KONKAN GYANPEETH

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KARJAT.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Synopsis and Project Stage1 report submitted by -

1. Aadarsh Mishra
2. Satyam Singh
3. Suraj Patil

Project Title: - To Study Quality Of Steam Produce From two Different System .
for Same Environmental condition.

Have satisfactorily completed the same as a partial fulfillment of the

Project work for the B.E MECHANICAL degree as specified by
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI during semester VII of the –

ACADEMIC YEAR – 2018 - 2019

_____________

Prof. S.S. Patil

(Project Guide)

_______________ ____________

Prof.K.A.Chaudhari Dr. M. J. Lengare

H.O.D. Principal
(Mech. Engg.) K.G.C.E. Karjat.
 College Seal

SYNOPSIS

NAME OF COLLEGE : Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat

CLASS : B.E. (MECHANICAL)

SEMESTER : VII

ACEDEMIC YEAR : 2018-2019

PROJECT TITLE : To Study Quality of Steam Produce From two . .

……………. Different System for Same Environmental condition.
 ABSTRACT

A three-fold configuration has to be considered to optimize the chosen technology:

Thermal Energy Storage (TES), Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) and the concentration system
technology (parabolic Trough). Direct Steam Generation (DSG) represents a realistic
alternative to the existing HTF solutions as it uses water to feed the plant and get steam.
When applied to parabolic trough, the whole system is undergoing a sequence of
technological new problems presently under further investigation within the Concentrated
Solar Power (CSP) community, as for instance dedicated innovative thermal energy
storage systems. Indirect Steam Generation (ISG) represent a realistic alternative to the
existing HTF and TES system solutions as it uses salt to heat the system and get steam.
The data logging will be maintained for every 15 min while the system runs, the system
will run everyday for 10 am to 4pm.System will run for at least for 15 days to collect
enough data to make conclusions.

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 INDEX

DESCRIPTION PAGE
SR. NO.
NO.

1. Abstract i

2. Introduction 1

3. Literature Survey 3

4. Problem Definition 5

5. Methodology 6

6. Acknowledgement 8

7. Bibliography 9

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Introduction

Solar radiation provides the Earth with a huge source of energy and therefore a feasible
and “clean” alternative to fossil fuels. The exploitation of solar energy in wide extended
plants with large dispatchability of energy leads to technological developments among
which CSP (Concentrated Solar Power) represents one of the most known, broadly
distributed and mature technologies; solar plant, power block and, most important, energy
storage have been subject of intense investigations and large improvements over the last
years. Within CSP applications, linear focusing systems are competing with tower
technology in terms of costs, benefits and efficiency. An illustration of Parabolic Disc
system is provided in Figure No.1.1:

Figure No. 1.1

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 Figure No.1.1 Line focusing systems: Parabolic Disc (left). The mirrors characterizing
the linear focusing system concentrate the solar rays towards a focal point.

solar receiver and its drawing with focus on the cooker envelop. The solar receiver is
designed to absorb the concentrated radiation and transfer it to a fluid, providing hence a
medium at high temperature at the field outlet. Finally, thermal energy is transformed into
steam. A dedicated spectral selective coating is deposited on the stainless steel pipe in
order to increase the optical efficiency of the receiver whose valuable parameters are
absorptance and emittance. As for the Heat Transfer Fluid, the present dominant
technology adopts diathermic oil which however has several drawback affecting:

Sun Tracking Solar System using Arduino, in which we will use two LDRs (Light
dependent resistor) to sense the light and a manually rotate the solar panel in the direction
of the sun light. Advantage of this project is that Solar panel will always follow the sun
light will always face towards the sun to get charge all the time and can provide the
supply the maximum power.

The project will have a simple USB temperature logging system using arduino uno and
the serial monitor function in the arduino IDE. The system monitors the temperature
every 15 min and shows it on the arduino serial monitor. The temperature is shown in
°Celsius and °Fahrenheit. The system is interfaced to the PC through the USB port.
Industrial Thermocouple is used as the temperature sensor.

Industrial Thermocouple is three terminal linear temperature sensor from National

semiconductors. It can measure temperature from-55C to 600C. The voltage output of the
Industrial Thermocouple increases 10mV per degree Celsius rise in temperature.
Industrial Thermocouple can be operated from a 5V supply and the stand by current is
less than 60uA.System will also data log the atmosphere temperature, radiation count
from online data for everyday data for radiation count and humidity.

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 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Steam Generation.

From the paper T. Chiarappa, 2014, “Performance of direct steam generator solar
receiver: laboratory vs real plant.”, International Conference on Concentrating Solar
Power and Chemical Energy Systems, SolarPACES 2014.[PP 329, 338] we have found
that;
An alternative Heat Transfer Fluids is molten salt, which has been proven to provide
several advantages both in parabolic trough plant efficiency (e.g: Archimede Solar
Energy’s demonstrative plants and the 5MWe plant of Priolo Gargallo in Italy) as well as
in maintenance and operation (as for the experience gained by central tower system, as
Gemasolar in Spain).
A further HTF is water which leads to the technology known as Direct Steam Generation,
DSG, and presents a series of advantages to be potentially exploited which could
overcome the present day difficulties. Water allows to achieve a very high temperature
Tmax=550°C however at a pretty high pressure due to the its low thermal capacity.
Moreover DSG permits potentially to directly feed the turbine, avoiding hence the
insertion of a heat exchanger and increasing consequently the efficiency of the plant, as
depicted in the “best scenario” .
One of the disadvantages of DSG to present knowledge is related to the Thermal Energy
Storage, TES: market available TES systems are presently adopting molten salt as the
storage medium, limiting the potentiality of DSG (necessity of a heat exchanger and
imposing a minimum temperature above 240°C, the solidification temperature for binary
mixture molten salts). New TES technological developments dedicated to DSG will
represent a breakthrough as these could increase the plant efficiency, avoid the insertion
of the heat exchanger and permit to capitalize the very low temperature to be maintained
during nighttime, just above the water freezing point. A DSG parabolic trough plant
include in its linear extension an interruption structure where pure steam is extracted by

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separating it from water in biphasic state (high pressure but medium temperature): this
apparent constraint reveals actually to be an opportunity as it leaves choice to divide the
field into an Evaporator and a
Superheated block. This freedom turns out to be of major profit both for the design of the
solar plant (unequalground consumption for the two blocks) as well as for the devoted
optimization of components in each block.
The poor thermal capacity of water drives however the design of the plant to be working
with pretty high pressures, of the order or Pmax = O(100) bar, this characteristics
affecting directly the whole piping and, obviously, the Heat Collector Element, HCE, as
well. The thermal properties of the dedicated solar receiver, also known as HCE, are
discussed in terms of the efficiency comparison before and after an experimental run
carried on in a R&D plant in south Spain, work done in collaboration with a partner
company not disclosed due to confidential constraints. Finally, as thicker receivers means
higher expenses for the DSG to be feasible, a study of alternative stainless steel is
presented in order to get an overview of the possible cost reduction of this intriguing
technology.

2.2 Parabolic Mirror.

From the paper published by L. Menga, Z. Youb, S. Dubowskyc, B. Lib, and F. Xingb,
2014, “A design study of an off-axis paraboloid shaping method for central receiver
system heliostats.”[PP 159,162] we have found;
The aberration of the heliostat shapes in the central receiver system can cause energy
losses and limit their concentration abilities. Ideally the heliostat shapes should be off-
axis paraboloids that adapt as a function of time and locations in the field. However, such
heliostats are costly to realize. This paper proposed a heliostat design using a new
shaping method that can approximately implement the adaptive off-axis paraboloids at a
low cost. In this design, a simple offset-force loading mechanism bends a flat compliant
mirror with two-dimensional tailored stiffness to form the sagittal and tangential
curvatures simultaneously. It can be easily implemented by conventional manufacturing

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process and adjusted to location-based optimized shapes during assembly on site. A
modular central receiver heliostat field in high-concentration application was modelled
numerically. The results show
substantial advantages of the location-only optimized design over the flat mirrors and
uniform-stiffness mirrors. An experimental heliostat prototype was built to validate the
concept. The mirror shapes were tested by coordinate measuring machines and outdoor
solar concentrating experiments. The experiment results show that high performance
could be achieved by the proposeddesign approach.

Figure No. 2.1

Figure No. 2.1.: It is a photo in the research paper show in different CSP pattern.

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 3. PROBLEM DEFINITION

The aim of this project is to determine the temperature of the steam produced in the two
different solar concentrated systems for same environmental condition. The system as
follows; Direct Steam Generation (DSG) represents a realistic alternative to the existing
HTF solutions as it uses water to feed the plant and get steam. Indirect Steam Generation
(ISG) represent a realistic alternative to the existing HTF and TES system solutions as it
uses salt to heat the system and get steam.
System will be equipped with the solar tracker and data logger. Data logger will enlist the
data for every 15 min for the duration of 10am to 4pm for 15 days.

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 4. Methodology

4.1 Parabolic Mirror.

Parabolic Mirror is the most important part of the project, calculation for the focal point
of the parabolic mirror is given by; D is the diameter of the dish, d is the depth of the dish
and f is the focal distance. The points (D/2, d) and (-D/2, d) are on the parabola, hence d
= (D/2)2 / 4f.ref. figure No. 4.1

Figure No. 4.1

Figure No. 4.1. Focal point of the parabolic mirror to be made.

Manufacturing of mirror will be done by glass molding method, mylar sheet with
aluminum coating will be taken to form a parabola with required curve and glass mold
with be applied on it.

4.2 Steam generator.

Two steam generator unit will be made, first will be direct steam generator unit. A cooker
of 1Lt capacity will be used to make DSG. Pressure whistle will be replace by valve
followed by copper pipe. Further the copper pipe will turn in the cooker to form the
supper heated steam line will lead to atmosphere.

Second system indirect steam generator unit. It will be cylindrical shell filled with the
common salt and copper pipe will be fitted in it and water will run through copper pipe.

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4.3 Solar tracker.
Sun Tracking Solar System using Arduino, in which we will use two LDRs (Light
dependent resistor) to sense the light and a manually rotate the solar panel in the direction
of the sun light.
It will have two LED which will glow in the direction the system is needed to move.

4.4 Data logger.

The project will have a simple USB temperature logging system using arduino uno and
the serial monitor function in the arduino IDE. The system monitors the temperature
every 15 min and shows it on the arduino serial monitor. The temperature is shown in
°Celsius and °Fahrenheit. The system is interfaced to the PC through the USB port.
Industrial Thermocouple is used as the temperature sensor.

Industrial Thermocouple is three terminal linear temperature sensor from National

semiconductors. It can measure temperature from-55C to 600C. The voltage output of the
Industrial Thermocouple increases 10mV per degree Celsius rise in temperature.
Industrial Thermocouple can be operated from a 5V supply and the stand by current is
less than 60uA.

System will also data log the atmosphere temperature, radiation count from online data
for everyday data for radiation count and humidity.

8
 Figure No. 4.2.
Figure No. 4.2.: Shows the Flow chart for manufacturing of project.

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 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Without a proper combination of inspection and perspiration, it’s not east to achieve
anything. There is always a sense of gratitude which we express to other for help and the
needy services they render during the different phases of our lives. We too would like to
do it as we really wish to express our gratitude toward all the associated people.

We would like to thank our Professor and guiding teacher Prof. S.S. Patil who was
always there to help and guide us when we needed help.

We would also like to thank our project coordinator Prof. N. M. Lad for properly
guiding towards our goal.

We would also like to thank Prof V. K. Gajare for providing his guidance to our project
and ideas to do thing differently.

We would also like to acknowledge the whole hearted support extended extended to us by
Department of Mechanical Engineering, KONKAN GYANPEETH COLEGE OF
ENEINEERING, KARJAT.

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 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] L. Menga, Z. Youb, S. Dubowskyc, B. Lib, and F. Xingb, 2014, “A design study of an
off-axis paraboloid shaping method for central receiver system heliostats.”[PP 159,162]
[2] T. Chiarappa, 2014, “Performance of direct steam generator solar receiver: laboratory
vs real plant.”, International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical
Energy Systems, SolarPACES 2014.[PP 329, 338]
[3] S. Ravelli*, G. Franchini, A. Perdichizzi, S. Rinaldi, V.E. Valcarenghi, 2016,
“Modeling of Direct Steam Generation in Concentrating Solar Power Plants.”, 71st
Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association.[PP 3289, 3286,
3285 ].

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