COMPARATOR LM339QUAD

In Electronics, a comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and outputs a
digital signal indicating which is larger.A dedicated voltage comparator chip such as LM339 is
designed to interface with a digital logic interface (to a TTL or a CMOS).The LMx39x devices
consist of four independent voltage comparators that are designed to operate from a single power
supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from dual supplies also is possible, as long as the
difference between the two supplies is 2 V to 36 V, and VCC is at least 1.5 V more positive than the
input common-mode voltage. Current drain is independent of the supply voltage. The outputs can be
connected to other open-collector outputs to achieve wired-AND relationships.The LM339 and
LM339A devices are characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C.:The comparator has the the
following features-

• Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 36 V

• Split Supply Operation: ±1.5 V to ±18 V
• Low Input Bias Current: 25 nA (Typ)
• Low Input Offset Current: ±5.0 nA (Typ)
• Low Input Offset Voltage • Input Common Mode Voltage Range to GND
• Low Output Saturation Voltage: 130 mV (Typ) @ 4.0 mA
• TTL and CMOS Compatible
• ESD Clamps on the Inputs Increase Reliability without Affecting Device Operation
• NCV Prefix for Automotive and Other Applications Requiring Unique Site and
Control Change Requirements; AEC−Q100 Qualified and PPAP Capable
• These Devices are Pb−Free, Halogen Free/BFR Free and are RoHS Compliant
FIG:-IC LM339QUAD
 FIG:-ARCHITECTURE OF IC LM339QUAD

PIN DIAGRAM:-

FIG:-PIN DIAGRAM OF LM339QUAD

PIN DESCRIPTION:-

The PIN description of the above mentioned IC is as following :-

WORKING OF LM339QUAD:-
A dedicated voltage comparator may also contain additional features such as an accurate, internal
voltage reference, an adjustable hysteresis and a clock gated input.
A dedicated voltage comparator chip such as LM339 is designed to interface with a digital logic
interface (to a TTL or a CMOS). The output is a binary state often used to interface real world
signals to digital circuitry (see analog to digital converter). If there is a fixed voltage source from,
for example, a DC adjustable device in the signal path, a comparator is just the equivalent of a
cascade of amplifiers. When the voltages are nearly equal, the output voltage will not fall into one of
the logic levels, thus analog signals will enter the digital domain with unpredictable results. To
make this range as small as possible, the amplifier cascade is high gain. The circuit consists of
mainly Bipolar transistors. For very high frequencies, the input impedance of the stages is low. This
reduces the saturation of the slow, large P-N junction bipolar transistors that would otherwise lead
to long recovery times. Fast small Schottky diodes, like those found in binary logic designs,
improve the performance significantly though the performance still lags that of circuits with
amplifiers using analog signals. Slew rate has no meaning for these devices. For applications
in flash ADCs the distributed signal across eight ports matches the voltage and current gain after
each amplifier, and resistors then behave as level-shifters.
The LM339 accomplishes this with an open collector output. When the inverting input is at a higher
voltage than the non inverting input, the output of the comparator connects to the negative power
supply. When the non inverting input is higher than the inverting input, the output is 'floating' (has a
very high impedance to ground). The gain of op amp as comparator is given by this equation
V(out)=V(in).
Application of LM339QUAD Comparator:-
 The humidity monitoring system of soil based on wireless sensor networks using Arduino
 Smoke Alarm Circuit
 HeartBeat Sensor Circuit

20*4 ALPHANUMERIC LCD

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and has a wide
range of applications.LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display
module and has a wide range of applications.
The most common type of monochrome LCD modules are known as Alphanumeric
LCD Displays or a Character LCD Display. Alphanumeric LCD displays are widely
used for the following reasons.
 These displays are easier to implement than a graphics unit.
 There are a large number of LCD suppliers that carry drop in equivalent
displays.
 They have been a proven technology for many years.
 There are built-in standard configurations.
Engineers and hardware designers favor Alphanumeric lcd displays for quick
development products. The display contains its own controller driver chip with a
character map built into the IC. The character map makes it easy for the design to
integrate their software, aka firm ware, into the pre-written software of the LCD
module. When the engineer wants to display the letter 'A', all they have to do is send a
command requesting the capital 'A'. This is much easier than a graphics LCD module
where each dot on the letter 'A' needs to addressed. This is a very time consuming
activity.
CONSTRUCTION OF AN ALPHANUMERIC LCD DISPLAY
Alphanumeric LCD Devices have been a proven technology for many years. The
most common construction of the Alphanumeric LCD display is known as a COB or
chip on Board. This is where there is a PCB attached to the LCD glass. The name
Chip on board means that the controller driver chip is located on the back of the
Printed circuit board.

Alphanumeric LCD displays are built in standard configurations such as 20x4, 8x1
and 40x4. The identification of these displays is broken down into the number of
characters in each row and then the number of rows. An example of this is a 20x4.
That means there are 20 characters in each row. There are 4 rows of these characters.
That means the alphanumeric LCD can display a total of 80 characters at a time.

A character is any letter, capital and non-capital, any number and the punctuation
mark, such as period, comma and back slash. The character table built into the micro
controller of the LCD can display 255 separate characters. There are different
languages, so we can choose a character table that displays English, French, German
and many other languages.

FIG:- 20X4 ALPHANUMERIC LCD

WORKING AND PIN OUT

All character lcd's have
 Eight(8) data pins D0-D7
 Vcc (Apply +5 volt here)
 Gnd (Ground this pin)
 Rc (Register select)
 Rw (read - write)
 En (Enable)
 V0 (Set Lcd contrast)
The picture above, shows the pin out of the character lcd. Almost all the character
lcd's are composed of the same pin out. Lcd's with total pin count equal to 14 does not
have back light control option. They might have back light always on or does not have
a back light. 16 total pin count lcd's have 2 extra A and K pins. A means anode and K
cathode, use these pins to control the back light of lcd.
Character Lcd's have a controller build in to them named HD44780. We actually talk
with this controller in order to display character on the lcd screen. HD44780 must be
properly handled and initialized before sending any data to it. HD44780 has some
registers which are initialized and manipulated for character displaying on the lcd.
These registers are selected by the pins of character lcd.

Rs(Register select)
Register select selects the HD44780 controller registers. It switches between
Command and data register.
 Command Register
 Data Register
Command Register
When we send commands to lcd these commands go to Command register and are
processed their. Commands with their full description are given in the picture
below. When Rs=0 command register is selected.
Data Register
When we send Data to lcd it goes to data register and is processed their. When Rs=1
data register is selected.

Rw(Read - Write)
Rw pin is used to read and write data to HD44780 data and command registers. When
Rw=1 we can read data from lcd. When Rw=0 we can write to lcd.

En(Enable signal)
When we select the register Rs(Command and Data) and set Rw(read - write) and
placed the raw value on 8-data lines, now its time to execute the instruction. By
instruction i mean the 8-bit data or 8-bit command present on Data lines of lcd. For
sending the final data/command present on the data lines we use this enable
pin. Usually it remains en=0 and when we want to execute the instruction we make it
high en=1 for some mills seconds. After this we again make it ground en=0.

V0 (Set Lcd contrast)

To set lcd display sharpness use this pin. Best way is to use variable resistor such as
potentiometer a variable current makes the character contrast sharp. Connect the
output of the potentiometer to this pin. Rotate the potentiometer knob forward and
backward to adjust the lcd contrast