Australia is often called “the land down under.” Do you know why?

Look at a map
or globe and you’ll see. Australia is far to the south, way down under almost
everything else!

Facts About Australia

Official name Commonwealth of Australia
Capital Canberra
Official language English
Population 20,600,000 people
Rank among countries in population 51st
Major cities Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth
2,970,000 square miles
Area
7,680,000 square kilometers
Rank among countries in area 6th
Mt. Kosciusko
Highest point
7,310 feet/2,228 meters
Currency Australian dollar

THE SMALLEST CONTINENT

Australia lies between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Like an
island, it is surrounded by water. But Australia is too large to be called an island.
Instead, it is considered the world’s seventh and smallest continent. In fact,
Australia is the only country that takes up an entire continent.

The island of Tasmania, to the south of the mainland, is part of Australia.

Thousands of years ago, Tasmania was connected to the mainland. But it split off
when the ocean levels rose and water covered the connecting land.

A LAND OF STRANGE ANIMALS

Australia is famous for its many unusual animals. If you visit, you might see a
kangaroo hop past. Kangaroos use their powerful hind legs to hop at speeds up to
30 miles per hour (48 kilometers per hour)! If you look up in a eucalyptus tree, you
might see a koala happily munching on leaves. Koalas resemble small bears, but
they are not related to bears.

Even the names of the animals in Australia are strange. Can you imagine seeing a
wallaby, wombat, quokka, bandicoot, dingo, or Tasmanian devil? The most
unusual animal might be the platypus. It has a body like an otter and a bill like a
duck.

WHAT’S THE OUTBACK?

Australia is one of the flattest lands on Earth. It has a vast, flat interior called “the
outback.” The only mountains in Australia are in the east. They are called the
Great Dividing Range. The only forests are near the coasts.

The outback is hot and dry and rugged. Very few people live there. Most
Australians live in cities and towns along the coasts.

Millions of sheep graze on the dry grasslands that cover much of the outback.
Wool from sheep was Australia’s first major product. Today, Australia exports
more wool than any other country.

A popular attraction in the outback is Uluru, or Ayers Rock. Uluru is one of the
biggest rocks in the world. It measures about 2.2 miles (3.6 kilometers) long!

THE GREAT BARRIER REEF

Another famous attraction in Australia is the Great Barrier Reef, along the
northeast coast. It’s the world’s largest coral reef. Thousands of kinds of animals
live in the reef, including fish, dolphins, sea turtles, and sharks.

The reef is famous for its beauty. Colorful coral grows in shades of blue, purple,
green, red, and yellow. Many of the animals living in the reef are brightly colored,
too. Swimmers and skin divers enjoy exploring the reef and its waters, which are
warm year-round.

SYDNEY

Sydney, on the southeast coast, is the oldest and largest city in Australia. A small
distance inland is Canberra, Australia’s capital.

British settlers founded Sydney in 1788 as a prison colony. At that time, Britain
sent many of its criminals away to distant lands. The colony’s first governor named
the settlement for a British politician. Today, Sydney is a bustling city of 4 million
people.
On Sydney Harbour is the Opera House, the city’s most famous landmark. The
building has tall, white concrete towers that resemble shells or the sails of a ship.

THE FIRST AUSTRALIANS

Native peoples lived in Australia long before British settlers arrived. They are
known as Aborigines.

Aborigines hunted wild animals and gathered wild plants for food. They practiced
“firestick farming.” They burned dry grass so that new grass would grow back.
Then they hunted the animals that came to eat the fresh grass.

Aborigines used a famous hunting weapon called the boomerang. A boomerang is

a curved, flat piece of wood that spins when thrown.

Aborigines painted beautiful designs on rocks and bark, made music, and told
stories. They played a unique musical instrument called the didjeridu. It’s a long,
decorated horn made from a tree branch hollowed out by termites.

British settlers caused great hardships for the Aborigines. Many Aborigines died
fighting the settlers. Many more were killed by diseases brought from Europe.
Today, few Aborigines maintain their traditional way of life. Most live in cities and
towns.

AUSTRALIA BECOMES A NATION

After the founding of Sydney, British settlers built several new colonies in
Australia. In 1901, these colonies joined together and became an independent
country.

Today, Australia has six states. They are New South Wales, Queensland, South
Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. Australia also has two
territories. They are the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory.

WOULD YOU LIKE SOME TEA?

Most of Australia’s people have British ancestors. Australia still keeps some ties to
Britain, and many British customs remain popular. Like the British, Australians
love to drink tea. They drive their cars on the left-hand side of the road, as people
do in Britain. The Australian flag even sports a Union Jack, a famous British
symbol.
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