Problems

by big man Mohab ashraf

1 - No. of Moles
Number of moles : Mass of substance(g) ÷ Molar
mass
Mass : Molar mass(g) x number of moles
Molar mass : Mass(g) ÷ number of moles
Examples :
1- Calculate the number of moles of water found in 36g of it.

[ H = 1 , O = 16 ]
- The molar mass of H2O = 16+(1x2)= 18g/mol
- The number of moles of water = 36÷18 = 2 mol
2 - Calculate the mass of 0.5 mole of sulphuric
acid(H2SO4).
- The molecular mass of H2SO4 = (2x1) + 32 + (4x16) = 98
- The molar mass = 98g/mol
- the mass of 0.5 mole of H2SO4 = 0.5mol x 98 g/mol = 49g

2 - No. of atoms (Avogrado's number)

Number of atoms = No. of moles x Avogrado's
number.

Examples :
1- Calculate the no. of carbon atoms in 50 grams of
calcium carbonate CaCo3.

(Ca = 40 , C = 12 , O = 16)
- 40+12+16 = 100
- No. of moles = 50÷100 = 0.5
- No of atoms of carbon = 0.5 x 6.02 x 1023 = 3.01 x 1023
Solve :
- Calculate the no. of carbon molecules in 48
grams of carbon (C = 12)

3- STP
Volume of gas = 22.4 x no. of moles
Examples :
1- Calculate the volume of 64gm of oxygen
gas in STP conditions ( O = 16 )
- If one mole of oxygen = 16+16 = 32gm (O2)
- The no. of moles = 64÷32 = 2 moles
- The volume of oxygen gas = 22.4 x the no. of
moles = 22.4 x 2 = 44.8L
Solve :
- Calculate the volume of oxygen required for
90 g of water when reacting with hydrogen in
STP
(O = 15 , H =1)

4 - Molarity&Molality
Molarity(M) = Number of moles/Volumes of solution
[ Unit of Molarity is (mol/L) or Molar (M) ]
Molality (m) = Number of solute/Mass of
solvent
[ Unit of Molality is (mol/kg) or (m) ]
No. of moles = Mass of solute/Molar mass
Examples :
- Calculate the molarity for 85.5g cane-sugar
C12H22O11
[C=12 , H=1 , O=16]
- Molar mass of cane sugar =
(12 x 12) + (22 x 1) + (11 x 16) = 342 g/mol
- Number of moles of suger = Mass/Molar mass
= 85.5/342 = 0.25 mol.
Molarity = no. of moles of solute/volume of
solution
0.25÷0.5 = 0.5 mol/L

- Calculate the molality of a solution prepared

by dissolving 20 g of sodium hydroxide NaOH in
800 g of water. [Na = 23 , H = 1 , O = 16]

- Molar mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1=40 g/mol

- Number of moles of NaOH = mass / molar mass
=20/40
= 0.5 mol
- Molality = number of moles of solute/mass of
solvent
= 0.5mol/0.8kg =0.625 mol/kg.
6- Emperical Formula & Molecular Formula
No. of units of empirical formula =
Molar mass of the compound / Mass of empirical
formula
Molecular formula =
Empirical formula x No. of units of empirical
formula
Examples
Calculate the molecular and empirical
formula for water which contains 11.19% H
and 88.81% O, know that its molar mass is
18 g/mol.

H
O
No. of moles = 11.9 = 11.9 88.81 =
5.551
1
16

Mole ratio = 11.9 =2

5.551 = 1
5.551
5.551

2 : 1
The empirical formula = H2O
Molar mass of empirical formula =
2x1+16=18g/mol
No. of units of empirical formula = 18/18 = 1
The molecular formula = H2O

Solve

Chemical analysis has proven that acetic

acid is formed from 40% of C, 6.67% of H
and 53.33% of O and its molar mass = 60
g/mol . What are the empirical formula and
the molecular formula of this acid
[H = 1 , C = 12 , O = 16]

7 - Quantity of Heat
Quantity of heat Mass Specfic heat

Change in temp. T = T2 - T1

qp = m .

c . T
(J) (g) (J/g.oC)
(oC)

Specfic heat

c = qp / m x T
Initial and final temperature

T = qp / c x m
T1 (intial temp.) = T2 - T

T2 (intial temp.)= T + T1

Mass of matter

m = qp / c x T
Examples
Calculate the quantity of heat (expressed in
Joules) required to raise the temperature of
100 g of water by 21.5oc.

qp = m . c . T
qp = 100 x 4.18 x 21.5 = 8987 J

Calculate the quantity of heat (By J and

cal ) required to raise the temp. of a piece of
iron 1.3 g from 25oC

T = T2 - T1 = 46 -25 = 21OC
qp = m . c . T = 1.3 x 0.448 x 21 = 12.23 J
Convert the quantity of heat from (J===> cal) by
dividing 4.18
qp = 12.23 = 2.926 cal
4.18

Solve
Calculate the specfic heat of an unkown
substance whose mass is 155 g and its
temprature is raised from 25oc to 40oc
when it absorbs an amount of heat of 5700 J

Calculate the final temp. of a sample of gold

which its mass is 4.5 g , its intial temp is
25oc and absorbs an amount of heat of 276
J , knowing that the specfic heat of gold is
0.13 J/g. oc

8. Yield percentage
Yield % = Practical yield x 100%
Therotical yield
Examples
1 - Meythl alcohol is produced through the
following reaction
HEAT

CO + 2H2(g) ====> CH3OH

(L)

if 6.1 g of meythl alcohol is produced from

the reaction of 1.2 g of H2 with an excess
amount of carbon monoxide. Calculate
the % of yied.

[C = 12 , O = 16 , H = 1]

CO + 2H2(g) ====>
CH3OH (L)
2mol
1 mol
2(2x1) = 4 g
12+(4x1)+16 = 32
1.2
g ?g
Theoretical yield = 1.2 x 32 = 9.6 g
4
Yied % = 6.1 x 100% = 63.54%
9.6

Solve
Calculate the yield % for a reaction
between 20 g of sodium chloride solution
with an excess amount of silver nitrate , if 45
g of AgCl is precipitated from this reaction .
[Na = 23 , Cl =
35.5 , Ag = 108]

9 - Heat content change H

H = Hproducts - Hreactants

Examples
Calculate the change in heat content for the
following reaction :
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) ====> 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(L)
Knowing that heat content of :
C2H2 = 225.75 kJ/mol , CO2 = -393.5 kJ/mol , H2O = 285.85
kJ/mol

Solution
Hprod = 4 x (-395.5) + 2 x (-285.85) = -2145.7 kJ
Hreact = 2 x ( 226.75) + 5 x (0) = + 453.5 kJ

H = Hproducts - Hreactants
= (-2145.7) - 453.5 = -2599.2 kJ

Solve
Calculate the change in the heat content for
the following reaction :
CH4(g) + 3CL2(g) ====> CHCL3(L) + 3HCL(g)
where the heat content of :
CH4 = -74.85 kJ/mol , CH3CL = -132 kJ/mol , HCL = -92.3
kJ/mol
10 - Half-Life
Half-Life (t1/2) = Total decay time(t)
Number of
periods(D)

Examples
1- Calculate the half life of a radio active
element . knowing that a sample of 12 g of
it converted to 1.5 g after passing 45 days

Solution
12g t1/2 ----> 6g t1/2 ----> 3g t1/2 ----> 1.5 g
Number of periods (D) = 3
t1/2 =T = 45 = 15 days
D 3

2- Calculate the number of remained atom

nuclei after passing 8 years from a sample
of a radioactive element containing 4.8 x
1012 atoms if the t1/2 = 2 years

Solution
D= _t_ = 8 = 4
t1/2 2
4.8 x 1012 atom t1/2 ----> 2.4 x 1012 atom t1/2 ----> 0.6 x 1012 t1/2 ---->
0.3 x 1012

the number remained atoms nuclei after 8

years = 0.3 x 1012

3- Calculate the half-life (t1/2) of a radioactive

element , where 75% of its decayed nuclei
after 12 min .
Solution

75% of decayed nuclei

the percent if remained is = 100 - 75 = 25%
100% t1/2 ----> 50% t1/2 ----> 25%
D=2
t1/2 t/d = 12 / 2 = 6min

11- Quark(Not Qwark)

The Composition of the proton (p)

the proton consists of three quarks (d,u,u)
the postive electric charge (Q) of the proton can
be calculate as follows :
Qp = d + u+ u
= -1 + 2 + 2 = +1 e
3 3 3

The compostion of the neutron (n)

The neutron consists of three quarks (u,d,d)
the neutral electric charge (Q) of the neutron
can be calculated as follows :
Qn = u+ d + d
= 2/3 + (-1/3) + (-1/3) = 0
Examples
Show the compostion of the quarks in the
nucleas of helium atom24He.

The nucleas of helium atom consists of L

- 2 protons ( each one is composed of
combination between 1 d quark and 2 u quark).

- 2 neutrons ( each one is composed of

combination between 1 u quark and 2 d
quarks).

Answer the following questions: (Suggested by big man

hossam ahmed)

1-What is the formation of protons

according to Quark?
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2- What is the formation of neutrons
according to Quark?
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12- Hess law of constant heat summation

H= H1 + H2 + H3 + ..........

Example
-According to Hess's law , calculate the heat
of the formation of CO from the following
equ.

1. C(S) + O2 ====> CO2 , H1 = -393.5 kJ/mol

2. CO + 1/2 O2 ======> CO2 , H2 = -283.3

kJ/mol
Soultion
by substracting the two equations :
C + O2 - CO - 1/2 O2 ====> co2 - co2

H= H1 - H2 = [-393.5 - (-283.3)]
. Transfer CO from left side to the right side of
the equation (with an opposite sign) :

C + 1/2 o2 ====> CO , H = -110.2 kJ/mol

Solve
Calculate the heat of combustion of nitric
oxide gas , according to the following
equations :
NO + 1/2 O2 =====> NO2
Knowing that

1/2 N2 + 1/2 O2 =====> NO , H1= + 90.29

kJ/mol
1/2 N2 + O2 =====> NO2 , H2 = +33.2 kJ/mol

13 - Graph ENDO - EXOThermic

Check page 124 in Moasser main book 2018
Check page 59 in Moasser final revison
book 2018
14 - Nuclear Chemistry , Complete nuclear
reaction
Check Mr.Foud last sheets
404 Error Not found in the Book :(

Enjoy chemistry
By Mohab <3