PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE UPPER MAKULAPNIT DAM

IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

MAR CHRISTIAN M. MARTILLANO

FEBRUARY 2013

ENGR. WILLER A. DAYAHAN

ADVISER
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE UPPER

MAKULAPNIT DAM prepared and submitted by MAR CHRISTIAN M.
MARTILLANO in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Science
in Civil Engineering, has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and
approval for oral examination.

ENGR. WILLER A. DAYAHAN

Adviser
Date Signed: ________________

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved and accepted by the Committee on Oral Examination with grade of ____.

DR. DIOSDADO P. ZULUETA

Chairman

PROF. PANCHITO M. LABAY ENGR. JINKIE M. MONTERAS

Member Member

MRS. ROSALINDA M. NUÑEZ

Language Critic

Accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Civil Engineering.

ENGR. BELLA CHITA M. MONILLA

Dean, School of Engineering

Date Signed: _________________

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to thank Engr. Willer A. Dayahan, Dr.

Diosdado P. Zulueta, Prof. Panchito M. Labay and Engr. Melito L. Hirondo for the

knowledge and time they have shared in the realization of this study; his parents for

all the supports they have given; the people of Barangay Makulapnit, Sta. Cruz

specially the Monteroso and Palomares family for the kindness and hospitality they

have shown and for lending their house during the study days; his classmates and

friends for their help in doing this study, and above all, the Almighty God who has

been providing him everything.

-MAR
 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Marinduqueños

 Physical Assessment of the Upper Makulapnit Dam

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to describe the present condition of the different

components of the Upper Makulapnit Dam and the actions of the Marcopper Mining
Company and the government in assuring the stability of the structure and the safety
of the nearby people. The descriptive method of research was used to clearly define
its prevailing conditions. An ocular inspection and observation on the site using a
modified evaluation form for embankment dam inspection provided by the British
Colombia, Water Management Branch and an interview to the concerned groups were
conducted in order to gain information.

The study concluded that the Upper Makulapnit Dam is presently in

bad condition. The whole structure is covered with unwanted vegetation, its spillway
is blocked by debris, its diversion tunnel is still leaking and the access road is
currently impassable which implies that this is not maintained. No remediation to the
problems identified by different studies was made to this structure nor studies that
will determine its structural and hydraulic stability. No warning devices or any
warning protocols were established. The only government agency involved and with
the knowledge about the structure’s state is the DENR. Its officials are conducting a
regular inspection on it but it is useless since their results and recommendations are
ignored and not made public to the people. It is recommended that the defects found
on this structure may be immediately repaired; the stability of this structure may be
studied to properly apply the necessary remediation and monitoring devices and
warning protocols may be established. The government may own, manage, and use
the potentials of this structure, and open-up the forgotten issues about Marcopper.

KEYWORDS: Upper Makulapnit Dam, mining, government, physical condition

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page …..…………………………………………………………………... i

Approval Sheet …………………...……………………………………..……... ii

Abstract …………...………………………………………………………..…... iii

Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………... iv

Dedication ………………………………………………………………………. v

I. The Problem and Its Background …………………………………………..… 1

Introduction ……………………………………...…………………………….. 1
Statement of the Problem ………………...……………………………………. 4
Significance of the Study …………………...…………………………………. 5
Scope and Limitations ………………...……………………………………….. 5

II. Review of Related Literature ……...………………………………………….. 7

Upper Makulapnit Dam and Appurtenances …………………………………… 7
Instrumentation and Monitoring Guidelines
of an Embankment Dam and Reservoir ………………………………….…... 11
Inspection Guidelines for Embankment Dam ..………………………………….. 19
Maintenance Guidelines for an Embankment Dam and Reservoir …………..…..27
Conceptual Paradigm …...……………………………………………………... 32

III. Methodology ...……………………………………………………...…………... 33

Method of Research ...…………………………………………………………. 33
Research Location ...…………………………………………………………… 33
Research Procedure ...………………………………………………………….. 35

IV. Result and Discussion ...………………………………………...……………… 36

V. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation ...………………...……………. 41

Summary ...…………………………………………………………………….. 41
Conclusions ...………………………………………………………………….. 42
Recommendations ...…………………………………………………………… 43
References ...……………………………………………………………………. 44

Appendix A - Modified Inspection Form of an Embankment Dam ……..… 46

Appendix B - Photos of the Different Components of the

Upper Makulapnit Dam ……………………………………………………….. 49

Appendix C - Details on Computations of

Upper Makulapnit Spillway Discharge…………………………………………52

 Page 1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The Problem and Its Background

Issues about abandoned mine is common world-wide. According to

UNEP (2000), there are millions of abandoned mines, including every shaft, adit and

alluvial working world-wide and thousands of them continue to pose a real or

potential threat to human safety, health and/or environmental damage (Mining,

Minerals and Sustainable Development [MMSD], 2002). In the Philippines, mining

has left over 800 abandoned mines which caused massive environmental damage

(Short, 2007). It is a common practice in the past to leave the mine site when mineral

extraction was completed and since abandonment is usually sudden and unplanned,

government is often left responsible for closure and rehabilitation (MMSD, 2002).

This is the case in the province of Marinduque.

In 1969, the Marcopper Mining Company, jointly owned by Placer

Development Limited (now known as Placer Dome, Inc.) and the former President

Ferdinand Marcos started large scale mining in the province of Marinduque. During

their operation, they constructed dams and waste structures to receive mine wastes

and to have a source of water for their operation. This irresponsible mining polluted

the island’s seas and rivers, lost the residence’s livelihood, health, and some have

even lost their lives. According to Angeles (2004), Marinduque became the third most

denuded province in the entire Philippines because of mining. In March 1996, the

mine company was forced to close and its mine equipment and structures were
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abandoned, leaving the island without accomplishing its responsibilities to

rehabilitate the polluted areas and to compensate or protect the affected people.

The Marcopper structures continue to pose threat to the lives of the

people in Marinduque up to now. Those structures are still holding back millions of

cubic meters of water and poisonous mine wastes, that if they fail will bring severe

flash floods and will swamp the affected areas with poisonous mine wastes.

According to the Dioceses of Boac (2008), those structures have not been properly

maintained since 1996 and that no regular inspection has been done by the

government to those structures. If there is any, the results are not given to the public,

letting them unaware on its status. Poverty is widespread in this province, any kind of

disaster the structures may cause may bring huge impact to the people’s daily lives.

One of the Marcopper’s structures is the Upper Makulapnit Dam. It is

a central impervious cored rockfill dam, designed by Engineering Development

Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP). It was built in 1975, across the Makulapnit

River to serve as the industrial water source of the Marcopper and also used by the

housing community within the area during their operation (Padolina & Ordillano,

2003). This structure has never been used since the mine operation stopped.

According to the study of the Klohn-Crippen (2001), this dam does not

achieve some of the accepted criteria for the stability analyses, and its spillway has an

inadequate capacity to handle what is required which is at least 50% of the probable

maximum flood. These imply that the dam might be underdesigned to accommodate

earthquake loads and an overtopping of the dam could happen during major storm
 Page 3

events. But in spite of these, the structure is still standing. This may indicate that the

worst possible scenarios are not yet happening or maybe the assumptions used by

Clohn-Crippen in the analyses were not suited for those structure since according to

the review, the analyses was performed without the benefit of the original design

information. Until now, there is no clear report about its true status, nor the

government and Marcopper doing to the potential problems. The only assurance is the

fact that this structure at any time may collapse, particularly if the concerned groups

are neglecting the problems.

Upper Makulapnit Dam has potential uses, that when utilized, might

contribute to the development of Marinduque. Of all the Marcopper dams, only this

dam does not retain mine wastes. It was built to impound storm water originating

from Makulapnit River. According to Querijro (2011), it carries 34 million cubic

meters of water or more. It has an elevation of 275 meters above sea level and a

catchment area of approximately 11 square kilometres, (Klohn-Crippen, 2001). With

these descriptions, this dam has a potential to supply domestic water to the province.

It can generate large amount of hydroelectric power since it is located in a high

altitude. It is also a good source of irrigation for the rice fields of the province. The

structure has a huge pond area which can be used in the production of fresh water

foods. This can also become a recreational area for Marinduqueños and tourists.

Building this kind of structure may cost billions of pesos, so it is a big waste if this

dam will be decommissioned or destroyed and end up with nothing.

It is known that there is no permanent man made structure, so if there

is no proper monitoring, inspection and maintenance, Upper Makulapnit Dam could

 Page 4

weaken and at any time might burst. Should this happen, large area of the town of

Boac will be largely affected and its loss can be a big waste to the province

considering its potential uses. This compelled the researcher to undertake this topic,

to know the present condition of the Upper Makulapnit Dam and what are the

government and the Marcopper Mining Company doing in assuring the stability of

this structure and the safety of the people.

Statement of the Problem

1. What are the physical conditions of the different components of the Upper

Makulapnit Dam, such as:

 Crest

 Upstream and Downstream Slopes

 Downstream Abutments

 Downstream Toe

 Reservoir Banks

 Spillway

 Diversion tunnel

 Access to the site

2. What are the measures undertaken by Marcopper and the government in

assuring the stability of the Upper Makulapnit Dam and the safety of the people,

specifically in terms of:

 The remediation or any short or long term solution/s made to the problems

identified by different studies,

 Page 5

 The inspection and monitoring and maintenance programs

 The warning protocols they have established.

Significance of the Study

With this study, people will have a clear idea on the physical condition

of Upper Makulapnit Dam. This will answer the people’s question, “Should this

structure be feared of?” It will clear all the misconceptions developed due to the lack

of knowledge to the structure. People will be aware of the destruction it might cause

and will make them ready in times when there is a calamity, especially the Boaqueños

living near the downstream areas and along the Boac River. They will have the

knowledge on what the Marcopper and the government have done or what they have

been doing to assure the stability of the structure and the safety of the nearby people.

This will also remind the people that the abandoned mine site is still

the Marinduque’s problem, that until now, the obligations of the Marcopper to the

destructions that they have made are still not fulfilled, that their structures still cause

threat to their lives.

Scope and Limitation

The study included the description of the present physical condition of

the different components of the Upper Makulapnit Dam by inspecting the dam’s

crest, upstream and downstream slope, downstream abutments, downstream toe, the

structures reservoir banks, spillway, diversion tunnel and the access to the site. Such

inspection focused on the determination of any obvious defects like cracks, seepage,

erosion, vegetation, floating debris, spillway blockage, and other defects which could
 Page 6

affect the stability of the dam. In describing the spillway, the researcher included the

measurements of discharge.

The researcher also aimed to determine the actions of Marcopper and

the government in assuring the stability of the structure and the safety of the nearby

people such as the remediation or any short or long term solution/s that they have

made to the problems identified by other studies, the inspection and monitoring

programs, maintenance, and the warning protocol that they have also established.
 Page 7

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The following literatures are available on the Upper Makulapnit Dam.

More information was gathered about the instrumentation, monitoring, inspection,

and maintenance guidelines commonly used by other countries for an embankment

dam.

1.0 Upper Makulapnit Dam and Appurtenances

1.1 Physical Description

The descriptions presented herein were taken from the Klohn-Cippen

(2001) report.

Upper Makulapnit Dam is an earthen structure nominally 50 meters

high with a crest elevation of approximately 275 meters above sea level (masl). It has

a vertical impervious core with inclined filter and drain, each zone about two meters

in horizontal width, upstream and downstream of the core. The upstream slope is

about 2H:1V with approximately 35 meter wide berm at 240 masl. The external

upstream shell consists of selected rock fill coarser than .15 meters with the internal

shell being randomly filled with a 1.5H:1V downstream slope and approximately 20

meter wide berm at 220 masl. The downstream shell has a series of finger drains at

ten-meter vertical intervals above 220 masl.

The Upper Makulapnit Dam Spillway is an open cut channel with a 14

meter wide base and 1H:1V side slope and an invert slope of .5%. The spillway cut is
 Page 8

about 400 meters long with an invert elevation of 268 masl. In 2001, the dam

catchment was estimated to be 11 km2, while the pond area at 268 masl was

approximately .15 km2.

The diversion tunnel is fully concrete lined, 4.5 meters high, and

horseshoe shaped. It is approximately 582 meters from the downstream portal to the

plug and possesses a total length of 614 meters. The tunnel plug was reported to be

six meters in length. Three 610 millimetre bypass pipes traverse the plug.

Figure 1. Upper and Lower Makulapnit Dam Plan (Klohn-Crippen, 2001)

 Page 9

Figure 2. Cross Section of Upper Makulapnit Dam, Section 4 – 4 (source: Klon-

Crippen, 2001)

Figure 3. Cross Section of Upper Makulapnit Dam, Section 5 – 5 (source: Klon-

Crippen, 2001)

Table 1. Zoned Embankment Materials for Upper Makulapnit Dam

MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1 Selected Rockfill from Mine Waste 0.15m and Above
2 Random Rockfill from Mine Waste Rock
3 Gravel Filter
4 Sand Filter
5 Clay Overburden or Weathered Diorite
 Page 10

Figure 4: Typical Spillway Section (source: Khlon-Crippen)

1.2 Technical Review of Upper Makulapnit Dam

This technical review was made by University of Arizona’s Engineers,

(2003) to the study made by the Klohn-Crippen in 2001.

1.2.1 Dam Stability Analyses

The stability analyses completed by Klohn-Crippen (2001) used the

Morgenstern Price method of slice. Common physical properties were assumed for

each material type comprising the dam. Targeted stability factors for the Klohn-

Crippen study were as follows:

 Static Safety Factor = 1.5,

 Pseudo-static Safety Factor = 1.15 at .15g horizontal acceleration for long-term

stability.

 Deformation under earthquake loading to be less than ½ the thickness of the

thinnest internal dam zone.

Their study concluded that both of the dam’s upstream and

downstream shells do not achieve the targeted static safety factor of 1.5. Its

downstream shell does not achieve a safety factor 1.15 under Pseudo-Static analysis.
 Page 11

Their analysis implies that this dam is underdesigned to accommodate earthquake

loads or material strengths of the dam constituents significantly greater than used in

the analyses.

1.2.2 Hydraulic Stability

In evaluating the hydraulic stability of this dam and its spillway, the

Klohn-Crippen used the following assumptions:

 Probable maximum precipitation = 279 mm in 30 minutes

 Design wind speed = 275 km/hr for 3 hours

 Time of accumulation = 0

 Runoff coefficient = 1

Based on the assumptions, the dam’s spillway was estimated to be

capable of passing roughly 40% of the probable maximum flood (PMF), lower than

the required at least 50 % of the PMF. This means that there is a potential

overtopping of the dam during major storm events.

2.0 Instrumentation and Monitoring Guidelines of an Embankment Dam and

Reservoir

The guidelines presented herein are taken from New York State

Department of Environmental Conservation [NYSDEC], (2001).

 Page 12

2.1 Reasons for Instrumentation

Instrumentation and proper monitoring and evaluation are extremely

valuable in determining the performance of a dam. Specific reasons for

instrumentation include:

2.1.1 Warning of a Problem

Often, instruments can detect unusual changes, such as water

fluctuations in pressure that are not visible. In other cases, gradual progressive

changes in say seepage flow, which would go unnoticed visually, can be monitored

regularly. This monitoring can warn the development of a serious seepage problem.

2.1.2 Analyzing and Defining a Problem

Instrumentation data is frequently used to provide engineering

information necessary for analyzing and defining the extent of a problem. For

example, downstream movement of a dam because of high reservoir water pressure

must be analyzed to determine if the movement is uniformly distributed along the

dam; whether the movement is in the dam, the foundation or both; and whether the

movement is continuing at a constant, increasing or decreasing rate. Such information

can then be used to design corrective measures.

2.1.3 Proving Behaviour is as Expected

Instruments installed at a dam may infrequently (or even never) show

any anomaly or problem. However, this information is valuable because it shows that

the dam is performing as designed and is providing peace of mind to an owner. Also,

although a problem may appear to be happening or imminent, instrument readings

might show that the deficiency is normal and is foreseen in the dam's design.
 Page 13

2.1.4 Evaluating Remedial Action Performance

Many dams, particularly older dams, are modified to allow for

increased capacity or to correct a deficiency. Instrument readings, before and after the

change allow analysis and evolution of the performance of the modification.

2.2 Instrument Types and Usage

A wide variety of devices and procedures are used to monitor dams.

The features of dams and dam sites most often monitored by instruments include,

movements (horizontal, vertical, rotational and lateral), pore pressure and uplift

pressures, water level and flow, seepage flow, water quality, temperature, crack and

joint size, seismic activity, weather and precipitation, stress and strain.

2.2.1 Visual Observations

Visual observations by the dam owner or the owner's representative

may be the most important and effective means of monitoring the performance of a

dam. The visual inspections may be made whenever the inspector visits the dam site

and may consist of a minimum of walking along the dam alignment and looking for

any signs of distress or unusual conditions at the dam.

2.2.2 Movements

Movements occur in every dam caused by stresses induced by

reservoir water pressure, unstable slopes (low shearing strength), low foundation

shearing strength, settlement (compressibility of foundation and dam materials),

thrust due to arching abutments or foundation. In an embankment dam, instruments

commonly used for monitoring such movement include:

 Extensometers
 Page 14

 Multi-point extensometers

 Inclinometers

 Embankment measuring points

 Shear strips

 Structural measuring points

Vertical Movement

Vertical movement is commonly a result of consolidation of

embankment or foundation materials resulting in settlement of the dam. Another

cause is heave (particularly at the toe of dam) caused by hydrostatic uplift pressures.

In an embankment, dam vertical movements may be monitored by:

 Settlement plates/sensors

 Extensometer

 Piezometers

 Vertical Internal movement devices

 Embankment measuring points

 Structural measuring points

 Inclinometer casing measurements

Rotational Movement

Rotational movement is commonly a result of high reservoir water

pressure in combination with low shearing strength in an embankment or foundation

and may occur in either component of a dam. This kind of movement may be

measured in either embankment or concrete dams by instruments such as:

 Page 15

 Extensometers

 Inclinometers

 Surface measurement points

 Crack measurement devices

 Piezometers

 Foundation deformation

 Gauges

2.2.3 Pore Pressure and Uplift Pressure

A certain amount of water seeps through, under and around the ends of

all dams. The water moves through pores in the soil, rock or concrete as well as

through cracks, joints etc. The pressure of the water as it moves acts uniformly in all

planes and is termed pore pressure. The upward force (caDed uplift pressure) has the

effect of reducing the effective weight of the downstream portion of a dam and can

materially reduce dam stability. Pore pressure in an embankment dam, a dam

foundation or abutment reduces that component's shearing strength. In addition,

excess water, if not effectively channelled by drains or filters can result in progressive

internal erosion (piping) and failure. Pore pressures can be monitored with the

following equipment.

 Piezometers

 Pressure meters and gauges

 Load cells
 Page 16

2.2.4 Water Level and Flow

For most dams, it is important to monitor the water level in the

reservoir and the downstream pool regularly to determine the quantity of water in the

reservoir and its level relative to the regular outlet works and the emergency spillway.

The water level is also used to compute water pressure and pore pressure; the volume

of seepage is usually directly related to the reservoir level. It is also important to

establish the normal or typical flow through the outlet works for legal purposes.

Water levels may be measured by simple elevation gauges - either

staff gauges or numbers painted on permanent, fixed structures in the reservoir - or by

complex water level sensing devices. Flow quantities are often computed from

knowledge of the dimensions of the outlet works and the depth of flow in the outlet

channel or pipe.

2.2.5 Seepage Flow

Seepage must be monitored on a regular basis to determine if it is

increasing, decreasing, or remaining constant as the reservoir level fluctuates. A flow

rate changing relative to a reservoir water level can be an indication of a clogged

drain, piping or internal cracking of the embankment. Seepage may be measured

using the following devices and methods:

 Weirs (any shape such as V notch, rectangular, trapezoidal, etc.)

 Flumes (such as a Parshall nume)

 Pipe methods

 Timed-bucket methods

 Flow meters
 Page 17

2.2.6 Water Quality

Seepage comes into contact with various minerals in the soil and rock

in and around the dam. This can cause two problems: the chemical dissolution of a

natural rock such as limestone or the internal erosion of soil. Dissolution of minerals

can often be detected by comparing chemical analyses of reservoir water and seepage

water. Such tests are site specific; for example, in a limestone area, one would look

for calcium and carbonates, in a gypsum area, calcium and sulfates. Other tests, such

as ph can also sometimes provide useful information on chemical dissolution. Internal

erosion can be detected by comparing turbidity of reservoir water with that of seepage

water. A large increase in turbidity indicates erosion.

2.2.7 Crack and Joint Size

Knowledge of the locations and widths of cracks and joints in concrete

dams and in concrete spillways and other concrete appurtenances of embankment

dams is important because of the potential for seepage through those openings. Even

more, it is important to know if the width of such openings is increasing or

decreasing. Various crack and joint measuring devices are available and mostly allow

very accurate measurement. Some use simple tape or dial gauges, while others use

complex electronics to gain measurements.

2.2.8 Seismic Activity

Seismic measuring devices record the intensity and duration of large-

scale earth movements such as earthquakes. It may or may not be necessary for a

private dam to contain any seismic devices depending upon whether it is in an area of
 Page 18

significant seismic risk. Seismic instruments can also be used to monitor any blasting

conducted near a dam site.

2.2.9 Weather and Precipitation

Monitoring the weather at a dam site can provide valuable information

about both day-to-day performance and developing problems. A rain gauge,

thermometer, and wind gauge can be easily purchased, installed, maintained and

monitored at a dam site.

2.2.10 Stress and Strain

Measurements to determine stress and/or strain are common in

concrete dams and to a lesser extent, in embankment dams. The monitoring devices

previously listed for measuring dam movements, crack and joint size and temperature

are also appropriate for measuring stress and strain. Monitoring for stress and strain

permits very early detection of movement.

2.3 Frequency of Monitoring

The frequency of instrument readings or making observations at a dam

depends on several factors including:

 Relative hazards to life and property that the dam represents

 Height or size of the dam,

 Relative quantity of water impounded by the dam

 Relative seismic risk at the site

 Age of the dam

 Frequency and amount of water level fluctuation in the reservoir.

 Page 19

In general, as each of the above factors increases, the frequency of

monitoring may increase. For example, very frequent (even daily) readings may be

taken during the first filling of a reservoir, and more frequent readings may be taken

during high water levels and after significant storms and earthquakes. As a rule of

thumb, simple visual observations may be made during each visit to the dam and not

less than monthly. Daily or weekly readings may be made during the first filling.

Immediate readings may be taken following a storm or earthquake, and significant

seepage, movement, and stress-strain readings may probably be made at least

monthly.

3.0 Inspection Guidelines for Embankment Dam

The guidelines presented herein are taken from British Colombia – Water

Management Branch [BC-WMB], (2011).

3.1 Dam Inspection

The purpose of a dam inspection is to identify problems and/or unsafe

conditions. Inspection is an integral part of a proper maintenance program for a dam.

Failure to correct identified maintenance and repair items could result in the failure of

a dam.

3.2 When should an inspection be done?

3.2.1 Performing Surveillance Inspections

On a regular basis, part of the routine maintenance is the most

economical means of assuring the safety and long life of the structure. Routine

surveillance inspections are a straightforward procedure that allows any properly

 Page 20

trained person to make an accurate assessment of a dam’s condition. The inspection

involves careful examination of the surface of all parts of the structure.

Routine surveillance inspections may be carried out as appropriate for

the item being inspected and the frequency based upon the dam’s consequence

classification. Reduced frequencies of the routine surveillance inspections may need

to be selected to suit seasonal conditions. Seepage readings may be measured and

recorded. Reservoir level, operational conditions, outlet and spillway releases may

also be recorded as this may give insight into any deficiencies found on the dam.

3.2.2 Formal Inspections

These intended to be a more thorough inspection performed by the

appropriate representative of the owner. The formal inspection shall be recorded in a

formal inspection report and kept by the dam owner as an historical record.

Depending on the complexity of the dam, the consequence classification of the dam

and the requirements of the Dam Safety Officer, use of the Dam Inspection Checklist

may be all that is required.

3.2.3 Dam Safety Review

This involves the collection of all available dam records, field

inspections, detailed investigations and possibly laboratory testing. It then proceeds

with a check of structural stability and operational safety of the dam, beginning with a

reappraisal of basic features and design assumptions. The level of detail required in a

Dam Safety Review may be proportional with the importance and complexity of the

dam, as well as the consequences of failure.

 Page 21

3.3 What is involved in an inspection?

It is helpful to have a system or method of inspection which can be

repeated consistently. By organizing and listing the various components of a dam in

the form of an inspection report, a methodical approach for inspection can be easily

developed. A review of notes from previous inspections, photographs and ‘As

Constructed’ drawings, if available, may precede the actual field inspection. This will

allow comparison of the present condition to the ‘As Constructed’ condition or its

condition at the time of the previous inspections.

The inspection itself may include all of the components of the dam; the

crest, upstream and downstream embankments, the abutments, the spillway, the

reservoir banks, and the area below the dam. Any gates or control valves associated

with the spillway and/or low level outlet may be inspected and tested if possible to

ensure that they are operational. This includes a close examination of all accessible

moving parts.

Photographs may be taken during the inspection. Many of the

problems which a dam may develop do not happen overnight but can take months or

years to become obvious. By comparing photographs from previous inspections to the

present, many of the subtle changes in a dam’s condition can be noted. Potential

problems can be obscured by the excessive growth of vegetation.

3.4 Inspection of Embankment Dam

The external surfaces of an embankment dam can often provide clues

to the behaviour of the interior of the structure. For this reason, a thorough

examination of all exposed surfaces of the dam may be made. The embankment may
 Page 22

be carefully examined for any evidence of displacement, cracks, sinkholes, springs,

and wet spots. Any of these conditions may be in a developing mode and, if they

worsen and are not corrected, ultimately could lead to failure of the embankment.

3.4.1 Crest

The crest is generally the main access to most dams. It is often used as

a crossing for farm equipment, for livestock, for recreational vehicles and as a public

access road. This traffic as well as excessive vegetation can obscure the signs of any

problems which may be present.

For this reason, very close attention must be paid to the crest during an

inspection. The crest may be inspected for the following most threatening

deficiencies:

 Longitudinal cracking which can indicate localized instability, differential

settlement, and/or movement between adjacent sections of the embankment.

 Transverse cracking which can indicate differential settlement or movement

between adjacent segments of the dam.

 Misalignment which can indicate relative movement between adjacent portions

of the dam in directions perpendicular to the axis of the dam.

Other deficiencies which may be inspected for are:

 Narrowing of crest width from erosion.

 Low areas caused by erosion or settlement.

 Ruts caused by vehicle or livestock traffic which allow water to pond.

 Animal burrowing.

 Excessive vegetation.
 Page 23

 Sinkholes or any unexplained hole or cavity which might indicate internal

erosion.

3.4.2 Upstream Slope

If the reservoir is maintained at its Full Supply Level (FSL), most of

the upstream slope of the dam will be submerged. In this case, only the upstream

slope above the water level can be inspected. The inspection of the rest of the slope

may be carried out when the water level is low. The upstream slope may be inspected

for the following deficiencies:

 Slope erosion from wave action.

 Displacement or loss of rip rap.

 Cracks, which may be an indication of internal erosion and potential piping

failure.

 Animal burrowing.

3.4.3 Downstream Slope

Attention to the downstream slope is especially important during

inspection because it is the area where evidence of developing problems appears most

frequently. In order to assure the safety of the dam, it is important to keep this area

free from obscuring growth. The downstream slope may be inspected for the

following most threatening deficiencies:

 Cracks can indicate settlement, drying and shrinkage, or a slide developing in

the embankment. Whatever the cause, cracks may be monitored and changes in

length and width maybe noted.

 Page 24

 Slides are easily spotted and require immediate evaluation by a qualified

professional engineer. There are, however, early warning signs of a slide. A

bulge in the embankment or vertical displacement at a crack in the embankment

may indicate sliding.

 Seepage occurs at all dams in varying degrees. The most potentially dangerous

condition is the appearance of seepage on the downstream face above the toe of

the dam. Seepage on the downstream slope can lead to a slide or failure of the

dam by internal erosion (piping). The degree of concentration and the rate of

flow may be noted. The presence of fines (silt) in the seepage flow, making it

appear dirty or murky, would indicate the possibility of internal erosion

(piping).

Other deficiencies which may be inspected for are:

 Bulges on the lower areas of the slope which may indicate instability.

 Depressions or unexplained holes which might indicate internal erosion

piping).

 Excess vegetation, especially trees which can severely weaken the slope.

 Erosion caused by runoff.

 Rutting caused by livestock traffic.

 Animal burrowing.

 Standing or ponded water at the downstream toe which can cause slope

instability.
 Page 25

3.4.4 Abutments

Abutments may be inspected for the following deficiencies:

 Seepage, especially at the abutment/embankment contact zone (called groins).

 Erosion of the abutment/embankment contact.

 Any other signs of abutment instability such as cracking or material

displacement.

3.4.5 Downstream Toe

This area includes the area immediately below the dam up to and

including the toe. The main problems or signs of problems which can develop in this

area are seepage related. For example:

 Wet, marshy ground or standing water.

 Active sand boils (the ejection of sand and water resulting from piping).

 Seepage areas (these may be marked and their dimensions estimated for

comparison during future inspections).

 Seepage flows (may be estimated).

 Seepage or precipitation which ponds at the downstream toe.

3.5 Inspection of Appurtenant Works

The appurtenant works are structures or machinery that are auxiliary to

dams which are built to operate and/or maintain dams. Appurtenant works include;

outlets, spillways, gates, powerhouses, tunnels etc.

 Page 26

3.5.1 Spillway

The main function of a spillway is to provide a safe evacuation route

for excess water that has entered the reservoir after a large storm. If the spillway is of

inadequate size, the dam can overtop.

Overtopping is the main cause of dam failure. Defects in the spillway

or in its design may cause the dam to fail by rapid erosion produced by floodwater

going over the crest. A properly designed and maintained spillway provides adequate

freeboard to account for infrequent rain storms that may raise the level of the

reservoir above the designed full supply level and still account for wave run up on the

upstream slope without overtopping the dam.

There are four major types of problems that can prevent a spillway

from functioning properly. As soon as any of these problems is identified, remedial

steps may be taken in order to correct the defect.

 Obstruction - The spillway channel may be obstructed by excessive growth of

grass and weeds, thick brush, trees, debris, beaver dams, snowdrifts, or landslide

deposits. An obstructed spillway will have a substantially reduced discharge

capacity and can create serious problems such as overtopping.

 Lack of Erosion Protection - When a large storm occurs, the spillway is

expected to carry a large amount of water for many hours. Severe erosion

damage or complete washout could result if the spillway lacks the ability to

resist erosion. If the spillway is excavated through rock or lined with concrete,

erosion is usually not a concern. But if the spillway is excavated in sandy,

deteriorated granite, clay, or silt deposits, erosion protection is very important.

 Page 27

Generally, resistance to erosion can be increased if the spillway channel has a

mild slope or if it is covered with grass or armoured with riprap.

 Deterioration - A spillway cannot be expected to perform properly if it has

undergone deterioration. Deterioration includes collapse of side slopes,

weathering of material, disintegration of riprap, breakdown of concrete lining,

erosion of approach section, sloughing of chute channel, excessive siltation of

stilling basin or discharge channel, and loss of protective material which can

cause severe erosion. Remedial actions may be taken as soon as any sign of

deterioration has been detected.

 Cracks - Cracks in concrete lining are commonly encountered in the spillway

channel. The cracks may be caused by uneven foundation settlement, slab

displacement, or excessive earth or water pressure. Large cracks will allow

water to wash out fine materials below or behind the concrete slab, causing

erosion and leading to more cracks. An extensive crack can cause the concrete

slab to be severely displaced. Consequently, the slab may be dislodged and

washed away by the flow.

4.0 Maintenance Guidelines for an Embankment Dam and Reservoir

4.1 Maintenance Priorities

The priorities presented herein are taken from NYSDEC, (2001).

Maintenance is a task which may never be neglected. If it is, several

areas ultimately will need attention – some of greater concern than others. The
 Page 28

following outline lists, by relative priority, the various problems or conditions that

might be encountered in deteriorated dam.

4.1.1 Immediate Maintenance

The following conditions are critical and called for immediate attention:

 A dam about to be overtopped or being overtopped.

 A dam about to be breached (by progressive erosion, slope failure or other

circumstances).

 A dam showing signs of piping or internal erosion indicated by increasingly

cloudy seepage or other symptoms.

 A spillway being blocked or otherwise rendered inoperable, or having normal

discharge restricted.

 Evidence of excessive seepage appearing anywhere at the dam site (an

embankment becoming saturated, seepage exiting on the downstream face of a

dam) increasing in volume.

4.1.2 Required maintenance at earliest possible date

The following maintenance may be completed as soon as possible after the defective

condition is noted:

 All underbrush and trees may be removed from the dam and a good grass cover

may be established.

 Eroded areas and gullies on embankment dams may be restored and reseeded.

 Defective spillways, gates, valves and other appurtenant features of a darn may

be repaired.
 Page 29

 Deteriorated concrete or metal components of a dam may be repaired as soon as

weather permits.

4.1.3 Continuing maintenance

Several tasks may be performed on a continuing basis:

 Routine mowing and general maintenance.

 Maintenance and filling of any cracks and joints on concrete dams.

 Observation of any springs or areas of seepage.

 Inspection of the dam.

 Monitoring of development in the watershed which would materially increase

runoff from storms.

Monitoring of development downstream and updating the emergency notification

plan to include new homes or other occupied structures within the area.

4.2 Embankment Dam Maintenance

The guidelines presented herein were taken from BC-WMB, (2011).

Earthfilled structures require maintenance work directed at controlling

seepage and erosion, in order to prevent deterioration of structures and development

of seepage paths. Annual or long-term maintenance programs for earthfilled

structures may include regular control of vegetation and burrowing animals, rip-rap

and crest maintenance and repair, slope stabilization, drainage system maintenance,

removal of upstream debris, and maintenance of instrumentation.

 Page 30

4.2.1 Vegetation Control

The first maintenance requirement is to keep all portions of the dam

clear of unwanted vegetative growth. Excessive growth is harmful in the following

ways:

 It can obscure the view of the embankment and prevent a thorough inspection

for possible cracks or other evidence of problems on the dam.

 Large trees could be uprooted during a storm and the large hole left by the

root system could lead to breaching of the dam.

 Some root systems can decay and rot, providing a tunnel for water to pass

through (called piping).

 Root systems can cause the uplift of concrete slabs or structures.

 Weeds can discourage the growth of desirable grasses.

After removal of brush, the cuttings may be hauled off the dam to

allow for a clear view of the embankment.

4.2.2 Crest and Slope Stability

Deterioration of the surface of an earth dam may occur for a number of

reasons. For example, wave action may cut scarps into the upstream slope, vehicles

may cause ruts in the crest, or runoff waters may leave erosion gullies on the

downstream slope. Damage of this nature may be repaired on a continuing basis.

4.2.3 Burrowing Animal Control

Rodents can cause a variety of different types of damage to a dam. The

type of treatment depends upon the nature of the damage.

 Page 31

4.3 Appurtenant Works Maintenance

Maintenance requirements may apply to all appurtenant works,

including mechanical and electrical components, which are essential to dam safety.

The following are a few of the appurtenant works that require maintenance:

spillways, outlets, gates, hoists, stoplogs, log-booms, normal and emergency lighting

and pumps.

4.3.1 Spillway Maintenance

A spillway may always be kept free of obstruction, have the ability to

resist erosion, and be protected from deterioration. Removal of material blocking the

spillway is necessary to allow unrestricted outflow. Some routine maintenance items

may include:

 Remove floating debris from the reservoir (particularly around the spillway

entrance) and dispose of it away from the dam and above the flood water level.

 Repair or replace any substandard part of the debris containment boom (log-

boom), i.e. boom sticks (logs), chains, cables and anchors.

 Remove any soil, sediment, or rock fall that has entered the spillway channel.
 Page 32

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

I. SOFTWARE 1. Ocular Evaluation 1.Visible defects on

1. Existing on the Structure the structure will be
information about 2. Interview on the recorded.
the Upper Concerned Groups 2.Actions of the
Makulapnit Dam. 3. Investigation, government and
II. HARDWARE Analysis of the Marcopper will be
 Evaluation Form Information known.
 Interview Guide 3.People will be
 Camera informed about the

 Current Meter present condition of

the structure.
 Page 33

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Method of Research

The descriptive method of research was used in this study. This

method is the most appropriate method since the study involves the description,

recording, analysis, and interpretation of the prevailing conditions of the structure.

Research Location

The study was conducted at the Upper Makulapnit Dam site,

13º24’29” N 121º58’47” E, at the Marcopper Site, Makulapnit, Sta. Cruz,

Marinduque. Barangay Makulapnit is located in the inner part of Marinduque,

approximately 17 km from the town proper of Sta. Cruz, with 506 residents as of

2010. The access road to the structure is from the road near the Tapian Pit,

13º24’48.59” North 121º58’29.20” East, the route goes toward the Lower Makulapnit

Dam, passes across it then goes up to the berm of the spillway wall until the left side

of the Upper Makulapnit Dam has reached at 13º24’26.14” North 121º58’42.32” East.

The common route the residents of Makulapnit is to have an approximately 30-minute

walk from Makulapnit Barangay Hall to the water head of the Upper Makulapnit

Reservoir, and another 30 minutes to reach the Dam site by riding a banca.
 Page 34

Figure 5. Location Map

Figure 6. Orthoimage Map of the Upper Makulapnit Dam

 Page 35

Research Procedure

Describing the Physical Condition of the Dam

The researcher did an ocular inspection on the Upper Makulapnit Dam

site. Using a modified evaluation form for embankment dam inspection provided by

the British Colombia, Water Management Branch, the visible defects found on the

different components of the structure such as the dam’s crest, upstream and

downstream slope, downstream abutments, downstream toe, reservoir banks,

spillway, diversion tunnel and the access to the site were identified and described.

Photographs were also taken on the defects seen. The evaluation form includes the

different parts of the structure and their corresponding possible defects as shown in

the Appendix A.

In determining the discharge of the spillway, a current meter was used.

The measurements were done in June 1, and July 21, 2012, near the edge of the

spillway, approximately 400 meters from its inlet. The area–velocity method was

used in measuring its discharge.

Determination of the Actions of the Government and the Marcopper Mining

Corporation

An interview was conducted with the concerned government agencies

in Marinduque which included the Department of Public Works and Highway

(DPWH), the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the

Provincial Engineering Office and the Municipality of Boac. An interview guide was

used in performing this activity.

 Page 36

Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results

Physical Condition of the Dam

After an ocular inspection conducted in June 2, July 21 and September

1, 2012 the following data were established:

 Crest - The dam’s crest is heavily vegetated with deep-rooted trees and brushes.

No cracks or any visible deformation were seen along the crest. (see Photos 3

and 4 at Appendix B)

 Upstream and Downstream Slope - The upstream and downstream slopes, like

the crest, are heavily vegetated with deep-rooted tress and brushes. Because the

slope surfaces are irregular, since they are rockfilled, it is difficult to

determine whether the slopes are eroded. However, it was established that no

huge erosion, cracking or any deformation are found on the slopes. It was also

established that, there is no seepage or wet area seen on the downstream slope.

(see Photos 1, 2, 5 and 6 at Appendix B)

 Downstream Abutments - Both the left and right downstream abutments show

no signs of seepage.

 Downstream Toe - There is no standing water or seepage seen on the

downstream toe of the dam. But there is a drainage channel along it. This

channel was identified by the University of Arizona’s Engineers during their

visit in 2003. According to M. Palomares, a resident of Barangay Makulapnit

 Page 37

and a fisherman in the dam’s reservoir, this channel carries water coming from

the mine waste dumps during heavy rains, (personal communication, June 2,

2012). The channel is dry during the visits. (see Photo 7 at Appendix B)

 Reservoir Banks - The banks are surrounded by vegetations which help in the

stability of the banks. (see Photo 8 at Appendix B)

 Spillway - The water in the spillway cannot flow easily because it is obstructed

by weeds, brushes and debris such as logs carried from the reservoir and eroded

rocks. The spillway wall is underlain with solid rocks, only few portion of it are

eroded. (see Photos 9, 10, 11 & 12 at Appendix B) In June 2 and July 21, 2012,

the quantity of discharge of the spillway was measured to be 0.2758m3/s and

0.1595m3/s respectively. (See details of computations at Appendix D)

 Diversion Tunnel - The diversion tunnel is leaking. The researcher stayed on

the tunnel for only a short time, due to the danger of bursting, so he failed to

measure the quantity of leak but able to describe it. The leaking water is clear,

and it discharges small amount. There is no monitoring equipment found to

monitor this leak. (see Photos 13 and 14 at Appendix B)

 Access to the Site - The access road to the structure is currently impassable to

vehicles due to the dense vegetation. This was previously cited by Mr.

Palomares as the same road used by the people whenever they need to go to site

for recreation purposes. (see Photo 15 at Appendix B)

Actions of the Government and the Marcopper Mining Company

After an interview conducted in September 10 and 11, 2012, the

following facts were established:

 Page 38

 It was found out that the only government agency involved and with the

knowledge about Upper Makulapnit Dam state is the DENR. Other government

agencies have no idea or information about the status of Marcopper structures,

since according to them, the structures are privately owned, and all the

information about them were kept privately.

 According to Danilo Querihero, Provincial Environmental and Natural

Resources Officer, (personal communication, September 11, 2012), they are

conducting a regular inspection to all the Marcopper structures including the

Uppper Makulapnit Dam through the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB)

inspectors. They do it quarterly and every after storm and seismic events. The

results and the recommendations made were given to Marcopper. He added that

the Marcopper Mining Company has not abandoned the site, but has just only

stopped their operation and because of this, they are still responsible for the

structures. Marcopper still wants to continue their mining operation.

The researcher failed to conduct an interview to the Marcopper

officials. Only the activities on the mine site were observed.

 The whole mine area is protected by security guards. They are inspecting all the

vehicles and the people entering and leaving their site.

 There are two security guards securing the Upper Makulapnit Dam. They are

staying on the old pump house of the dam, just above the inlet of the dam’s

spillway. According to M. Palomares, they are regularly staying in there even

during storms.
 Page 39

Interpretation of Data

After a thorough analysis of the gathered data, the following facts were

established.

Defects Found on Upper Makulapnit Dam and Appurtenances

 The presence of vegetation in the Upper Makulapnit Dam may cause huge

impact to the stability of the structure. There are trees more than ten meters

high, which could be uprooted during storm events and the resulting hole left by

the roots system could lead to breaching of the dam. The roots could uplift the

rocks on the embankment, which may result to erosion. The unnecessary

brushes make it difficult for the inspector to conduct a thorough inspection since

they obstruct the way and block the view.

 Some root systems can decay and rot, providing a tunnel for water to pass

through (called piping).

 The debris blocking the flow of water in the spillway may increase the risk of

overtopping which will weaken the dam.

 The small drainage channel found on the downstream toe of the dam could

damage the structure. According to the University of Arizona’s Engineers,

(2003) the flood water flowing in it could undercut the downstream slope of the

dam.

 The leak in the Upper Makulapnit Dam Diversion Tunnel is not significantly

large that could create problems to its plug. Also the clear water leaking in it is a

sign that there is no internal erosion in its plug.

 Page 40

 There is no way this structure could easily be accessed by vehicles and heavy

equipment since its only access road is currently not in good condition due to

lack of maintenance. When there is an emergency which needs immediate

response, it is difficult to quickly reach this dam.

Actions of Government and Marcopper in the Structure

 All the results and recommendations suggested in the studies conducted by the

government and other independent teams which millions of pesos spent were

rendered useless. Until now, there are no remediations / short or long term

solutions done to solve the identified problems in this structure. According to

M. Palomares, nothing has changed in the structure. Also, the structural and

hydraulic stability of the dam are still unknown.

 There are no monitoring and warning devices installed on the site. Such devices

are very important in determining the stability of the structure and alerting the

downstream areas in case a failure occurs.

 The results of the regular inspections done by the MGB to the structure were all

useless since because their results and recommendations were ignored by the

Marcopper and the government and not made public to the people. This implies

that the only purpose of the inspection is for them not to be blamed when an

unlikely disaster happens, not to protect and warn the people.

 Page 41

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study entitled “Physical Assessment of the Upper Makulapnit

Dam” aimed to describe the present condition of the different components of the

structure and the actions of Marcopper and the government in assuring the stability of

the structure and the safety of the nearby people.

The study comes up with the following results:

1. The whole structure is vegetated with deep-rooted trees and brushes. No huge

erosions cracks or any other deformations were found on the structure. The

structure shows no sign of seepage. The water cannot flow easily in the spillway

because it is obstructed. The diversion tunnel is still leaking. The access road to

the structure is currently impassable to vehicles due to the dense vegetation.

2. All the results and recommendations suggested in the studies conducted by the

government and other independent teams were rendered useless. There is still

no remediation/short or long term solution done to solve the identified problems

in this structure. Also, the structural and hydraulic stability of the dam are still

unknown. There are no monitoring and warning devices installed on the site.

The government has not established warning protocol. The government officials

are only inspecting the structure, but it is useless since results and

recommendations made were ignored by the Marcopper and not made public to

the people.
 Page 42

Conclusions

After conducting an evaluation, inspection, and interview with

concerned people, the following conclusions were made.

 Upper Makulapnit Dam is presently in bad condition. The whole structure is

covered with unwanted vegetation. The spillway is blocked by debris. Its

diversion tunnel is still leaking. And its access road is currently impassable.

 There are no monitoring devices installed in the structure.

 There is no remediation or any short or long term solutions to the problems

identified by different studies made to this structure.

 Until now, the status of Upper Makulapnit Dam is unknown. There are still no

studies that will determine its structural and hydraulic stability.

 The government officials are regularly inspecting this structure, but this is

useless since their results and recommendations are ignored by Marcopper and

not made public to the people.

 The present defects found on the structure imply that this structure is not

properly maintained. Marcopper has not been doing their responsibility to

maintain this structure and the government is ignoring the risk it may cause to

the downstream areas.

 The downstream people are at risk. The dam is not in good condition and there

are no warning devices or any warning protocol established. They will not be

easily warned in case an unlikely event of collapse happens.

 Page 43

Recommendations

Based on the conclusions made, the following actions / measures are given:

 The defects found on the Upper Makulapnit Dam may be immediately repaired.

The vegetation in the dam especially the large deep-rooted trees and the debris

blocking the spillway may be properly removed. The diversion tunnel may be

sealed permanently or if not, the water leaking in it may be regularly monitored.

The small drainage channel along the downstream toe may be diverted away

from the structure. The access road to the site may be repaired.

 A thorough study in this dam may be made. Such study may determine its

structural and hydraulic stability and other aspects that will define its stability to

properly apply the necessary remediation.

 The structure may be properly maintained.

 The result of the inspection made by the MGB may not be ignored and may be

made public to the people or concerned groups so that they will be aware and

updated on its status.

 The government especially the Municipality of Boac may establish a warning

protocol in the events of dam failure or any situations requiring emergency

responses.

 Since the Marcopper has not yet accomplished its debts to the province and

neglecting their responsibility in maintaining this structure, it is recommended

that the government may now own, manage, and use this structure. This

structure has many potential uses that may contribute to the development of

Marinduque.

 The government may conduct discussions on the forgotten issues concerning the

Marcopper Mining Company.

 Page 44

References

Angeles A. (2004). Mining Ombudsman Case Report: Marinduque Island, 12.

British Colombia, Water Management Branch, Dam Safety Section (March 2011).
Dam Safety Guidelines, Version 2. Retrieved Febuary 17, 2012, from
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wsd/public_safety/dam_safety/cabinet/inspection.pdf

Dioceses of Boac (2008 Febuary 28). Pahayag ng Pagkabahala at Panawagan Para sa

mga Kongkretong Aksiyon Hinggil sa mga Panganib na Maaaring Idulot ng
mga Malalaking “Dams” ng Marcopper Mining Corporation sa Kabundukan
ng Lalawigan ng Marinduque. Retrieved April, 2012, from
http://pcij.org/blog/wpdocs/Boac_Diocese_Letter_to_Governor _Carrion.pdf

Klohn-Crippen (2001). Engineering, Health, and Environmental Issues Related to

Mining in Marinduque, Final Report of the Independent Assessment
Team: Engineering Assessment.

MMSD (2002). Mining for the Future - Appendix C: Abandoned Mines Working
Paper. Retrieved August 31, 2012, from
http://www.mining.ubc.ca/mlc/presentations_pub/Pub_LVW/28_mftf-c.pdf

NYSDEC (2001). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation - An

Owners Guidance Manual for the Inspection and Maintenace of Dams in New
York State. Retrieved July 26, 2012, from
http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/water_pdf/damguideman2.pdf

Padolina, M. R., & Ordillano, S. D., (2003). Physical Condition of Marcopper Dams,
82 & 85.

Querijro D., (2011 November 21), Leak at Marcopper Mine Site again Raises Fears.
Retrieved May 8, 2012, from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/97513/leak-at-
marcopper-mine-site-again-raises-fears
 Page 45

Short, C. (June, 2004). Report Condemns Philippines Mining. Retrieved August 31,
2012, from http://uk.oneworld.net/article/view/145352/1/

UNEP (2000). Abandoned Mine Sites: Problems, Issues and Options Discussion
Paper Presented by UNEP. Retrieved August 31, 2012 from
http://www.eclac.cl/drni/noticias/noticias/9/7029/ProgrammeUNEP.pdf

University of Arizona’s Engineers, (2003). Engineering, Health, and Environmental

Issues Related to Mining in Marinduque, Final Report of the Independent
Assessment Team: Engineering Assessment.
 Page 46

Appendix A

MODIFIED INSPECTION FORM OF AN EMBANKMENT DAM

Page 47
Page 48
 Page 49

Appendix B
PHOTOS OF THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF UPPER MAKULAPNIT
DAM

Photo 1. Vegetations and Eroded Photo 2. The Researcher at the

Rocks on the Uupstream Slope Upstream Slope (06/02/12)
(06/02/12)

Photo 3. The Researcher at the Crest Photo 4. Vegetations on the Crest

(06/02/12) (06/02/12)
 Page 50

Photo 5. The Downstream Slope Photo 6. Vegetations on the

(06/02/12) Downstream Slope (09/01/12)

Photo 7. Small Drainage Channel on Photo 8. Reservoir Bank (09/01/12)

the Downstream Toe (06/02/12)

Photo 9. Eroded Rocks in the Spillway Photo 10. Logs and Vegetations on the
(07/21/12) Spillway (09/01/12)
 Page 51

Photo 11. Vegetations on the Spillway Photo 12. The researcher measures the
(09/01/12) spillway’s discharge (07/21/12)

Photo 13. Upper Makulapnit Dam Photo 14. Leak at the Diversion
Diversion Tunnel (09/01/12) Tunnel (09/01/12)

Photo 15. Upper Makulapnit Dam

Access Road along the Spillway Wall
(09/01/12)
 Page 52

Appendix D
DETAILS ON COMPUTATIONS OF UPPER MAKULAPNIT SPILLWAY
DISCHARGE

Table 2. Upper Makulapnit Dam Spillway Discharge (June 2, 2012, 4:00PM)

Tones / Velocity Discharge

Section Width (m) Depth (m) Area (m2 )
30sec (m/s) (m3 /s)
A 0.13 0.24 0.0312 28 0.675 0.02106
B 0.25 0.42 0.105 30 0.72 0.07560
C 0.25 0.43 0.1075 33 0.7871 0.08461
D 0.25 0.31 0.0775 33 0.7871 0.06100
E 0.15 0.32 0.048 29 0.698 0.03350
TOTAL 0.27578

Table 3. Upper Makulapnit Dam Spillway Discharge (July 21, 2012, 3:00PM)

Tones / Velocity Discharge

Section Width (m) Depth (m) Area (m2 )
30sec (m/s) (m3 /s)
A 0.2 0.15 0.03 25 0.6082 0.01825
B 0.2 0.39 0.078 25 0.6082 0.04744
C 0.2 0.335 0.067 24 0.5858 0.03925
D 0.2 0.21 0.042 26 0.6305 0.02648
E 0.2 0.24 0.048 24 0.5858 0.02812
TOTAL 0.15953

a b
Figure 5. Upper Makulapnit Dam Spillway Cross Section, (a. June 2, 2012, 4:00PM
– b. July 21, 2012, 3:00PM)