port 0 has
address or data. If ALE gives 0 it provides data D0-D7,but when ALE =1 it
has address and data with the help of a 74LS373 latch.

➢ Port 1:-Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The
Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to
Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as
inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be
configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the
timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the
following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash

programming and verification.

Port 1 as input:- To make port 1 as an input port, it must be programmed as

such by writing 1 to all its bits. In this following code port 1 is configured first
as an input port by writing 1’s to it, then data is received from the port and
saved in R7,R6 & R5 .

18
➢ Port 2:-Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The
Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to
Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as
inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order
address byte during fetches from external program memory and during
accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @
DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting
1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX
@ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2
also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.

Port 2 as input:- To make port 2 as an input, it must programmed as such by

writing 1 to all bits. In the following code, port 2 is configured first as an input
port by writing 1’s to it. Then data is received from the port and is sent to P1
continuously.

Dual role of port 2:- In 8031 based systems, port 2 must be used along with
Port 0 to provide the 16-bit address for the external memory. 8031 is capable
of accessing 64K bytes of external memory, it needs a path for the 16 bits of
the address. P0 provides the lower 8 bits via A0-A7 , it is the job of Port 2 to
provide bits A8-A15 of the address. When 8031 is connected to external
memory, P2 is used for the upper 8 bits of the 16 bit address, and it cannot be
used for I/O.
Port 3:-Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The
Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to
Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as
inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of
various special features of the AT89C51, as shown in the following table. Port
3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

RST:-Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the

oscillator running resets the device.

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➢ ALE/PROG:-Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low
byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the
program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal
operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency
and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however,
that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If
desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH.
With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction.
Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no
effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

➢ PSEN:-Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.

When the AT89C52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN
is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are
skipped during each access to external data memory.

➢ EA/VPP:-External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to

enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations
starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is
programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to
VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt
programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt
programming is selected.
➢ XTAL1:- Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal
clock operating circuit.
➢ XTAL2:- Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

2.2 MAX 232

2.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

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Serial RS-232 (V.24) communication works with voltages (-15V ... -3V for high
[sic]) and +3V ... +15V for low [sic]) which are not compatible with normal
computer logic voltages. On the other hand, classic TTL computer logic operates
between 0V ... +5V (roughly 0V ... +0.8V for low, +2V ... +5V for high). Modern
low-power logic operates in the range of 0V ... +3.3V or even lower.

figure 5. diagram of max232

2.2.2 PACKAGING

The maximum RS-232 signal levels are far too high for computer logic
electronics, and the negative RS-232 voltage for high can't be grokked at all
by computer logic. Therefore, to receive serial data from an RS-232 interface
the voltage has to be reduced, and the low and high voltage level inverted. In
the other direction (sending data from some logic over RS-232) the low logic
voltage has to be "bumped up", and a negative voltage has to be generated,
too.

RS-232 TTL Logic

------------------------------------------------------------
-15V ... -3V <-> +2V ... +5V <-> high
+3V ... +15V <-> 0V ... +0.8V <-> low

The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the
necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal
voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one
voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -

21
10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry.
Circuitry designers no longer need to design and build a power supply with
three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just provide one +5V
power supply, e.g. with the help of a simple 78x05 voltage converter.

2.2.3FUNCTION

They have two internal charge-pumps that convert +5V to ±10V (unloaded)
for RS-232 driver operation. The first converter uses capacitor C1 to double
the +5V input to +10V on C3 at the V+ output. The second converter uses
capacitor C2 to invert +10V to -10V on C4 at the V- output .A small amount
of power may be drawn from the +10V (V+) and-10V (V-) outputs to power

Figure 6. Connection of max232 with rs232

external circuitry (see the Typical Operating Characteristics section),except

on the MAX225 and MAX245–MAX247, where these pins are not available.
V+ and V- are not regulated, so the output voltage drops with increasing load
current. Do not load V+ and V- to a point that violates the minimum ±5V
EIA/TIA-232E driver output voltage when sourcing current from V+ and V-
to external circuitry.

22
.2 .3 LM7812/7805
2.3.1 DESCRIPTION
The LM7812 series of three terminal positive regulators are available in the
TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them
useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current
limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it
essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver
over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain
adjustable voltages and currents.

Figure 7. Pin diagram of LM7805

2.3.2 FEATURES
• Output Current up to 1A
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
• Thermal Overload Protection
• Short Circuit Protection
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

2.3.3 WORKING
Voltage regulator limits the voltage that passes through it. Each regulator has a
voltage rating; For example, the 7805 IC (these regulators are often considered
to be ICs) is a 5-volt voltage regulator. What that means is that no matter how
many volts you put into it, it will output only 5 volts. This means that you can

23
connect a 9-volt battery, a 12-volt power supply, or virtually anything else
that's over 5 volts, and have the 7805 give you a nice supply of 5 volts out. c

APPLICATIONS

Figure 8. Bottom and top view of LM7805

There are also 7812 (12-volt) three-pin regulators in description for a three-
pin voltage regulator as shown above is as follows:-
1:Voltage-in
2:Ground
3: Voltage out
For example, with a 9-volt battery, you'd connect the positive end to pin 1 and
the negative (or ground) end to pin 2. A IC 7805 would then give you +5 volts
on pin 3.Voltage regulators are simple and useful. There are only two
important drawbacks to them: First, the input voltage must be higher than the
output voltage. For example, you cannot give a 7805 only 2 or 3 volts and
expect it to give you 5 volts in return. Generally, the input voltage must be at
least 2 volts higher than the desired output voltage, so a 7805 would require
about 7 volts to work properly.
The other problem: The excess voltage is dissipated as heat. At low voltages
(such as using a 9-volt battery with a 7805), this is not a problem. At higher

24
voltages, however, it becomes a very real problem and you must have some

FEATURES
way of controlling the temperature so you don't melt your regulator.
This is why most voltage regulators have a metal plate with a hole in it; That
plate is intended for attaching a heat sink to-do not confuse three-pin voltage
regulators with a device known as a TRIAC (short for triode AC switch). It is
easy to associate them with each other, since they look similar (both have
three pins) and they both regulate power. However, the 78XX types of
regulators are used for regulating DC current, while TRIACs are used for AC
current.

25
2.4 BC 547

The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547

transistor is a general-purpose transistor in a small plastic packages. It is used
in general-purpose register.

The BC547 transistor is an NPN bipolar transistor, in which

the letters "N" and "P" refer to the majority charge carriers inside the different
regions of the transistor. Most bipolar transistors used today are NPN, because
electron mobility is higher than hole mobility in semiconductors, allowing

figure 9 . pin diagram of BC547

greater currents and faster operation. NPN

transistors consist of a layer of P-doped semiconductor (the "base") between
two N-doped layers. A small current entering the base in common-emitter
mode is amplified in the collector output. In other terms, an NPN transistor is
"on" when its base is pulled high relative to the emitter. The arrow in the NPN
transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and points in the direction of the
conventional current flow when the device is in forward active mode. One
mnemonic device for identifying the symbol for the NPN transistor is "not
pointing in." An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared
anode region. In typical operation, the emitter base junction is forward biased
and the base collector junction is reverse biased. In an NPN transistor, for
example, when a positive voltage is applied to the base emitter junction, the
equilibrium between thermally generated carriers and the repelling electric
field of the depletion region becomes unbalanced, allowing thermally excited
electrons to inject into the base region. These electrons wander (or "diffuse")
through the base from the region of high concentration near the emitter
towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The electrons in the
base are called minority carriers because the base is doped p-type which would
make holes the majority carrier in the base.

26
2.5 MCT2E

2.6 RELAY
2.6.1 INTRODUCTION
Relay is an electrical device that functions something like a wired remote
control switch. Instead of having the switch you push/flip, you have to just
control a relay Transistors cannot switch AC or high voltages (such as mains
electricity) and they are not usually a good choice for switching large currents
(> 5A). In these cases a relay will be needed, but note that a low power
transistor may still be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.
A mechanical relay does this through the use of electromagnet. It turns on
when there is power running through it—that pulls a set of spring loaded
contacts to make or break the connection and achieve the on -off effect. The

27
coil or trigger wire is the wire coming out of coil is connected to the ground
.The power to relay is depend on the power given to this trigger wire.

Figure 10. Relays

2.6.2 NECESSITY
A relay alleviates by using a single relatively small and power wire to
control the on off the electrical wire .The relay mounted near to a device
controls, and run large power wires to the relay. But in case of some device
,they use a lot of power and requires large wires and heavy duty contacts
inside all of the switches and connectors are needed. If the wire develops a
short ,then it is a bigger problem .For this a relay is used as it is cheap to
make a lower power switch and it will last longer.

2.6.3ADVANTAGES OF RELAYS :

• Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
• Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
• Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
• Relays can switch many contacts at once.

2.6.4DISADVANTAGES OF RELAYS:

• Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

28
 • Relays cannot switch rapidly; transistors can switch many times
per second.
• Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their
coil.
• Relays require more current than many chips can provide, so a low
power transistor may be needed to switch the current for the relay's
coil.

2.6.5 RELAY RATINGS AND CONFIGURATIONS

Relays are typically discussed in terms of several things:-

• How much power the high power side can handle in amps

• The voltage and power type the coil needs to operate

• The number and types of contacts the relay has

The power rating is very simple. A relay is rated for its capacity to handle
power. This must be bigger than the maximum rating of the things you want

Figure 11. Relay logic

Most relay have SPST or SPDT relay.

The function is same as that of a normal switch but here in relay no need to
press the switch to make it on or off manually, rather a +5volts DC or 0 volt(
29
in our case) will perform the function of making switch on or off respectively.
When voltage is applied to the pin of the coils, the coil becomes energized
making the switch closed and thus completing the circuit which is connected
with the pins of the switch.
The number of poles is number of things that relay can control at once. The
number of throws is the number of distinct contacts you can send power to the
number of places it can throw the switch to. Typically there are one input and
one or more outputs. SPST stands for single pole –single throw relay.
Lastly, the contacts in the switch or relay are described as normally open or
normally closed. This simply describes what the rest state is. The basis for
relays is the simple electromagnet .The simplest relay is Single Pole Single
Throw (SPST) relay .It is nothing more than an electromagnetically controlled
on—off switch. This is desirable because smaller diameter wires can be used,
to control the current flow through a much larger wire, and also limit the wear
and tear on the control switch.

2.7 TRANSFORMER

Figure 12. Transformer(12-0-12)

30
2.7.1 DESCRIPTION

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from

one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the
transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic
field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding.
This effect is called inductive coupling.
This is a step-down transformer, as evidenced by the high turn count of
the primary winding and the low turn count of the. As secondary a step-
down unit, this transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power into
low-voltage, high-current power. The larger-gauge wire used in the secondary
winding is necessary due to the increase in current. The primary winding,
which doesn't have to conduct as much current, may be made of smaller-gauge
wire.
And 12-0-12 means that the voltage or the potential difference (p.d.)
between each of the end terminal of the secondary winding and the mid-point
of the secondary winding of the transformer is 12V. And, between the two
ends of the secondary winding, you will get 12 + 12 = 24V. 500mA means the
current delivery capability of the secondary winding of the transformer.
Normally it is said in VA. In your case it would be 25 x 0.5 = 12VA. The
ratings are arrived at based on the requirements of the loads that are to be
connected to the transformer. The limiting criteria is the winding wire
thickness and the insulation of the winding.

31
2.9 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a cellular
network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells
in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM
network—macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of
each cell varies according to the implementation environment. GSM networks

Figure 13. Gps modem

operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges 850 MHz to

2100 MHz frequency band.

2.9 RS-232 MALE/FEMALE CONNECTOR

2.9.1 DESCRIPTION
RS-232 is interface for carry information between two devices distance
of up to 20 meters. The information is carry along patch wires higher voltage
than is standard 5V for greater interference immunity. Data transfer is

32
 asynchronous with closely set transmission speed and synchronization by
trailing edge start pulse.

2.9.2 PURPOSE OF RS-232

The RS-232-C interface was developed for a single purpose,
unambiguously stated by its title: "Interface Between Data Terminal
Equipment and Data Communications Equipment Employing Serial Binary
Data Interchange." Every word in the title is significant: it describes the
interface between terminals (DTE) to a modem (DCE) for the transfer of
serial data.

Figure 14. RS232 connector

2.9.3 VOLTAGE LEVELS

RS-232 using two voltage levels. Logical 1 and 0. Logical 1 is
sometimes calling as Marking estate or quiescent state too; logical 0 is calling
as space state. Logical 1 is Indicating as negative level; while logical 0
indicate positive level.
Allow voltage levels are state in table. The Noise Margin Issue Signals
traveling along the cable are attenuated and distorted as they pass. Attenuation
increases as the length of the cable increases. This effect is largely due to the
electrical capacitance of the cable. The maximum load capacitance is specified
as 2500pf (Pico farad) by the standard. The capacitance of one meter of cable
is typically around 130pf, thus the maximum cable length is limited to around
17 meters.

33
 CHAPTER 3

INTERFACING OF
COMPONENTS

3.1 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

3.2 MICROCONTROLLER 89C51 AND MAX
232
3.3 TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT
3.4 RECEIVER CIRCUIT
3.5 SERIAL COMMUNICATION
3.6 RELAY CIRCUIT
3.7 POWER MANAGEMENT CIRCUIT

34
3.1 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

TRANSFORMER STEPDOWN
SW1
1 2 8 T1

1
0 +12v
ON / OFF SWITCH 4 U6
U11 IC1 7812 U11 IC1 7805 +5v
230 V AC 50 HZ 4 - + 2 1 3 1 3 U6
IN 4007 VIN VOUT VIN VOUT
1 C5

ADJ

ADJ
CONECTOR
5 470 UF

2
0

Figure 15. Power supply circuit

WORKING OF CIRCUIT

Regulated power supplies are commonly used in engineering projects.

Power supply is food of any circuit. I would like to share 5V, 12V regulated
power supply circuits which can be used for Embedded or Micro controller
projects.

+5V SUPPLY UNIT

The circuit diagram of +5V is shown in the figure. +5V supply is
obtained from the +5V supply unit for microcontroller and digital ICs. Initially
230 V AC supply is reduced to (0-12V) with the help of a step down
transformer having a capacity of 500mA. Since the input voltage to the
regulator IC should be more than its output voltage, transformer secondary
voltage is 12V. This low voltage is rectified with the help of bridge rectifier.
The ripples are minimized with the help of capacitor filter to get a smooth DC
supply. The rating of the chosen capacitor which is used as filter to decrease
from output is 1000µF.
The regulated DC voltage is obtained by using a regulator IC 7805. In
the case of IC 7805, the unregulated DC voltage is applied to Pin 1, and the
output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 2 is grounded. Another capacitor filter of
rating 10µF is connected at the output of regulator IC to eliminate the voltage

35
oscillations at the output due to the large voltage oscillations at the input of the
regulator.

+12V SUPPLY UNIT

The ±12 V supply required by the Op-Amps is provided by the 12V
supply circuit arrangement. The circuit diagram of ±12V power supply unit is
shown in figure. Initially 230 V AC supply is reduced to (12V-0-12V) with the
help of a step down transformer having a capacity of 1A and the center tap of
the transformer is grounded. This low voltage is rectified with the help off
bridge rectifier. Since the input voltage to the regulator IC should be more
than its output voltage, transformer secondary voltage is 12V-0-12V.The
ripples are minimized with the help of capacitor filter to get a smooth DC
supply. The rating of the chosen capacitor filter is 1000µF.
The regulated DC output voltage is obtained by using regulator ICs. For
regulated +12V DC supply, IC 7812 is used and for regulated -12V DC
supply, IC 7912 is used. In the case of IC 7812 the unregulated DC voltage is
applied to Pin 1, and the output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 2 is grounded. In the
case of 7912, the unregulated DC voltage is applied to Pin 2, the output is
taken at Pin 3 and Pin 1 is grounded. The pair of capacitors of 10µF is
connected at the output as shown in figure to eliminate the voltage oscillations
at the output due to the large voltage oscillations at the input of the regulator.

3.2 MICROCONTROLLER 89C51 AND MAX 232

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) controller

is the key component of the serial communications subsystem of a computer.
The UART takes bytes of data and transmits the individual bits in a sequential
fashion. At the destination, a second UART re-assembles the bits into

36
complete bytes. In this circuit pin10 (Rxd) and pin 11(Txd) of
microcontrollers connected to pin 11 and 12 of MAX232 IC. Pin 13 and 14 of
MAX232 is connected to pin 2 and 3 of RS232. Serial transmission is
commonly used with modems and for non-networked communication between

Figure 16. Connection of 89C51 with MAX232

computers, terminals and other devices. There are two primary forms
of serial transmission: Synchronous and Asynchronous. Depending on the
modes that are supported by the hardware, the name of the communication
sub-system will usually include a A if it supports Asynchronous
communications, and a S if it supports Synchronous communications.

3.3 TRANSMITTER CIRCUITS

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

The circuit for transmitter is shown in figure above. In this circuit a

encoder IC is used i.e. HT640. It is a 24 pin IC. Out of which pin 24 is
connected to Vcc and pin 12 is grounded. Input to this IC is given at pin
number 1 to 7 and pin 23 and the output is obtained at pin 8.This output signal
is then send to RF module where it is converted to frequency signal. This
signal is received at the receiver RF module. Pin 13 to 22 is grounded through

37
 Figure 17. Transmitter using HT-640

DIP (dual-in-line package) switch. Pin 9 is ENABEL pin. It is

compulsory to give a HIGH (1) signal at this pin for performing any operation.

Figure 18. Transmitter using HT-12E

38
WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

As shown in figure all the address lines A0-A7 are connected to

ground. You can either connect all the lines to Vcc or to ground but keep in
mind that on the receiver side you have to do same. This is to set same address
both the sides. Resistor R1(1.1M?) is connected between oscillator pins (Osc1
& Osc2) to set transmitter frequency = 50×Receiver Frequency. Data lines
D0-D3 are connected with switches S1-S4 through diodes D1-D4 respectively.
The other terminal of all the switches is connected with ground. The TE pin
(transmission enable) is also connected to all the switches through four
different diodes D5-D8. The Dout pin of HT12E is connected to Din pin of
433.92MHz serial data transmitter. 9V standard battery supplies power to the
circuit.

3.4 RECEIVER CIRCUITS

Figure 19. Receiver using HT-648

WORKING OF CIRCUIT

Receiver circuit consists of IC HT648L which is a encoder IC and a

RF module. It is basically a 24 pin IC. Out of this 24 pin, pin 1 to 7 and 23 are

39
output pin and pin 9 is the input pin. Decoded data is received at pin 1 to 8.
Pin 13 to 22 are grounded pins and 24 are Vcc i.e. connected to 5 volt supply.
RF module will receive the data in frequency form and convert it into voltage
form. This data will be sent to input pin.

Figure 20. Receiver using HT-12D

WORKING OF CIRCUIT:
All the address lines are connected to ground to set same address. Resistor R2
(51K?) is connected between Oscillator pins. All the data line D0-D3 are
connected to different LEDs L1-L4 respectively. LED L5 is connected to VT
(valid transmission) pin through transistor Q1 to indicate valid transmission.
The Dout pin of 433.92 MHz serial data receiver is connected with Din pin of
IC HT12D.

3.5 SERIAL COMMUNICATION CIRCUIT

WORKING OF CIRCUIT

When communicating with various microprocessors, one needs to

convert the RS232 serial communication is the process of
sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication
channel or computer bus. This is in contrast to parallel communication, where
several bits are sent as a whole, on a link with several parallel channels. Serial

40
communication is used for all long-haul communication and most computer,
where the cost of cable and synchronization difficulties make parallel
communication impractical. Serial computer buses are becoming more
common even at shorter distances, as improved signal integrity and
transmission speeds in newer serial technologies have begun to outweigh the
parallel bus's advantage of simplicity (no need for serializer and deserializer,
or Series) and to outstrip its disadvantages (clock skew, interconnect density).
When communicating with various micro controllers
one needs to convert the RS232 levels down to lower levels, typically 3.3 or
5.0 Volts. Serial RS-232 (V.24) communication works with voltages -15V to
+15V for high and low. On the other hand, TTL logic operates between 0V
and +5V . Modern low power consumption logic operates in the range of 0V
and +3.3V or even lower. Thus the RS-232 signal levels are far too high TTL
electronics, and the negative RS-232 voltage for high can’t be handled at all
by computer logic. To receive serial data from an RS-232 interface the voltage
has to be reduced. Also the low and high voltage level has to be inverted his

Figure 21. Serial communication circuit

level converter uses a Max232 and five capacitors. The max232 is

quite cheap (less than 5 dollars) or if you are lucky you can get a free sample
from Maxim The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one
package contains the necessary drivers and receivers to adapt the RS-232

41
signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs
one voltage (+5V or +3.3V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage
levels.

3.6 RELAY CIRCUIT

Figure 22. Relay driver circuit

WORKING OF CIRCUIT

A relay is used to show a load switching ON or OFF. The relay driver

circuit consists of opto-coupler (MCT2E), transistor (BC547), relay and
resistors. The switching action in microcontroller is performed by relay driver
circuit. This circuit is operating at 12 volts. Pin 4 of opto-coupler is connected
is connected to pin 2 of itself. The relay driver circuit is connected to pin 25 of
microcontroller. Whenever the drive pin is at logic high condition, the photo
diode in the opto-coupler will be reverse biased. Because of lack of base

42
signal, the photo transistor will be in OFF condition. The emitter voltage will
be zero. The next stage transistor (BC547) will be in cut-off state.

Whenever the Microcontroller wants to switch ON the relay, the pin 27

will be driven to logic Low. The opto-coupler diode will be forward biased
and the photo transistor will be ON, because it gets sufficient base signal. A
current limiting resistor of about 270 ohms (current should be more than
10milli amps) is used in the photo diode circuit, so as to send sufficient
coupling signal at the base of the phototransistor. The logic voltage coming
from the microcontroller is converted to +12 Volt level at the photo transistor.
The +12 V level is required for the Relay coil. The main use of Opto-coupler
is to avoid back EMF and to isolate power circuit and control circuit.

3.7 HOME AUTOMATION CIRCUIT

Figure 23. Home automation circuit

43
WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

In the system port0 is used as input port, port1 as output port, port3 as
both input and output port. At the initialization part of the code 00h is loaded
for output and 0ffh for input port. To declare both load 1 to the pin which is
input and 0 to the output pin [1].

The four (MSB) (35 to 32) is connected to mobile circuit to get the
data (inputs). The four (5 to 8) pins are connected to decoder to send the
appropriate data..
Port3 is I/O, p3.0, p3.2 and p3.3 are input, p3.1, p3.4, p3.5, p3.6, and
p3.7 are output pins. P3.1 (11) is used to disconnect the mobile if the data
entered by user is valid,
P3.2 (12) is connected mobile circuit to get interrupt when the data is
entered from mobile,P3.4 (14) is connected to enable pin of decoder.P3.5 (15),
P3.6 (16), P3.7 (17) are connected to LCD control lines E(enable), R/W (Read
or Write) and RS (Register Select) respectively [2].
Pin p3.2 and p3.3 are external interrupt pins of microcontroller
[1].External enable (EA) (31), Vcc (40) are connected to Vcc, Vss (20) is
connected ground. Reset (9) is connected to power reset circuit as shown in
figure [1].

44
 CHAPTER 4

SERIAL
COMMUNICATION

4.1 INTRODUTION
4.2 PARAMETERS OS SERIAL
COMMUNICATION
4.3 BAUD RATE
4.4 HOW FAST CAN I TRANSMIT?
4.5 RS 232

45
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Serial communication is a popular means of transmitting data between a
computer and a peripheral device such as a programmable instrument or even
another computer. Serial communication uses a transmitter to send data, one
bit at a time, over a single communication line to a receiver. You can use this
method when data transfer rates are low or you must transfer data over long
distances. Serial communication is popular because most computers have one
or more serial ports, so no extra hardware is needed other than a cable to
connect the instrument to the computer or two computers together

4.2 PARAMETERS OF SERIAL COMMUNICATION

Serial communication requires that you specify the following four parameters:

➢ The baud rate of the transmission

➢ The number of data bits encoding a character

➢ The sense of the optional parity bit

➢ The number of stop bits

Each transmitted character is packaged in a character frame that consists

of a single start bit followed by the data bits, the optional parity bit, and the
stop bit or bits. Figure 2 shows a typical character frame encoding the
letter m.

Fig24: Bit transfer

46
4.3 BAUD RATE

Baud rate is a measure of how fast data are moving between

instruments that use serial communication. RS-232 uses only two voltage
states, called MARK and SPACE. In such a two-state coding scheme, the baud
rate is identical to the maximum number of bits of information, including
control bits that are transmitted per second. MARK is a negative voltage,
and SPACE is positive. Figure shows how the idealized signal looks on an
oscilloscope. The following is the truth table for RS-
232: Signal>3V=0 Signal>-3V=1

The output signal level usually swings between +12 V and -12 V. The
dead area between +3 V and -3 V is designed to absorb line noise. A start bit
signals the beginning of each character frame. It is a transition from negative
(MARK) to positive (SPACE) voltage. Its duration in seconds is the reciprocal of
the baud rate. If the instrument is transmitting at 9,600 baud, the duration of
the start bit and each subsequent bit is about 0.104 ms. The entire character
frame of eleven bits would be transmitted in about 1.146 ms. Data bits are
transmitted upside down and backwards. That is, inverted logic is used, and
the order of transmission is from least significant bit (LSB) to most significant
bit (MSB). To interpret the data bits in a character frame, you must read from
right to left and read 1 for negative voltage and 0 for positive voltage. This
yields 1101101 (binary) or 6D (hex). An ASCII conversion table shows that
this is the letter m. An optional parity bit follows the data bits in the character
frame. The parity bit, if present, also follows inverted logic, 1 for negative
voltage and 0 for positive voltage. This bit is included as a simple means of
error handling. You specify ahead of time whether the parity of the
transmission is to be even or odd. If the parity is chosen to be odd, the
transmitter then sets the parity bit in such a way as to make an odd number of
ones among the data bits and the parity bit. This transmission uses odd parity.
There are five ones among the data bits, already an odd number, so the parity
bit is set to 0. The last part of a character frame consists of 1, 1.5, or 2 stop

47
bits. These bits are always represented by a negative voltage. If no further
characters are transmitted, the line stays in the negative ( MARK) condition.
The transmission of the next character frame, if any, is heralded by a start bit
of positive (SPACE) voltage.

4.4 HOW FAST CAN I TRANSMIT?

Knowing the structure of a character frame and the meaning of baud

rate as it applies to serial communication, you can calculate the maximum
transmission rate, in characters per second, for a given communication setting.
This rate is just the baud rate divided by the bits per frame. In the previous
example, there are a total of eleven bits per character frame. If the
transmission rate is set at 9,600 baud, you get 9,600 / 11 =872 characters per
second. Notice that this is the maximum character transmission rate. The
hardware on one end or the other of the serial link might not be able to reach
these rates, for various reasons.

4.5 RS-232

The RS-232 is a standard developed by the Electronic Industries

Association (EIA) and other interested parties, specifying the serial interface
between Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Communications
Equipment (DCE). The RS-232 standard includes electrical signal
characteristics (voltage levels), interface mechanical characteristics
(connectors), functional description of interchange circuits (the function of
each electrical signal), and
some recipes Function Signal PIN DTE DCE for common kinds of
TxD 3 Output Input
terminal-to- Data modem connections.
RxD 2 Input Output
The most RTS 7 Output Input frequently
encountered CTS 8 Input Output revision of this
Handshake DSR 6 Input Output
standard is DCD 1 Input Output called RS-232C.
Parts of this STR 4 Output Input standard have been
Common Com 5 -- --
adopted (with various degrees of
Other RI 9 Output Input
fidelity) for use in serial
communications between computers and printers, modems, and other

48
equipment. The serial ports on standard IBM-compatible personal computers
follow RS-232. Devices that use serial cables for their communication are split
into two categories. These are DCE and DTE. DCE are devices such as a
modem, TA adapter, plotter, and so on, while DTE is a

Fig 25. RS232 serial port

computer or terminal. RS-232 serial ports come in two sizes, the D-Type 25-
pin connector and the D-Type 9-pin connector. Both of these connectors are
male on the back of the PC. Thus, you require a female connector on the
device. Table 1 shows the pin connections for the 9-pin and 25-pin D-Type
connectors.

49
 CHAPTER 5

PCB DESIGNING

5.1 HISTORY
5.2 PROCEDURE IN PCB MAKING
5.3 PCB LAYOUT
5.4 TESTING OF PCB

50
5.1 HISTORY OF PCB

In 1930's, the technology for making a PC boards was

invented and came into use during 1945. Before that time circuits
were constructed with point-to-point soldering components on an
insulating board. But this method is time consuming and hard to
troubleshoot.

5.1.1 TYPES OF PCB

 Single sided PCB

 Double sided PCB

 Multilayer PCB

The copper pattern on a PC board is primarily of two shapes. pads an

lands, which connect to trace of tracks. A set of inter connecting pads and
tracks is often referred to as the PCB artwork. When components are so
soldered to their pads; the traces connect the lead and create a working circuit.
Base material got the copper pattern. It also acts as an electrical insulator to
isolate individual traces and pads format.

1. SINGLE SIDED PCB

Single sided PCB has artwork on one side only i.e. In our project we are
using a single sided PCB.

2. DOUBLE SIDED PCB

Double-sided PCB has copper layer on both sides, connection between

layers are made with small, conductive holes called via plated through holder
that connect to pad each side of the board.

3. MULTILAYER PCB

Multilayer boards are difficult to fabricate without special equipment to

precisely align the layers, multilayer board has artwork on one or more
internal layers in addition to one or more internal layers in addition to the top

51
and bottom. we can think doubled sided PCB at bottom and one or
more single sided board laminated on top.

5.1.2 ADVANTAGES OF PCB

 They are compact, professional looking, easy to troubleshoot and

repair am, easy to duplicate

 Artwork can easily make multiple copies of each board PCB's are neat
and durable

5.1.3 DISADVANTAGES OF PCB

 Artwork is a time consuming process

 Artwork requires skill and without designing a new board it is not

possible to make connections.

5.2 PROCEDURE IN PCB MAKING

 First of all the designing is done on a PC with the help of
special purpose software of PCB designing. Then the printout
is taken which give the complete layout.

 When the artwork is copied the next step is to transfer the image into a
copper plated PC board. Photocopy or lasers print the artwork onto a
special transfer the image to the board. Then press o patterns that are
opaque, adhesive back shapes that we lift form a backing sheet and
press on to the artwork sheet. They are available in all common pad
sizes on shapes.

 The artwork orientation, we see o the board is sometimes called a

reverse reading image.

 Etching: In etching process the board is immersed in a chemical bath

that removes all exposed copper when etch is complete the board is
bare expect of the circuit pattern drawn copper

 Drilling: after etching the board is ready for cleaning and drilling the
component mounting holes.

52
  Soldering: After the holes have been drilled we are ready to insert or
mount components on the PCB and solder them to their pads.

5.3 PCB LAYOUT

One will start by making a layout of the PCB by using a CAD software
e.g. Protel, OR cad etc. Of course there is lots of PCB layout of various
projects that you can get from electronics magazines or CAD software.
However, I find it more rewarding and one learns more by putting your hands
on the available CAD software. To do the layout yourselves, you need to draw
the schematics and after that the PCB layout. The author's favorite PCB layout
software is Porte and you can download the DOS version of it for free. Of
course there are other software that one can buy but a number of these
software have demo or evaluation copy with limited function that one can
download and use.

5.3.1 Printed Circuit Board Design Rule

There are a few things to look out for when one does the PCB layouts.
It is important to take note that the layout must take into consideration the cost
factor as well as the practicality of making the PCB in-house. Listed below are
some of the design rules that one should try to adhere while doing the PCB
layouts. The detailed EMC (Electromagnetic compatibility) aspects will not be
covered here.

5.3.2 PCB Electrical Clearance, Track Width Rules

In the PCB design of electronics circuit, it is important that one plan
and has a checklist of the do's and don'ts before proceeding to do the printed
circuit board layout. The understanding of the circuit is critical to the design,
for example one needs to understand the maximum current and voltage that
are carried by each conductor in order to determine the track width of the
conductor and the type of PCB that will be used. Some examples of the IPC
standard are provided here.

53
5.3.3 Soldering Safety Precautions
• Never touch the element or tip of the soldering iron.
They are very hot (about 400°C) and will give you a nasty burn.
• Take great care to avoid touching the mains flex with the tip of the iron.
The iron should have a heatproof flex for extra protection. Ordinary plastic
flex melts immediately if touched by a hot iron and there is a risk of burns and
electric shock.
• Always return the soldering iron to its stand when not in use.
Never put it down on your workbench, even for a moment!
• Allow joints a minute or so to cool down before you touch them.
• Work in a well-ventilated area.
The smoke formed as you melt solder is mostly from the flux and quite
irritating. Avoid breathing it by keeping you head to the side of, not above,
your work.
• Wash your hands after using solder.
Solder contains lead.

5.3.4 Preparing the soldering iron

• Place the soldering iron in its stand and plug in.
The iron will take a few minutes to reach its operating temperature of about
400°C.
• Dampen the sponge in the stand.
The best way to do this is to lift it out the stand and hold it under a cold tap
for a moment then squeeze to remove excess water. It should be damp, not
dripping wet.
• Wait a few minutes for the soldering iron to warm up.
You can check if it is ready by trying to melt a little solder on the tip.
• Wipe the tip of the iron on the damp sponge.
• Melt a little solder on the tip of the iron.

54
5.3.5 PCB LAYOUTS

Figure 26. Pcb layout of control circuit

55
Figure 27. Pcb layout of relay driver circuit

56
 CHAPTER 6

OPERATION

6.1 REQUIREMENTS
6.2 VISUAL BASIC .DET
6.3 HOW TO RUN

57
6.1 REQUIREMENT
For the operation of prepaid power billing system we need a computer
having XP operating system with a software visual basic .net and a gsm
modem as discussed above for the communication.
XP operating system is required for the use of serial
communication.

6.2 VISUAL BASIC .DET

Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is an object-oriented computer language

that can be viewed as an evolution of Microsoft's Visual Basic (VB)
implemented on the Microsoft .NET framework. Its introduction has been
controversial, as significant changes were made that broke backward
compatibility with VB and caused a rift within the developer community. The
great majority of VB.NET developers use Visual Studio .NET as their
integrated development environment (IDE). Sharp Develop provides an open-
source alternative IDE. Like all .NET languages, programs written in VB.NET
require the .NET framework to execute. Visual Basic 2005 is the next iteration
of Visual Basic .NET, Microsoft having decided to drop the .NET portion of
the title.
For this release, Microsoft added many features, including:
• Edit and Continue - probably the biggest "missing feature" from Visual
Basic, allowing the modification of code and immediate resumption of
execution
• Design-time expression evaluation.

The My pseudo-namespace (overview, details), which provides:

• Easy access to certain areas of the .NET Framework that otherwise
require significant code to access.
• dynamically-generated classes (notably My .Forms)
• Improvements to the VB-to-VB.NET converter.

58
 • The Using keyword, simplifying the use of objects that require the
Dispose pattern to free resources.
• Just My Code, which hides boilerplate code written by the Visual
Studio .NET IDE.
• Data Source binding, easing database client/server development.

FEATURES OF VISUAL BASIC.NET

Powerful Windows-based Applications

Visual Basic .NET comes with features such as a powerful new forms
designer, an in-place menu editor, and automatic control anchoring and
docking. Visual Basic .NET delivers new productivity features for building
more robust applications easily and quickly. With an improved integrated
development environment (IDE) and a significantly reduced startup time,
Visual Basic .NET offers fast, automatic formatting of code as you type,
improved IntelliSense, an enhanced object browser and XML designer, and
much more.

6.3 HOW TO RUN

1. We have to first login into the system by giving username and

password.

59
2. After that we have to select the com ports by which the external
hardware are connected.
3. Then we give command 1 manually to system and due to this all
the devices will be off.
4. As similar we will give command 0 due to which all device will be
on.
5. Then by giving command a, b , c we can on-off any device.
6. Now testing process is over.
7. Using this we can add a new user.

8. This is the data base by which we can check any user data.

60
9. This is the mainframe by which a user gets credit of electricity.

61
 CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES AND
APPLICATIONS

7.1 ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEM

7.2 APPLICATIONS OF SYSTEM

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7.1 ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM
• Less Labour: - The vast work force used in the earlier EB system is
reduced to very few. This workforce can also be used for other developmental
purposes.

• No more Queues:- The old fashioned way of paying the bills and
waiting are no more needed as the bills can paid via mobile phones

• No Manipulation: - There can be no manipulation in this method as

entire process is transparent to customer.

7.2 APPLICATIONS OF SYSTEM

The various application of our system is:

1) Home

2) Malls

3) Industries and Factories

4) Rental Accommodation

5) In festivals where electricity is needed for few days

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 CHAPTER 8

RESULT AND
CONCLUSION
8.1 RESULT
8.2 CONCLUSION

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8.1 RESULT
This proposed Automated EB model includes an office module which
has a PC with its back end connected to a database. The other module is the
customer home module which is present at the home this module is used to
make note of the amount of power consumed by the customer and after a
period of 2 months it sends the PC in the EB office. This EB office module
calculates the data and sends it to the customer along with the due date. The
customer also gets details of the bill on his mobile phone through which he
can pay the bill. The advantages of this Model are:

• Automation of all features including communication from the EB office to

the customer.

• Saves data using automatic control and storage systems.

• It involves less cost to communicate.

• This system increases productivity.

• To increase n number of customers to

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8.2 CONCLUSION
An attempt has been made to develop a system which will automate
the electricity billing by the use of wireless network. As far the consumers and
suppliers both can be benefited by using the prepaid energy meter with power
management in the following ways-

• This system is of great advantage for the electricity department as this

system can be utilized for preventing power theft, non-payment of
electricity bills.
• The whole process of billing can be centralized.
• The cost of billing and its collection is reduced.
• And for consumers the most interesting feature is power management
by which they can reduce their wastage of electricity.
• This system can also be used for safety purposes.

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REFRENCES
 IEEE conference paper

 IEEE journals

 IEEE magazine

 Article titled “GPS made easy” ,by ‘Lawrenece letham’.

 Article titled “Wilderness navigation”, by ‘Bob Burns’.

 Article titled “Understanding GPS”, by ‘Elliott D Kaplam’.

 Book titled“. Net Book Zero”, by ‘Charles Petzold’.

 Book titled “Tiny avr microcontroller projects for evil genius”, by

‘D.V.GARDE and Nehil Malhotra’.

 Book titled “8051 serial communication” by ‘MAZIDI’

 WEB SITES:

 www.electronicsforu.com
 www.alldatasheets.com
 www.datasheetcatalog.com

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