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INTRODUCTION
This chapter includes the background of the study, the hypothesis, the statement of the
problem, the scope and limitation, the significance of the study, and the definition of terms.
Research shows that the detection of objects like a human eye has not been achieved with
high accuracy using cameras and cameras cannot be replaced with a human eye. Detection refers
Detection of images or moving objects have been highly worked upon, and has been integrated
and used in commercial, residential and industrial environments. But, most of the strategies and
techniques have heavy limitations in the form of computational resources, lack of proper data
analysis of the measured trained data, dependence of the motion of the objects, inability to
differentiate one object from other, and also there is a concern over speed of the movement and
accuracy. Hence, there is a need to draft, apply and recognize new techniques of detection that
Humans learn to recognize objects or humans by learning starting from their birth. Same
idea has been utilized by incorporating the intelligence by training into a camera using neural
networks and TensorFlow. This enables to have the same intelligence in cameras, which can be
used as an artificial eye and can be used in many areas such as surveillance, detection of
objects/things such as garbage which is really useful to collect data to plan environmental
count them for data analysis. With machine learning and neural networks, it makes the job easier
by cutting the time needed for such activities and by using a machine to count the objects, thus
The part of the difficulty arises due to the fact that the current sensor technology is not
utilized to the full efficiency and also, due to the lack of utilization of proper data analysis
methods. The comforting fact is that with the advent of 21st century, there has been a vast
improvement in the sensor technology and arrival of the Internet of Thing (IoT) devices. In an
environment with clutter and an unspeakable mess, detection is even more challenging. One of
the difficulties presented in literature for detection is to identify a garbage through several layers.
This is a common problem for any sensor that is based on the reflection of acoustic,
optical, or electromagnetic wave off a surface. However, the issue of garbage not being
identified properly has been solved in my project. For example, fast moving garbage in real time
tracking level, objects may be stationary for no apparent reasons or they may move in any
direction spontaneously such as in a garbage recycling facility when it is on a conveyor belt. This
In order to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges, “You look only once”
(Yolo) detection system has been used not only to speed up the detection process, but also higher
accuracy has been obtained. Yolo has not been implemented with android before and I have
implemented this with android but with a lower frame rate, since GPUs are not supported on
android. One of the applications and advantages is that the android mobile devices are easily
available with everyone, and in future, this detection system can be applied for solid waste
detection to cut the time required in segregating the objects thus enabling an efficient workplace
especially in urban areas like Metro Manila. Improper wastes disposal, inefficient wastes
collection and lack of disposal facilities are among the dominant concerns in the country’s solid
waste management. Unless these are addressed, the wastes generated from various sources will
continually lead to health hazards and serious environmental impacts such as ground and surface
Solid wastes are generated from residential, commercial, industrial and institutional
sources. Residential wastes accounts for more than half (57%) of the total solid wastes (e.g.
kitchen scraps, yard waste, paper and cardboards, glass bottles, etc.) Wastes from commercial
sources, which include commercial establishments and public/private markets, accounts for 27
percent. Wastes from institutional sources such as government offices, educational and medical
institutions accounts for about 12 percent while the remaining 4 percent is waste coming from
The country’s solid wastes typically contain more organic components than other
percent, followed by recyclable waste which accounts for 28 percent and residuals at 18 percent.
Biodegradable wastes come mostly from food waste and yard waste while recyclable wastes
include plastic packaging wastes, metals, glass, textile, leather and rubber. The significant shares
of biodegradables and recyclables indicate that composting and recycling have great potential in
of the local government units (LGUs). At present, most LGUs administer their own collection
systems or contract out this service to private contractors. In Metro Manila, the common types of
collection vehicles are open dump trucks and compactor trucks. Nationwide, about 40 to 85
percent of the solid wastes generated is collected while in Metro Manila it is 85 percent. The
poorer areas of cities, municipalities, and rural barangays are typically unserved or under-served.
Uncollected waste ends up mostly in rivers, esteros and other water bodies, thus, polluting major
water bodies and clogging the drainage systems, which results to flooding during heavy rains
(NSWMC). It is interesting to note, however, that the 85 percent collection rate of Metro Manila
is above the average collection rate of other countries in the Philippines’ income bracket (around
69%) and among East Asia and Pacific countries (around 72%).
Through the use of the aforementioned technology above, such as the YOLO algorithm
for detecting garbage type objects, we trained this technology to detect plastic bottles as a
common class to help reduce garbage since The United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the
Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP), estimated that land-based sources account
for up to 80 percent of the world's marine pollution, 60 to 95 percent of the waste being plastics
debris. Through the means of recycling it or anything the app will see fit with the data amassed
by the algorithm. The dataset will be in a form of several images that will be fed to the machine
clearly, by using this app, garbage in landfills, dumpsites, and municipal recovery facilities
(MRF’s) will be significantly reduced with its functions like counting the garbage amassed
throughout the day thus reducing the time if done manually. The algorithm in form of an app will
be placed on the top of a conveyor belt for instance as a scanner or deployed above as a flying
object such as a drone for instance. The scanned garbage will then be counted and registered as a
data in which a machine will sort the recyclables and the opposite for easier segregation. This
algorithm is very useful in big scale solid waste disposal factories such as in municipalities
which have the said technology in recycling and segregating the garbage through means of
conveyor belts and the like. This technology will benefit municipalities because it will lessen the
work of those tasked to count and segregate the solid waste, thus reducing the time needed for
This innovation is meant to help municipal and city personnel quickly characterize solid
wastes and be able to quantify composition based on solid waste types. This data is vital in
improve recycling rates and create innovation on converting waste to valuable products.
The current recycling process often requires recycling facilities to sort by hand.
Consumers can also be confused about the correct way to recycle materials. By using computer
vision, we can predict the category of recycling of an object based on an image of it.
C. The time needed in segregating the waste thus enabling the worker to perform
If-Then:
Much of the world's waste goes to landfill sites, which only add to the pollution problem
because they produce methane - a greenhouse gas and significant contributor to climate change.
And nowadays, technology is very rampant, making the world a technological jungle. Solid
waste in landfills are just sitting by waiting to be recovered or to be disposed of by burning, thus
producing methane gas- a harmful substance to our environment when released. How much more
does our environment needs to suffer because of these inappropriate disposal strategies?
That’s why this study is aiming to reduce the numbers of solid waste like cans, plastic
bottles, and etc.., through the use of a technology known as object detection. With this kind of
technology, we can detect waste and design environmentally friendly strategic approaches to
dispose of these wastes or to recycle them for future uses. With this technology, municipalities
will have no problem in disposing garbage through burning and etc.., because this technology
will tell you what to do with it after scanning a vicinity in a land fill with the use of your camera.
The app will then design strategic approaches like recycling for instance and others.
Taking advantage of technologies nowadays is very crucial to lessen work and to make
the workspace hazard free for workers. By using this technology, you will lessen time in
counting the number of solid wastes, be able to design approaches to dispose of the wastes
properly and safely, and others! It will cut the time dramatically for big scale disposal factories
Though the study encompasses the small community of Barangay Dos in Mountain View
College, Valencia City, Bukidnon, everything needed for the experiment have been met. Most of
the limitations are just the timeframe allotted for the project and the unavailability of a suitable
GPU driver in order for the real-time detection to be precise and without any delay in a low-end
smartphone. Furthermore, the app presented is just a working prototype of the object detection
algorithm since the time to train the models used as a basis for the detection can be really slow
without a decent GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) needed for the camera to detect 30 frames per
second of a real time detection. Most important is that the study, only aims to demonstrate
firsthand this algorithm that is introduced in this study, through an app as a demonstration on
In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances,
researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better
fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the
technological environment and the end-user is society in general. The fast-growing trend and
innovation in technologies today prompts researchers to conduct studies about the fast food chain
advertisement to patronize their products and modern technologies in every aspect of our daily
living. This Chapter presents a brief review of literature and studies, both local and foreign that is
This part of the research presents summarized fragments of various published resources
which would present detailed facts elaboration on the study presented. Thus, on this element of
to the torrential weather systems, victims of the calamity suffered greater loss as many of those
who died were buried under the mountain of trash located above the residential areas. It shows
how fast the people of Northern Luzon forget as they haven’t learned from a similar tragedy
before at the Payatas dumpsite. Obviously, with this recurring tragedy, it leaves most saying that
there is an urgent need for a better garbage disposable system that goes beyond simple sorting or
segregation of trash, but a drastic implementation of proper waste disposal involving a collective
variety of trash.
Moving on to the technology, object recognition is one of the most fascinating abilities
that humans easily possess since childhood. With a simple glance of an object, humans are able
to tell its identity or category despite of the appearance variation due to change in pose,
illumination, texture, deformation, and under occlusion. Furthermore, humans can easily
generalize from observing a set of objects to recognizing objects that have never been seen
before. For example, kids are able to generalize the concept of “chair” or “cup” after seeing just
a few examples. Nevertheless, it is a daunting task to develop vision systems that match the
cognitive capabilities of human beings, or systems that are able to tell the specific identity of an
object being observed. The main reasons can be attributed to the following factors: relative pose
of an object to a camera, lighting variation, and difficulty in generalizing across objects from a
Central to object recognition systems are how the regularities of images, taken under
different lighting and pose conditions, are extracted and recognized. In other words, all these
facilitating procedures to tell their identities. In addition, the representations can be either 2D or
3D geometric models. The recognition process, either generative or discriminative, is then
carried out by matching the test image against the stored object representations or models (Yang,
2017).
Related Studies
In the International Journal of Engineering & Technology it was stated that, since the
present-day process of recycling wastes requires various recycling facilities to handle garbage
and use a combination of large filters and tools to separate out shape specific objects. Improving
this process of recycling will help in improving the efficiency of the plant by reducing the
wastage, and also in reducing the time consumed in sorting the waste. This will moreover
increase the accuracy of the classification compared to that done by hand, and hence will be
beneficial in both environmental as well as economical aspects. A stream of images is fed to the
system similar to the way it is done in waste management plants. Different objects in the image
are identified and each object is classified separately. Image processing algorithm is used to
classify the images into six different categories. By automating this process, we can easily
classify the recyclable objects by just looking at a single image (Retrieved from
http://www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET ).
Before the development of deep neural networks, features were manually designed, then
followed by a classifier. Some research focused on the classification and recycling of garbage a
few years ago. For example, Sudha S et al. proposed a model for classifying objects as
biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Although the traditional object detection already has some
diversity and other factors of the target object, the detection precision for the unfixed form
objects such as urban garbage is still a tough problem to solve. The past decade has witnessed a
rapid development of massive data and high-performance computing systems such as graphics
processing units (GPUs).Now regionbased CNN detection methods have dominated many tasks
of computer vision. It is such an exciting area that can extract the high-level features and the
hierarchical feature representations of the objects. Girshick et al. introduced a region-based CNN
(RCNN) for object detection, from 2014 to now, R-CNN, Fast R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, ION,
HyperNet, SDP-CRC, YOLO, G-CNN, SSD and other increasingly fast and accurate object
detection methods have emerged. There is very little research on garbage detection at home and
abroad now. In the first, Mittal proposed a GarbNet network to complete the classification of
garbage and non-spam images, achieving a mean accuracy of 87.69% on the GINI dataset. In
later years, they developed GoogLeNet as its classification architecture, which was similar to
OverFeat model, to detect the target objects such as cigarette butts and leaves from a height of
several meters. (“Autonomous garbage detection for intelligent urban management”, 2018)
This chapter deals with the procedures and methods that were used in the study. This
briefly discusses the research design, data gathering procedure and the construction of the model.
Research Design
additional garbage quantity in municipalities which have limited access to sophisticated garbage
disposal materials. It’s based on the YOLO (You only look once) framework. It’s designed to
identify the garbage on a landfill based on a set of images in a pre-trained model such as an app.
As Calmorin (2010) stated, applied research is the type of research that involves seeking new
applications of the scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem such as the development of
a new system, procedure or a device, or new method in order to solve a problem. In this research,
the problem is identified then a new method is applied to solve the problem in the form of
modern technology.
The experimental method was employed in this study for it aims to determine the
Experimentation was the main tool used to gather data. It was conducted between the
three variables, namely: Plastic Bottle, Can, Metal, the independent variables, and the efficacy
and accuracy of the app in detecting the objects as the dependent variable. The researchers
recorded and evaluated the data to examine that the app has worked flawlessly.
On the data gathering procedure, laboratory experimentation was replaced by field testing
of the prototype that we created. The researchers used this data gathering procedure because the
In gathering the data, the researchers used all available resources to study the fail to gain
ratios for the accuracy in detecting the objects. These sources are important because they contain
The procedures for the production of the output followed the phase of planning,
The accuracy levels that were obtained in the application enabled us to plan for further
After the planning the construction of the application the things needed were:
b. A suitable graphics driver for training the dataset faster than average speeds