Course Objectives and Introduction to Data Communication

Course Objectives
Chapter One Upon completion of this Course students should be

able to:
o List major technologies in data communication
Introduction to Data o Explain the operation and application areas of data

transmission
Communication o Appreciate standards that have been defined for
connecting a computer to data circuit terminating
and o Explain the operation and application areas of
some of the alternative methods that can be
employed to detect transmission errors
OSI Model o Explain the various data communication networks
available
o Handle communication equipment
Chapter 1: Content Review Questions

What is networking?
networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices
Introduction to Data Communication and OSI Model together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a
Data Communications. mix of computer hardware and computer software.
Components What is data communication?
Direction of Data Flow. concerns the transmission of digital messages convey to devices external to the
Networks. message source
Network Criteria What are components involved in data communication?
Type of Connection. •Sender, receiver, Message, Medium and protocol
Topology Name directions of data flow?
•Simplex, half duplex and full duplex
Categories of Networks.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model What is network topology?
arrangement or mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a network,
Peer-to-Peer Processes especially the physical (real) and logical (virtual) interconnections between nodes
Functions of Layers
Data Communication
Overview of Data Communications & Networking
Definition
Data – information presented in whatever form
the process of exchanging data by using a
communication device (hardware and software)
The Effectiveness of Data Communication:-

Delivery – data reach to the correct destination
Accuracy – data received is the correct data
Timeliness – data transmitted without delay (real-
time transmission)
1
Data Communication 5 Components of Data Communication
Components
Data
D Representation
R i 5 3
Direction of Data Flow

4
1 2
Five components of data communication
5 Components of Data Communication (cont.) Data Representation
1 and 2 [Sender and Receiver] or [Source and Destination] Text [represent as bit pattern – sequence of bits( 0s or 1s)]
All communications originate at a source and travel to a ASCII – by ANSI (7 bits)
destination.
Extended ASCII (8 bits – extra 0 at left)
3 [Message / Data Packets] Unicode (16 bits)
Information that travels on a network is referred to as a data, ISO (32 bits)
packet, or data packet. Numberss
4 [Media / Medium] Images – composed of a matrix of pixels
Telephone wires (UTP), Category 5 UTP (used for 10BaseT (picture elements) – small dots
Ethernet), Coaxial cables, Optical fibers (thin glass fibers
that carry light) Size of pixel depends on resolution
Audio - sound
5 [Protocol]
Video – continuous images
Set of rules that makes communication both possible and
more efficient
Direction of Data Flow Simplex
(Sender)
(Receiver)
Simplex
Half-Duplex
Full-Duplex
The receiver can ONLY receive,
but cannot send
2
Half-Duplex Full-Duplex
Both can send AND receive Both can send AND receive
BUT SIMULTANEOUSLY
not at the same time • sharing bandwidth between signal traveling in both direction
Bandwidth?
i.e:- walkie-talkie i.e:- telephone network
Networks Distributed Processing
Definition – a task is divided among

Distributed Processing multiple computers, each will have their
Network Criteria own system processing, and at the end
result
lt will
ill be
b delivered/compile
d li d/ il to
t each
h
Physical Structures other, so that is where we need a
NETWORK.
Categories of Networks
One workstation is a subset to another
workstation.
Network Criteria Physical Structures

Performance
i.e:- transmit time, response time
Evaluated by metrics: throughput and delay
Reliability
i.e:- frequency of failure, time to recover failure and
Type of Connection
network robustness in catastrophe (devastation)
Point-to-Point
Security
S it
Examples: Multipoint
protect data from unauthorized access (hackers)
Protect data from damage and development
Implement policies and procedure for data recovery
3
Point-to-point Multipoint
(Multidrop)
Dedicated link between TWO devices More than 2 devices SHARE a SINGLE link
∴ Capacity of the channel is SHARED spatially/temporally
Physical Topology Fully Connected Mesh Topology

Definition – the way in which a network is laid out physically
Categories of Topology
Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device
Advantage:- Disadvantage:-
Carry its own data load Link must be shared by
Robust multiple device
Privacy and security No. of I/O ports
Star Topology Bus Topology
Point-to-point to a central controller Signals go through the cable become weaker and weaker
Advantage:- Explanation:
Disadvantage:- One long cable as a backbone to link all devices
Easy to install, reconfigure and troubleshoot
Failure of hub cripples Nodes connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps
Robustness attached stations Drop line connected between devices and main cable
More suited for larger networks More cable required Taps is connector splices into the main cable to create contact with metallic core
Easy to expand network
Cabling types can be mixed
4
Bus Topology (cont.) Ring Topology
Advantage:-
Ease of installation
Cheapest topology to implement
Failure of one station does not affect others
Less expensive due to less footage of cabling and no network hubs
Good for smaller networks not requiring higher speeds
Disadvantage:-
Difficult reconnection and fault isolation
Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building
Limited in size and speed
Difficult to troubleshoot Passing token to take turn
Difficult to administer/troubleshoot Dual ring - for line backup
A cable break can disable the entire network; no redundancy
Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run
Performance degrades as additional computers are added
Ring Topology (cont.)

Advantage:-
Hybrid Topology
Ease to install and reconfigure
A combination of any two or more network
Can create much larger network using Token Ring topology to form complete network
Growth of system has minimal impact on performance Physical topology
All stations have equal access refers to the layout of cables, computers and other
peripherals
Disadvantage:- d
describes
b the h layout off the
h network,
k just like
k a map shows
h
the layout of various roads
•Moves, adds and changes of devices can affect the network
•Network adapter cards and Multi Access Unit (MAU)'s are much more
Logical Topology
expensive than Ethernet cards and hubs the method used to pass the information between the
computers
•Much slower than an Ethernet network under normal load
describes how the data is sent across the network
•Failure of one computer may impact others
E.g.: how the cars are able to travel (the direction and
•Complex speed) at every road on the map.
Categories of Network Local Area Network
The categories of network depends on

its:-
Size It is privately owned
Ownership
Distance cover i.e:- single office, building, campus
Physical architecture
5
Local Area Network (cont.) Metropolitan Area Network
To extend over an entire city
i.e:- telecommunication company (telco)
Wide Area Network Network Configuration
Internet Internet History

1960s ~ Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ~ interested to find a
Definition: way how to connect to others PC so
combination 2 or more network ~known as enable for data sharing and exchanging data.
Internetwork Reducing cost
eliminating duplication of effort
is a collection of many separate networks. 1967 ~ proposed ARPANET
A global network connecting millions of computers.
p 1969 ~ ARPANET is become reality
More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of ARPANET was currently using the Network Control Protocol (NCP) to transfer data among hosts
data, news and opinions 1972 ~ The first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN.
Is a worldwide system of computer networks – several 1973 ~ proposed protocol Transmission control protocol (TCP)
networks which users can communicate each other if Encapsulation
they have permission to get information from any other Datagram
computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other The function of gateway
computers). Then, split protocol to

TCP ~ responsible for higher level function : segmentation, reassembly and error detection
Internetworking Protocol (IP)~ handle datagram routing
6
How Internet today?
Internet today
Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative, and
self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of
millions of people worldwide.
Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total
resources of the currently existing public
telecommunication networks.
Technically, to distinguish the Internet
use of a set of protocols called TCP/IP (for
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Two recent adaptations of Internet technology, the
intranet and the extranet, also make use of the
TCP/IP protocol.
How to connect to Internet? Protocol and Standard

Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Protocol
International Service Provider = rule
National Service Provider enable two entities to communicate in sending and receiving
Backbone network maintained by specialized company message using a protocol (agreed)
E.g: Jaring, TMnet, Celcom.net, Maxis Net, iDiGi Internet Set of rule that govern data communication
Service, Time.Net Define what
what, how and when to communicated
3 key elements:
Regional Service Provider ~ smaller ISPs that Syntax ~ refers to the structure of format of the data
connected to one or more national ISPs Semantics ~ refers to meaning of each section of bits
Local Internet Service Provider Timing ~ refers to 2 characteristic
When data should be send
E.g: ISP in a company and can be connected to regional and How fast data can be sent
national ISP e.g:
sender produce: 100Mbps; overload
receiver can process:1Mbps
Protocol and Standard Standard Organization

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Multinational body ~ committees from various company
Standard
Developing cooperation in the realms of scientific, technological and

Agreed-upon rule economic activity
Why? International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication
Guideline for manufacturer to create and maintain any Standard Sector (ITU-T)
equipment to ensure the connectivity needed in market and Define national standard for telecommunication
international communication American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
G
Guaranteeing
t i national
ti l and
d iinternational
t ti l iinteroperability
t bilit off data
d t P i t and
Private d nott affiliated
ffili t d with
ith U.S
U S federal
f d l governmentt
and telecommunication technology and process Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Two categories Largest professional engineering society
De facto ~ standard not approved by an organized body but Aims to advance theory, creativity, and product quality in electrical
has adopted as standard through widespread used engineering, electronics, radio related to engineering
Established by manufacturer that seek to define the functionality of
Oversees development and adoption of international standards for
new product computing and communication
De jure ~ standard that has been legislated by an officially Electronic Industries Associated (EIA)
recognized body Activities include public awareness education and standards development.
Contribution in defining physical connection interfaces and electronic
signaling specification for data communication.
7
Layered Tasks
Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
TCP/IP Model Hierarchy

task done “in order”
Services
And layer use services of the layer immediately below
it
Sender – the higher layer uses services of the
OSI Model middle layer. The middle layer uses services of the
lower layer and the lower layer uses services of the
carrier.
Sending a letter Internet Model (Internet Layers)

Peer-to-Peer Processes
Interfaces between Layers – defines what
information and services a layer must provide for the layer
above it.
Organization of the Layers
Functions of Layers
Summary of Layers
Internet Layers Peer-to-Peer Processes
At the physical layer, the communication is direct

The processes on each machine that communicate at a given layer
Interfaces – enable passing data and network information down through layers at the sender and
receiver
Each interfaces defines information and services must provide by a layer for a layer above it
8
An exchange using the Internet model Data exchange using the Internet model (cont..)
Organization of the Layers Function of Layers
Divided to three subgroups:-

Layer 1 (Physical) Network Support Layers Application
Layer 2 (Data Link)
Transport
-deals with the physical aspects
of moving data from one device
to another
Layer 3 (Network)
Transport Layer Network
Data Link
-links the two subgroups,
Layer 4 (Transport) -ensures what the lower layers have
transmitted is in a form that the upper
Physical
layers can use
Layer 5 (Application) User Support Layer

-allows interoperability among
unrelated software systems
Physical Layer Physical Layer Major Duties:-

Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
Defines characteristics of the interface between the
devices and the transmission media
Defines type of transmission medium
Representation of bits
Defines the type of representation (how bits changed to
signals)
i l)
Data rate
The physical layer is responsible for Defines transmission rate (no. of bits sent each second)-
duration of a bit
transmitting individual bits from one node to
Synchronization of bits
the next.
Synchronized the bit level (receiver clock)
Defines the cable or the physical medium
9
Data Link Layer Data Link Layer Major Duties:-
Framing
Divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into
manageable data units
Physical addressing
Adds a header to the frame to define the sender and/or receiver of
the frame
Flow control
To prevent overwhelming the receiver
The data link layer is responsible for transmitting frames from the node to the next. Error control (through trailer)
Defines the format of data on the network
To detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames
To prevent duplication of frames
Include data frame, checksum, source and destination address and data. Access control
Handles the physical and logical connections to the packet’s destination using a To determine which device has control, over the link at any given
network interface time
Node-to-Node Delivery Example 1
In Figure 2.8 a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a

node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a
link. At the data link level this frame contains physical addresses in
the header. These are the only addresses needed. The rest of the
header contains other information needed at this level. The trailer
usually contains extra bits needed for error detection
Illustrates hop-to-hop (node-to-node) delivery by the data link layer
Network Layer Network Layer Major Duties:-
Logical addressing
To distinguish the source and destination systems
Routing
When independent networks or links are connected to
create and internetwork / large network, the
connecting devices (routing/switches) route/switch
the packets to their final destination
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of
packets from the original source to the
final destination.
10
Source-to-Destination Delivery Example 2
In Figure 2.11 we want to send
data from a node with network
address A and physical address 10,
located on one LAN, to a node
with a network address P and
physical address 95, located on
another LAN. Because the two
devices are located on different
networks,, we cannot use physical
p y
addresses only; the physical
addresses only have local
jurisdiction (control). What we
need here are universal addresses
that can pass through the LAN
boundaries. The network (logical)
addresses have this characteristic.
Transport Layer Transport Layer Major Duties:-
Port addressing
Gets the entire message to the correct process on that computer
Segmentation and reassembly
Enable the transport layer to reassemble the message correctly upon
arrival at the destination
To identify and replace packets that were lost in the transmission
Connection control
Connectionless
• User Datagram protocol
• No end-to-end reliability check
The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a message from • E.g.: DNS update, and SMS
one process to another. connection-oriented
• Transmission Control protocol (TCP)
Provides end-to-end connection between two devices during • Guarantees that is receives as it was sent
• E.g.: Telnet, FTP, SSH and Telephone conservation (real world)
communication by performing sequencing, acknowledgement,
checksums, and flow control
Transport Layer Major Duties(cont.) Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
Flow control
End-to-end flow control
Error control
End-to-end
End to end error control
Ensure the entire message arrives at the
receiving transport layer without error
(damage,lost,duplicate) - retransmission
Data delivery not only between both computer but also from
specific process on one computer to a specific process on the other.
11
Example 3 Application Layer
The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.
Application Layer Major Duties:- Summary of Duties

Mail services
Basis for email forwarding and storage
File transfer and access
Allows user to access files in a remote host (changes/read
data)
Retrieve file from remote computer for use in the local
computer
t
Manage or control files in a remote computer locally
Remote log-in
User can log into a remote computer and access the
resources of that computer
Accessing the World Wide Web (WWW)
For internet usage
OSI Layer
Application
OSI Model Presentation
Session
Review Session
S Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
12
Why a Layered Model? Layers with Function
7 Layers of the OSI Reference Model The Application (Upper) Layers

• Application
The Application (Upper) Layers
User interface
Layer 7: Application
Examples – Telnet, HTTP
Layer 6: Presentation
• Presentation
Layer 5: Session
How data is presented
The Data Flow (Lower) Layers
Special processing, such as encryption
Layer 4: Transport
Examples – ASCII, EMCDIC, JPEG
Layer 3: Network
• Session
Layer 2: Data Link
Keeping different applications’ data separate
Layer 1: Physical
Examples – Operating system/application access
scheduling
The Data Flow (Lower) Layers The OSI Models

• Transport
Reliable or unreliable delivery Application – think of browsers
Error correction before transmit
Examples: TCP, UDP, SPX
Presentation – think of common data format
• Network Session – think of dialogs and conversations
Provide logical addressing which routers use for path determination
Examples: IP, IPX
Transport – think of flow control and reliability
• Data
D Link
Li k Network – think of path selection, routing, and
Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames
logical addressing
Access to media using MAC address
Error detection not correction Data Link – think of frames and media access
Examples: 802.3/802.2, HDLN control
• Physical Physical – think of signals and media
Moves bits between devices
Specifies voltage, wire speed, and pin-out cables
Examples: EIA/TIA-232, V.35
13
Encapsulation Names for Data at Each Layer
The lower layers

use encapsulation
to put the protocol
data unit (PDU)
from the upper
layer into its data
field and to add
headers and
trailers that the
layer can use to
perform its
function.
De-encapsulation Comparison: OSI Model & TCP/IP Model
• When the data link layer receives the frame, it does

the following:
It reads the physical address and other control
information provided by the directly connected peer
data link layer.
It strips
st i s the
th control
t l information
i f ti from
f the
th frame,
f
thereby creating a datagram.
It passes the datagram up to the next layer,
following the instructions that appeared in the control
portion of the frame.
Note:
Datagram - a self-contained, independent entity of data carrying sufficient information to be
routed from the source to the destination computer without reliance on earlier exchanges between
this source and destination computer and the transporting network
Question?
Do you understand?
If not, better do revision.
14

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Course Objectives

Chapter One  Upon completion of this Course students should be

Introduction to Data o Explain the operation and application areas of data

Chapter 1: Content Review Questions

 the process of exchanging data by using a

communication device (hardware and software)

 The Effectiveness of Data Communication:-

 Accuracy – data received is the correct data

 Timeliness – data transmitted without delay (real-

Direction of Data Flow

5 Components of Data Communication (cont.) Data Representation

Direction of Data Flow Simplex

Networks Distributed Processing

Definition – a task is divided among

Network Criteria Physical Structures

Physical Topology Fully Connected Mesh Topology

Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device

Privacy and security No. of I/O ports

Star Topology Bus Topology

Ring Topology (cont.)

Categories of Network Local Area Network

The categories of network depends on

To extend over an entire city

i.e:- telecommunication company (telco)

Wide Area Network Network Configuration

Internet Internet History

computers).  Then, split protocol to

How to connect to Internet? Protocol and Standard

Protocol and Standard Standard Organization

 Developing cooperation in the realms of scientific, technological and

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier

TCP/IP Model Hierarchy

Sending a letter Internet Model (Internet Layers)

Internet Layers Peer-to-Peer Processes

At the physical layer, the communication is direct

Organization of the Layers Function of Layers

Divided to three subgroups:-

 Layer 5 (Application) User Support Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer Major Duties:-

Node-to-Node Delivery Example 1

In Figure 2.8 a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a

Network Layer Network Layer Major Duties:-

Transport Layer Transport Layer Major Duties:-

Transport Layer Major Duties(cont.) Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

The application layer is responsible for

Application Layer Major Duties:- Summary of Duties

7 Layers of the OSI Reference Model The Application (Upper) Layers

The Data Flow (Lower) Layers The OSI Models

The lower layers

De-encapsulation Comparison: OSI Model & TCP/IP Model

• When the data link layer receives the frame, it does

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Chapter One Upon completion of this Course students should be

the process of exchanging data by using a

The Effectiveness of Data Communication:-

Accuracy – data received is the correct data

Timeliness – data transmitted without delay (real-

Direction of Data Flow

Definition – a task is divided among

Privacy and security No. of I/O ports

computers). Then, split protocol to

Developing cooperation in the realms of scientific, technological and

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier

TCP/IP Model Hierarchy

At the physical layer, the communication is direct

Divided to three subgroups:-

Layer 5 (Application) User Support Layer