Reducing the Effect of Climate Change on the Durability of Concrete

Alyaa.A.Ali 1, Firas.Kh.Jaber 2, Mazin .B.Abdulrahman 3

1
Northern Technical University / Kirkuk technical college
2
Northern Technical University
3
Tikrit University
* Corresponding author Email: dr.alattaralyaa@ntu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT:

The potential environmental benefits to society of being able to build with green concrete are huge.
The impression of the current case of matters concerning concrete type with reducing the influence of
environmental has exposed that there are experience and considerable knowledge on the issue. The
concrete industry motivates for future invention and the usage of concrete with decrease influence of
environment. However, a bit unclear environmental need which exists has resulted in the requirement of
additional specific technical needs. Furthermore, the most significant aim of this study to develop the
needed technology for decrease and usage of resources for saving the concrete structure which is green
concrete. In this study, Silica Fume, Fly ash, Rice Husk Ash and MetaKaolin were used to replace cement
in green concrete. for durability parts in the practical program, weight proportion were used to Traditional
concrete and green concrete as the ratio ( cement: river sand/silica fume + fly ash: coarse agg )
1:1.81:2.04, 1:1.73:2.04 After using many experiments.based on the property of the materials .Two
dissimilar mixes were used in this study. Finally, the results appearance that the adding of the
manufacturing trashes develops the mechanical and physical properties. Due to extra fineness of the fly
ash and silica fume, it providing to be very influential in guaranteeing very good consistency of concrete,
from the resulting review approved to replace silica fume and fly ash instead of fine aggregate .

Keyword: Green Concrete, Fly ash, Silica fume,Reduce Co2.

1. INTRODUCTION

A concept of the thoughtful environment to concrete consider each phase of the raw material
manufacturing more than the mix design to essential design, production, service lifecycle. Green concrete
is also often low-cost; because waste products are used as part of cement replacement, avoid disposal
waste fees, lower production power consumption, and more strength. Green concrete is present a concrete
type that is similar to conventional concrete, but the production or use of this concrete requires minimal
energy and causes less damage to the environment (Frederico,2009).
CO2 emissions associated with the concrete manufacture, including cement production, range from 0.1 to
0.2 ton per ton for the concrete manufactured. Nevertheless, from the entire quantity of the concrete
manufactured is very large. The Total numbers for environmental influence are very large, because of
huge quantities of concrete and cement manufactured. Concrete is the another largest consumer later
water computation for about 6% of the total CO2 emissions. The resolution For this environmental
problem is not to replace concrete with another material But for the sake of decrease the environmental
influence of concrete and cement (Ehrlich, 2010). The quarry dust was used together with fly ash, small
silica and reported medicinal properties. The possible environmental reimbursements for public building
volume by green concrete are massive. It is truthful to adopt that technology can be developed, which can
have Carbon dioxide emissions associated with concrete manufacture. Through great feasting for
concrete, it is likely to decrease the total Carbon dioxide emissions in the world by 1.5-2 percent.
Furthermore, concrete results in environmental problems further those related to Carbon dioxide
emissions. It might conceivable of continuing produces on or after other manufacturing to produce
concrete while maintaining a high quality of concrete. Over the past few decades, the society has to
convert attentive of the problems of deposits associated with the remaining products. The remaining
products are known as silica fume, fly ash, ash, rice husk, slag, metakaolin.
The concrete manufacture understood that an initial stage it as perfect knowledge with regard toward
documentation the real aspects of the environmental then industrious for refining the environmental,
economic and customer affects (Aldahdooh,2013).Additionally, some concrete industry companies have
documented that lessening in costs production frequently lead to decrease in environmental impacts.
Concrete and cement might have a significant character to show in the developed countries toward
achieving their duty to decrease the whole Carbon dioxide emissions by 21% paralleled to 1990 and
beforehand 2012, as decided at the conference in Kyoto. This is due to the concrete consumption volume
is very large.The necessity of environmental obligations forms results in a somewhat specific technical
requirement for manufacturing including the concrete manufacturing. The requirements of these
mechanisms include others novel concrete mix designs which contain innovative raw material, and
practical experience technical and knowledge about the novel property raw material and mix design of
concrete (Wilson,1989). Each ton of cement produced produces about 0.9 tons of CO2 emissions. The
typical concrete yard (0.7643 m3) of concrete contains about 10% of the weight of cement. There were a
number of articles written about reducing CO2emissions from concrete primarily through the use of less
cement and higher amounts of supplementary cement such as fly ash and slag. Table 1 has been prepared
based on data provided by Marcio et al., 2002

TABLE 1.Total CO2 emissions for 1 cubic yard of concrete for different strength Classes admixture proportion.
Mix proportions TotalCO2 emission Breakdown ofCO2 emissions for 1 yd3,%
Ready Mix Id 3 3 3 3
Ib/yd (kg/m ) Ib/yd (kg/m ) (0.76455m3)
Cement SCM Aggregate Transport Plant Operation
1 564/0/0 528(313) 96.8% 0% 0.6 % 2% 0.6%
(335/0/0)
2 470/0/0 442(262) 96.3% 0% 0.7 % 2.3% 0.7%
(279/0/0)
3 376/0/0 355(211) 95.7% 0% 0.9 % 2.6% 0.8%
223/0/0
4 301/75/0 288(171) 94.6% 0% 1.1 % 3.2% 1.0%
(179/44/0)
5 282/94/0 270(160) 94.3% 0% 1.2 % 3.4% 1.1%
(167/56/0)
6 244/0/132 239(142) 92.4% 1.2% 1.4 % 3.9% 1.2%
(145/0/78)
7 188/0/188 189(112) 89.8% 2.1% 1.7 % 4.9% 1.6%
(111/0/111)
The observation might make meanwhile the weight of cubic concrete yard approximately 2 tons, and the
emission CO2 probably ranged of concrete from 1 ton differs among (0.05 to 0.13) tons.
Almost 95 percent of totally carbon dioxide emissions as of a cubic concrete yard from the industry of
cement thus there is no surprise of abundant care is funded the using larger quantities of SCM hence the
usage of green concrete.
The kinds and quantities of cement have the main effect on the environmental for a concrete where control
beam over entirely lifetime cycle stages is demonstrated and where the unit of energy in megajoules per
kilogram for a concrete. Furthermore, the consumption energy of cement output more than 90 percent of
the whole consumption energy of totally elementary material and about one-third from the whole cycle
consumption energy. Using means of reducing the quantity of cement changed. However, it must be
complete even though remain care of technical needs. There is one method to reducing the cement from
the concrete mixture is by using the calculation for finding the best aggregate composition. An additional
way to lessening the content of cement is to extra amounts of the cement with the mixed pozzolanic
material.

1.1 THE POZZOLANIC MATERIAL ADVANTAGES OF USAGE

Green concrete has multiple advantages over traditional concrete. As it uses recycled and aggregates
materials, it also decreases additional weight in waste dumps and reduces waste and aggregates. Net
carbon dioxide emissions are therefore lower. Reuse of materials donates heavily to the economy.
Meanwhile, waste resources such as aggregates and fly ash, transportation costs are very low
(Biricik,1999). However, Green concrete considered an essential element in sustainable development due
to its environmentally friendly. Specifically, Green concrete is extensively used in green building applies.
The waste disposal material has also solved the problem of disposal of excessive industrial waste (Caijun
Shi,2005). There are a lot of advantages associated with green concrete which is reduced CO2 emissions,
low-cost production as wastes with substitute the cement, saves energy and protects emission and also
saves wastewater, leasing the consumption of cement total, easy for working, development of sustainable,
bigger strength with durability than standard concrete, Flexural and compressive strength performance is
justly the same to the traditional concrete. Green concrete might lead to several of the society’s problem
with the usage of inorganic, residual outcome which must otherwise be deposited.

1.2 DIFFERENT METHODS TO PRODUCE GREEN CONCRETE

Method 1, increase the use of traditional residual products to reduce clinker content by changing the
cement with fly ash and small silica in large quantities allowing it. Second, develop green cement and new
binding materials by increasing the use of other fuels, and improving cement through low energy
consumption. Thirdly, the concrete with the remaining inorganic products and the base stabilized the basis
with waste incinerator wastes the results of low-quality fly ash or other inorganic residual products (F.
Chen,2013).
1.3. BEHAVIOR OF DIFFERENT MIXES TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CLASSES

In a different study of behavior analyzing of various compositions in different environmental classes was
proceeding. In this study, there is numerous various mixture were set and out to various conduction of
environmental. Additionally, the parameters can control the mixture of a slump around 100 millimeters.
The different green concrete combinations and the respective the condition environmental as shown in the
table below.

TABLE 2. Passive environmental class

Control PV1 PV2 PV3 PV4

Cement Content(kg) 148 120 101 85 61
Content of Fly Ash(%) 24 50 50 60 70
Content of Micro Silica(%) 6 - 6 6 6
CO2 reduction - 18 31 41 57
Water / Cement 0.71 0.78 0.80 0.70 0.74

TABLE 3.Aggressive environmental class

Control AV1 AV2 AV3 AV4 AV5

Cement Content(kg) 309 274 272 219 190 189
Content of Fly
9 9 18 30 40 40
Ash(%)
Content of Micro
5 5 5 5 5 5
Silica(%)
CO2 reduction - 33 33 46 54 54
Water / Cement 0.37 0.421 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42

From Table 2 and 3 shows mixed test concrete gathering to great volume of Fly Ash of aggressive with the
passive environmental group. Though, the passive environmental class led to increase of the Fly Ash
content from 18 to 57 percent. While the class of aggressive environmental lead to increasing the Fly Ash
contented from 9 to 40 percent resultant the lessening of Carbone Dioxide emission from 33 to 54 percent.
Furthermore, AV5 is an adapted form of AV4 with more amount of air content.
Figure 1 and 2 shows the strength development. The figures indicate that PV4 which has 70% of Fly Ash
content is too small is give the impression Fly Ash content should not outdo just about 60%. However, the
strength development remains very slaw. Accordingly, the concrete at the class of aggressive
environmental led to the strength development has the same properties for all concrete kinds.
35
Compressive Strength Mpa

30
25
Control
20
15 PV1
10 PV2
5 PV3
0
PV4
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Time (h)

Fig (1) Develop the strength of the high volume of concrete fly ash in the negative environmental class
 70

60

Compressive Strength Mpa

50
Control
40
AV1
30
AV2
20
AV3
10

0 AV4
0 200 400 600 Time800
(h) 1000 1200 1400 1600
AV5

Fig (2) Develop the strength of the high volume of fly ash in concrete in the active environmental class

2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1. CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE.

The physical properties of the waste materials are listed in the table (4). The coefficient of smoothness of
Silica Fume and Fly Ash, are similar to fine aggregate that ranging between 2.2 to 2.6. The uniformity
factor of fine aggregate commonly must be less than 6. Also, the gradient coefficient must be between 1 to
3 for fine aggregates.
TABLE 4.Basic properties of Materials.
Effective
Properties Unit weight (kg/m3) F.M. Coefficient of uniformity
size(mm)

Fine aggregate 1430 0.20 2.20 6

Fly ash 1750 0.22 2.35 4.5
Silica Fume 1118 0.17 2.04 1.58
Coarse Aggregate 1507 -- --

2.2. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL

2.2.1. Cement

Ordinary Portland cement type Mass was used in all mixes. The chemical and physical properties of this
cement are presented in Tables (5) and (6) respectively. Test results indicate that the adopted cement
conformed to the Iraqi specification No. 5/1984 (Iraqi Standard No. 5 , 1984)

TABLE (5).Chemical composition and main compounds of cement used in this investigation *
Limit of Iraqi specification No.
Oxides composition Content %
5/1984
Line, CaO 62.5 % -
Silica, SiO2 21.4 % -
Alumina, Al2O3 4.6 % -
Iron oxide, Fe2O3 3.3 %
Magnesia, MgO 3.0 % 5 % Max.
Sulfate, SO3 2.6 % 3 % Max.
Loss on Ignition, (L.O.I) 1.0 % 4 % Max.
 Insoluble material 1.3 % 1.5 % Max.
Lim Saturation Factor,
0.9 (0.66-1.02)
(L.S.F)
Main Compounds (Bogues equation)
C3S 48.7 %
C2S 24.8 %
C3A 6.6 % >5%
C4AF 10 %
* Chemical and Physical tests were conducted by the National Center for Construction Laboratories-Kirkuk.

TABLE (6).Physical properties of cement used in this investigation *

Limit of Iraqi specification No.
Physical Properties Test Results
5/1984
Specific surface area 311 230 m2/kg lower limit
Setting time (vacate apparatus)
Initial setting, hrs : min 2:40 Greater than 45 min
Final setting, hrs : min 3:50 Greater than 10 hrs
Compressive strength MPa
For 3-day 20.4 15 MPa lower limit
For 7-day 30.2 23 MPa lower limit
Expansion by Autoclave method 0.38 % 0.8 % upper limit
* Physical and chemical tests were conducted by Structural Laboratory at Kirkuk Technical College

2.2.2 Fine Aggregate

Normal weight natural sand was used as shown in fig (3) as fine aggregate. Before its incorporation
into the concrete mix, sand was sieved on 4.75mm sieve. The grading of the sand conformed to the
requirements of Iraqi specification No. 45/1984 (Iraqi Standard No. 45 , 1984) as shown in Table (7) and
Fig. (4). The Physical and chemical tests on sand used throughout this work are shown in Table (8).
Results also indicate that the fine aggregate grading and sulfate content are within the Iraqi specification
No. 45/1984 (Iraqi Standard No. 45 , 1984)

Fig (3) Fine aggregate

TABLE (7).Grading of fine aggregate
Limit of Iraqi specification
Sieve size Cumulative passing %
No. 45/1984
4.75 100 90-100
2.36 89.32 85-100
1.18 82.56 75-100
0.6 64.81 60-79
0.3 20.9 12-40
0.15 3.22 0-10
* Test was carried out by National Center for Construction Laboratories-Kirkuk.
 120

100

cumulative passing %
80

60

40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Sieve size mm

min Sample max

Fig. (4): Grading curve for fine aggregate

TABLE (8).Chemical and physical properties of the sand *

Properties Specification Test Results Limits of specification
Specific gravity ASTMC128-01,2004 2.60
Absorption % ASTMC128-01,2004 2.2
3 ASTM C29/C29M/97
Dry loose unit weight, kg/m 1590
,2004
Sulfate content (as SO3), % (I.O.S.) No. 45-84 0.08 0.5 max
Material finer than 0.075 mm
(I.O.S.) No. 45-84 1.18 5 (max. value)
sieve, %
* Teat was carried out by Structural Laboratory at Kirkuk Technical College

2.2.3: Coarse Aggregate

The normal weight natural coarse aggregate was used as shown in fig (5) as a coarse aggregate. Before its
incorporation into the concrete mix, the coarse aggregate was sieved on 25 mm sieve. The grading of the
coarse aggregate conformed to the requirements of (ASTM C33-01,2004) as shown in Table (9) and Fig.
(6) ; Physical and chemical tests on coarse aggregate used throughout this work are shown in Table (10).

Fig (5) coarse aggregate

 TABLE (9).Grading of normal weight coarse aggregate*
Sieve size Cumulative passing % Limit of ASTM c33-01
37.5 mm (11⁄2 in.) 100 100
25.0 mm (1 in.) 90.52 95 to 100
12.5 mm (1⁄2 in.) 33.67 25 to 60
4.75 mm (No. 4) 3.22 0 to 10
2.36 mm (No. 8) 1.09 0 to 5

120
min Sample max

100
Cumulative Passing %

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Sieve size mm

Fig. (6): Grading curve for fine aggregate

TABLE (10) .Chemical and physical properties of normal weight coarse aggregate*
Test
Properties Specification Limits of specification
Results
Specific gravity ASTM C128-01 2.60
Absorption % ASTM C128-01 2.3
3
Dry loose unit weight, kg/m ASTM C29/C29M/97 1593
Sulfate content (as SO3), % (I.O.S.) No. 45-84 0.08 0.5 max
* Teat was carried out by Structural Laboratory at Kirkuk Technical College

2.2.4 Silica Fume

The type of silica fume that used in the study is micro silica as shown in fig (7). Chemical oxide
structure of the silica fume is shown in Table (11). The physical properties are given in Table (12)

Fig (7) silica fume

 TABLE (11).Chemical analysis of silica fume *
Oxides Composition Oxide Content %
SiO2 94
Al2O3 2.03
Fe2O3 1.32
CaO Nil
MgO 2.00
K2O Nil
Na2O Nil
Total 99.35
* Teat was carried out by Structural Laboratory at Kirkuk Technical College

TABLE (12).Physical requests for silica fume

Physical Properties Silica Fume (SF)
Unit weight kg/m3 2.45 kg/m3
Specific Gravity 2.32
The quantity of Silica Fume
4.8 %
remaining on a 45 m sieve

* Test was carried out by National Center for Construction Laboratories-Kirkuk.

2.2.5. Fly ash

. The fly ash was Class F fly ash as shown in fig (8). Its properties conformed to the (ASTM C 311,2000)

Fig (8) fly ash

TABLE 13.Physical and chemical property of Fly ash
Specific Gravity 2.20
SiO2 75.25
Al2O3 13.63
Fe2O3 1.22
CaO 1.28
MgO 0.33
SO3 –
K2O 5.34
Na2O 3.0
TiO2 1.42
P O
2 5 –
LOI 5.38
2.2.6.SUPER PLASTICIZER
In this study, PC200 was used as a high-grade water-reducing additive (HARWA) to enhance early and
final resistance and as a high-effective damper with an effective effect on the operability. PC200 does not
contain any compounds that help corrode reinforcing steel. Table (14) shows the technical specifications
of the additive (ACI–Committee 2012)

TABLE (14) .Technical Specifications of (PC200) *.

Main action Concrete Super Plasticizer
Appearance Light yellow liquid
Freezing temp 3C
Specific gravity 1.05 ± 0.02
Air entrainment Typically less than 2%

2.2.7. MIX RATIO OF CONCRETE:

for durability parts in the practical program, weight proportion was used to Traditional concrete and green
concrete as the ratio ( cement: river sand/silica fume + fly ash: coarse agg ) 1:1.81:2.04, 1:1.73:2.04 after
using many trials .based on the properties of the materials. Mix A and Mix B were used, which mix A
refer to reference Mix with normal materials and Mix B refer to green concrete were used manufacturing
waste (50% silica fume and 50 % fly ash) instead of River sand.The w/c proportion for both Mixes were
.55% by Weight. S.p were used to reduced w/c ratio and increase workability.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Workability:

- TABLE 15. Physical and chemical property of materials (BS EN 12350: Part 2, 2009).
Mix no. Slump test (mm) flow test (mm) in mm Funnel test (sec)
TEST A 215 422 25
TEST B 250 659 16

Fig (9) slump test

3.2. COMPRESSIVE AND SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH:

The compressive strength is used cubes in dimensions 150 mm and for split tensile strength cylinder
specimen was used in dimension 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height the results are shown in table (16)
and figures (9) and (10) respectively(BS 1881، Part 116,1989)( ASTM C 496 ,1996) .

TABLE 16 .Avg. Compressivea and tensile strength of concrete

The average compressive strength in
Tensile strength in N / mm2
N / mm2
Mix
3 DAYS 3 DAYS 28 DAYS 3 DAYS 7 DAYS 28DAYS
Mix A 15.45 18.33 36.85 2.40 2.60 4.62
Mix B 13.54 19.52 40.35 2.15 2.98 5.02

45

40

35
Compressive strength Mpa

30

25

20

Mix A Mix B
15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time ( day )

Fig (9) compressive strength

5
Tensile Strength Mpa

2
Mix A Mix B

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (day)

Fig (10) tensile strength

3.3. DURABILITY AND RESISTANCE TO SULPHATE ATTACK
TABLE 17 .Weight loss ratio

%Absorbing water 28 Days 90 Days

After 28 Days Na2SO4 and Na2SO4 and
Mix
MgSO4 H2SO4 MgSO4 H2SO4

Mix A 2.85 1.65 2.10 2.20 2.65

Mix B 3.74 1.15 0.80 1.95 1.10

To study the behavior of sulphate attack on the normal and green concrete, the prism prepared and
immersed in typical condition for 28 and 90 days in the testing basin which is containing 7.5 % MgSo4
and 7.5 % Na2So4 by water weight.From the previous table, it seems that green concrete has resistance to
sulphate attack more than traditional concrete Because of Sio2 in fly ash and silica fume can interact with
Ca(OH)2 in concrete to form secondary calcium silicate hydrate And this lead to make green concrete
more stable structurally. Also, this leads to improving waterproofness of concrete, in addition, the
advantage of using silica fume leads to minimize CA content in cementations material, all these benefits
make concrete resist to sulphate attacks

4. CONCLUSION
From the experimental data that we get it, the result approved that using of manufacturing wastes leads to
improve the physical and mechanical properties. These outputs are of major importance just because this
type of innovative concrete needs large amounts of fine particles. Because of its excessive fineness of the
Fly Ash and Silica Fume, it provided that it be very active in promising perfect cohesiveness of concrete.
In this study, it is concluded that fly ash and silica fume perhaps used instead of fine aggregate

1-The chemical structure of Silica Fume and Fly Ash are similar to the cement.
2- Replace fine aggregates with 50% of silica and 50% fly ash shows an excellent effect on strength and
type. The results presented that M4 combination is caused by high tensile strength and high compressive
strength. Increasing the content of powder sludge over 50% increases workability but affects the
compressive strength of concrete.
3- The workability of green concrete is higher and it satisfies the self-compacting concrete due to its slump
657 mm without decreasing in strength when we increase the amount of silica fume in the mix the slump
flow will increase with decreasing in V-funnel time
4- The test results show that these manufacturing wastes are eligible of beneficent the behavior of solid
concrete.
5- The trial results show that this manufacturing trashes are able to improve the property of solid concrete.
6- Green concrete improves the behavior of fresh concrete, and can be used in architectural concrete mixes
that contain white cement.
7- The capacity of water absorption for green concrete is greater than normal concrete.
8- The durability of normal concrete under sulphate is less than green.
The overview of the current situation with respect to the specific species with limited environmental
impact has improved that there are substantial facts and experience of the subject. However, the concrete
industry to respond may also stimulate additional output development and concrete using with low impact
of environmental. The rather ambiguous environmental needs have led to the requirement of technical
specifications. The main objective of this study is to develop the technology for the production and using
of resources that provide concrete structures, namely, green concrete. Additionally, This applies to chassis
design, specification, manufacturing, performance, operation, and maintenance.In 1994, the cement
industry consumed 6.6 kg of primary energy, equivalent to 2% of world energy consumption. Worldwide,
1126 metric tons of carbon dioxide or 5% of carbon dioxide production is generated from cement
production. Carbon intensity in the cement industry is 0.81 kg of CO2 per kg of cement.in North America,
India, chinas carbon density is about 10 % greater than the average .specific carbon emissions range from
0.36 to 1.09 kg per 1 kg of cement, depending mainly on the cement, fuel, and method of process.
The potential environmental benefit of the community of building capacity by green concrete is massive. It
is realistic to assume that technology can be developed, which can have CO2 emissions related to the
production of concrete, and with the consumption of large concrete energy and the following large
emissions of carbon dioxide, which means that CO2 emissions could be reduced by 2%.
Seventeen different options have been identified to improve energy efficiency
. This improvement ranges from a small percentage to more than 25 % per option, depending on the
reference situation (ie, the type of operation and fuel used) and the local situation
The use of waste rather than fossil fuels may reduce CO2 emissions from 0.1 to 0.5 kg/kg of cement
(between 20 and 40%). End of pipe technology may be to reduce CO2 emissions. Perhaps the main
techniques are combustion under oxygen while recycling CO2(Hendrix, 2004). However, consider the
research required for all aspects of the unknown technique.

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