3/13/2017

Ground Improvement for

Groundwater Control
Paul Schmall, PhD, PE

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The “Spectrum”
Watertightening
Urethane
Grouting
Fracture
Grouting Permeation
Ground
Soil Grouting Jet Freezing
Dewatering
Mixing Grouting
Fracture
Grouting
Compaction
Grouting
Strength
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The “Spectrum”
Watertightening

Dewatering

Strength
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Groundwater

No.1 Source of
Underground Construction
Problems

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Cologne

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Cologne

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Cologne

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Two Typical Approaches:

1) Dewater
2) Complete water cut-off

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Two Typical Approaches:

1) Dewater
2) Complete water cut-off
What happens when cut-off is less
than perfect ?

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Be Careful When:

You THINK you’re cutting off groundwater

Relying on a perfect cut-off

Groundwater pressure & availability

Non-cohesive soil

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The “Spectrum”
Watertightening

Compaction
Grouting
Strength
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Grouting Methods

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Compaction Grouting
Quickest replacement of ground

Compaction Grouting

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The “Spectrum”
Watertightening

Fracture
Grouting

Fracture
Grouting

Strength
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Fracture Grouting

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Fracture Grouting

Fracture Grouting

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Fracture Grouting

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The “Spectrum”
Watertightening

Soil
Mixing

Strength
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Soil Mixing

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Soil Mixing

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The “Spectrum”
Watertightening

Permeation
Grouting

Strength
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Permeation Groutability

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Vertical Cut-offs
 Steel sheet piling
 Slurry trenches
 Slurry diaphragm walls
 Secant piles
 Deep soil mixing

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Non-Vertical Cut-offs
 Permeation Grouting
 Jet Grouting
 Ground Freezing
 Curtain Grouting (in Rock)

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Permeation Grouting

Permeation Grouted Block

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Permeation Grouting

Disturbed ground conditions

Paths of least resistance
Strength OR impermeability

Permeation Grouting
Infilling of features in rock

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The “Spectrum”
Watertightening
Urethane
Grouting

Strength
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Urethane Grouting

The “Spectrum”
Watertightening

Jet
Grouting

Strength
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Jet Grouted Block

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Jet Grouted Launch Block

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Jet Grouting
Most complex technique

Jet Grouting

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Jet Grouting

Jet Grouting

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Subway Tie-In

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Bathtub Excavation

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Subway Tie-In

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Subway Tie-In

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SEM Tunnel

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South Shaft North Shaft

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Difficulty at the Extremities

 Dense and/or high
plasticity clays
 Very soft soils

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Imperfect Cut-Off

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Imperfect Cut-Off

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Recipe for Disaster

Groundwater Pressure
+
High Permeability or Non-
cohesive Soil
+
Defect in a Cut-off

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Bottom Seal

Considerations:
Drill depth
Borehole deviation
Accommodation of leakage

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The “Spectrum”
Watertightening

Ground
Freezing

Strength
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Bad Joints / Bottom Seal

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Problem Shaft

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First Street Tunnel

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First Street Tunnel

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Arch Support & Water Cut-Off

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Mixed Face

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The Big Dig – Difficult Ground

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The Big Dig – Difficult Ground

Fill

Organic silt

Boston Blue
Clay

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The “Spectrum”
Watertightening

Ground
Jet Freezing
Grouting

Strength
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Freezing Jet Grouting

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Freezing Jet Grouting

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Jet Grouted Launch Block

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Post Ground Loss Grouting

• Disturbed Conditions
• Obstructions
• Nooks & Crannies
• Flowing Groundwater
• Other Sources of Water

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No one has seen more. TM

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