AIR POLLUTION

1. ANGRETA INDAH PRIBADI

2. NADILLA RAHMA FITRI
3. REGINA SURYANI
4. SHINTIA DWI JAYANTI
5. YOVANA WELINSA

JURUSAN FISIKA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG

2018
 ABSTRACT

Air pollution is defined in various ways, with an introduction to numerous air pollutants in this chapter.
The evolution of air pollution science, engineering, and technologies is discussed. The distinction between
particulate matter and gaseous air pollutants is made. Particles are described physically, especially with regard
to the importance of aerodynamic diameter in terms of human health effects. Stationary and mobile sources of
air pollution are discussed, as well as the physical and chemical processes involved in chemical transformation
and environmental fate. Air pollution engineering's evolution is considered. The chapter discusses in detail the
development of air quality standards and the emergence of laws and regulations to address air pollution. The
chapter concludes with a timeline of how air pollution has been perceived over history and how air pollution
may change in the future.

Keywords: air pollution, particular matter, environmental fate.

INTRODUCTION

Environmental pollution is a change in the environment that are not desired because it can affect the
activities, health and safety of living beings. The changes are caused by a contaminant called pollutants. A
substance can be considered as pollutants if foreign material or substance that exceeds the normal amount, are in
place and should not be at the most inopportune times. Polluted environment, the state of the ecosystem out of
balance due to the entry of pollutants into the environment. While the natural environment has a balanced
ecosystem. Just as an example, the air in the village feels fresh because many overgrown with green trees. This
suggests that the village has not been polluted air. The city is densely populated, the air will feel warm and
breathing becomes uncomfortable. This shows the air is polluted. The following are the types of environmental
pollution: air pollution, land pollution,etc. In this paper we talk about air pollution.

Air pollution worldwide is a growing threat to human health and the natural environment.

Air pollution may be described as contamination of the atmosphere by gaseous, liquid, or solid wastes
or by-products that can endanger human health and welfare of plants and animals, attack materials, reduce, or
produce undesirable odors. Although some pollutants are released by natural sources like volcanoes, coniferous
forests, and hot springs, the effect of this pollution is very small when compared to that caused by emissions
from industrial sources, power and heat generation, waste disposal, and the operation of internal combustion
engines. Fuel combustion is the largest contributor to air pollutant emissions, caused by man, with stationary
and mobile sources equally

Air pollution is a major concern of new civilized world, which has a serious toxicological impact on
human health and the environment. It has a number of different emission sources, but motor vehicles and
industrial processes contribute the major part of air pollution. The sources of pollution vary from small unit of
cigarettes and natural sources such as volcanic activities to large volume of emission from motor engines of
automobiles and industrial activities. Long-term effects of air pollution on the onset of diseases such as
respiratory infections and inflammations, cardiovascular dysfunctions, and cancer is widely accepted hence, air
pollution is linked with millions of death globally each year. A recent study has revealed the association
between male infertility and air pollution.responsible. The air pollution problem is encountered outdoor as well
as indoor.

Outdoor air pollution involves exposures that take place outside of the built environment. Examples
include:Fine particles produced by the burning of fossil fuels (i.e. the coal and petroleum used in energy
production),Noxious gases (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, chemical vapors, etc.),Ground-
level ozone (a reactive form of oxygen and a primary component of urban smog) and Tobacco Smoke

The indoor air pollution came to our attention during 80's while outdoor air pollution has been around
for some time. The major pollutants which contribute to indoor air pollution include radon, volatile organic
compounds, formaldehyde, biological contaminants, and combustion by-products such as carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxides, and particulate
The major pollutants which contribute to outdoor air pollution are sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, ozone, total suspended particulate matter, lead, carbon dioxide, and toxic pollutants. In some instances,
outdoor air pollution can make its way indoors by way of open windows, doors, ventilation, etc.

A variety of air pollutants have known or suspected harmful effects on human health and the
environment. In most areas of Europe, these pollutants are principally the products of combustion from space
heating, power generation or from motor vehicle traffic. Pollutants from these sources may not only prove a
problem in the immediate vicinity of these sources but can travel long distances.

Air pollution is now fully acknowledged to be a significant public health problem, responsible for a
growing range of health effects that are well documented from the results of an extensive research effort
conducted in many regions of the world. Whilst there is no doubt that rapid urbanisation means that we are now
exposed to unhealthy concentrations and a more diverse variety of ambient air pollutants, palaeopathological
research suggests the problem, in the form of smoke, plagued our oldest ancestors. Computerised tomography
imaging studies on the bodies of ancient mummies have detected evidence of pneumonia, emphysema,
pulmonary oedema and atherosclerosis (Zweifel et al. 2009; Thompson et al. 2013), whilst autopsies have
described extensive carbon deposits in the lung (Zimmerman et al. 1971). This in turn has led to a speculative
link to the daily inhalation of smoke in confined spaces from fuels used for warmth, cooking and lighting.

Air pollution has now emerged in developing countries as a result of industrial activities and also
increase the quantity of emission sources such as inappropriate vehicles. About 4.3 million people die from
household air pollution and 3.7 million from ambient air pollution, most of whom (3.3 and 2.6 million,
respectively) live in Asia. In Iran, as a developing country, the level of air pollutants has increased gradually
since the beginning of industrialization in the 1970s, but it has reached a very harmful level in some megacities
such as Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Ahvaz, Arak, and Karaj over the past two decades. Iran is the world's
third main polluted country in the world, which results in 16 billion $ annual loss. In fact, four of the top ten air-
polluted cities are in Iran. Ahvaz is the most air polluted city in the world with microdust blowing in from
neighboring countries, and particulate levels three times that of Beijing, and nearly 13 times that of London. Air
pollution caused almost 4460 deaths in 2013 only in Tehran although the reality seemed higher and is getting
worse every year.

Leaping forward through history to Victorian London, the billowing smoke and sulphur dioxide (SO2)
from domestic and industrial coal burning, mixed with natural fog, famously caught the imagination of literary
and visual artists. They regarded this meteorological phenomenon as a spectacular manifestation of turn-of-the-
century life in a cosmopolitan city. Indeed, the unique style that Charles Dickens adopted in his description of
the fogs meant that they became a romantic legend. For Claude Monet, the chromatic atmospheric effects
created by the effects of smog on sunlight gave London magnificent breadth and became the predominant theme
in his renditions of the city. As a consequence, to some, London’s notoriously toxic air became a world-famous
institution rather than an appalling social evil. In December 1952, however, a vast and lethal smog, caused by
cold stagnant weather conditions that trapped combustion products at ground level, brought about the worst air
pollution disaster in history, resulting in an estimated 4000–12,000 deaths and an enormous increase in
respiratory and cardiovascular complications (Logan 1953; Bell and Davis 2001).

This crisis was also the direct incentive to pass the Clean Air Act in 1956, which successfully curtailed
domestic coal burning in London and other major cities in the UK. At this point, the UK led the world in
cleaning up air by implementing smokeless zones, imposing controls on industry, increasing the availability and
use of natural gas and changing the industrial and economic structure of the country. The results were
considerable reductions in the concentration of smoke and SO 2 (Wilkins 1954; Fig. 1).

The health effects of air pollution have been subject to intense study in recent years. Exposure to
pollutants such as airborne participate matter and ozone has been associated with increases in mortality and
hospital admissions due to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. These effects have been found in short-term
studies, which relate day-to-day variations in air pollution and health, and long-term studies, which have
followed cohorts of exposed individuals over time. Effects have been seen at very low levels of exposure, and it
is unclear whether a threshold concentration exists for particulate matter and ozone below which no effects on
health are likely. In this review, we discuss the evidence for adverse effects on health of selected air pollutants.

Humans probably first experienced harm from air pollution when they built fires in poorly ventilated
caves. Since then we have gone on to pollute more of the earth's surface. Until recently, environmental pollution
problems have been local and minor because of the Earth's own ability to absorb and purify minor quantities of
pollutants. The industrialization of society, the introduction of motorized vehicles, and the explosion of the
population, are factors contributing toward the growing air pollution problem.
At this time it is urgent that we find methods to clean up the air. The primary air pollutants found in
most urban areas are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter
(both solid and liquid). These pollutants are dispersed throughout the world's atmosphere in concentrations high
enough to gradually cause serious health problems. Serious health problems can occur quickly when air
pollutants are concentrated, such as when massive injections of sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter
are emitted by a large volcanic eruption.
 While some correlation between poor air quality and human disease has been recognized since
antiquity, the health effects of air pollution entered the world's consciousness in the twentieth century. In 1930,
sulfur dioxide from local factory emissions mixed with a dense fog over the Meuse Valley in Belgium. Over
3 days, several thousand people were stricken with acute pulmonary symptoms, and 60 people died of
respiratory causes . In December 1952, a dense smog containing sulfur dioxide and smoke particulate descended
upon London, resulting in more than 3,000 excess deaths over 3 weeks and as many as 12,000 through February
1953 .
The lethality of air pollution was immediately recognized but not well understood. To this day, because
the effects of air pollution on illness occur at a population level, many clinicians fail to appreciate the
relationship between air pollution and health.The 1970 Clean Air Act (CAA) was the first major American
regulatory effort aimed at both studying and setting limits on emissions and air pollution. The 1970 CAA
defined the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS ).These standards set limits on six primary
pollutants found in air: carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter
(PM) .PM is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets made up of acids, organic
chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. Sources of PM are both natural and anthropogenic. Manmade
sources of PM include combustion in mechanical and industrial processes, vehicle emissions, and tobacco
smoke.
Natural sources include volcanoes, fires, dust storms, and aerosolized sea salt. PM can be described by
its “aerodynamic equivalent diameter” (AED). Particles of the same AED will tend to have the same settling
velocity. Researchers traditionally subdivide particles into AED fractions based on how the particles are
generated and where they deposit in human airways: <10, <2.5, and <0.1 μm (PM10, PM2.5, and PM0.1,
respectively). Particles with a diameter greater than 10 μm have a relatively small suspension half-life and are
largely filtered out by the nose and upper airway. Researchers define a diameter between 2.5 and 10 μm (PM2.5–
10) as “coarse,” less than 2.5 μm as “fine,” and less than 0.1 μm as “ultrafine” particles. When interpreting PM
research, it is important to appreciate that PM10 contains ultrafine (PM0.1), fine (PM0.1–2.5), and coarse (PM2.5–10)
fractions. In a mixed environmental sample, the total number and total surface area of these particles increases
exponentially as the diameter of the particle decreases.
However, the total particulate mass of a substance generally decreases exponentially with decreasing
particle diameter. For example, in a sample of PM10, the numerical majority of particles would be ultra-fine, but
these particles would make up a negligible portion of the sample's total particulate mass (Fig.1).
This paper are purpose to know definition of air pollution,Knowing and understanding the causes of air
pollution,Can explain impact of air pollution adnf describe how air pollution. In this paper we disscus about air
pollution,the causes of air pollution,and ho to resolve the air pollution.

MENTHOD

The method used are

a. interview
Interviews can be defined as a qualitative research technique which involves “conducting
intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their
perspectives on a particular idea, program or situation.
 b. observation
Observational research is defined as the method of viewing and recording the actions and
behaviors of participants. It is described as being a systematic observation method, which
implies that the observation techniques are sensible and replicable procedures so that the
research could be reproduced. As the name describes, “observational” methods are all
about observing the participants.

FINDINGS
The findings are presented in two sections. First,Air pollution originates from various types of
natural and anthropogenic emissions. This emission is defined as primary pollutant, because polluters of this
class are emitted directly into the air from the source (for example: SO2, NO, CO, Pb,organic substances and
particles) which are basically determined by meteorological factors. Together with that happens the process

physical and chemical transformation processes that convert primary pollutants into other forms of
gas or particulates known as secondary pollutants. Basically the presence of pollutants in the air generally comes
from human activities. In the exposure of pollutants to the air there are 3 main components that interact with
each other and determine its continuation to meet the criteria as pollution or not, namely emission sources,
atmosphere, and receptors. released from the source of emissions into the atmosphere as pollutants. If the
contaminant has the longest residence time and does not change, the quantity affects the NAV (Threshold
Value) that has been determined by an area and has the potential to interfere with the environment, then
contaminants.

this can only be called '' pollutants '' or pollutants. These pollutants have an effect towards the
composition of air in the atmosphere. Figure 1.1 Through ecology we know that air is one of the elements of a
broad ecological system, which is one group of abiotic elements. Abiotic elements (atmosphere, hydrosphere,
lithosphere) are classified as one of the physical environment, in addition to the elements of soil and water that
we know. Both soil, water and air with various other environmental elements (biotic). Biotic elements (humans,
animals, plants, microorganisms) which naturally have a complex interaction.

The sources of pollution because the human hand continues to grow from burning from industry,
burning fuel in transportation, to burning garbage. Waste materials into the air will have an influence on the
sustainability, stability and quality of the air environment, so that the phenomenon of the greenhouse effect
( green house effects) Influence from green house effects: Source of Receptor Atmospheric Emissions

a. Increased levels of CO2 in the air. CO2 gas has the effect of absorption of solar radiation energy.
b. Particle influence particles to the earth's surface heat balance-atmosphere".
c. Effect of climate / climate change due to wasteful use of energy. Air pollution that occurs in the
atmosphere depends on the type of contaminant. Not all heat energy is successfully converted into
mechanical energy. for example, for gasoline engines, the average efficiency is below 25%, the rest is
discharged in the form of heat and gas. So fast is the process of disposal and the large amount of waste,
 so that the operation of the cycle in nature cannot compensate. As a result there was pollution. The
following are air pollutant contaminants: CO2 and CO contaminants, Nitrogen oxide compounds
(NOx) , Sulfur Oxide (SOx) , Particle e .. Hydrocarbon (HC) , Chlorine g. Lead (Pb) , Carbon dioxide
(CO2).

The influence of air pollution on the environment can be seen from Gaia's theory. The Gaia
hypothesis proposed by James Lovelock states that the balance between carbon monoxide and oxygen in the
atmosphere, which is maintained by living organisms, occurs not only to create a unique atmospheric chemical
composition, but also other environmental characteristics that allow life to take place (Cunningham and Saigo,
2003) . When there is air pollution, that is the entry, or mix it, of harmful elements into the atmosphere, the
balance of the elements in the air will be disrupted so that the effect on the environment can be known which
results in environmental damage or decreased environmental quality. SOME EXAMPLES OF PICTURES
FROM AIR POLLUTION WE GET IN INTERVIEW OF AIR POLLUTION AROUND FMIPA UNP;

Picture. 1 A representative
example of air pollution:
garbage that is piled around FMIPA UNP
 Picture. 2 A representative
example of air pollution:
burning garbage around FMIPA UNP

Picture. 3 A representative
example of air pollution:
vehicle emission around FMIPA UNP
 Picture. 4 Representative
examples of air pollution:
cigarette smoke around FMIPA UNP

CONCLUTION OF AIR POLLUTION

The health of the public, especially those who are the most vulnerable, such as children, the elderly and
the sick, is at risk from air pollution, but it is difficult to say how large the risk is. It is possible that the problem
has been over-stressed in relation to other challenges in the field of public health.
As we have seen, there are considerable uncertainties in estimating both exposures and effects and their
relationships. It may be, for example, that the effects of long-term exposure to lower concentrations of air
pollutants could be more damaging to public health than short-term exposure to higher concentrations. For this
reason alone, local authorities could take action to assess and improve local air quality. It is not sufficient to wait
for an episode of severe air pollution and then try to deal with its effects.
Another reason for action on air pollution is that we do not know the contribution which exposure to air
pollutants may make to deaths from, for example, heart disease. In many countries heart disease is a leading
cause of death and even a small contribution from air pollution could mean a significant and important effect on
public heath.
On an individual level, the risk to health from air pollution is very much smaller than that posed by
active cigarette smoking or accidents. It is also true that healthy individuals are rather unlikely to be affected by
exposure to the concentrations of outdoor air pollutants in many European countries on most days of the year.
However, the old and the young, and especially those suffering from respiratory or heart diseases, are the groups
who are most vulnerable to the effects of air pollution. It is only right that cost effective action should be taken
to provide them with clean air, which The Times of 1881 described as "the first necessity of our existence."

REFERENCES

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5122104/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673602112748

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516868/